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Somabattini RA, Sherin S, Siva B, Chowdhury N, Nanjappan SK. Unravelling the complexities of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: The role of metabolism, transporters, and herb-drug interactions. Life Sci 2024; 351:122806. [PMID: 38852799 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a mainstream halting liver disease with high prevalence in North America, Europe, and other world regions. It is an advanced form of NAFLD caused by the amassing of fat in the liver and can progress to the more severe form known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Until recently, there was no authorized pharmacotherapy reported for NASH, and to improve the patient's metabolic syndrome, the focus is mainly on lifestyle modification, weight loss, ensuring a healthy diet, and increased physical activity; however, the recent approval of Rezdiffra (Resmetirom) by the US FDA may change this narrative. As per the reported studies, there is an increased articulation of uptake and efflux transporters of the liver, including OATP and MRP, in NASH, leading to changes in the drug's pharmacokinetic properties. This increase leads to alterations in the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Furthermore, modifications in Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes can have a significant impact on these properties. Xenobiotics are metabolized primarily in the liver and constitute liver enzymes and transporters. This review aims to delve into the role of metabolism, transport, and potential herb-drug interactions in the context of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Adinarayan Somabattini
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sahla Sherin
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhukya Siva
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Neelanjan Chowdhury
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Nanjappan
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India.
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Tsuruta H, Yamahara K, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Kume S. Emerging Pathophysiological Roles of Ketone Bodies. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38260943 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00031.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of insulin approximately a century ago greatly improved the management of diabetes, including many of its life-threatening acute complications like ketoacidosis. This breakthrough saved many lives and extended the healthy lifespan of many patients with diabetes. However, there is still a negative perception of ketone bodies stemming from ketoacidosis. Originally, ketone bodies were thought of as a vital source of energy during fasting and exercise. Furthermore, in recent years, research on calorie restriction and its potential impact on extending healthy lifespans, as well as studies on ketone bodies, have gradually led to a reevaluation of the significance of ketone bodies in promoting longevity. Thus, in this review, we discuss the emerging and hidden roles of ketone bodies in various organs, including the heart, kidneys, skeletal muscles, and brain, as well as their potential impact on malignancies and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tsuruta
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamahara
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mako Yasuda-Yamahara
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shinji Kume
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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3
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Popiolek-Kalisz J. Ketogenic diet and cardiovascular risk - state of the art review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102402. [PMID: 38232923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet is based on extreme carbohydrate intake reduction and replacing the remaining with fat and has become a popular dietary pattern used for weight loss. The relationship between the ketogenic diet and cardiovascular risk is a controversial topic. This publication aimed to present evidence on the ketogenic diet and cardiovascular risk factors and mortality. The ketogenic diet does not fulfill the criteria of a healthy diet. It presents the potential for rapid short-term reduction of body mass, triglycerides level, Hb1Ac, and blood pressure. Its efficacy for weight loss and the above-mentioned metabolic changes is not significant in long-term observations. In terms of cardiovascular mortality, the low-carb pattern is more beneficial than very low-carbohydrate (including the ketogenic diet). There is still scarce evidence comparing ketogenic to the Mediterranean diet. Other safety concerns in cardiovascular patients such as adverse events related to ketosis, fat-free mass loss, or potential pharmacological interactions should be also taken into consideration in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz
- Clinical Dietetics Unit, Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 7, 20-059, Lublin, Poland; Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Wyszynski Hospital in Lublin, Poland.
