351
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Golonka R, Yeoh BS, Vijay-Kumar M. The Iron Tug-of-War between Bacterial Siderophores and Innate Immunity. J Innate Immun 2019; 11:249-262. [PMID: 30605903 DOI: 10.1159/000494627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is necessary for the survival of almost all aerobic organisms. In the mammalian host, iron is a required cofactor for the assembly of functional iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins, heme-binding proteins and ribonucleotide reductases that regulate various functions, including heme synthesis, oxygen transport and DNA synthesis. However, the bioavailability of iron is low due to its insolubility under aerobic conditions. Moreover, the host coordinates a nutritional immune response to restrict the accessibility of iron against potential pathogens. To counter nutritional immunity, most commensal and pathogenic bacteria synthesize and secrete small iron chelators termed siderophores. Siderophores have potent affinity for iron, which allows them to seize the essential metal from the host iron-binding proteins. To safeguard against iron thievery, the host relies upon the innate immune protein, lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), which could sequester catecholate-type siderophores and thus impede bacterial growth. However, certain bacteria are capable of outmaneuvering the host by either producing "stealth" siderophores or by expressing competitive antagonists that bind Lcn2 in lieu of siderophores. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the complex iron tug-of-war between host and bacteria with an emphasis on how host innate immunity responds to siderophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Golonka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA, .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA,
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352
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Byadgi O, Beraldo P, Volpatti D, Massimo M, Bulfon C, Galeotti M. Expression of infection-related immune response in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) during a natural outbreak from a unique dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:62-72. [PMID: 30266602 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean area, amyloodiniosis represents a major hindrance for marine aquaculture, causing high mortalities in lagoon-type based rearing sites during warm seasons. Amyloodinium ocellatum (AO) is the most common and important dinoflagellate parasitizing fish, and is one of the few fish parasites that can infest several fish species living within its ecological range. In the present study, A. ocellatum was recorded and collected from infected European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) during a summer 2017 outbreak in north east Italy. Histological observation of infected ESB gill samples emphasized the presence of round or pear-shaped trophonts anchored to the oro-pharingeal cavity. Molecular analysis for small subunit (SSU) rDNA of A. ocellatum from gill genomic DNA amplified consistently and yielded 248 bp specific amplicon of A. ocellatum, that was also confirmed using sequencing and NCBI Blast analysis. Histological sections of ESB gill samples were addressed to immunohistochemical procedure for the labelling of ESB igm, inos, tlr2, tlr4, pcna and cytokeratin. Infected gills resulted positive for igm, inos, pcna and cytokeratin but negative to tlr-2 and tlr-4. Furthermore, ESB immune related gene response (innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and stress) in the course of A. ocellatum infection using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) for infected gills and head kidney was analysed. Among the twenty three immune related gene molecules tested, cc1, il-8, il-10, hep, cox-2, cla, cat, casp9, and igt were significantly expressed in diseased fish. Altogether, these data on parasite identification and expression of host immune-related genes will allow for a better understanding of immune response in European sea bass against A. ocellatum and could promote the development of effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Byadgi
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Paola Beraldo
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Michela Massimo
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Bulfon
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Galeotti
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
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353
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Xin L, Huang B, Li C, Bai C, Wang C. Characterization of a nucleus located mollusc mitoferrin and its response to OsHV-1 infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:255-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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354
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Wang Y, Yu L, Ding J, Chen Y. Iron Metabolism in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010095. [PMID: 30591630 PMCID: PMC6337236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Demanded as an essential trace element that supports cell growth and basic functions, iron can be harmful and cancerogenic though. By exchanging between its different oxidized forms, iron overload induces free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, DNA, and protein damages, leading to carcinogenesis or ferroptosis. Iron also plays profound roles in modulating tumor microenvironment and metastasis, maintaining genomic stability and controlling epigenetics. in order to meet the high requirement of iron, neoplastic cells have remodeled iron metabolism pathways, including acquisition, storage, and efflux, which makes manipulating iron homeostasis a considerable approach for cancer therapy. Several iron chelators and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) has recently been developed for cancer intervention and presented considerable effects. This review summarizes some latest findings about iron metabolism function and regulation mechanism in cancer and the application of iron chelators and IONPs in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Wang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lei Yu
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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355
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Queirós J, Villar M, Hernández-Jarguín A, López V, Fernández de Mera I, Vicente J, Alves PC, Gortazar C, Fuente JDL. A metaproteomics approach reveals changes in mandibular lymph node microbiota of wild boar naturally exposed to an increasing trend of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 114:103-112. [PMID: 30711148 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constraints in the characterization of microbiota community that circulates in the host have limited the extent of co-infection studies in natural populations. In this study, we used a metaproteomics approach to characterize the mandibular lymph nodes microbiota of wild boar (Sus scrofa) naturally exposed to an increasing trend of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) infection. Our results showed a reduction in microbiota diversity and changes in the composition, structure and functionality of the microbiota community associated with an increase in tuberculosis prevalence, from 45% in 2002/06 to 83% in 2009/12. These temporal changes were accompanied by an increase in the relative abundance of Babesia, Theileria and Pestivirus genera and a decrease in the Ascogregarina and Chlorella. A positive association was also evidenced between the prevalence of tuberculosis and the presence of microbial proteins responsible for carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Our findings suggest MTC-host-microbiota interactions at the population level, which may occur in order to ensure sufficient metabolic resources for MTC survival, growth and transmission. We strongly recommend the use of metaproteomics when studying microbiota communities in wildlife populations, for which traditional diagnostic techniques are limited and in which new organisms with a pathogenic potential for domestic animals and humans may appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Queirós
- Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO)/InBio Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, R. Monte-Crasto, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s⁄n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Angélica Hernández-Jarguín
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Vladimir López
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Isabel Fernández de Mera
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Paulo C Alves
- Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO)/InBio Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, R. Monte-Crasto, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s⁄n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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356
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Petzer V, Theurl I, Weiss G. Established and Emerging Concepts to Treat Imbalances of Iron Homeostasis in Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E135. [PMID: 30544952 PMCID: PMC6315795 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, being a hallmark of many chronic diseases, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic kidney disease, negatively affects iron homeostasis, leading to iron retention in macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Functional iron deficiency is the consequence, leading to anemia of inflammation (AI). Iron deficiency, regardless of anemia, has a detrimental impact on quality of life so that treatment is warranted. Therapeutic strategies include (1) resolution of the underlying disease, (2) iron supplementation, and (3) iron redistribution strategies. Deeper insights into the pathophysiology of AI has led to the development of new therapeutics targeting inflammatory cytokines and the introduction of new iron formulations. Moreover, the discovery that the hormone, hepcidin, plays a key regulatory role in AI has stimulated the development of several therapeutic approaches targeting the function of this peptide. Hence, inflammation-driven hepcidin elevation causes iron retention in cells and tissues. Besides pathophysiological concepts and diagnostic approaches for AI, this review discusses current guidelines for iron replacement therapies with special emphasis on benefits, limitations, and unresolved questions concerning oral versus parenteral iron supplementation in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the review explores how therapies aiming at curing the disease underlying AI can also affect anemia and discusses emerging hepcidin antagonizing drugs, which are currently under preclinical or clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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357
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Hepcidin Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040127. [PMID: 30469435 PMCID: PMC6316648 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is a key hormonal regulator of systemic iron homeostasis and its expression is induced by iron or inflammatory stimuli. Genetic defects in iron signaling to hepcidin lead to “hepcidinopathies” ranging from hereditary hemochromatosis to iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia, which are disorders caused by hepcidin deficiency or excess, respectively. Moreover, dysregulation of hepcidin is a pathogenic cofactor in iron-loading anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis and in anemia of inflammation. Experiments with preclinical animal models provided evidence that restoration of appropriate hepcidin levels can be used for the treatment of these conditions. This fueled the rapidly growing field of hepcidin therapeutics. Several hepcidin agonists and antagonists, as well as inducers and inhibitors of hepcidin expression have been identified to date. Some of them were further developed and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This review summarizes the state of the art.
