1
|
Sarhan MM, Aljohani SA, Alnazzawi YA, Alharbi NA, Alotaibi SE, Alhujaili AS, Alwadi MAM. Individuals' perceptions of the factors linked to everyday soft drink consumption among university students: qualitative study. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1388918. [PMID: 39224179 PMCID: PMC11366578 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1388918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Soft drink consumption is continuing to grow worldwide, posing an increasing threat to people's health and general wellbeing. Consequently, we must understand the factors driving soft drink consumption to support improvements to nutrition. This paper adopts a qualitative research approach to explore individuals' perceptions of the factors linked to daily soft drink consumption among university students in Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods This research employed purposive sampling to recruit a total of 19 students attending university in Al Madinah Province, Saudi Arabia, all of whom reported that they had previously consumed soft drinks. Over 3 months, data was gathered through a mixture of online and in-person semi-structured interviews. Once completed, the interviews were then transcribed and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis to identify the themes that emerged from the data. Results This study reveals five core themes: taste, habit, price, environment and social context, and health concerns. Regarding health concerns, this study finds that the public's increasing concerns about health can reduce people's consumption of soft drinks. Significantly, this research reveals that the rise in health concerns among the public is being driven by the growing conversation about healthy food and the negative impact of consuming sugary soft drinks occurring in wider society. Conclusion To conclude, this research underlines the value of adopting a holistic approach to promoting healthier drink choices (and thus reducing soft drink consumption). Interventions that focus on factors associated with soft drink consumption, such as habits, price, environment, social settings, health concerns, and taste, will be better able to decrease soft drink consumption and improve people's nutritional intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mahmoud Sarhan
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shemaa Adel Aljohani
- College of Dentistry and Hospital, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara Ahmad Alnazzawi
- College of Dentistry and Hospital, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuorah Awadh Alharbi
- College of Dentistry and Hospital, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shihanah Eid Alotaibi
- College of Dentistry and Hospital, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Saad Alhujaili
- College of Dentistry and Hospital, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Ali M. Alwadi
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reivan Ortiz GG, Campoverde X, Vinañzaca J, Estrada J, Yanza R, Granero R. Factors increasing the risk for food addiction in Ecuadorian students. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1214266. [PMID: 38234363 PMCID: PMC10792013 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1214266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Food addiction (FA) is a construct that has gained interest in recent years, but its relevance in the Ecuadorian population has not yet been explored. The aims of this study were to explore the differences in the psychological profile (including FA) between university students from Ecuador and to identify the underlying structure of the relationships of the FA severity level through a mediational model. Methods The sample consisted of 972 university students, women and men (mean age: 20.1 years old, SD = 2.6), recruited from four Ecuadorian regions. The assessment tools included a unidimensional scale of FA, eating-related measures, emotion regulation state, impulsivity, and psychopathology state. Path analysis modeled the direct and indirect effects explaining the FA severity level. Results The results indicated that higher psychopathological levels were associated with FA. Similarly, no differences in FA were observed between the Ecuadorian regions. The path analysis suggested that older age, female sex, and higher difficulties in emotional regulation, impulsivity, negative mood, and anxiety trigger disordered eating; subsequently, more impaired eating behavior impacted the FA level. Conclusion FA is a complex clinical entity that includes multiple components related to eating disorders (EDs) and other mental health problems. The results of this study provide empirical knowledge for designing evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geovanny Genaro Reivan Ortiz
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis, and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | | | - Juan Vinañzaca
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis, and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Johanna Estrada
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis, and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Yanza
- Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
| | - Roser Granero
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva E Santos MR, Paes MH, Bento RCQS, Cardoso LM, de Oliveira LB. Reducing sugar intake through chronic swimming training: Exploring palatability changes and central vasopressin mechanisms. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 234:173691. [PMID: 38081330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Excessive sugar intake has been associated with the onset of several non-communicable chronic diseases seen in humans. Physical activity could affect sweet taste perception which may affect sugar intake. Therefore, it was investigated the chronic effects of swimming training on sucrose intake/preference, reactivity to sucrose taste, self-care in neurobehavioral stress, and the possible involvement of the vasopressin type V1 receptor in sucrose solution intake. Male Wistar rats, of from different cohorts were used, subjected to a sedentary lifestyle (SED) or swimming training (TR - 1 h/day, 5×/week, for 8 weeks, with no added load). Weekly intake was verified in SED and TR rats after access to a sucrose solution 1×/week, 2 h/day, for eight weeks. Chronic effects of swimming and/or a sedentary lifestyle were carried out three days after the end of the physical exercise protocol. Swimming training reduced the intake of sucrose solution from the third week onwards in the two-bottle test measured once a week for 8 weeks. After the ending of the swimming protocol, sucrose intake was also reduced as per its preference. This reduced intake is probably correlated with the carbohydrate aspect of sucrose since saccharin intake was not affected. In addition, chronic swimming training was shown to reduce ingestive responses, increase neutral responses, without interfering with aversive, in the sucrose solution taste reactivity test. In addition, these results are not related to a depressive-like behavior, nor to neurobehavioral stress. Furthermore, treatment with vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist abolished the reduced sucrose intake in trained rats. The results suggest that swimming performed chronically is capable of reducing intake and preference for sucrose by decreasing the palatability of sucrose without causing depressive-type behavior or stress. In addition, the results also suggest that central V1 vasopressin receptors are part of the mechanisms activated to reduce sucrose intake in trained rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Milede Hanner Paes
- Research Center in Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Máximo Cardoso
- Research Center in Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Lisandra Brandino de Oliveira
- Department of Food and Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Camacho-Barcia L, Lucas I, Miranda-Olivos R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F. Applying psycho-behavioural phenotyping in obesity characterization. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:871-883. [PMID: 37261609 PMCID: PMC10492697 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in obesity, beyond being explained by metabolic and medical complications, are understood by alterations in eating behaviour which underlie psychological processes. From this psychological perspective, studies have identified several potential characteristic features at the psycho-behavioural level that could additionally explain the maintenance of chronic excess weight or the unsuccessful results of current treatments. To date, despite the growing evidence, the heterogeneity of the psychological evidence associated with obesity has made it challenging to generate consensus on whether these psycho-behavioural phenotypes can be a complement to improve outcomes of existing interventions. For this reason, this narrative review is an overview focused on summarizing studies describing the psycho-behavioural phenotypes associated with obesity. Based on the literature, three psychological constructs have emerged: reward dependence, cognitive control, and mood and emotion. We discuss the clinical implications of stratifying and identifying these psycho-behavioural profiles as potential target for interventions which may ensure a better response to treatment in individuals with obesity. Our conclusions pointed out a considerable overlap between these psycho-behavioural phenotypes suggesting bidirectional interactions between them. These findings endorse the complexity of the psycho-behavioural features associated with obesity and reinforce the need to consider them in order to improve treatment outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Camacho-Barcia
- Clinical Psychology Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Clinical Psychology Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romina Miranda-Olivos