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4
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Urzì AG, Tropea E, Gattuso G, Spoto G, Marsala G, Calina D, Libra M, Falzone L. Ketogenic Diet and Breast Cancer: Recent Findings and Therapeutic Approaches. Nutrients 2023; 15:4357. [PMID: 37892432 PMCID: PMC10609494 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC), a complex disease with several influencing factors, is significantly impacted by dietary habits. The ketogenic diet (KD), characterized by high fat and low carbohydrate intake, has gained attention as a potential therapeutic approach, but its effects on BC remain unclear. This review seeks to summarize the current knowledge on the principles of the KD, its metabolic influence on BC cells, and the findings of recent clinical trials, in order to elucidate the potential therapeutic role of the KD in BC management. For these purposes, a comprehensive literature review was conducted selecting preclinical and clinical studies that investigate the relationship between the KD and BC. The selection criteria prioritized studies exploring the KD's metabolic effects on BC cells and current clinical trials involving the KD in BC management. The reviewed studies provide a diverse range of findings, with some suggesting potential benefits of the KD in inhibiting tumor growth and improving treatment response. However, robust clinical trials providing clear evidence of the KD's efficacy as a standalone therapeutic approach in BC are still lacking. There are also significant concerns regarding the safety and long-term effects of sustained ketosis in cancer patients. The therapeutic potential of the KD in BC remains an area of active research and debate. While preliminary findings are promising, definitive conclusions are hindered by inconsistent results and limited human trial data. Future research, specifically well-structured, large-scale clinical trials, is necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of the KD in BC treatment. Until then, caution should be exercised in its application, and patients should continue prioritizing evidence-based, standard-of-care treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfio Giuseppe Urzì
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.G.U.); (G.G.)
| | - Emanuela Tropea
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.G.U.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.G.U.); (G.G.)
| | - Graziana Spoto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.G.U.); (G.G.)
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, U.O.C. di Farmaceutica Convenzionata, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.G.U.); (G.G.)
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Andersen OE, Poulsen JV, Farup J, de Morree A. Regulation of adult stem cell function by ketone bodies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1246998. [PMID: 37745291 PMCID: PMC10513036 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1246998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells play key roles in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Recent evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact adult stem cell function. Some of these effects depend on ketone bodies. Adult stem cells could therefore potentially be manipulated through dietary regimens or exogenous ketone body supplementation, a possibility with significant implications for regenerative medicine. In this review we discuss recent findings of the mechanisms by which ketone bodies could influence adult stem cells, including ketogenesis in adult stem cells, uptake and transport of circulating ketone bodies, receptor-mediated signaling, and changes to cellular metabolism. We also discuss the potential effects of ketone bodies on intracellular processes such as protein acetylation and post-transcriptional control of gene expression. The exploration of mechanisms underlying the effects of ketone bodies on stem cell function reveals potential therapeutic targets for tissue regeneration and age-related diseases and suggests future research directions in the field of ketone bodies and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Emil Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jean Farup
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Zhou Y, Lu R, Lin F, Chen S, He QQ, Wu G, Huang C, Lin D. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ethyl 3-Hydroxybutyrate in Alleviating Skeletal Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1330. [PMID: 37759730 PMCID: PMC10527383 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia (CAC) is a debilitating metabolic syndrome. Although dietary interventions are attractive, long-term adherence to specific diets is difficult to maintain and can lead to systemic side effects. Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate (EHB) is a commonly used food additive found in wine and Tribolium castaneum. In this study, we investigated the effects of EHB administration in cachectic mice. After a single intraperitoneal injection of EHB into mice, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) levels were significantly increased in the serum and gastrocnemius of mice. The administration of EHB alleviated cachexia-related symptoms, ameliorated skeletal muscle atrophy, and improved survival in cachectic mice. In addition, the supplementation of cachectic mice with 3-HB by EHB administration significantly reduced tumor weights, indicating the anti-tumor effects of 3-HB. Remarkably, the addition of 3-HB to the culture medium significantly attenuated the C2C12 myotube atrophy induced by the culture supernatant of CT26 cell lines, highlighting its potential to counteract the destructive effects of tumor-derived elements on muscle tissue. NMR-based metabolomics analysis provided insights into the underlying mechanisms and revealed that the anti-cachexia effects of 3-HB treatment can be attributed to three key mechanisms: the promotion of the TCA cycle and the attenuation of proteolysis, the promotion of protein synthesis and the improvement of metabolic homeostasis, and a reduction in inflammation and an enhancement of the antioxidant capacity. This study provided compelling evidence for the protective effects of 3-HB treatment on the cachectic gastrocnemius and highlighted the efficacy of EHB administration as a ketone supplementation approach to achieve nutritional ketosis without the need for dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Ruohan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Fusheng Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Qi-Qing He
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Guoyang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Caihua Huang
- Research and Communication Center of Exercise and Health, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Donghai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (R.L.)