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358
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Siri-Angkul N, Xie LH, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Cellular Electrophysiology of Iron-Overloaded Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1615. [PMID: 30498456 PMCID: PMC6249272 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron, the most abundant transition metal element in the human body, plays an essential role in many physiological processes. However, without a physiologically active excretory pathway, iron is subject to strict homeostatic processes acting upon its absorption, storage, mobilization, and utilization. These intricate controls are perturbed in primary and secondary hemochromatoses, leading to a deposition of excess iron in multiple vital organs including the heart. Iron overload cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of mortality in patients with iron overload conditions. Apart from mechanical deterioration of the siderotic myocardium, arrhythmias reportedly contribute to a substantial portion of cardiac death associated with iron overload. Despite this significant impact, the cellular mechanisms of electrical disturbances in an iron-overloaded heart are still incompletely characterized. This review article focuses on cellular electrophysiological studies that directly investigate the effects of iron overload on the function of cardiac ion channels, including trans-sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ fluxes, as well as cardiac action potential morphology. Our ultimate aim is to provide a comprehensive summary of the currently available information that will encourage and facilitate further mechanistic elucidation of iron-induced pathoelectrophysiological changes in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthaphat Siri-Angkul
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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359
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Abstract
Anemia of inflammation (AI), also known as anemia of chronic disease (ACD), is regarded as the most frequent anemia in hospitalized and chronically ill patients. It is prevalent in patients with diseases that cause prolonged immune activation, including infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. More recently, the list has grown to include chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary diseases, and obesity. Inflammation-inducible cytokines and the master regulator of iron homeostasis, hepcidin, block intestinal iron absorption and cause iron retention in reticuloendothelial cells, resulting in iron-restricted erythropoiesis. In addition, shortened erythrocyte half-life, suppressed erythropoietin response to anemia, and inhibition of erythroid cell differentiation by inflammatory mediators further contribute to AI in a disease-specific pattern. Although the diagnosis of AI is a diagnosis of exclusion and is supported by characteristic alterations in iron homeostasis, hypoferremia, and hyperferritinemia, the diagnosis of AI patients with coexisting iron deficiency is more difficult. In addition to treatment of the disease underlying AI, the combination of iron therapy and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents can improve anemia in many patients. In the future, emerging therapeutics that antagonize hepcidin function and redistribute endogenous iron for erythropoiesis may offer additional options. However, based on experience with anemia treatment in chronic kidney disease, critical illness, and cancer, finding the appropriate indications for the specific treatment of AI will require improved understanding and a balanced consideration of the contribution of anemia to each patient's morbidity and the impact of anemia treatment on the patient's prognosis in a variety of disease settings.
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360
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Swenson ER, Porcher R, Piagnerelli M. Iron deficiency and infection: another pathway to explore in critically ill patients? Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:2260-2262. [PMID: 30397782 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Swenson
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Raphaël Porcher
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP, Centre de Recherche Epidémiologie et Statistique, Inserm U1153, Université Paris Descartes, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Piagnerelli
- Intensive Care, CHU-Charleroi Marie Curie, Experimental Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6042, Charleroi, Belgium.
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361
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Song H, Zhang S, Sun X, Liu J, Wu Y, Guo W, Wang F, Ou X, Cong M, Jin E, Li W, Liu S. Distinct Iron Deposition Profiles of Liver Zones in Various Models with Iron Homeostasis Disorders. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800866. [PMID: 30479929 PMCID: PMC6247051 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Determination of iron accumulation is crucial in diagnosing the occurrence and progression of many liver- and iron-related diseases. Thus far, little is known about the profiles of iron deposition in different liver zones, particularly under conditions with disordered iron homeostasis. Here, uneven iron distribution in livers of patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is uncovered, showing the region with the highest iron concentration near the entrance site of the portal vein and hepatic artery in contrast to the sites with the lowest iron concentration close to the distal edge. Distinct iron distribution profiles are also found throughout liver zones in wild-type mice and various mouse models with iron metabolism disorders, including hemochromatosis (Hfe-/- ), iron deficiency, and inflammation. Of note, similar findings observed in HH patients are further demonstrated in Hfe-/- mice. Moreover, the zones with greater iron accumulation appear to be more sensitive to iron changes, e.g., there is iron increase upon iron overload and iron loss in response to iron deficiency. Mechanistic investigation manifests that these differential iron changes in liver zones are subjected to the regulation by the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. Additionally, the data corroborate the reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in recognizing the differential iron deposition profiles among liver zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive RegulationAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and ReproductionFuyang Normal UniversityFuyang236037China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Institute for Medical Engineering and ScienceMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Xia Sun
- Radiology DepartmentBeijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100050China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Yakun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Wenli Guo
- College of FisheriesHenan Normal UniversityXinxiang453007China
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane4029Australia
| | - Fudi Wang
- Department of NutritionNutrition Discovery Innovation CenterInstitute of Nutrition and Food SafetySchool of Public HealthSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310085China
| | - Xiaojuan Ou
- Liver Research CenterBeijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100050China
| | - Min Cong
- Liver Research CenterBeijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100050China
| | - Erhu Jin
- Radiology DepartmentBeijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100050China
| | - Wenyong Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive RegulationAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and ReproductionFuyang Normal UniversityFuyang236037China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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Ligthart S, Vaez A, Võsa U, Stathopoulou MG, de Vries PS, Prins BP, Van der Most PJ, Tanaka T, Naderi E, Rose LM, Wu Y, Karlsson R, Barbalic M, Lin H, Pool R, Zhu G, Macé A, Sidore C, Trompet S, Mangino M, Sabater-Lleal M, Kemp JP, Abbasi A, Kacprowski T, Verweij N, Smith AV, Huang T, Marzi C, Feitosa MF, Lohman KK, Kleber ME, Milaneschi Y, Mueller C, Huq M, Vlachopoulou E, Lyytikäinen LP, Oldmeadow C, Deelen J, Perola M, Zhao JH, Feenstra B, Amini M, Lahti J, Schraut KE, Fornage M, Suktitipat B, Chen WM, Li X, Nutile T, Malerba G, Luan J, Bak T, Schork N, Del Greco M F, Thiering E, Mahajan A, Marioni RE, Mihailov E, Eriksson J, Ozel AB, Zhang W, Nethander M, Cheng YC, Aslibekyan S, Ang W, Gandin I, Yengo L, Portas L, Kooperberg C, Hofer E, Rajan KB, Schurmann C, den Hollander W, Ahluwalia TS, Zhao J, Draisma HHM, Ford I, Timpson N, Teumer A, Huang H, Wahl S, Liu Y, Huang J, Uh HW, Geller F, Joshi PK, Yanek LR, Trabetti E, Lehne B, Vozzi D, Verbanck M, Biino G, Saba Y, Meulenbelt I, O'Connell JR, Laakso M, Giulianini F, Magnusson PKE, Ballantyne CM, Hottenga JJ, Montgomery GW, Rivadineira F, Rueedi R, Steri M, Herzig KH, Stott DJ, Menni C, Frånberg M, St Pourcain B, Felix SB, Pers TH, Bakker SJL, Kraft P, Peters A, Vaidya D, Delgado G, Smit JH, Großmann V, Sinisalo J, Seppälä I, Williams SR, Holliday EG, Moed M, Langenberg C, Räikkönen K, Ding J, Campbell H, Sale MM, Chen YDI, James AL, Ruggiero D, Soranzo N, Hartman CA, Smith EN, Berenson GS, Fuchsberger C, Hernandez D, Tiesler CMT, Giedraitis V, Liewald D, Fischer K, Mellström D, Larsson A, Wang Y, Scott WR, Lorentzon M, Beilby J, Ryan KA, Pennell CE, Vuckovic D, Balkau B, Concas MP, Schmidt R, Mendes de Leon CF, Bottinger EP, Kloppenburg M, Paternoster L, Boehnke M, Musk AW, Willemsen G, Evans DM, Madden PAF, Kähönen M, Kutalik Z, Zoledziewska M, Karhunen V, Kritchevsky SB, Sattar N, Lachance G, Clarke R, Harris TB, Raitakari OT, Attia JR, van Heemst D, Kajantie E, Sorice R, Gambaro G, Scott RA, Hicks AA, Ferrucci L, Standl M, Lindgren CM, Starr JM, Karlsson M, Lind L, Li JZ, Chambers JC, Mori TA, de Geus EJCN, Heath AC, Martin NG, Auvinen J, Buckley BM, de Craen AJM, Waldenberger M, Strauch K, Meitinger T, Scott RJ, McEvoy M, Beekman M, Bombieri C, Ridker PM, Mohlke KL, Pedersen NL, Morrison AC, Boomsma DI, Whitfield JB, Strachan DP, Hofman A, Vollenweider P, Cucca F, Jarvelin MR, Jukema JW, Spector TD, Hamsten A, Zeller T, Uitterlinden AG, Nauck M, Gudnason V, Qi L, Grallert H, Borecki IB, Rotter JI, März W, Wild PS, Lokki ML, Boyle M, Salomaa V, Melbye M, Eriksson JG, Wilson JF, Penninx BWJH, Becker DM, Worrall BB, Gibson G, Krauss RM, Ciullo M, Zaza G, Wareham NJ, Oldehinkel AJ, Palmer LJ, Murray SS, Pramstaller PP, Bandinelli S, Heinrich J, Ingelsson E, Deary IJ, Mägi R, Vandenput L, van der Harst P, Desch KC, Kooner JS, Ohlsson C, Hayward C, Lehtimäki T, Shuldiner AR, Arnett DK, Beilin LJ, Robino A, Froguel P, Pirastu M, Jess T, Koenig W, Loos RJF, Evans DA, Schmidt H, Smith GD, Slagboom PE, Eiriksdottir G, Morris AP, Psaty BM, Tracy RP, Nolte IM, Boerwinkle E, Visvikis-Siest S, Reiner AP, Gross M, Bis JC, Franke L, Franco OH, Benjamin EJ, Chasman DI, Dupuis J, Snieder H, Dehghan A, Alizadeh BZ. Genome Analyses of >200,000 Individuals Identify 58 Loci for Chronic Inflammation and Highlight Pathways that Link Inflammation and Complex Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:691-706. [PMID: 30388399 PMCID: PMC6218410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive biomarker of chronic low-grade inflammation and is associated with multiple complex diseases. The genetic determinants of chronic inflammation remain largely unknown, and the causal role of CRP in several clinical outcomes is debated. We performed two genome-wide association studies (GWASs), on HapMap and 1000 Genomes imputed data, of circulating amounts of CRP by using data from 88 studies comprising 204,402 European individuals. Additionally, we performed in silico functional analyses and Mendelian randomization analyses with several clinical outcomes. The GWAS meta-analyses of CRP revealed 58 distinct genetic loci (p < 5 × 10-8). After adjustment for body mass index in the regression analysis, the associations at all except three loci remained. The lead variants at the distinct loci explained up to 7.0% of the variance in circulating amounts of CRP. We identified 66 gene sets that were organized in two substantially correlated clusters, one mainly composed of immune pathways and the other characterized by metabolic pathways in the liver. Mendelian randomization analyses revealed a causal protective effect of CRP on schizophrenia and a risk-increasing effect on bipolar disorder. Our findings provide further insights into the biology of inflammation and could lead to interventions for treating inflammation and its clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Bioinformatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Paul S de Vries