- Clinical Psychology Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Clinical Psychology Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Clinical Psychology Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Passeri A, Municchi D, Cavalieri G, Babicola L, Ventura R, Di Segni M. Linking drug and food addiction: an overview of the shared neural circuits and behavioral phenotype. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1240748. [PMID: 37767338 PMCID: PMC10520727 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1240748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a lack of agreement on its definition and inclusion as a specific diagnosable disturbance, the food addiction construct is supported by several neurobiological and behavioral clinical and preclinical findings. Recognizing food addiction is critical to understanding how and why it manifests. In this overview, we focused on those as follows: 1. the hyperpalatable food effects in food addiction development; 2. specific brain regions involved in both food and drug addiction; and 3. animal models highlighting commonalities between substance use disorders and food addiction. Although results collected through animal studies emerged from protocols differing in several ways, they clearly highlight commonalities in behavioral manifestations and neurobiological alterations between substance use disorders and food addiction characteristics. To develop improved food addiction models, this heterogeneity should be acknowledged and embraced so that research can systematically investigate the role of specific variables in the development of the different behavioral features of addiction-like behavior in preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Passeri
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Municchi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cavalieri
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Ventura
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Segni
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alhusseini N, Ramadan M, Aljarayhi S, Arnous W, Abdelaal M, Dababo H, Dalati B, Doumani OA, AlNasser S, Saleem R. Added sugar intake among the saudi population. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291136. [PMID: 37682946 PMCID: PMC10490978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet is a contributor to the pathogenesis of many non-communicable diseases. Among contributors to poor diet is high added sugar consumption, which is unfortunately on the rise nowadays. The recommended sugar intake by The American Heart Association (AHA) is 24g/day and 36g/day for women and men, respectively. The study's aim is to assess added sugar intake among adults in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study design was used via an online survey among adults in Saudi Arabia using convenience sampling, and social media platforms were used to collect the data. The authors conducted descriptive statistics to present demographic variables using Chi-square χ2 tests for categorical and t-tests for continuous variables. All statistical tests used a 95% confidence interval with a two-sided P-value <0.05 as significance level. A total of 1163 respondents were included in the study. The study has shown an overall added sugar intake average of 73 g/day. There was a significant difference in means of overall added sugar intake across genders for the age group 18-30 and the age group >60. Equivalently, there was a statistically significant difference in means of added sugar intake food across gender (P-value 0.008). Females tended to consume more added sugar in their food than males. The highest consumption was in the Northern region (123.71 g/day), followed by the Southern region (98.52 g/day), the Western region (86.14 g/day), and lastly, the Central and Eastern regions (66.95 and 62.02 g/day, respectively). The total added sugar intake of added sugar is extremely high in Saudi Arabia. Poor dietary habits lead to many adverse health consequences, including obesity and diabetes. Healthcare providers and public health officials are highly encouraged to shed light on added sugar consumption and create opportunities to promote healthy dietary patterns. The Saudi population is recommended to abide by the added sugar dietary recommendations to avoid future chronic medical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Majed Ramadan
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Aljarayhi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad Arnous
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hala Dababo
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bana Dalati
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola Al Doumani
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara AlNasser
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Communication and Swallowing Disorders Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rimah Saleem
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guillaumin MCC, Viskaitis P, Bracey E, Burdakov D, Peleg-Raibstein D. Disentangling the role of NAc D1 and D2 cells in hedonic eating. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3531-3547. [PMID: 37402855 PMCID: PMC10618099 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Overeating is driven by both the hedonic component ('liking') of food, and the motivation ('wanting') to eat it. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key brain center implicated in these processes, but how distinct NAc cell populations encode 'liking' and 'wanting' to shape overconsumption remains unclear. Here, we probed the roles of NAc D1 and D2 cells in these processes using cell-specific recording and optogenetic manipulation in diverse behavioral paradigms that disentangle reward traits of 'liking' and 'wanting' related to food choice and overeating in healthy mice. Medial NAc shell D2 cells encoded experience-dependent development of 'liking', while D1 cells encoded innate 'liking' during the first food taste. Optogenetic control confirmed causal links of D1 and D2 cells to these aspects of 'liking'. In relation to 'wanting', D1 and D2 cells encoded and promoted distinct aspects of food approach: D1 cells interpreted food cues while D2 cells also sustained food-visit-length that facilitates consumption. Finally, at the level of food choice, D1, but not D2, cell activity was sufficient to switch food preference, programming subsequent long-lasting overconsumption. By revealing complementary roles of D1 and D2 cells in consumption, these findings assign neural bases to 'liking' and 'wanting' in a unifying framework of D1 and D2 cell activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde C C Guillaumin
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Paulius Viskaitis
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Eva Bracey
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hajati A, Brondani M, Angerstig L, Klein V, Liljeblad L, Al-Moraissi EA, Louca Jounger S, Brondani B, Christidis N. Chocolate intake and muscle pain sensation: A randomized experimental study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284769. [PMID: 37224109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chocolate, as a cocoa-derived product rich in flavanols, has been used for medical and anti-inflammatory purposes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if the ingestion of different percentages of cocoa products affects the experimentally induced pain caused by intramuscular hypertonic saline injections in the masseter muscle of healthy men and women. METHODS This experimental randomized, double-blind, and controlled study included 15 young, healthy, and pain-free men and 15 age-matched women and involved three visits with at least a 1-week washout. Pain was induced twice at each visit with intramuscular injections of 0.2 mL hypertonic saline (5%), before and after intake of one of the different chocolate types: white (30% cocoa content), milk (34% cocoa content), and dark (70% cocoa content). Pain duration, pain area, peak pain, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were assessed every fifth minute after each injection, up until 30 min after the initial injection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using IBM® SPSS (Version 27); significance level was set to p<0.05. RESULTS This study showed that intake of chocolate, no matter the type, reduced the induced pain intensity significantly more than no intake of chocolate (p<0.05, Tukey test). There were no differences between the chocolate types. Further, men showed a significantly greater pain reduction than women after intake of white chocolate (p<0.05, Tukey test). No other differences between pain characteristics or sexes were revealed. CONCLUSION Intake of chocolate before a painful stimulus had a pain-reducing effect no matter the cocoa concentration. The results indicate that perhaps it is not the cocoa concentration (e.g., flavanols) alone that explains the positive effect on pain, but likely a combination of preference and taste-experience. Another possible explanation could be the composition of the chocolate, i.e. the concentration of the other ingredients such as sugar, soy, and vanilla. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05378984.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hajati
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mario Brondani
- Division of Dental Public Health, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lina Angerstig
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Victoria Klein
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Linda Liljeblad
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Essam Ahmed Al-Moraissi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Sofia Louca Jounger
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bruna Brondani
- Division of Dental Public Health, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Christidis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
López-Muciño LA, García-García F, Cueto-Escobedo J, Acosta-Hernández M, Venebra-Muñoz A, Rodríguez-Alba JC. Sleep loss and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104832. [PMID: 35988803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reducing sleep hours is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that reduction in sleep time is a factor that favors relapse in addicted patients. Additionally, animal models have demonstrated that both sleep restriction and sleep deprivation increase the preference for alcohol, methylphenidate, and the self-administration of cocaine. Therefore, the present review discusses current knowledge about the influence of sleep hours reduction on addictivebehaviors; likewise, we discuss the neuronal basis underlying the sleep reduction-addiction relationship, like the role of the orexin and dopaminergic system and neuronal plasticity (i.e., delta FosB expression). Potentially, chronic sleep restriction could increase brain vulnerability and promote addictive behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Angel López-Muciño
- Health Sciences Ph.D. Program, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
| | - Fabio García-García
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
| | - Jonathan Cueto-Escobedo
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
| | - Mario Acosta-Hernández
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Venebra-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Addiction and Brain Plasticity, Faculty of Science, Autonomous University of Mexico State, Edomex 50295, Mexico.
| | - Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Alba
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hilbert A, Witte V, Meule A, Braehler E, Kliem S. Development of the Hedonic Overeating–Questionnaire (HEDO–Q). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091865. [PMID: 35565829 PMCID: PMC9100100 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictive-like eating is prevalent, but a clear conceptualization and operationalization outside of an addiction framework is lacking. By adopting a biopsychological framework of food reward, this study sought to develop and evaluate a brief self-report questionnaire for the trait assessment of hedonic overeating and dyscontrol. Items in the Hedonic Overeating–Questionnaire (HEDO–Q) were constructed following a rational approach and psychometrically evaluated in a large random sample from the German population (N = 2531). A confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional nature of the six-item HEDO–Q with the three postulated components of wanting, liking, and dyscontrol. Psychometric properties were favorable with good corrected item-total correlations, acceptable item difficulty and homogeneity, and high internal consistency. Population norms were provided. The HEDO–Q revealed strict measurement invariance for sex and partial invariance for age and weight status. Discriminant validity was demonstrated in distinguishing participants with versus without eating disturbances or obesity. Associations with the established measures of eating disorder and general psychopathology supported the convergent and divergent validity of the HEDO–Q. This first evaluation indicates good psychometric properties of the HEDO–Q in the general population. Future validation work is warranted on the HEDO–Q’s stability, sensitivity to change, and predictive and construct validity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronica Witte
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, 83209 Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Elmar Braehler
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Soeren Kliem
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dysmetabolism and Neurodegeneration: Trick or Treat? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071425. [PMID: 35406040 PMCID: PMC9003269 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the existence of a strong link between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. Indeed, epidemiologic studies have described solid associations between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration, whereas animal models contributed for the clarification of the mechanistic underlying the complex relationships between these conditions, having the development of an insulin resistance state a pivotal role in this relationship. Herein, we review in a concise manner the association between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. We start by providing concepts regarding the role of insulin and insulin signaling pathways as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms that are in the genesis of metabolic diseases. Then, we focus on the role of insulin in the brain, with special attention to its function in the regulation of brain glucose metabolism, feeding, and cognition. Moreover, we extensively report on the association between neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases, with a particular emphasis on the evidence observed in animal models of dysmetabolism induced by hypercaloric diets. We also debate on strategies to prevent and/or delay neurodegeneration through the normalization of whole-body glucose homeostasis, particularly via the modulation of the carotid bodies, organs known to be key in connecting the periphery with the brain.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaidbey JH, Ferguson K, Halberg SE, Racke C, Visek AJ, Gearhardt AN, Juliano LM, Dietz WH, Sacheck J, Sylvetsky AC. Stop the Pop: A Mixed-Methods Study Examining Children's Physical and Emotional Responses during Three Days of Sugary Drink Cessation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071328. [PMID: 35405940 PMCID: PMC9003451 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite public health efforts to reduce sugary drink consumption, children’s intake continues to exceed recommendations. While numerous barriers to lowering sugary drink consumption have been identified, aversive feelings during sugary drink cessation may further challenge sustained reduction in children’s sugary drink consumption. Herein, we describe “Stop the Pop”, an intervention to examine children’s physical and emotional responses during three days of sugary drink cessation. Children (n = 150) ages 8–14, who reported habitual consumption of ≥12 ounces of sugary drinks daily, were instructed to avoid sweetened beverages for three days. At baseline and on each day of cessation, children completed a daily feelings questionnaire, and a subset of children (n = 30) also completed a qualitative interview following cessation. During sugary drink cessation, children reported physical and emotional improvements, including being less tired, angry, and annoyed; having less trouble sleeping; and less frequently arguing with others, getting in trouble, and getting mad. However, unfavorable responses, such as mood disturbances and having less energy, were reported by some participants. Our results suggest that children who habitually consume sugary drinks may experience physical and emotional improvements during short-term sugary drink cessation, although longer-term examination is needed and inter-individual variability in responses to cessation warrants further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine H. Kaidbey
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (J.H.K.); (K.F.); (S.E.H.); (C.R.); (A.J.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Kacey Ferguson
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (J.H.K.); (K.F.); (S.E.H.); (C.R.); (A.J.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Sabrina E. Halberg
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (J.H.K.); (K.F.); (S.E.H.); (C.R.); (A.J.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Caroline Racke
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (J.H.K.); (K.F.); (S.E.H.); (C.R.); (A.J.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Amanda J. Visek
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (J.H.K.); (K.F.); (S.E.H.); (C.R.); (A.J.V.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Laura M. Juliano
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - William H. Dietz
- Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Jennifer Sacheck
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (J.H.K.); (K.F.); (S.E.H.); (C.R.); (A.J.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Allison C. Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (J.H.K.); (K.F.); (S.E.H.); (C.R.); (A.J.V.); (J.S.)
- Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +202-994-5602
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Effect of Artificial Sweeteners Use on Sweet Taste Perception and Weight Loss Efficacy: A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061261. [PMID: 35334918 PMCID: PMC8954878 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive consumption of sugar-rich foods is currently one of the most important factors that has led to the development of the global pandemic of obesity. On the other hand, there is evidence that obesity contributes to reduced sensitivity to sweet taste and hormonal changes affecting appetite, leading to an increased craving for sweets. A high intake of sugars increases the caloric value of the diet and, consequently, leads to weight gain. Moreover, attention is drawn to the concept of the addictive properties of sugar and sugary foods. A potential method to reduce the energy value of diet while maintaining the sweet taste is using non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). NNS are commonly used as table sugar substitutes. This wide group of chemical compounds features high sweetness almost without calories due to its high sweetening strength. NNS include aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, saccharin, cyclamate, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (neohesperidin DC), neotame, taumatin, and advantame. The available evidence suggests that replacing sugar with NNS may support weight control. However, the effect of NNS on the regulation of appetite and sweet taste perception is not clear. Therefore, the review aimed to summarize the current knowledge about the use of NNS as a potential strategy for weight loss and their impact on sweet taste perception. Most studies have demonstrated that consumption of NNS-sweetened foods does not increase sweetness preference orenergy intake. Nonetheless, further research is required to determine the long-term effects of NNS on weight management.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim TY, Woo EJ, Yoon TS. Binding mode of brazzein to the taste receptor based on crystal structure and docking simulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 592:119-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
15
|
Yao Y, Shi S, Yang Y, Luo B, Li M, Zhang L, Yuan X, Liu H, Zhang K. Effects of chronic bubble tea administration on behavior and cognition in C57BL/6 mice. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1044052. [PMID: 36569608 PMCID: PMC9768033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1044052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a lack of rigorous experimental evidence to verify the effects of bubble tea on body weight and mental health, especially whether it is an addictive thing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to two groups, including the bubble-tea and the control group. The change in their body weight was calculated. Behavior tests include novel object recognition test (NORT), elevated plus maze test (EPMT), forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), conditioned place preference (CPP). RESULTS There was a significant time effect on weight change of the two groups (F = 36.83, P < 0.01). The bubble tea-treated mice spent significantly less time in the open arms, indicating an increase in anxiety (t = 2.39, P = 0.03). In FST, bubble tea treatment produced a significantly increased immobility time (186.58 ± 29.67 s) as compared to pure water treated group (112.50 ± 46.67 s) (t = -3.79, P < 0.01). Similarly, the immobility time in the TST was also significantly increased by bubble tea treatment (437.63 ± 27.72 s) compared to the treatment with pure water (340.24 ± 77.22 s) (t = -3.36, P < 0.01). We investigated the rewarding effects of bubble tea, using the CPP paradigm, which measures the rewarding properties of abused drugs. Independent-samples t-test revealed no significant difference between the two groups (t = -0.47, P = 0.65). CONCLUSION In conclusion, we showed that long-term administration of bubble tea could not induce addictive behavior in mice. Meanwhile, the long-term effects of bubble tea on weight were also very limited. However, long-term consumption of bubble tea can lead to anxiety and depression-like behaviors and impair cognitive function in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitan Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengya Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bei Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengdie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoping Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Relationship between Addictive Eating and Dietary Intake: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010164. [PMID: 35011039 PMCID: PMC8747081 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Research suggests that certain foods may have addictive effects; however, no reviews have systematically appraised studies in this area. The aims of this review were to determine the nutrients, foods and dietary patterns associated with addictive eating. (2) Methods: Published studies up to November 2020 were identified through searches of 6 electronic databases. Eligible studies included those in in children and adults that reported dietary intakes of individuals with 'food addiction'. (3) Results: Fifteen studies (n = 12 in adults and n = 3 in children/adolescents with Yale Food Addiction Scale defined 'food addiction') were included. Foods commonly associated with addictive eating were those high in a combination of fat and refined carbohydrates. Generally, intakes of energy, carbohydrates and fats were significantly higher in individuals with addictive eating compared to those without. (4) Conclusions: Due to the heterogeneity in study methodologies and outcomes across included studies, it is difficult to conclude if any specific foods, nutrients or dietary patterns facilitate an addictive process. Further research is needed to elucidate potential associations. However, present addictive eating treatment approaches could incorporate individualised dietary advice targeting foods high in fat and refined carbohydrates.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cheon E, Reister EJ, Hunter SR, Mattes RD. Finding the Sweet Spot: Measurement, Modification, and Application of Sweet Hedonics in Humans. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2358-2371. [PMID: 33957666 PMCID: PMC8634475 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweetness is a sensation that contributes to the palatability of foods, which is the primary driver of food choice. Thus, understanding how to measure the appeal (hedonics) of sweetness and how to modify it are key to effecting dietary change for health. Sweet hedonics is multidimensional so can only be captured by multiple approaches including assessment of elements such as liking, preference, and consumption intent. There are both innate and learned components to the appeal of sweet foods and beverages. These are responsive to various behavioral and biological factors, suggesting the opportunity to modify intake. Given the high amount of added sugar intake in the United States and recommendations from many groups to reduce this, further exploration of current hypothesized approaches to moderate sugar intake (e.g., induced hedonic shift, use of low-calorie sweeteners) is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Cheon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Evan J Reister
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie R Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Prevalence of ''Food Addiction'' during the COVID-19 Pandemic Measured Using the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) among the Adult Population of Poland. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114115. [PMID: 34836370 PMCID: PMC8623181 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The announcement of the coronavirus pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), ongoing restrictions and isolation led to a break with the daily routine, and suspension of social contacts, but also imposed new challenges on the population related to maintaining healthy eating habits. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of “food addiction” (FA) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland in relation to several variables including depression. The method of analysis was a questionnaire containing original questions and the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS). A total of 1022 Polish residents aged 18–75 participated in the study (N = 1022; 93.7% women, 6.3% men). The prevalence of FA during the COVID-19 pandemic measured with the YFAS 2.0 scale was 14.1%. The average weight gain during the pandemic in 39% of respondents was 6.53 kg. Along with the increase in the value of the BMI index, the intensity of “food addiction” increased in the study group. People with depression had statistically significantly more FA symptoms than healthy people. This work may motivate future research to evaluate the association and potential overlap of “food addiction” and problem eating behaviors during the pandemic and the obesity problem.