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7
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Zhou Y, Wei Y, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Jiao X. A ( S)-3-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase Belonging to the 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Family Facilitates Hydroxyacid Degradation in Anaerobic Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0036623. [PMID: 37255440 PMCID: PMC10305046 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00366-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies, including acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, are produced in the liver of animals during glucose starvation. Enzymes for the metabolism of (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate have been extensively studied, but little is known about the metabolism of its enantiomer (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate. Here, we report the characterization of a novel pathway for the degradation of (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate in anaerobic bacteria. We identify and characterize a stereospecific (S)-3-hydroxylbutyrate dehydrogenase (3SHBDH) from Desulfotomaculum ruminis, which catalyzes the reversible NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of acetoacetate to form (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate. 3SHBDH also catalyzes oxidation of d-threonine (2R, 3S) and l-allo-threonine (2S, 3S), consistent with its specificity for β-(3S)-hydroxy acids. Isothermal calorimetry experiments support a sequential mechanism involving binding of NADH prior to (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate. Homologs of 3SHBDH are present in anaerobic fermenting and sulfite-reducing bacteria, and experiments with Clostridium pasteurianum showed that 3SHBDH, acetate CoA-transferase (YdiF), and (S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (Hbd) are involved together in the degradation of (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate as a carbon and energy source for growth. (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate is a human metabolic marker and a chiral precursor for chemical synthesis, suggesting potential applications of 3SHBDH in diagnostics or the chemicals industry. IMPORTANCE (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate is well studied as a component of ketone bodies produced by the liver and of bacterial polyesters. However, the biochemistry of its enantiomer (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate is poorly understood. This study describes the identification and characterization of a stereospecific (S)-3-hydroxylbutyrate dehydrogenase and its function in a metabolic pathway for the degradation of (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate as a carbon and energy source in anaerobic bacteria. (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate is a mammalian metabolic marker and a precursor for chemical synthesis and bioplastics, suggesting potential applications of these enzymes in diagnostics and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality (Ministry of Agriculture of China), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yifeng Wei
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality (Ministry of Agriculture of China), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhang Y, Guo F, Yang X, Liu Y, Bao Y, Wang Z, Hu Z, Zhou Q. Insights into the mechanism of growth and fat deposition by feeding different levels of lipid provided by transcriptome analysis of swamp eel ( Monopterus albus, Zuiew 1793) liver. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118198. [PMID: 37404827 PMCID: PMC10315655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid is an important source of energy in fish feeds, and the appropriate fat content can improve the efficiency of protein utilization. However, excessive lipid content in the feed can lead to abnormal fat deposition in fish, which has a negative effect on the growth of fish. Therefore, the effects of feed lipid levels on swamp eel were studied. Essential functional genes were screened using transcriptomics. We divided 840 fish into seven groups (four replicates). A mixture of fish and soybean oils (1:4), 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% was added to the basic feed were named groups one to seven (L1-L7), respectively. Isonitrogenous diets were fed swamp eel for 10 weeks. Growth performance, visceral index, nutritional components, and biochemical indexes were measured and analyzed. Livers of the 0%, 6%, and 12% groups were subjected to transcriptome sequencing analysis. The results of our study showed that: the suitable lipid level for the growth of swamp eel was 7.03%; the crude fat content of whole fish, liver, intestine, muscle, and skin increased with the increase of lipid level, with some significant difference, and excess fat was deposited in skin tissue; triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fatty acid contents increased with the increase of feed lipid level. High-density lipoprotein levels in the L3 and L4 groups were higher than in the other groups. Blood glucose concentrations in the L5, L6, and L7 groups increased; the liver tissue structure was damaged when the lipid level was too high. two-hundred-and-twenty-eight differentially expressed genes were found. Several critical pathways regulating glucose metabolism and energy balance (e.g., glycerolipid metabolism, glycolysis synthesis, degradation of ketone bodies, and Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription signaling pathway) were enriched in swamp eel compared with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Suitable lipid levels (7.03%) can promote the growth of swamp eel, and excessive lipid levels can cause elevated blood lipids and lead to liver cell damage. Regulatory mechanisms may involve multiple metabolic pathways for glucose and lipid metabolism in eels. This study provides new insights to explain the mechanism of fat deposition due to high levels of lipid and provides a basis for the production of efficient and environmentally friendly feed for swamp eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yihong Bao