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bram P Prins
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter J Van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elnaz Naderi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Maja Barbalic
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Aurélien Macé
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain; Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carola Marzi
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108-2212, USA
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mahmudul Huq
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Joris Deelen
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Marzyeh Amini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health and Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bhoom Suktitipat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tom Bak
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Schork
- Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Quantitative Medicine, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Maria Nethander
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA
| | - Wei Ang
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Loïc Yengo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France; Program in Complex Trait Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura Portas
- Support OU, Institute of Genetic and Biomedic Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sassari 7100, Italy
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Mail Stop M3-A410, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria; Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Kumar B Rajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wouter den Hollander
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte 2820, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Harmen H M Draisma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department SHIP-KEF, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simone Wahl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - YongMei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Marie Verbanck
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Yasaman Saba
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Jeff R O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Fernando Rivadineira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-512, Poland
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mattias Frånberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 XD, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan B Felix
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Department for Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Tune H Pers
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherber 85764, Germany
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Großmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Matthijs Moed
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Michele M Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Alan L James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Erin N Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gerald S Berenson
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 37, Sweden
| | - David Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Dan Mellström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden
| | - Yunmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Matthias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden; Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 431 80, Sweden
| | - John Beilby
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health Department, University of Trieste, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Beverly Balkau
- INSERM U1018, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Team 5 (EpReC, Renal, and Cardiovascular Epidemiology), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94807, France
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Carlos F Mendes de Leon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A W Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4560 Clayton Ave., Suite 1000, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33520, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Genevieve Lachance
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - John R Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NWS 2305, Australia
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 168, Italy
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Alzheimer's Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Malmo 20502, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Eco J C N de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4560 Clayton Ave., Suite 1000, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich 85764, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Information-Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Mark McEvoy
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam 3501 DG, the Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht 3511 EP, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Analytical Genetics Group, Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany; Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim 68161, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Philipp S Wild
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany; Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Michael Boyle
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NWS 2305, Australia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki 00250, Finland; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0394, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy; General Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Bolzano 39100, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23538, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, Member DZL, German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Karl C Desch
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Support OU, Institute of Genetic and Biomedic Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sassari 7100, Italy
| | - Tine Jess
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg 2200, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, 80801 Ulm, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6542, USA
| | - Denis A Evans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7660, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Myron Gross
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands.
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363
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Carlos AR, Weis S, Soares MP. Cross-Talk Between Iron and Glucose Metabolism in the Establishment of Disease Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2498. [PMID: 30425714 PMCID: PMC6218924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are associated with disruption of host homeostasis. This can be triggered directly by pathogens or indirectly by host immune-driven resistance mechanisms. Disease tolerance is a defense strategy against infection that sustains host homeostasis, without exerting a direct negative impact on pathogens. The mechanisms governing disease tolerance encompass host metabolic responses that maintain vital homeostatic parameters within a range compatible with survival. Central to this defense strategy is the host's ability to sense and adapt to variations in nutrients, such as iron and glucose. Here we address how host responses regulating iron and glucose metabolism interact to establish disease tolerance and possibly modulate resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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364
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Abstract
Dietary iron absorption and systemic iron traffic are tightly controlled by hepcidin, a liver-derived peptide hormone. Hepcidin inhibits iron entry into plasma by binding to and inactivating the iron exporter ferroportin in target cells, such as duodenal enterocytes and tissue macrophages. Hepcidin is induced in response to increased body iron stores to inhibit further iron absorption and prevent iron overload. The mechanism involves the BMP/SMAD signaling pathway, which triggers transcriptional hepcidin induction. Inactivating mutations in components of this pathway cause hepcidin deficiency, which allows inappropriately increased iron absorption and efflux into the bloodstream. This leads to hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), a genetically heterogenous autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism characterized by gradual buildup of unshielded non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) in plasma and excessive iron deposition in tissue parenchymal cells. The predominant HH form is linked to mutations in the HFE gene and constitutes the most frequent genetic disorder in Caucasians. Other, more severe and rare variants are caused by inactivating mutations in HJV (hemojuvelin), HAMP (hepcidin) or TFR2 (transferrin receptor 2). Mutations in SLC40A1 (ferroportin) that cause hepcidin resistance recapitulate the biochemical phenotype of HH. However, ferroportin-related hemochromatosis is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. Loss-of-function ferroportin mutations lead to ferroportin disease, characterized by iron overload in macrophages and low transferrin saturation. Aceruloplasminemia and atransferrinemia are further inherited disorders of iron overload caused by deficiency in ceruloplasmin or transferrin, the plasma ferroxidase and iron carrier, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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365
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Dong D, Zhang G, Yang J, Zhao B, Wang S, Wang L, Zhang G, Shang P. The role of iron metabolism in cancer therapy focusing on tumor-associated macrophages. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8028-8039. [PMID: 30362549 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient in mammalian cells for basic processes such as DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, and mitochondrial activity. Macrophages play a vital role in iron metabolism, which is tightly linked to their phagocytosis of senescent and death erythrocytes. It is now recognized that the polarization process of macrophages determines the expression profile of genes associated with iron metabolism. Although iron metabolism is strictly controlled by physiology, cancer has recently been connected with disordered iron metabolism. Moreover, in the environment of cancer, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exhibit an iron release phenotype, which stimulates tumor cell survival and growth. Usually, the abundance of TAMs in the tumor is implicated in poor disease prognosis. Therefore, important attention has been drawn toward the development of tumor immunotherapies targeting these TAMs focussing on iron metabolism and reprogramming polarized phenotypes. Although further systematic research is still required, these efforts are almost certainly valuable in the search for new and effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi'an Shanxi, China
| | - Gejing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi'an Shanxi, China
| | - Jiancheng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi'an Shanxi, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi'an Shanxi, China
| | - Shenghang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi'an Shanxi, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi'an Shanxi, China
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366
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Thibault PK. Neck vein obstruction: Diagnosis and the role of chronic persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection. Phlebology 2018; 34:372-379. [PMID: 30360684 DOI: 10.1177/0268355518804379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The objective of this review is to describe the diagnosis of neck vein obstruction and the possible role of chronic persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in producing the syndrome of chronic cerebrospinal venous obstruction. Method The normal patterns of flow in the neck veins are described and guidelines for interpretation of the quantitative duplex ultrasound examination of the extracranial neck veins are developed. Result An infective cause of neck vein obstruction is proposed and from a literature search of the role of the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila pneumoniae in vascular and chronic diseases, a diagnostic protocol for confirming chronic persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection, which includes the quantitative duplex ultrasound examination and specific blood tests are suggested. Conclusion Further research to validate this diagnostic protocol is required.