Collapse
|
19
|
Blum K, Thanos PK, Wang GJ, Bowirrat A, Gomez LL, Baron D, Jalali R, Gondré-Lewis MC, Gold MS. Dopaminergic and other genes related to reward induced overeating, Bulimia, Anorexia Nervosa, and Binge eating. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2021.1994186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), Austin, TX, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VM, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, India
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gene -Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Luis Llanos Gomez
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), Austin, TX, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Rehan Jalali
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute (Division of Ivitalize Inc.), Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
de Almeida VBP, Filgueiras AR, Nogueira PCK, Sesso RC, Sawaya AL, Domene SMÁ. The impact of food addiction behaviours on the treatment of overweight students. Br J Nutr 2021; 129:1-8. [PMID: 34657642 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the association of food addiction (FA), the change of the BMI/age z-score and the consumption of ultra-processed foods in overweight students undergoing a 16-month, multicomponent intervention in the school environment. FA was investigated using the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children, and the dietary assessment was estimated using the semi-quantitative FFQ in overweight 9-11-year-old students (BMI/age z-score ≥ 1) of both sexes at their baseline and after the intervention (n 120). Among the schoolchildren, 33·4 % had FA in at least one of the two assessments. The analysis of mixed-effects models to assess the effect of the intervention and the change of the BMI/age z-score between evaluations showed that the occurrence of FA influenced the maintenance of weight (time#FA, β = 0·30, 95 % CI 0·05, 0·54, P = 0·016). Weight loss was observed only in individuals who did not present FA (BMI/age z-score = -0·3). When evaluating the effect of the intervention and the dietary variables, we verified a reduction in the consumption of sugary milk-based drinks -71·13 kJ (-17 kcal), P = 0·04 only in non-FA students at the end of the study. FA has been identified as an underlying factor with therapeutic relevance, and an enhanced understanding of FA can open new paths for the prevention and management of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ricardo Cintra Sesso
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lydia Sawaya
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pinto DAS, Nascimento JXPT, Padilha LL, da Conceição SIO, França AKTDC, Simões VMF, Batista RFL, Barbieri MA, Ribeiro CCC. High sugar content and body mass index: modelling pathways around the first 1000 d of life, BRISA cohort. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:4997-5005. [PMID: 33517949 PMCID: PMC11082806 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002000525x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies are focused on sugar consumption around the first 1000 d of life. Thus, this work modelled the pathways linking the consumption of sugary drinks in pregnancy and maternal pre-gestational BMI to early child’s exposure to products with high sugar content and to BMI z-score in the second year of life. DESIGN BRISA cohort, São Luís, Brazil was used from the baseline to the follow-up at the second year of life. SETTING A theoretical model was constructed to analyse associations between variables from prenatal period (socio-economic status, age, frequency of sugary drinks consumption during pregnancy and pre-gestational BMI), birth weight, exclusive breast-feeding and two outcomes: higher calories from products with added sugar as a percentage of the total daily energy intake and BMI z-score at follow-up at the first 2 years of life, using structural equation modelling. PARTICIPANTS Data of pregnant women (n 1136) and their offspring. RESULTS Higher pre-gestational BMI (standardised coefficient (SC) = 0·100; P = 0·008) and higher frequency of sugary drinks consumption during pregnancy (SC = 0·134; P < 0·001) resulted in high percentage of daily calories from products with added sugar in the second year of child, although no yet effect was observed on offspring weight at that time. CONCLUSIONS Maternal obesity and sugary drinks consumption in pregnancy increased the risk of early exposure (before to 2 years) and high exposure of child to added sugar, showing perpetuation of the unhealthy dietary behaviours in the first 1000 d of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dâmaris Alves Silva Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 155 Barão de Itapary–Centro, São Luís, MA 65020-070, Brasil
| | | | - Luana Lopes Padilha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 155 Barão de Itapary–Centro, São Luís, MA 65020-070, Brasil
| | | | | | - Vanda Maria Ferreira Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 155 Barão de Itapary–Centro, São Luís, MA 65020-070, Brasil
| | - Rosângela Fernandes Lucena Batista
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 155 Barão de Itapary–Centro, São Luís, MA 65020-070, Brasil
| | - Marco Antônio Barbieri
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Cecilia Claudia Costa Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 155 Barão de Itapary–Centro, São Luís, MA 65020-070, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Greenberg D, St. Peter JV. Sugars and Sweet Taste: Addictive or Rewarding? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189791. [PMID: 34574716 PMCID: PMC8468293 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The notion of food "addiction" often focuses on the overconsumption of sweet tasting foods or so-called sugar "addiction". In the extreme, some have suggested that sugar and sweet tastes elicit neural and behavioral responses analogous to those observed with drugs of abuse. These concepts are complicated by the decades long uncertainty surrounding the validity and reproducibility of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methodologies used to characterize neurobiological pathways related to sugar and sweet taste stimuli. There are also questions of whether sweet taste or post-ingestion metabolic consequences of sugar intake would lead to addiction or excessive caloric intake. Here, we present a focused narrative review of literature related to the reward value of sweet taste which suggests that reward value can be confounded with the construct of "addictive potential". Our review seeks to clarify some key distinctions between these constructs and questions the applicability of the addiction construct to human over-eating behaviors. To adequately frame this broad discussion requires the flexibility offered by the narrative review paradigm. We present selected literature on: techniques used to link sugar and sweet tastes to addiction neurobiology and behaviors; sugar and sweet taste "addiction"; the relationship of low calorie sweetener (LCS) intake to addictive behaviors and total calorie intake. Finally, we examined the reward value of sweet tastes and contrasted that with the literature describing addiction. The lack of reproducibility of fMRI data remains problematic for attributing a common neurobiological pathway activation of drugs and foods as conclusive evidence for sugar or sweet taste "addiction". Moreover, the complicated hedonics of sweet taste and reward value are suggested by validated population-level data which demonstrate that the consumption of sweet taste in the absence of calories does not increase total caloric intake. We believe the neurobiologies of reward value and addiction to be distinct and disagree with application of the addiction model to sweet food overconsumption. Most hypotheses of sugar "addiction" attribute the hedonics of sweet foods as the equivalent of "addiction". Further, when addictive behaviors and biology are critically examined in totality, they contrast dramatically from those associated with the desire for sweet taste. Finally, the evidence is strong that responses to the palatability of sweets rather than their metabolic consequences are the salient features for reward value. Thus, given the complexity of the controls of food intake in humans, we question the usefulness of the "addiction" model in dissecting the causes and effects of sweet food over-consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Greenberg
- NutriSci Inc., Mt. Kisco, NY 10549, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(914)572-2972
| | - John V. St. Peter
- Deptartment of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Saad L, Kalsbeek A, Zwiller J, Anglard P. Rhythmic Regulation of DNA Methylation Factors and Core-Clock Genes in Brain Structures Activated by Cocaine or Sucrose: Potential Role of Chromatin Remodeling. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081195. [PMID: 34440369 PMCID: PMC8392220 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system interacts with the mesocorticolimbic reward system to modulate reward and memory in a time-of-day dependent manner. The circadian discrimination of reward, however, remains difficult to address between natural reinforcers and drugs of abuse. Circadian rhythms control cocaine sensitization and conversely cocaine causes long-term alteration in circadian periodicity in part through the serotonergic neurotransmission. Since neural circuits activated by cocaine and natural reinforcers do not completely overlap, we compared the effect of cocaine with that of sucrose, a strong reinforcer in rodents, by using passive chronic administration. The expression of fifteen genes playing a major role in DNA methylation (Dnmts, Tets), circadian rhythms (Clock, Bmal1, Per1/2, Cry1/2, Rev-Erbβ, Dbp1), appetite, and satiety (Orexin, Npy) was analyzed in dopamine projection areas like the prefrontal cortex, the caudate putamen, and the hypothalamus interconnected with the reward system. The corresponding proteins of two genes (Orexin, Per2) were examined by IHC. For many factors controlling biological and cognitive functions, striking opposite responses were found between the two reinforcers, notably for genes controlling DNA methylation/demethylation processes and in global DNA methylation involved in chromatin remodeling. The data are consistent with a repression of critical core-clock genes by cocaine, suggesting that, consequently, both agents differentially modulate day/night cycles. Whether observed cocaine and sucrose-induced changes in DNA methylation in a time dependent manner are long lasting or contribute to the establishment of addiction requires further neuroepigenetic investigation. Understanding the mechanisms dissociating drugs of abuse from natural reinforcers remains a prerequisite for the design of selective therapeutic tools for compulsive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamis Saad
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.S.); (J.Z.)