- School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiubai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
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Fiore E, Lisuzzo A, Laghi L, Harvatine KJ, Mazzotta E, Alterisio MC, Ciaramella P, Zhu C, Contiero B, Faillace V, Guccione J. Serum metabolomics assessment of etiological processes predisposing ketosis in water buffalo during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3465-3476. [PMID: 36935234 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders as ketosis are manifestations of the animal's inability to manage the increase in energy requirement during early lactation. Generally, buffaloes show a different response to higher metabolic demands than other ruminants with a lower incidence of metabolic problems, although ketosis is one of the major diseases that may decrease the productivity in buffaloes. The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolic profile of Mediterranean buffaloes (MB) associated with 2 different levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Sixty-two MB within 50 days in milk (DIM) were enrolled and divided into 2 groups according to serum BHB concentration: healthy group (37 MB; BHB <0.70 mmol/L; body condition score: 5.00; parity: 3.78; and DIM: 30.70) and group at risk of hyperketonemia (25 MB; BHB ≥0.70 mmol/L; body condition score: 4.50; parity: 3.76; and DIM: 33.20). The statistical analysis was conducted by one-way ANOVA and unpaired 2-sample Wilcoxon tests. Fifty-seven metabolites were identified and among them, 12 were significant or tended to be significant. These metabolites were related to different metabolic changes such as mobilization of body resources, ruminal fermentations, urea cycle, thyroid hormone synthesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress status. These findings are suggestive of metabolic changes related to subclinical ketosis status that should be further investigated to better characterize this disease in the MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fiore
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - A Lisuzzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - L Laghi
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, State College 16801
| | - E Mazzotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - M C Alterisio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli "Federico II," Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - P Ciaramella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli "Federico II," Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - C Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - B Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - V Faillace
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - J Guccione
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli "Federico II," Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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10
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Adult Triploid Rainbow Trout Can Adapt to Various Dietary Lipid Levels by Coordinating Metabolism in Different Tissues. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030396. [PMID: 36984836 PMCID: PMC10057997 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Triploid rainbow trout can adapt to various dietary lipid levels; however, the mechanisms of systematic adaptation are not well understood. To investigate how adult triploid rainbow trout maintains lipid hemostasis under different exogenous lipid intake, a 77-day feeding trial was conducted. Diets with lipid contents of 20%, 25%, and 30% were formulated and fed to triploid rainbow trout with an initial weight of 3 ± 0.02 kg, and they were named L20, L25, and L30 group, respectively. Results showed that the condition factor, hepatosomatic index, liver color, and plasma triglyceride were comparable among three groups (p > 0.05), whereas the value of specific growth rate, viscerosomatic index, and liver glycogen content gradually increased with increasing dietary lipid level (p < 0.05). A significantly highest value of plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acids were found in the L30 group (p < 0.05), whereas the significantly higher content of plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol was found in the L25 group compared with those in L20 group (p < 0.05). As for lipid deposition, abdominal adipose tissue, and muscle were the main lipid storage place for triploid rainbow trout when tissues’ weight is taken into consideration. Overall quantitative PCR showed that the lipid transport and glycolysis were upregulated, and fatty acids oxidative was downregulated in liver when fish were fed low lipid diets. It meant that the liver was the primary lipid metabolizing organ to low lipid diet feeding, which could switch energy supply between glycolysis and fatty acids oxidation. Fish fed with a moderate dietary lipid level diet could increase lipid uptake and promote lipogenesis in muscle. Abdominal adipose tissue could efficiently uptake excess exogenous free fatty acid through upregulating fatty acid uptake and synthesis de novo and then storing it in the form of triglyceride. Excess lipid uptake is preferentially stored in abdominal adipose tissue through coordinated fatty acid uptake and fatty acid synthesis de novo as dietary lipid levels increased. In summary, triploid rainbow trout can adapt to various dietary lipid levels by coordinating metabolism in different tissues.