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367
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Nosrati R, Dehghani S, Karimi B, Yousefi M, Taghdisi SM, Abnous K, Alibolandi M, Ramezani M. Siderophore-based biosensors and nanosensors; new approach on the development of diagnostic systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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368
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Wang Y, Song F, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Du L, Kan C. Highly selective fluorescent probe based on a rhodamine B and furan-2-carbonyl chloride conjugate for detection of Fe3+ in cells. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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369
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Busti F, Marchi G, Ugolini S, Castagna A, Girelli D. Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Cancer Patients: Role of Iron Replacement Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E94. [PMID: 30274354 PMCID: PMC6315653 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia in cancer patients is quite common, with remarkable negative impacts on quality of life and overall prognosis. The pathogenesis is complex and typically multifactorial, with iron deficiency (ID) often being a major and potentially treatable contributor. In turn, ID in cancer patients can be due to multiple concurring mechanisms, including bleeding (e.g., in gastrointestinal cancers or after surgery), malnutrition, medications, and hepcidin-driven iron sequestration into macrophages with subsequent iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Indeed, either absolute or functional iron deficiency (AID or FID) can occur. While for absolute ID there is a general consensus regarding the laboratory definition (that is ferritin levels <100 ng/mL ± transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20%), a shared definition of functional ID is still lacking. Current therapeutic options in cancer anemia include iron replacement, erythropoietic stimulating agents (ESAs), and blood transfusions. The latter should be kept to a minimum, because of concerns regarding risks, costs, and limited resources. Iron therapy has proved to be a valid approach to enhance efficacy of ESAs and to reduce transfusion need. Available guidelines focus mainly on patients with chemotherapy-associated anemia, and generally suggest intravenous (IV) iron when AID or FID is present. However, in the case of FID, the upper limit of ferritin in association with TSAT <20% at which iron should be prescribed is a matter of controversy, ranging up to 800 ng/mL. An increasingly recognized indication to IV iron in cancer patients is represented by preoperative anemia in elective oncologic surgery. In this setting, the primary goal of treatment is to decrease the need of blood transfusions in the perioperative period, rather than improving anemia-related symptoms as in chemotherapy-associated anemia. Protocols are mainly based on experiences of Patient Blood Management (PBM) in non-oncologic surgery, but no specific guidelines are available for oncologic surgery. Here we discuss some possible approaches to the management of ID in cancer patients in different clinical settings, based on current guidelines and recommendations, emphasizing the need for further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Busti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, and EuroBloodNet Referral Center for Iron Disorders, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Marchi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, and EuroBloodNet Referral Center for Iron Disorders, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Sara Ugolini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, and EuroBloodNet Referral Center for Iron Disorders, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Castagna
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, and EuroBloodNet Referral Center for Iron Disorders, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Domenico Girelli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, and EuroBloodNet Referral Center for Iron Disorders, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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370
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Madeddu C, Gramignano G, Astara G, Demontis R, Sanna E, Atzeni V, Macciò A. Pathogenesis and Treatment Options of Cancer Related Anemia: Perspective for a Targeted Mechanism-Based Approach. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1294. [PMID: 30294279 PMCID: PMC6159745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related anemia (CRA) is a common sign occurring in more than 30% of cancer patients at diagnosis before the initiation of antineoplastic therapy. CRA has a relevant influence on survival, disease progression, treatment efficacy, and the patients' quality of life. It is more often detected in patients with advanced stage disease, where it represents a specific symptom of the neoplastic disease, as a consequence of chronic inflammation. In fact, CRA is characterized by biological and hematologic features that resemble those described in anemia associated to chronic inflammatory disease. Proinflammatory cytokine, mainly IL-6, which are released by both tumor and immune cells, play a pivotal action in CRA etiopathogenesis: they promote alterations in erythroid progenitor proliferation, erythropoietin (EPO) production, survival of circulating erythrocytes, iron balance, redox status, and energy metabolism, all of which can lead to anemia. The discovery of hepcidin allowed a greater knowledge of the relationships between immune cells, iron metabolism, and anemia in chronic inflammatory diseases. Additionally, chronic inflammation influences a compromised nutritional status, which in turn might induce or contribute to CRA. In the present review we examine the multifactorial pathogenesis of CRA discussing the main and novel mechanisms by which immune, nutritional, and metabolic components affect its onset and severity. Moreover, we analyze the status of the art and the perspective for the treatment of CRA. Notably, despite the high incidence and clinical relevance of CRA, controlled clinical studies testing the most appropriate treatment for CRA are scarce, and its management in clinical practice remains challenging. The present review may be useful to indicate the development of an effective approach based on a detailed assessment of all factors potentially involved in the pathogenesis of CRA. This mechanism-based approach is essential for clinicians to plan a safe, targeted, and successful therapy, thereby promoting a relevant amelioration of patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Madeddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Astara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Demontis
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sanna
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vinicio Atzeni
- Hospital Medical Management, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Macciò
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
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371
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Horn N, Bhunia AK. Food-Associated Stress Primes Foodborne Pathogens for the Gastrointestinal Phase of Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1962. [PMID: 30190712 PMCID: PMC6115488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of foodborne outbreaks and product recalls is on the rise. The ability of the pathogen to adapt and survive under stressful environments of food processing and the host gastrointestinal tract may contribute to increasing foodborne illnesses. In the host, multiple factors such as bacteriolytic enzymes, acidic pH, bile, resident microflora, antimicrobial peptides, and innate and adaptive immune responses are essential in eliminating pathogens. Likewise, food processing and preservation techniques are employed to eliminate or reduce human pathogens load in food. However, sub-lethal processing or preservation treatments may evoke bacterial coping mechanisms that alter gene expression, specifically and broadly, resulting in resistance to the bactericidal insults. Furthermore, environmentally cued changes in gene expression can lead to changes in bacterial adhesion, colonization, invasion, and toxin production that contribute to pathogen virulence. The shared microenvironment between the food preservation techniques and the host gastrointestinal tract drives microbes to adapt to the stressful environment, resulting in enhanced virulence and infectivity during a foodborne illness episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Horn
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Arun K. Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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372
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Recalcati S, Gammella E, Buratti P, Doni A, Anselmo A, Locati M, Cairo G. Macrophage ferroportin is essential for stromal cell proliferation in wound healing. Haematologica 2018; 104:47-58. [PMID: 30115660 PMCID: PMC6312033 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.197517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron recycling by macrophages is essential for erythropoiesis, but may also be relevant for iron redistribution to neighboring cells at the local tissue level. Using mice with iron retention in macrophages due to targeted inactivation of the iron exporter ferroportin, we investigated the role of macrophage iron release in hair follicle cycling and wound healing, a complex process leading to major clinical problems, if impaired. Genetic deletion of ferroportin in macrophages resulted in iron deficiency and decreased proliferation in epithelial cells, which consequently impaired hair follicle growth and caused transient alopecia. Hair loss was not related to systemic iron deficiency or anemia, thus indicating the necessity of local iron release from macrophages. Inactivation of macrophage ferroportin also led to delayed skin wound healing with defective granulation tissue formation and diminished fibroplasia. Iron retention in macrophages had no impact on the inflammatory processes accompanying wound healing, but affected stromal cell proliferation, blood and lymphatic vessel formation, and fibrogenesis. Our findings reveal that iron/ferroportin plays a largely underestimated role in macrophage trophic function in skin homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Gammella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan
| | - Paolo Buratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan
| | - Andrea Doni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano
| | | | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano .,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cairo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan
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373
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Kuscuoglu D, Janciauskiene S, Hamesch K, Haybaeck J, Trautwein C, Strnad P. Liver - master and servant of serum proteome. J Hepatol 2018; 69:512-524. [PMID: 29709680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes synthesise the majority of serum proteins. This production occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is adjusted by complex local and systemic regulatory mechanisms. Accordingly, serum levels of hepatocyte-made proteins constitute important biomarkers that reflect both systemic processes and the status of the liver. For example, C-reactive protein is an established marker of inflammatory reaction, whereas transferrin emerges as a liver stress marker and an attractive mortality predictor. The high protein flow through the ER poses a continuous challenge that is handled by a complex proteostatic network consisting of ER folding machinery, ER stress response, ER-associated degradation and autophagy. Various disorders disrupt this delicate balance and result in protein accumulation in the ER. These include chronic hepatitis B infection with overproduction of hepatitis B surface antigen or inherited alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency that give rise to ground glass hepatocytes and alpha1-antitrypsin aggregates, respectively. We review these ER storage disorders and their downstream consequences. The interaction between proteotoxic stress and other ER challenges such as lipotoxicity is also discussed. Collectively, this article aims to sharpen our view of liver hepatocytes as the central hubs of protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kuscuoglu
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; The Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, BREATH, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Karim Hamesch
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; The Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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374
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. No effects without causes: the Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes hypothesis for chronic, inflammatory diseases. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1518-1557. [PMID: 29575574 PMCID: PMC6055827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful conquest of many acute, communicable (infectious) diseases through the use of vaccines and antibiotics, the currently most prevalent diseases are chronic and progressive in nature, and are all accompanied by inflammation. These diseases include neurodegenerative (e.g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's), vascular (e.g. atherosclerosis, pre-eclampsia, type 2 diabetes) and autoimmune (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis) diseases that may appear to have little in common. In fact they all share significant features, in particular chronic inflammation and its attendant inflammatory cytokines. Such effects do not happen without underlying and initially 'external' causes, and it is of interest to seek these causes. Taking a systems approach, we argue that these causes include (i) stress-induced iron dysregulation, and (ii) its ability to awaken dormant, non-replicating microbes with which the host has become infected. Other external causes may be dietary. Such microbes are capable of shedding small, but functionally significant amounts of highly inflammagenic molecules such as lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. Sequelae include significant coagulopathies, not least the recently discovered amyloidogenic clotting of blood, leading to cell death and the release of further inflammagens. The extensive evidence discussed here implies, as was found with ulcers, that almost all chronic, infectious diseases do in fact harbour a microbial component. What differs is simply the microbes and the anatomical location from and at which they exert damage. This analysis offers novel avenues for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester, 131 Princess StreetManchesterLancsM1 7DNU.K.