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (A.K.); or (P.A.)
| | - Jean Zwiller
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.S.); (J.Z.)
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Anglard
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.S.); (J.Z.)
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (A.K.); or (P.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reduced caloric intake allows access-induced consumption differences to emerge with concentrated sucrose solutions. Physiol Behav 2021; 234:113388. [PMID: 33736968 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rats given intermittent access to 4% (w/v) sucrose solution elevate their consumption of solution relative to rats with continuous access, a difference that does not appear at higher concentrations. Here, we examined the hypothesis that a limit on the intake of sucrose calories prevents rats from demonstrating access-induced differences in consumption of a more concentrated sucrose solution. Energy-replete rats were given every day (ED) or every third day (E3D) access to sucrose solutions adulterated with bitter quinine which reduced solution palatability and consumption levels while intake was measured. In experiment 1, previously collected data were compiled to examine the trajectory of consumption of continuously available 4% sucrose solution which was shown to stabilize by day 3 and then informed group assignment. In experiment 2, daily consumption levels were higher for rats with E3D access to 4% sucrose solution than rats with ED access to the same solution, whereas rats consumed similar amounts of 8% sucrose solution across access schedules. In the first hour of solution availability rats with E3D access showed elevated sucrose solution consumption, relative to rats with ED access, for both 4% and 8% sucrose solution. Upon the addition of quinine (0.005%) sucrose solution consumption decreased and the E3D access group consumed more daily sucrose solution than the ED access group for both 4% and 8% sucrose solution. In experiment 3, four groups of rats were given ED or E3D access to 8% sucrose solution adulterated with 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.01%, or 0.02% quinine. Quinine adulteration reduced 8% sucrose solution consumption and allowed rats with E3D access to elevate their consumption levels relative to rats with ED access; this effect persisted when all groups were switched to 8% sucrose + 0.02% quinine solution. Thus, daily access-induced consumption differences develop but do not emerge because of a caloric limit on sucrose solution intake. This work underscores the interaction of availability and caloric intake as determinants of sugar consumption and highlights an important distinction between animal models of food addiction and binge eating.
Collapse
|
25
|
de Sa Nogueira D, Bourdy R, Filliol D, Awad G, Andry V, Goumon Y, Olmstead MC, Befort K. Binge sucrose-induced neuroadaptations: A focus on the endocannabinoid system. Appetite 2021; 164:105258. [PMID: 33864862 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating, the defining feature of binge eating disorder (BED), is associated with a number of adverse health outcomes as well as a reduced quality of life. Animals, like humans, selectively binge on highly palatable food suggesting that the behaviour is driven by hedonic, rather than metabolic, signals. Given the links to both reward processing and food intake, this study examined the contribution of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) to binge-like eating in rats. Separate groups were given intermittent (12 h) or continuous (24 h) access to 10% sucrose and food over 28 days, with only the 12 h access group displaying excessive sucrose intake within a discrete period of time (i.e., binge eating). Importantly, this group also exhibited alterations in ECS transcripts and endocannabinoid levels in brain reward regions, including an increase in cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) mRNA in the nucleus accumbens as well as changes in endocannabinoid levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We then tested whether different doses (1 and 3 mg/kg) of a CB1R antagonist, Rimonabant, modify binge-like intake or the development of a conditioned place preference (CPP) to sucrose. CB1R blockade reduced binge-like intake of sucrose and blocked a sucrose CPP, but only in rats that had undergone 28 days of sucrose consumption. These findings indicate that sucrose bingeing alters the ECS in reward-related areas, modifications that exacerbate the effect of CB1R blockade on sucrose reward. Overall, our results broaden the understanding of neural alterations associated with bingeing eating and demonstrate an important role for CB1R mechanisms in reward processing. In addition, these findings have implications for understanding substance abuse, which is also characterized by excessive and maladaptive intake, pointing towards addictive-like properties of palatable food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David de Sa Nogueira
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de la Recherche Nationale Scientifique, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg France; Current Address: Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Romain Bourdy
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de la Recherche Nationale Scientifique, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg France
| | - Dominique Filliol
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de la Recherche Nationale Scientifique, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg France
| | - Gaëlle Awad
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de la Recherche Nationale Scientifique, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg France
| | - Virginie Andry
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), UPR 3212, CNRS, 8 Allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Goumon
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), UPR 3212, CNRS, 8 Allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mary C Olmstead
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katia Befort
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de la Recherche Nationale Scientifique, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chudtong M, Gaetano AD. A mathematical model of food intake. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:1238-1279. [PMID: 33757185 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic, hormonal and psychological determinants of the feeding behavior in humans are numerous and complex. A plausible model of the initiation, continuation and cessation of meals taking into account the most relevant such determinants would be very useful in simulating food intake over hours to days, thus providing input into existing models of nutrient absorption and metabolism. In the present work, a meal model is proposed, incorporating stomach distension, glycemic variations, ghrelin dynamics, cultural habits and influences on the initiation and continuation of meals, reflecting a combination of hedonic and appetite components. Given a set of parameter values (portraying a single subject), the timing and size of meals are stochastic. The model parameters are calibrated so as to reflect established medical knowledge on data of food intake from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database during years 2015 and 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mantana Chudtong
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Mathematics, the Commission on Higher Education, Si Ayutthaya Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Andrea De Gaetano
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica (CNR-IRIB), Palermo, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "A. Ruberti" (CNR-IASI), Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vasiliu O. Current Status of Evidence for a New Diagnosis: Food Addiction-A Literature Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:824936. [PMID: 35082706 PMCID: PMC8784968 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.824936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Food addiction is considered an important link for a better understanding of psychiatric and medical problems triggered by dysfunctions of eating behaviors, e. g., obesity, metabolic syndrome, binge eating disorder, or bulimia nervosa. At behavioral level, food addiction has high degrees of similarity with other eating disorders, a phenomenon that creates difficulties in finding specific diagnostic criteria. Food addiction has been also described as "eating addiction" or "eating dependence" by several researchers, who placed the emphasis on the behavior and not on the food itself. High-sodium foods, artificially flavored-foods, rich carbohydrate- and saturated fats-containing foods are triggers for the activation of the same neural pathways, therefore they act similarly to any drug of abuse. Food addiction is considered a disorder based on functional negative consequences, associated distress and potential risks to both psychological well-being and physical health. A clinical scale was validated for the quantification of the eating addiction severity, namely the Yale Food Addiction Severity Scale (YFAS), constructed to match DSM IV criteria for substance dependence. Using this instrument, a high prevalence of food addiction was found in the general population, up to 20% according to a meta-analytic research. The pathogenesis of this entity is still uncertain, but reward dysfunction, impulsivity and emotion dysregulation have been considered basic mechanisms that trigger both eating dysfunctions and addictive behaviors. Genetic factors may be involved in this dependence, as modulators of higher carbohydrate and saturate fat craving. Regarding the existence of potential therapeutic solutions, lorcaserin, antiepileptic drugs, opioid antagonists, antiaddictive agents are recommended for obesity and eating disorders, and they may be intuitively used in food addiction, but clinical trials are necessary to confirm their efficacy. In conclusion, a better understanding of food addiction's clinical profile and pathogenesis may help clinicians in finding prevention- and therapeutic-focused interventions in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Vasiliu
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Carol Davila University Emergency Central Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Morales I, Berridge KC. 'Liking' and 'wanting' in eating and food reward: Brain mechanisms and clinical implications. Physiol Behav 2020; 227:113152. [PMID: 32846152 PMCID: PMC7655589 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking' and 'wanting' components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance 'liking' include brain hedonic hotspots, which are specialized subregions that are uniquely able to causally amplify the hedonic impact of palatable tastes. Hedonic hotspots are found in nucleus accumbens medial shell, ventral pallidum, orbitofrontal cortex, insula cortex, and brainstem. In turn, a much larger mesocorticolimbic circuitry generates 'wanting' or incentive motivation to obtain and consume food rewards. Hedonic and motivational circuitry interact together and with hypothalamic homeostatic circuitry, allowing relevant physiological hunger and satiety states to modulate 'liking' and 'wanting' for food rewards. In some conditions such as drug addiction, 'wanting' is known to dramatically detach from 'liking' for the same reward, and this may also occur in over-eating disorders. Via incentive sensitization, 'wanting' selectively becomes higher, especially when triggered by reward cues when encountered in vulnerable states of stress, etc. Emerging evidence suggests that some cases of obesity and binge eating disorders may reflect an incentive-sensitization brain signature of cue hyper-reactivity, causing excessive 'wanting' to eat. Future findings on the neurobiological bases of 'liking' and 'wanting' can continue to improve understanding of both normal food reward and causes of clinical eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1043, United States.