- The Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester, 131 Princess StreetManchesterLancsM1 7DNU.K.
- Department of Physiological SciencesStellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological SciencesStellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
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375
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Association of iron status with the risk of bloodstream infections: results from the prospective population-based HUNT Study in Norway. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:1276-1283. [PMID: 30039264 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As iron is essential for both immune function and microbial growth, alterations in iron status could influence the risk of infections. We assessed the associations of iron status with risk of bloodstream infections (BSIs) and BSI mortality. METHODS We measured serum iron, transferrin saturation (Tsat) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) in 61,852 participants in the population-based HUNT2 study (1995-97). Incident BSIs (1995-2011) were identified through linkage with the Mid-Norway Sepsis Register, which includes prospectively registered information on BSI from local and regional hospitals. We assessed the risk of a first-time BSI and BSI mortality with the iron indices using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 14.8 years, 1738 individuals experienced at least one episode of BSI, and 370 died within 30 days after a BSI. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, BSI risk was increased among participants with indices of iron deficiency, serum iron ≤ 2.5th percentile (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.34-2.21), Tsat ≤ 2.5th percentile (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.12-1.96) or TIBC ≥ 97.5th percentile (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.06-2.01). The associations remained similar after adjusting for comorbidities and exclusion of BSI related to cancer, rheumatic illnesses and inflammatory bowel disease. BSI mortality showed similar associations. CONCLUSION Indices of severe iron deficiency are associated with an increased risk of a future BSI.
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376
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Mateo-Gallego R, Lacalle L, Pérez-Calahorra S, Marco-Benedí V, Recasens V, Padrón N, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Baila-Rueda L, Jarauta E, Calmarza P, Cenarro A, Civeira F. Efficacy of repeated phlebotomies in hypertriglyceridemia and iron overload: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:1190-1198. [PMID: 30049591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High ferritin concentration is associated with hypertriglyceridemia, although it is not elucidated if iron overload has a causal role. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of repeated phlebotomies in patients with iron overload and hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS Twelve weeks, 1:1 randomized, parallel-groups trial conducted at a University Hospital Lipid Clinic, including 86 subjects aged 18-70 years with serum ferritin >300 ng/mL in men or >200 ng/mL in women and triglycerides >200 mg/dL. Participants underwent: (1) three phlebotomies (every 3 weeks) and lipid-lowering dietary counseling or (2) lipid-lowering dietary counseling. The main outcome measured was the mean difference in percent change in triglyceride concentration between groups after the intervention. The mean differences in percent change of other clinical and biochemical variables (including cytokines and proinflammatory markers) after the intervention were also evaluated. RESULTS Subjects who received phlebotomies showed a significant improvement in iron metabolism. The mean percent change in triglycerides between groups was -4.68 [-20.8, 11.4]%, P = .721. Retinol-binding protein 4 decreased by 9.98 ± 21.7% after phlebotomies, with a mean percent change between groups of -14.2 [-25.8, -2.73]%, P = .017, and correlated to gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase change. Subjects with a large reduction in hepcidin showed a large improvement in liver enzymes and proinflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS A lipid-lowering diet plus a substantial reduction in iron deposits with repeated phlebotomies in subjects with hyperferritinemia and hypertriglyceridemia did not reduce triglyceride concentration in comparison with a lipid-lowering diet. Iron depletion for lipid management in these patients is not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Mateo-Gallego
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain; Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Lacalle
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sofía Pérez-Calahorra
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victoria Marco-Benedí
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Valle Recasens
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Noelia Padrón
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Jarauta
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Calmarza
- Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain; Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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377
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Banjari I, Hjartåker A. Dietary sources of iron and vitamin B12: Is this the missing link in colorectal carcinogenesis? Med Hypotheses 2018; 116:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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378
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Nairz M, Dichtl S, Schroll A, Haschka D, Tymoszuk P, Theurl I, Weiss G. Iron and innate antimicrobial immunity-Depriving the pathogen, defending the host. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 48:118-133. [PMID: 29773170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The acute-phase response is triggered by the presence of infectious agents and danger signals which indicate hazards for the integrity of the mammalian body. One central feature of this response is the sequestration of iron into storage compartments including macrophages. This limits the availability of this essential nutrient for circulating pathogens, a host defence strategy known as 'nutritional immunity'. Iron metabolism and the immune response are intimately linked. In infections, the availability of iron affects both the efficacy of antimicrobial immune pathways and pathogen proliferation. However, host strategies to withhold iron from microbes vary according to the localization of pathogens: Infections with extracellular bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella or Yersinia stimulate the expression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin which targets the cellular iron-exporter ferroportin-1 causing its internalization and blockade of iron egress from absorptive enterocytes in the duodenum and iron-recycling macrophages. This mechanism disrupts both routes of iron delivery to the circulation, contributes to iron sequestration in the mononuclear phagocyte system and mediates the hypoferraemia of the acute phase response subsequently resulting in the development of anaemia of inflammation. When intracellular microbes are present, other strategies of microbial iron withdrawal are needed. For instance, in macrophages harbouring intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella Typhimurium, ferroportin-1-mediated iron export is turned on for the removal of iron from infected cells. This also leads to reduced iron availability for intra-macrophage pathogens which inhibits their growth and in parallel strengthens anti-microbial effector pathways of macrophages including the formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumour necrosis factor. Iron plays a key role in infectious diseases both as modulator of the innate immune response and as nutrient for microbes. We need to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how the body can differentially respond to infection by extra- or intracellular pathogens. This knowledge may allow us to modulate mammalian iron homeostasis pharmaceutically and to target iron-acquisition systems of pathogens, thus enabling us to treat infections with novel strategies that act independent of established antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Hepcidin Protects against Lethal Escherichia coli Sepsis in Mice Inoculated with Isolates from Septic Patients. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00253-18. [PMID: 29735522 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00253-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most microbes and their hosts. Mammalian hosts respond to infection by inducing the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, which causes iron sequestration and a rapid decrease in the plasma and extracellular iron concentration (hypoferremia). Previous studies showed that hepcidin regulation of iron is essential for protection from infection-associated mortality with the siderophilic pathogens Yersinia enterocolitica and Vibrio vulnificus However, the evolutionary conservation of the hypoferremic response to infection suggests that not only rare siderophilic bacteria but also common pathogens may be targeted by this mechanism. We tested 10 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from children with sepsis and found that both genetic iron overload (by hepcidin-1 knockout [HKO]) and iatrogenic iron overload (by intravenous iron) potentiated infection with 8 out of the 10 studied isolates: after peritoneal injection of E. coli, iron-loaded mice developed sepsis with 60% to 100% mortality within 24 h, while control wild-type mice suffered 0% mortality. Using one strain for more detailed study, we show that iron overload allows rapid bacterial multiplication and dissemination. We further found that the presence of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) in the circulation is more important than total plasma or tissue iron in rendering mice susceptible to infection and mortality. Postinfection treatment of HKO mice with just two doses of the hepcidin agonist PR73 abolished NTBI and completely prevented sepsis-associated mortality. We demonstrate that the siderophilic phenotype extends to clinically common pathogens. The use of hepcidin agonists promises to be an effective early intervention in patients with infections and dysregulated iron metabolism.
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380
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Lyles KV, Eichenbaum Z. From Host Heme To Iron: The Expanding Spectrum of Heme Degrading Enzymes Used by Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:198. [PMID: 29971218 PMCID: PMC6018153 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for many bacteria. Since the metal is highly sequestered in host tissues, bound predominantly to heme, pathogenic bacteria often take advantage of heme uptake and degradation mechanisms to acquire iron during infection. The most common mechanism of releasing iron from heme is through oxidative degradation by heme oxygenases (HOs). In addition, an increasing number of proteins that belong to two distinct structural families have been implicated in aerobic heme catabolism. Finally, an enzyme that degrades heme anaerobically was recently uncovered, further expanding the mechanisms for bacterial heme degradation. In this analysis, we cover the spectrum and recent advances in heme degradation by infectious bacteria. We briefly explain heme oxidation by the two groups of recognized HOs to ground readers before focusing on two new types of proteins that are reported to be involved in utilization of heme iron. We discuss the structure and enzymatic function of proteins representing these groups, their biological context, and how they are regulated to provide a more complete look at their cellular role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Lyles
- Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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381
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Rak K, Kornafel D, Mazurek D, Bronkowska M. Lactoferrin level in maternal serum is related to birth anthropometry - an evidence for an indirect biomarker of intrauterine homeostasis? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:4043-4050. [PMID: 29921139 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1481040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relation between level of antibodies against lactoferrin (LfAb) in maternal serum (MS) and birth anthropometry of healthy full-term newborns.Methods: The study included 105 pairs of mother-newborn. MS LfAb level was determined using ELISA kit. Spearman's correlation and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to establish the relationship between MS LfAb level and birth weight (BW), birth weight-to-birth length ratio (BW/BL), and head circumference (HC) of newborns.Results: The U-shaped relation of MS LfAb and BW was demonstrated (p = .019). Negative correlation between MS LfAb and BW/BL was observed (p = .016). The most optimal birth weight and body proportion were observed in newborns of mothers with MS LfAb level of 49 ± 4 U/ml.Conclusions: Significant relationship between MS LfAb and birth anthropometry suggests serum Lf of pregnant women can be considered as a promising indirect biomarker of intrauterine homeostasis, verifiable noninvasively already during pregnancy and thus allowing predict, or even prevent, potential short- and long-term postnatal health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Rak
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Danuta Kornafel
- Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Pedagogical Sciences, University of Lower Silesia, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Mazurek
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Bronkowska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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382
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Størdal K, McArdle HJ, Hayes H, Tapia G, Viken MK, Lund-Blix NA, Haugen M, Joner G, Skrivarhaug T, Mårild K, Njølstad PR, Eggesbø M, Mandal S, Page CM, London SJ, Lie BA, Stene LC. Prenatal iron exposure and childhood type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9067. [PMID: 29899542 PMCID: PMC5998022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron overload due to environmental or genetic causes have been associated diabetes. We hypothesized that prenatal iron exposure is associated with higher risk of childhood type 1 diabetes. In the Norwegian Mother and Child cohort study (n = 94,209 pregnancies, n = 373 developed type 1 diabetes) the incidence of type 1 diabetes was higher in children exposed to maternal iron supplementation than unexposed (36.8/100,000/year compared to 28.6/100,000/year, adjusted hazard ratio 1.33, 95%CI: 1.06-1.67). Cord plasma biomarkers of high iron status were non-significantly associated with higher risk of type 1 diabetes (ferritin OR = 1.05 [95%CI: 0.99-1.13] per 50 mg/L increase; soluble transferrin receptor: OR = 0.91 [95%CI: 0.81-1.01] per 0.5 mg/L increase). Maternal but not fetal HFE genotypes causing high/intermediate iron stores were associated with offspring diabetes (odds ratio: 1.45, 95%CI: 1.04, 2.02). Maternal anaemia or non-iron dietary supplements did not significantly predict type 1 diabetes. Perinatal iron exposures were not associated with cord blood DNA genome-wide methylation, but fetal HFE genotype was associated with differential fetal methylation near HFE. Maternal cytokines in mid-pregnancy of the pro-inflammatory M1 pathway differed by maternal iron supplements and HFE genotype. Our results suggest that exposure to iron during pregnancy may be a risk factor for type 1 diabetes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketil Størdal
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- Pediatric Department, Ostfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway.
| | - Harry J McArdle
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Hayes
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - German Tapia
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marte K Viken
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicolai A Lund-Blix
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margaretha Haugen
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Joner
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torild Skrivarhaug
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Mårild
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siddhartha Mandal
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian M Page
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie J London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Benedicte A Lie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars C Stene
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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383
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Rodrigues LOCP, Graça RSF, Carneiro LAM. Integrated Stress Responses to Bacterial Pathogenesis Patterns. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1306. [PMID: 29930559 PMCID: PMC5999787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of an appropriate innate immune response to bacterial infection is critical to limit microbial spread and generate cytokines and chemokines to instruct appropriate adaptive immune responses. Recognition of bacteria or bacterial products by pattern recognition molecules is crucial to initiate this response. However, it is increasingly clear that the context in which this recognition occurs can dictate the quality of the response and determine the outcome of an infection. The cross talk established between host and pathogen results in profound alterations on cellular homeostasis triggering specific cellular stress responses. In particular, the highly conserved integrated stress response (ISR) has been shown to shape the host response to bacterial pathogens by sensing cellular insults resulting from infection and modulating transcription of key genes, translation of new proteins and cell autonomous antimicrobial mechanisms such as autophagy. Here, we review the growing body of evidence demonstrating a role for the ISR as an integral part of the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa O C P Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S F Graça
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leticia A M Carneiro
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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384
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Tarifeño-Saldivia E, Aguilar A, Contreras D, Mercado L, Morales-Lange B, Márquez K, Henríquez A, Riquelme-Vidal C, Boltana S. Iron Overload Is Associated With Oxidative Stress and Nutritional Immunity During Viral Infection in Fish. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1296. [PMID: 29922300 PMCID: PMC5996096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is a trace element, essential to support life due to its inherent ability to exchange electrons with a variety of molecules. The use of iron as a cofactor in basic metabolic pathways is essential to both pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts. During evolution, the shared requirement of micro- and macro-organisms for this important nutrient has shaped the pathogen-host relationship. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNv) affects salmonids constituting a sanitary problem for this industry as it has an important impact on post-smolt survival. While immune modulation induced by IPNv infection has been widely characterized on Salmo salar, viral impact on iron host metabolism has not yet been elucidated. In the present work, we evaluate short-term effect of IPNv on several infected tissues from Salmo salar. We observed that IPNv displayed high tropism to headkidney, which directly correlates with a rise in oxidative stress and antiviral responses. Transcriptional profiling on headkidney showed a massive modulation of gene expression, from which biological pathways involved with iron metabolism were remarkable. Our findings suggest that IPNv infection increase oxidative stress on headkidney as a consequence of iron overload induced by a massive upregulation of genes involved in iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Tarifeño-Saldivia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - David Contreras
- Renewable Resources Laboratory, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, University Campus, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Katherine Márquez
- Renewable Resources Laboratory, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, University Campus, Concepción, Chile
| | - Adolfo Henríquez
- Renewable Resources Laboratory, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, University Campus, Concepción, Chile
| | - Camila Riquelme-Vidal
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sebastian Boltana
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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385
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Fourie R, Kuloyo OO, Mochochoko BM, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Iron at the Centre of Candida albicans Interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:185. [PMID: 29922600 PMCID: PMC5996042 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an absolute requirement for both the host and most pathogens alike and is needed for normal cellular growth. The acquisition of iron by biological systems is regulated to circumvent toxicity of iron overload, as well as the growth deficits imposed by iron deficiency. In addition, hosts, such as humans, need to limit the availability of iron to pathogens. However, opportunistic pathogens such as Candida albicans are able to adapt to extremes of iron availability, such as the iron replete environment of the gastrointestinal tract and iron deficiency during systemic infection. C. albicans has developed a complex and effective regulatory circuit for iron acquisition and storage to circumvent iron limitation within the human host. As C. albicans can form complex interactions with both commensal and pathogenic co-inhabitants, it can be speculated that iron may play an important role in these interactions. In this review, we highlight host iron regulation as well as regulation of iron homeostasis in C. albicans. In addition, the review argues for the need for further research into the role of iron in polymicrobial interactions. Lastly, the role of iron in treatment of C. albicans infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Fourie
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Oluwasegun O Kuloyo
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Bonang M Mochochoko
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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386
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Lynch S, Pfeiffer CM, Georgieff MK, Brittenham G, Fairweather-Tait S, Hurrell RF, McArdle HJ, Raiten DJ. Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)-Iron Review. J Nutr 2018; 148:1001S-1067S. [PMID: 29878148 PMCID: PMC6297556 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the fifth in the series of reviews developed as part of the Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) program. The BOND Iron Expert Panel (I-EP) reviewed the extant knowledge regarding iron biology, public health implications, and the relative usefulness of currently available biomarkers of iron status from deficiency to overload. Approaches to assessing intake, including bioavailability, are also covered. The report also covers technical and laboratory considerations for the use of available biomarkers of iron status, and concludes with a description of research priorities along with a brief discussion of new biomarkers with potential for use across the spectrum of activities related to the study of iron in human health.The I-EP concluded that current iron biomarkers are reliable for accurately assessing many aspects of iron nutrition. However, a clear distinction is made between the relative strengths of biomarkers to assess hematological consequences of iron deficiency versus other putative functional outcomes, particularly the relationship between maternal and fetal iron status during pregnancy, birth outcomes, and infant cognitive, motor and emotional development. The I-EP also highlighted the importance of considering the confounding effects of inflammation and infection on the interpretation of iron biomarker results, as well as the impact of life stage. Finally, alternative approaches to the evaluation of the risk for nutritional iron overload at the population level are presented, because the currently designated upper limits for the biomarker generally employed (serum ferritin) may not differentiate between true iron overload and the effects of subclinical inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine M Pfeiffer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gary Brittenham
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Susan Fairweather-Tait
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7JT, UK
| | - Richard F Hurrell
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harry J McArdle
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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387