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1043, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
A qualitative study about college students' attitudes, knowledge and perceptions regarding sugar intake. Appetite 2020; 159:105059. [PMID: 33271200 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Excessive sugar intake has been associated with multiple health conditions (e.g., higher risk for non-communicable diseases). Hence, health organizations have issued guidelines defining the maximum daily intake of free or added sugars. However, data from several countries suggests that these guidelines are rarely met, particularly by young adults. For example, almost half of Portuguese adolescents and young adults exceed the recommended sugar intake. In this work, we aim to further explore college students' attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions about sugar intake, as well as about sugar intake guidelines. A thematic analysis on data from five focus groups (N = 40) indicated that participants reported difficulty in the comprehension of added/free sugars definition and sugar intake recommendations. Overall, attitudes toward sugar were ambivalent. Sugar was simultaneously perceived as pleasurable and needed, but also as addictive and harmful. Although aware of the potential negative health outcomes associated with excessive sugar intake, most participants did not perceive being at risk due to their youth, exercise habits, or type of diet. The few concerns expressed were mostly associated with the negative impact of high sugar intake on body image (e.g., weight gain). The main barriers to reducing sugar intake identified were environmental (e.g., time restrictions, food available at the university). Still, participants could identify several individual strategies to effectively regulate sugar intake. By identifying knowledge gaps and sources of bias related to sugar consumption, our findings are useful to inform future interventions aiming to address the problem of high sugar intake among university students.
Collapse
|
30
|
No control and overwhelming cravings: Australian adults' perspectives on the experience of food addiction. Appetite 2020; 159:105054. [PMID: 33248192 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Research in the area of food addiction is continuing to increase with recent reviews suggesting that food addiction is a distinctive condition that has many symptoms similar to substance use disorders. The current study explored the perspectives and experiences of Australian adults seeking treatment for addictive eating. Quantitative data for this study was collected via self-report questionnaires completed online, including demographics, the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21. Qualitative data was collected via semi-structured interviews using open-ended questions about the individual experience of food addiction and perspectives regarding intervention and recovery. Interview data was available for 34 participants, with the majority (n = 33) being females who were overweight, (mean ± SD age = 42.9 ± 13.2 years, BMI=36.5 ± 6.8 kg/m2). Stress (19.9 ± 11.4 out of 21) and depression (16.8 ± 10.2 out of 21) were the most prominent negative emotional states. Thematic analysis identified two themes of compulsion and control. Compulsion distinguished the participants' experiences related to addictive eating behaviours, in particular the notion of craving. Control encompassed their perception of both the processes and outcomes of overcoming their addictive eating. The two themes identified were not mutually exclusive, and relationships between them and their influence on each other were observable. This study provides a unique contribution to understanding adults' experience of food addiction by highlighting the strong desire to be in control of eating behaviours, and the inability of participants to overcome their compulsions to eat specific food despite minimal anticipation of positive effect.
Collapse
|
31
|
Spoelma MJ, Boakes RA. Sugar consumption and behavioural inhibition in the rat. Appetite 2020; 159:105043. [PMID: 33227383 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic effects of sugary drinks have been extensively studied, whereas the effects on psychological processes have received relatively limited attention. Several studies have found that high-sugar diets can produce impaired performance by rats on tests assessing spatial learning and memory. In contrast, despite claims that weakened inhibitory control underlies many sugar-induced deficits, evidence supporting this proposal has been limited. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of high-sugar diets on response inhibition, as measured by rats' performance on a differential reinforcement of low rates schedule (DRL) in Experiments 1 and 2 and on a Pavlovian discrimination reversal task in Experiment 3. In all three experiments a 30-day diet stage, in which Sugar groups were given unrestricted access to 10% sucrose solution and Control groups had access to water only, was followed by behavioural tests. In Experiment 1 the Sugar group performed poorly on a spatial memory task, but no difference was detected between the performances of the two groups in the DRL test. In Experiment 2 longer DRL training was given and post-diet performance was assessed both before and after access to sugar was withdrawn. Null results were obtained under both conditions. In Experiment 3 rats' performance on a discrimination learned prior to the diet intervention was not affected by the high-sugar diet, but neither was performance once the discrimination was reversed. The implications of these results for understanding of sugar-induced psychological deficits are discussed.
Collapse
|
32
|
Constant A, Moirand R, Thibault R, Val-Laillet D. Meeting of Minds around Food Addiction: Insights from Addiction Medicine, Nutrition, Psychology, and Neurosciences. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113564. [PMID: 33233694 PMCID: PMC7699750 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review, focused on food addiction (FA), considers opinions from specialists with different expertise in addiction medicine, nutrition, health psychology, and behavioral neurosciences. The concept of FA is a recurring issue in the clinical description of abnormal eating. Even though some tools have been developed to diagnose FA, such as the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) questionnaire, the FA concept is not recognized as an eating disorder (ED) so far and is even not mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders version 5 (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11). Its triggering mechanisms and relationships with other substance use disorders (SUD) need to be further explored. Food addiction (FA) is frequent in the overweight or obese population, but it remains unclear whether it could articulate with obesity-related comorbidities. As there is currently no validated therapy against FA in obese patients, FA is often underdiagnosed and untreated, so that FA may partly explain failure of obesity treatment, addiction transfer, and weight regain after obesity surgery. Future studies should assess whether a dedicated management of FA is associated with better outcomes, especially after obesity surgery. For prevention and treatment purposes, it is necessary to promote a comprehensive psychological approach to FA. Understanding the developmental process of FA and identifying precociously some high-risk profiles can be achieved via the exploration of the environmental, emotional, and cognitive components of eating, as well as their relationships with emotion management, some personality traits, and internalized weight stigma. Under the light of behavioral neurosciences and neuroimaging, FA reveals a specific brain phenotype that is characterized by anomalies in the reward and inhibitory control processes. These anomalies are likely to disrupt the emotional, cognitive, and attentional spheres, but further research is needed to disentangle their complex relationship and overlap with obesity and other forms of SUD. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment must rely on a multidisciplinary coherence to adapt existing strategies to FA management and to provide social and emotional support to these patients suffering from highly stigmatized medical conditions, namely overweight and addiction. Multi-level interventions could combine motivational interviews, cognitive behavioral therapies, and self-help groups, while benefiting from modern exploratory and interventional tools to target specific neurocognitive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymery Constant
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- EHESP, School of Public Health, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Romain Moirand
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- Unité d’Addictologie, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Thibault
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- Unité de Nutrition, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Temple JL, Ziegler AM, Crandall AK, Mansouri T, Epstein LH. Sensitization of the reinforcing value of food: a novel risk factor for overweight in adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1918-1927. [PMID: 32665612 PMCID: PMC7484379 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The relative reinforcing value (RRV) of food is associated with increased energy intake and obesity and increases in RRV of food after repeated intake (sensitization) are related cross-sectionally and prospectively to higher BMI in adults. We examined the factors, such as delay discounting (DD), associated with sensitization of RRV of high energy density (HED) and low energy density (LED) food and how sensitization relates to zBMI in adolescents. We hypothesized that sensitization to HED food would be positively associated with zBMI, that sensitization to LED food would be negatively associated with zBMI, that DD would be associated with HED sensitization, and that LED sensitization and DD would moderate the relationships between HED sensitization and zBMI. Subjects and Methods A population-based sample of 207 adolescents without obesity, aged 12 – 14 years was studied from June 2016 – March 2019. The RRV of LED and HED foods were measured before and after two weeks of daily consumption along with zBMI and other potential factors related to eating and weight, including dietary restraint, hunger, food liking, and delay discounting (DD). Hierarchical regression models were used to determine the associations between these factors and sensitization and zBMI. We also examined LED sensitization and DD as potential moderators of the relationship between sensitization and zBMI. Results As hypothesized, dietary restraint and sensitization to HED food were associated with greater zBMI. Contrary to our original hypotheses, DD was not associated with sensitization, there was no relationship between sensitization to LED food and zBMI and neither LED sensitization or DD moderated the relationship between HED sensitization and zBMI. Conclusions Sensitization to repeated intake of HED food was associated with higher zBMI in adolescents without obesity. Sensitization may be a novel behavioral phenotype that may relate to overweight in youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Temple
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. .,Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. .,School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Amanda M Ziegler
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Amanda K Crandall
- Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Tegan Mansouri
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,The Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Romero X, Agüera Z, Granero R, Sánchez I, Riesco N, Jiménez-Murcia S, Gisbert-Rodriguez M, Sánchez-González J, Casalé G, Baenas I, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Menchon JM, Gearhardt AN, Dieguez C, Fernández-Aranda F. Is food addiction a predictor of treatment outcome among patients with eating disorder? EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 27:700-711. [PMID: 31637816 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to examine whether food addiction (FA) was associated with greater severity in both binge eating disorders (BED) and bulimia nervosa and, therefore, to determine if FA was predictive of treatment outcome. METHOD Seventy-one adult patients with bulimia nervosa and BED (42 and 29, respectively) participated in the study. FA was assessed by means of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. RESULTS The results confirmed a high prevalence of FA in patients with binge disorders (around 87%) and also its association with a greater severity of the disorder (i.e., related to an increased eating psychopathology and greater frequency of binge eating episodes). Although FA did not appear as a predictor of treatment outcome in general terms, when the diagnostic subtypes were considered separately, FA was associated with poor prognosis in the BED group. In this vein, FA appeared as a mediator in the relationship between ED severity and treatment outcome. DISCUSSIONS Our findings suggest that FA may act as an indicator of ED severity, and it would be a predictor of treatment outcome in BED but not in BN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xandra Romero
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jéssica Sánchez-González
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Casalé
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Menchon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang YF, Bellissimo N, Kitts DD, O'Brien HT, David Ma WL, Suh M, Luhovyy B, DiAngelo C, Pasut L, Marsden S, Chung M, Gurcan A. Knowledge and Perceptions of Carbohydrates among Nutrition-Major and Nutrition-Elective Undergraduate Students in Canada. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:164-171. [PMID: 32297831 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1750503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the study was to assess knowledge and perceptions related to carbohydrates, including sugars, among Canadian nutrition-major undergraduates compared to those enrolled in elective nutrition courses (i.e., "nutrition-elective students").Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were distributed during class time at eight Canadian universities, which included 32 questions on demographics, knowledge and perceptions of carbohydrates and sugars. Descriptive analyses were performed. Differences between groups were tested by Chi-squared statistics.Results: A total of 1207 students (60% nutrition-majors) participated in the survey (January 2016-February 2017). Internet-based sources accounted for one-third of the sources where students obtained nutrition information. About 61% of internet-bases sources were "online" or "website" with no qualifiers, and about a quarter was from social media. A higher percentage of nutrition-majors correctly answered knowledge questions of carbohydrates compared with nutrition-elective students (p < 0.01); no difference was observed for sugars-related knowledge questions. The perceptions of sugars were generally negative and did not differ between groups.Conclusions: Several knowledge gaps and common perceptions on topics related to carbohydrates and sugars were identified; nutrition-major students performed better than nutrition-elective students on carbohydrate knowledge questions, but not sugars. These results highlight the importance of identifying methods to help students bridge knowledge gaps and develop skills to critically evaluate nutrition information from various resources and challenge personal biases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Flora Wang
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David D Kitts
- Food Science, Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - W L David Ma
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miyoung Suh
- Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bohdan Luhovyy
- Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chiara DiAngelo
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Pasut
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,NutriData Consulting Service, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Marsden
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mei Chung
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anil Gurcan
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
García-García I, Morys F, Michaud A, Dagher A. Food Addiction, Skating on Thin Ice: a Critical Overview of Neuroimaging Findings. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
37
|
Are sweetened drinks a gateway to alcohol, opiate and stimulant addiction? Summary of evidence and therapeutic strategies. Med Hypotheses 2019; 135:109469. [PMID: 31733533 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1. Drinks sweetened with both sugar and artificial additives lead to dopamine release at the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in rat models; the basis of experiences of pleasure in humans, resulting in impulsive binging behaviour at times. 2. Evidence from rat models show cross sensitisation between sweetened drinks, alcohol, opiates and stimulants. Therefore, it could be hypothesised that sweetened drinks could be a gateway to multiple substance abuse among humans via 'alcopops'. 3. Identification of an allelic variant of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element modulator gene (CREM), linking impulsivity and multiple substance abuse, opens up prospects of mass screening to advice on harm reduction. 4. Furthermore, therapies involving cannabinoid receptor antagonists and transcranial brain stimulation are being currently investigated; of benefit to limit binge use of sweetened drinks.
Collapse
|
38
|
The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:178-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
39
|
Voluntary ethanol consumption during early social isolation and responding for ethanol in adulthood. Alcohol 2019; 77:1-10. [PMID: 30240808 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the influence of rearing environments concurrent with voluntary intermittent access to ethanol on subsequent adult ethanol-related behaviors. Previous research has shown that adult rats reared in post-weaning, social isolation conditions (IC) respond more for operant ethanol compared to laboratory standard conditions (SC). Ethanol-exposed adolescents tend to consume more ethanol in adulthood than rats exposed as adults. The current study examined voluntary ethanol consumption during adolescence between IC and SC rats, subsequent operant responding for ethanol, and extinction of responding in the same rats as adults. Differences in ethanol metabolism may alter the amount of reward value per unit of ethanol consumed. Therefore, the current study also examined blood ethanol concentrations (BEC) between IC rats and SC rats. Ethanol-naïve Long-Evans rats arrived in the lab at postnatal day (PND) 21 and were separated into either IC or SC where they remained for the duration of the experiments. On PND 27, rats received intermittent access to 20% ethanol (3 days/week) for 4 or 6 weeks. Rats in the 6-week cohort were then trained to lever press for 20% ethanol in 30-min sessions followed by extinction. A separate cohort was reared in IC or SC, injected with 1.5 or 3.0 g/kg of ethanol (intraperitoneally [i.p.]), followed by BEC measurement. Overall, IC rats had higher ethanol preference and consumption during adolescence/early adulthood. IC and SC rats did not differ in their rates of operant responding for ethanol, and SC rats responded more than IC rats during extinction. There were no differences in BEC between IC and SC rats. These findings highlight the importance of the environment during rat adolescent development with isolation conditions increasing binge-like drinking and ethanol preference after 3-4 weeks without differences in metabolism as a potential factor. Additionally, the findings indicate that intermittent adolescent access to ethanol may change typical differences in operant responding patterns between IC and SC rats in adulthood.