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Tripathi AK, Karmakar S, Asthana A, Ashok A, Desai V, Baksi S, Singh N. Transport of Non-Transferrin Bound Iron to the Brain: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:1109-1119. [PMID: 28550259 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A direct correlation between brain iron and Alzheimer's disease (AD) raises questions regarding the transport of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI), a toxic but less researched pool of circulating iron that is likely to increase due to pathological and/or iatrogenic systemic iron overload. Here, we compared the distribution of radiolabeled-NTBI (59Fe-NTBI) and transferrin-bound iron (59Fe-Tf) in mouse models of iron overload in the absence or presence of inflammation. Following a short pulse, most of the 59Fe-NTBI was taken up by the liver, followed by the kidney, pancreas, and heart. Notably, a strong signal of 59Fe-NTBI was detected in the brain ventricular system after 2 h, and the brain parenchyma after 24 h. 59Fe-Tf accumulated mainly in the femur and spleen, and was transported to the brain at a much slower rate than 59Fe-NTBI. In the kidney, 59Fe-NTBI was detected in the cortex after 2 h, and outer medulla after 24 hours. Most of the 59Fe-NTBI and 59Fe-Tf from the kidney was reabsorbed; negligible amount was excreted in the urine. Acute inflammation increased the uptake of 59Fe-NTBI by the kidney and brain from 2-24 hours. Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, resulted in sequestration of iron in the liver and kidney, reducing its transport to the brain. These observations provide direct evidence for the transport of NTBI to the brain, and reveal a complex interplay between inflammation and brain iron homeostasis. Further studies are necessary to determine whether transient increase in NTBI due to systemic iron overload is a risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajai K Tripathi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shilpita Karmakar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Abhishek Asthana
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vilok Desai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shounak Baksi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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388
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Reddy VP, Chinta KC, Saini V, Glasgow JN, Hull TD, Traylor A, Rey-Stolle F, Soares MP, Madansein R, Rahman MA, Barbas C, Nargan K, Naidoo T, Ramdial PK, George JF, Agarwal A, Steyn AJC. Ferritin H Deficiency in Myeloid Compartments Dysregulates Host Energy Metabolism and Increases Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:860. [PMID: 29774023 PMCID: PMC5943674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential factor for the growth and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, little is known about the mechanisms by which the host controls iron availability during infection. Since ferritin heavy chain (FtH) is a major intracellular source of reserve iron in the host, we hypothesized that the lack of FtH would cause dysregulated iron homeostasis to exacerbate TB disease. Therefore, we used knockout mice lacking FtH in myeloid-derived cell populations to study Mtb disease progression. We found that FtH plays a critical role in protecting mice against Mtb, as evidenced by increased organ burden, extrapulmonary dissemination, and decreased survival in Fth-/- mice. Flow cytometry analysis showed that reduced levels of FtH contribute to an excessive inflammatory response to exacerbate disease. Extracellular flux analysis showed that FtH is essential for maintaining bioenergetic homeostasis through oxidative phosphorylation. In support of these findings, RNAseq and mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated an essential role for FtH in mitochondrial function and maintenance of central intermediary metabolism in vivo. Further, we show that FtH deficiency leads to iron dysregulation through the hepcidin-ferroportin axis during infection. To assess the clinical significance of our animal studies, we performed a clinicopathological analysis of iron distribution within human TB lung tissue and showed that Mtb severely disrupts iron homeostasis in distinct microanatomic locations of the human lung. We identified hemorrhage as a major source of metabolically inert iron deposition. Importantly, we observed increased iron levels in human TB lung tissue compared to healthy tissue. Overall, these findings advance our understanding of the link between iron-dependent energy metabolism and immunity and provide new insight into iron distribution within the spectrum of human pulmonary TB. These metabolic mechanisms could serve as the foundation for novel host-directed strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineel P. Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Krishna C. Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joel N. Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Travis D. Hull
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Amie Traylor
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kievershen Nargan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Threnesan Naidoo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pratistadevi K. Ramdial
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - James F. George
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- UAB Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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389
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Yates TA, Atkinson SH. Ironing out sex differences in tuberculosis prevalence. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 21:483-484. [PMID: 28399960 PMCID: PMC5389340 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Yates
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah H Atkinson
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,
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390
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Damasceno FC, Condeles AL, Lopes AKB, Facci RR, Linares E, Truzzi DR, Augusto O, Toledo JC. The labile iron pool attenuates peroxynitrite-dependent damage and can no longer be considered solely a pro-oxidative cellular iron source. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8530-8542. [PMID: 29661935 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous cellular labile iron pool (LIP) is often associated with the production of the highly reactive hydroxyl radical, which forms through a redox reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Peroxynitrite is a biologically relevant peroxide produced by the recombination of nitric oxide and superoxide. It is a strong oxidant that may be involved in multiple pathological conditions, but whether and how it interacts with the LIP are unclear. Here, using fluorescence spectroscopy, we investigated the interaction between the LIP and peroxynitrite by monitoring peroxynitrite-dependent accumulation of nitrosated and oxidized fluorescent intracellular indicators. We found that, in murine macrophages, removal of the LIP with membrane-permeable iron chelators sustainably accelerates the peroxynitrite-dependent oxidation and nitrosation of these indicators. These observations could not be reproduced in cell-free assays, indicating that the chelator-enhancing effect on peroxynitrite-dependent modifications of the indicators depended on cell constituents, presumably including LIP, that react with these chelators. Moreover, neither free nor ferrous-complexed chelators stimulated intracellular or extracellular oxidative and nitrosative chemistries. On the basis of these results, LIP appears to be a relevant and competitive cellular target of peroxynitrite or its derived oxidants, and thereby it reduces oxidative processes, an observation that may change the conventional notion that the LIP is simply a cellular source of pro-oxidant iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cruvinel Damasceno
- From the Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-901 and
| | - André Luis Condeles
- From the Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-901 and
| | - Angélica Kodama Bueno Lopes
- From the Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-901 and
| | - Rômulo Rodrigues Facci
- From the Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-901 and
| | - Edlaine Linares
- the Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ramos Truzzi
- the Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- the Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Toledo
- From the Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-901 and
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391
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Wei X, Sarath Babu V, Lin L, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Su J, Li J, Zhao L, Yuan G. Hepcidin protects grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) against Flavobacterium columnare infection via regulating iron distribution and immune gene expression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:274-283. [PMID: 29452250 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris disease (CD) caused by Flavobacterium columnare (F. columnare) is lack of knowledge on effective treatment measures. Bacterial pathogens require iron as an essential nutrient to infect the host. While hepcidin acts as a master regulator in iron metabolism, its contribution to host defense is emerging as complex and multifaceted. In vitro, recombinant Ctenopharyngodon idellus (C. idellus) hepcidin (CiHep) and synthetic CiHep both showed the ability to increase the expression of hepcidin and ferritin in C. idellus kidney cells, especially the recombinant CiHep. In vivo, recombinant CiHep improved the survival rate of C. idellus challenged with F. columnare. In addition, the fish fed diet containing recombinant CiHep (group H-1) had a higher survival rate than other pretreatment groups. The study showed that recombinant CiHep regulated iron metabolism causing iron redistribution, decreasing serum iron levels and increasing iron accumulation in the hepatopancreas. Moreover, the expression of iron-related genes was upregulated in various degrees at a different time except for group H-1. Immune-related genes were also evaluated, showing higher expression in the groups pretreated with CiHep at an early stage of infection. Of note, a clear upregulation of more immune genes occurred in the groups pretreated with recombinant CiHep than that pretreated with synthetic CiHep in the late stage of infection. In conclusion, the recombinant CiHep has a protective effect on the host response to bacterial pathogens. We speculate that hepcidin protects C. idellus against F. columnare infection via regulating the iron distribution and immune gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wei
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - V Sarath Babu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yazhen Hu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783, USA; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China.
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China.
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392
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Das NK, Sandhya S, G. VV, Kumar R, Singh AK, Bal SK, Kumari S, Mukhopadhyay CK. Leishmania donovaniinhibits ferroportin translation by modulating FBXL5-IRP2 axis for its growth within host macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12834. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Kanti Das
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Sandhya Sandhya
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Vishnu Vivek G.
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Saswat Kumar Bal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Sanju Kumari
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
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393
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Sironval V, Reylandt L, Chaurand P, Ibouraadaten S, Palmai-Pallag M, Yakoub Y, Ucakar B, Rose J, Poleunis C, Vanbever R, Marbaix E, Lison D, van den Brule S. Respiratory hazard of Li-ion battery components: elective toxicity of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2) particles in a mouse bioassay. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1673-1684. [PMID: 29550861 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIB) are increasingly produced and used worldwide. LIB electrodes are made of micrometric and low solubility particles, consisting of toxicologically relevant elements. The health hazard of these materials is not known. Here, we investigated the respiratory hazard of three leading LIB components (LiFePO4 or LFP, Li4Ti5O12 or LTO, and LiCoO2 or LCO) and their mechanisms of action. Particles were characterized physico-chemically and elemental bioaccessibility was documented. Lung inflammation and fibrotic responses, as well as particle persistence and ion bioavailability, were assessed in mice after aspiration of LIB particles (0.5 or 2 mg); crystalline silica (2 mg) was used as reference. Acute inflammatory lung responses were recorded with the 3 LIB particles and silica, LCO being the most potent. Inflammation persisted 2 m after LFP, LCO and silica, in association with fibrosis in LCO and silica lungs. LIB particles persisted in the lungs after 2 m. Endogenous iron co-localized with cobalt in LCO lungs, indicating the formation of ferruginous bodies. Fe and Co ions were detected in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluids of LFP and LCO lungs, respectively. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) -1α, a marker of fibrosis and of the biological activity of Co ions, was upregulated in LCO and silica lungs. This study identified, for the first time, the respiratory hazard of LIB particles. LCO was at least as potent as crystalline silica to induce lung inflammation and fibrosis. Iron and cobalt, but not lithium, ions appear to contribute to LFP and LCO toxicity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Sironval
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52, bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Reylandt
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Sainte Barbe, 2, bte L5.02.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Perrine Chaurand
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, Avenue Louis Philibert, 13090, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Saloua Ibouraadaten
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52, bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mihaly Palmai-Pallag
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52, bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yousof Yakoub
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52, bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Ucakar
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, bte B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Rose
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, Avenue Louis Philibert, 13090, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Claude Poleunis
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, bte B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Marbaix
- De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, bte B1.75.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52, bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sybille van den Brule
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52, bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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394
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Abstract
Hepcidin agonists are a new class of compounds that regulate blood iron levels, limit iron absorption, and could improve the treatment of hemochromatosis, β-thalassemia, polycythemia vera, and other disorders in which disrupted iron homeostasis causes or contributes to disease. Hepcidin agonists also have the potential to prevent severe complications of siderophilic infections in patients with iron overload or chronic liver disease. This review highlights the preclinical studies that support the development of hepcidin agonists for the treatment of these disorders.