Collapse
|
40
|
Olszewski PK, Wood EL, Klockars A, Levine AS. Excessive Consumption of Sugar: an Insatiable Drive for Reward. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 8:120-128. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-0270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
41
|
Ribeiro A, Igual-Perez MJ, Santos Silva E, Sokal EM. Childhood Fructoholism and Fructoholic Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:44-51. [PMID: 30619993 PMCID: PMC6312651 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging entity, becoming the most prevalent pediatric chronic liver disease. Its broad spectrum of histological findings, comorbidities, and complications, including cirrhosis and liver failure, can occur in childhood, emphasizing the severity of pediatric NAFLD. Current lifestyle and diet modifications have been linked to the increasing prevalence of NAFLD, including the rise of fructose consumption, a monosaccharide present in foods that contain added sugar, such as sugar‐sweetened beverages. Excessive fructose consumption is believed to cause addiction like alcohol and other drugs. As such, the new term “fructoholism” refers to the consumption of a substance (fructose) that can cause psychological and physical damage and become a major public health concern, highlighting the seriousness of the excessive consumption of fructose in the pediatric age. Hepatic fructose metabolization leads to hepatic steatosis and progression to fibrosis through mechanisms comparable to alcoholic liver disease, hence the term “fructoholic liver disease.” Conclusion: The importance of implementing reliable global strategies, such as education campaigns to promote healthy diet, increasing taxes on foods that contain added sugars, subsidies to promote accessibility to fruit and vegetables, and strict food industry regulation to reduce sugar intake in children and adolescents, cannot be overemphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ribeiro
- Service de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Maria-Jose Igual-Perez
- Service de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Ermelinda Santos Silva
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Etienne M Sokal
- Service de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pinheiro-Castro N, Silva LBAR, Novaes GM, Ong TP. Hypercaloric Diet-Induced Obesity and Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders in Experimental Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:149-161. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
43
|
Maracle AC, Normandeau CP, Dumont ÉC, Olmstead MC. Dopamine in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis contributes to compulsive responding for sucrose in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:381-389. [PMID: 30030542 PMCID: PMC6300551 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by periods of excessive food intake combined with subjective feelings of loss of control. We examined whether sucrose bingeing itself leads to uncontrolled or compulsive responding and whether this effect is magnified following a period of abstinence. We then assessed dopamine (DA) modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (ovBNST) as a neural correlate of compulsive responding and whether this behavioral effect could be disrupted by DA blockade in the ovBNST. Over 28 days, male Long-Evans rats (n = 8-16 per group) had access to 10% sucrose and food (12 or 24 h), 0.1% saccharin and food (12 h), or food alone (12 h). Compulsive responding was assessed following 1 or 28 days of sucrose abstinence using a conditioned suppression paradigm. Only rats given 12 h access to sucrose developed binge-like intake, manifested as copious intake within the first hour; compulsive responding was significantly elevated in this group following 28 days of abstinence. In parallel, the effect of DA on ovBNST inhibitory transmission switched from a reduction to a potentiation; the effect, although observable after 1 day, was more pronounced and sustained following 28 days of abstinence. Intra-ovBNST infusions of a DA D1 receptor antagonist (0.8 µg/µl SCH-23390) reversed the blockade of conditioned suppression, thereby confirming the causal relationship between ovBNST DA modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid transmission and alterations in conditioned suppression following binge-like intake of sucrose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Maracle
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Catherine P Normandeau
- Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Éric C Dumont
- Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mary C Olmstead
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fletcher PC, Kenny PJ. Food addiction: a valid concept? Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2506-2513. [PMID: 30188514 PMCID: PMC6224546 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Can food be addictive? What does it mean to be a food addict? Do common underlying neurobiological mechanisms contribute to drug and food addiction? These vexing questions have been the subject of considerable interest and debate in recent years, driven in large part by the major health concerns associated with dramatically increasing body weights and rates of obesity in the United States, Europe, and other regions with developed economies. No clear consensus has yet emerged on the validity of the concept of food addiction and whether some individuals who struggle to control their food intake can be considered food addicts. Some, including Fletcher, have argued that the concept of food addiction is unsupported, as many of the defining features of drug addiction are not seen in the context of feeding behaviors. Others, Kenny included, have argued that food and drug addiction share similar features that may reflect common underlying neural mechanisms. Here, Fletcher and Kenny argue the merits of these opposing positions on the concept of food addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambrdge, CB21 5EF, UK.
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Onaolapo A, Onaolapo O. Food additives, food and the concept of ‘food addiction’: Is stimulation of the brain reward circuit by food sufficient to trigger addiction? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018; 25:263-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
46
|
Wiss DA, Avena N, Rada P. Sugar Addiction: From Evolution to Revolution. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 30464748 PMCID: PMC6234835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has been widely publicized in the media worldwide. Investigators at all levels have been looking for factors that have contributed to the development of this epidemic. Two major theories have been proposed: (1) sedentary lifestyle and (2) variety and ease of inexpensive palatable foods. In the present review, we analyze how nutrients like sugar that are often used to make foods more appealing could also lead to habituation and even in some cases addiction thereby uniquely contributing to the obesity epidemic. We review the evolutionary aspects of feeding and how they have shaped the human brain to function in "survival mode" signaling to "eat as much as you can while you can." This leads to our present understanding of how the dopaminergic system is involved in reward and its functions in hedonistic rewards, like eating of highly palatable foods, and drug addiction. We also review how other neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, interact in the satiation processes to counteract the dopamine system. Lastly, we analyze the important question of whether there is sufficient empirical evidence of sugar addiction, discussed within the broader context of food addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wiss
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Avena
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pedro Rada
- School of Medicine, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Smail-Crevier RL, Maracle AC, Wash SI, Olmstead MC. Binge-like intake of sucrose reduces the rewarding value of sucrose in adult rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:420-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
48
|
Functional Connectivity of Chronic Cocaine Use Reveals Progressive Neuroadaptations in Neocortical, Striatal, and Limbic Networks. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0081-18. [PMID: 30073194 PMCID: PMC6071197 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0081-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain imaging studies indicate that chronic cocaine users display altered functional connectivity between prefrontal cortical, thalamic, striatal, and limbic regions; however, the use of cross-sectional designs in these studies precludes measuring baseline brain activity prior to cocaine use. Animal studies can circumvent this limitation by comparing functional connectivity between baseline and various time points after chronic cocaine use. In the present study, adult male Long–Evans rats were trained to self-administer cocaine intravenously for 6 h sessions daily over 14 consecutive days. Two additional groups serving as controls underwent sucrose self-administration or exposure to the test chambers alone. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted before self-administration and after 1 and 14 d of abstinence (1d and 14d Abs). After 1d Abs from cocaine, there were increased clustering coefficients in brain areas involved in reward seeking, learning, memory, and autonomic and affective processing, including amygdala, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus, and thalamus. Similar changes in clustering coefficient after 1d Abs from sucrose were evident in predominantly thalamic brain regions. Notably, there were no changes in strength of functional connectivity at 1 or 14 d after either cocaine or sucrose self-administration. The results suggest that cocaine and sucrose can change the arrangement of functional connectivity of brain regions involved in cognition and emotion, but that these changes dissipate across the early stages of abstinence. The study also emphasizes the importance of including baseline measures in longitudinal functional neuroimaging designs seeking to assess functional connectivity in the context of substance use.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Sugar is increasingly supplanting fat as public enemy number one in public health campaigns, and calls for significant reductions in consumption have provided fertile ground for the proliferation of popular texts and services advocating sugar abstention. This article explores three modes of popular sugar abstention (evangelical, experimental and charitable). These vary in chronology, philosophy and the intensity of abstention, but all serve as sites of identity production and self-entrepreneurship for those able to advocate for, and engage with, them. The article argues that these abstention narratives are not only premised on the exercise of social privilege, but that they also necessarily reproduce and sediment those social hierarchies. This is achieved through a combination of nutritionism and healthism, dislocating sugar and its consumption from the vast social, economic and environmental inequalities within which both the consumption of sugar, and the act of giving it up, is made meaningful. (A virtual abstract of this paper can be found at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_979cmCmR9rLrKuD7z0ycA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Throsby
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Gender Studies, School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lacroix E, Tavares H, von Ranson KM. Moving beyond the "eating addiction" versus "food addiction" debate: Comment on Schulte et al. (2017). Appetite 2018; 130:286-292. [PMID: 29936021 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a recent commentary, Schulte et al. (2017) argued that addictive-like eating should be conceptualized as a substance use disorder rather than a behavioural addiction, and noted that many parallels that Hebebrand et al. (2014) drew between addictive-like eating and behavioural addictions apply likewise to substance use disorders. However, we argue that many of the arguments advanced by Schulte et al. (2017) in support of a substance-based food addiction model, including the important role played by ingested substances, are nonspecific. That is, these arguments apply equally well to behavioural addictions and other mental disorders, notably eating disorders, which raises the question of whether the phenomenon of addictive-like eating is encompassed by existing eating disorder diagnoses. Similarities between addictive-like eating and substance use, no matter how compelling, do not ensure the validity or clinical utility of a substance-based food addiction model and should not drive the conceptualization of addictive-like eating. The present commentary discusses problems with Schulte et al.'s (2017) arguments for substance-based food addiction, and draws attention to alternative conceptualizations of addictive-like eating which risk being overlooked when this conversation is framed as a dichotomous debate between the food and eating addiction models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Hermano Tavares
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Kristin M von Ranson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|