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395
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Oktaria S, Hurif NS, Naim W, Thio HB, Nijsten TEC, Richardus JH. Dietary diversity and poverty as risk factors for leprosy in Indonesia: A case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006317. [PMID: 29534113 PMCID: PMC5865754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poverty has long been considered a risk factor for leprosy and is related to nutritional deficiencies. In this study, we aim to investigate the association between poverty-related diet and nutrition with leprosy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In rural leprosy-endemic areas in Indonesia, we conducted a household-based case-control study using two controls for each case patient (100 recently diagnosed leprosy patients and 200 controls), matched for age and gender. All participants were interviewed to collect information on their demographics, socioeconomic situation, health, and diet. Body mass index, dietary diversity score, as well as anemia and iron micronutrient profiles were also obtained. By means of univariate, block-wise multivariate, and integrated logistic regression analyses, we calculated odds ratios between the variables and the occurrence of leprosy. Unstable income (odds ratio [OR], 5.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.54-12.64; p = 0.000), anemia (OR, 4.01; 95% CI, 2.10-7.64; p = 0.000), and higher household food insecurity (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06-1.21; p = 0.000) are significantly associated with an increased risk of having leprosy. Meanwhile, higher education (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.77; p = 0.009) and land ownership (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18-0.86; p = 0.019) have significant protective associations against leprosy. Although lower dietary diversity, lack of food stock, food shortage, low serum iron, and high ferritin were found more commonly in those with leprosy, the occurrence of leprosy was not significantly associated with iron deficiency (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.10-11.37; p = 0.963). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Food poverty is an important risk factor for leprosy susceptibility, yet the mechanisms underlying this association other than nutrient deficiencies still need to be identified. With a stable incidence rate of leprosy despite the implementation of chemoprophylaxis and multidrug therapy, improving dietary diversity through food-based approaches should be initiated and directed toward high-prevalence villages. The possible underlying factors that link poverty to leprosy other than nutrient deficiencies also need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Oktaria
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Norma Sofisa Hurif
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wardiansyah Naim
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hok Bing Thio
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tamar E. C. Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Hendrik Richardus
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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396
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Regnase-1 Maintains Iron Homeostasis via the Degradation of Transferrin Receptor 1 and Prolyl-Hydroxylase-Domain-Containing Protein 3 mRNAs. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1614-1630. [PMID: 28538180 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism is regulated by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. The mRNA of the iron-controlling gene, transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), has long been believed to be negatively regulated by a yet-unidentified endonuclease. Here, we show that the endonuclease Regnase-1 is critical for the degradation of mRNAs involved in iron metabolism in vivo. First, we demonstrate that Regnase-1 promotes TfR1 mRNA decay. Next, we show that Regnase-1-/- mice suffer from severe iron deficiency anemia, although hepcidin expression is downregulated. The iron deficiency anemia is induced by a defect in duodenal iron uptake. We reveal that duodenal Regnase-1 controls the expression of PHD3, which impairs duodenal iron uptake via HIF2α suppression. Finally, we show that Regnase-1 is a HIF2α-inducible gene and thus provides a positive feedback loop for HIF2α activation via PHD3. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Regnase-1-mediated regulation of iron-related transcripts is essential for the maintenance of iron homeostasis.
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397
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Remy KE, Hall MW, Cholette J, Juffermans NP, Nicol K, Doctor A, Blumberg N, Spinella PC, Norris PJ, Dahmer MK, Muszynski JA. Mechanisms of red blood cell transfusion-related immunomodulation. Transfusion 2018; 58:804-815. [PMID: 29383722 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is common in critically ill, postsurgical, and posttrauma patients in whom both systemic inflammation and immune suppression are associated with adverse outcomes. RBC products contain a multitude of immunomodulatory mediators that interact with and alter immune cell function. These interactions can lead to both proinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Defining clinical outcomes related to immunomodulatory effects of RBCs in transfused patients remains a challenge, likely due to complex interactions between individual blood product characteristics and patient-specific risk factors. Unpacking these complexities requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects of RBC products. In this review, we outline and classify potential mediators of RBC transfusion-related immunomodulation and provide suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Remy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark W Hall
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jill Cholette
- Pediatric Critical Care and Cardiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Nicol
- Department of Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Allan Doctor
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Neil Blumberg
- Transfusion Medicine/Blood Bank and Clinical Laboratories, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Philip C Spinella
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mary K Dahmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jennifer A Muszynski
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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398
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López-Aliaga I, García-Pedro JD, Moreno-Fernandez J, Alférez MJM, López-Frías M, Díaz-Castro J. Fermented goat milk consumption improves iron status and evokes inflammatory signalling during anemia recovery. Food Funct 2018; 9:3195-3201. [PMID: 29872815 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00552d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the crucial role of the inflammatory state under anemic conditions, to date, no studies have directly tested the modulation of cytokines during iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada López-Aliaga
- Department of Physiology
- University of Granada
- Granada
- Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”
| | | | - Jorge Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology
- University of Granada
- Granada
- Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”
| | - Mª José M. Alférez
- Department of Physiology
- University of Granada
- Granada
- Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”
| | - Magdalena López-Frías
- Department of Physiology
- University of Granada
- Granada
- Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”
| | - Javier Díaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology
- University of Granada
- Granada
- Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”
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399
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Gerwien F, Skrahina V, Kasper L, Hube B, Brunke S. Metals in fungal virulence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:4562650. [PMID: 29069482 PMCID: PMC5812535 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are essential for life, and they play a central role in the struggle between infecting microbes and their hosts. In fact, an important aspect of microbial pathogenesis is the 'nutritional immunity', in which metals are actively restricted (or, in an extended definition of the term, locally enriched) by the host to hinder microbial growth and virulence. Consequently, fungi have evolved often complex regulatory networks, uptake and detoxification systems for essential metals such as iron, zinc, copper, nickel and manganese. These systems often differ fundamentally from their bacterial counterparts, but even within the fungal pathogens we can find common and unique solutions to maintain metal homeostasis. Thus, we here compare the common and species-specific mechanisms used for different metals among different fungal species-focusing on important human pathogens such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus or Cryptococcus neoformans, but also looking at model fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or A. nidulans as well-studied examples for the underlying principles. These direct comparisons of our current knowledge reveal that we have a good understanding how model fungal pathogens take up iron or zinc, but that much is still to learn about other metals and specific adaptations of individual species-not the least to exploit this knowledge for new antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gerwien
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Volha Skrahina
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
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400
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Necrotizing enterocolitis and high intestinal iron uptake due to genetic variants. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:57-62. [PMID: 28820869 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundIntestinal iron is a nutritional compound, which is essential for enteric microbiota. We evaluated the hypothesis that polymorphisms, which are known modifiers of intestinal iron uptake in adults, are associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants.MethodsPreterm infants (birth weight below 1,500 g) were studied. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms with known effects on serum iron levels (rs1800562, rs1799945, and rs855791) were determined using PCR. The effects of polymorphisms on NEC surgery were tested by Mendelian randomization. Outcome data were compared with χ2-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and Cochran-Armitage test for trend and multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsComplete genotyping data were available for 11,166 infants. High serum iron levels due to rs855791 genotype were associated with a significantly reduced risk of NEC surgery (odds ratio (OR) 0.265; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11-0.65; adjusted P=0.011). Carriers of the rs855791 A-allele not receiving prophylactic probiotics had a higher risk of NEC surgery (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08-1.70, nominal P=0.002). Prophylactic treatment with probiotics was associated with a reduced risk of NEC surgery in carriers of the rs855791 A-Allele. No differences were found with regard to other short- or long-term outcome data.ConclusionPolymorphisms inducing lower intestinal iron uptake like the rs855791 A-allele might be an underestimated risk factor for NEC.
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