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11
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Galkina OV, Vetrovoy OV, Krasovskaya IE, Eschenko ND. Role of Lipids in Regulation of Neuroglial Interactions. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:337-352. [PMID: 37076281 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipids comprise an extremely heterogeneous group of compounds that perform a wide variety of biological functions. Traditional view of lipids as important structural components of the cell and compounds playing a trophic role is currently being supplemented by information on the possible participation of lipids in signaling, not only intracellular, but also intercellular. The review article discusses current data on the role of lipids and their metabolites formed in glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) in communication of these cells with neurons. In addition to metabolic transformations of lipids in each type of glial cells, special attention is paid to the lipid signal molecules (phosphatidic acid, arachidonic acid and its metabolites, cholesterol, etc.) and the possibility of their participation in realization of synaptic plasticity, as well as in other possible mechanisms associated with neuroplasticity. All these new data can significantly expand our knowledge about the regulatory functions of lipids in neuroglial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Galkina
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Oleg V Vetrovoy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Irina E Krasovskaya
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Nataliya D Eschenko
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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12
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Yakupova EI, Bocharnikov AD, Plotnikov EY. Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Muscle Metabolism in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183842. [PMID: 36145218 PMCID: PMC9505561 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intervention is widely used as a therapeutic approach ranging from the treatment of neurological disorders to attempts to extend lifespan. The most important effect of various diets is a change in energy metabolism. Since muscles constitute 40% of total body mass and are one of the major sites of glucose and energy uptake, various diets primarily affect their metabolism, causing both positive and negative changes in physiology and signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss changes in the energy metabolism of muscles under conditions of the low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet/ketogenic diet (KD), fasting, or administration of exogenous ketone bodies, which are all promising approaches to the treatment of various diseases. KD's main influence on the muscle is expressed through energy metabolism changes, particularly decreased carbohydrate and increased fat oxidation. This affects mitochondrial quantity, oxidative metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and activity of enzymes. The benefits of KD for muscles stay controversial, which could be explained by its different effects on various fiber types, including on muscle fiber-type ratio. The impacts of KD or of its mimetics are largely beneficial but could sometimes induce adverse effects such as cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira I. Yakupova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.I.Y.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Alexey D. Bocharnikov
- International School of Medicine of the Future, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.I.Y.); (E.Y.P.)
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13
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Abstract
Obesity remains a serious relevant public health concern throughout the world despite related countermeasures being well understood (i.e. mainly physical activity and an adjusted diet). Among different nutritional approaches, there is a growing interest in ketogenic diets (KD) to manipulate body mass (BM) and to enhance fat mass loss. KD reduce the daily amount of carbohydrate intake drastically. This results in increased fatty acid utilisation, leading to an increase in blood ketone bodies (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) and therefore metabolic ketosis. For many years, nutritional intervention studies have focused on reducing dietary fat with little or conflicting positive results over the long term. Moreover, current nutritional guidelines for athletes propose carbohydrate-based diets to augment muscular adaptations. This review discusses the physiological basis of KD and their effects on BM reduction and body composition improvements in sedentary individuals combined with different types of exercise (resistance training or endurance training) in individuals with obesity and athletes. Ultimately, we discuss the strengths and the weaknesses of these nutritional interventions together with precautionary measures that should be observed in both individuals with obesity and athletic populations. A literature search from 1921 to April 2021 using Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Sportdiscus Databases was used to identify relevant studies. In summary, based on the current evidence, KD are an efficient method to reduce BM and body fat in both individuals with obesity and athletes. However, these positive impacts are mainly because of the appetite suppressive effects of KD, which can decrease daily energy intake. Therefore, KD do not have any superior benefits to non-KD in BM and body fat loss in individuals with obesity and athletic populations in an isoenergetic situation. In sedentary individuals with obesity, it seems that fat-free mass (FFM) changes appear to be as great, if not greater, than decreases following a low-fat diet. In terms of lean mass, it seems that following a KD can cause FFM loss in resistance-trained individuals. In contrast, the FFM-preserving effects of KD are more efficient in endurance-trained compared with resistance-trained individuals.
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14
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Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Potential Application in the Treatment of Hypercortisolism Comorbidities. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122388. [PMID: 35745118 PMCID: PMC9228456 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is characterized by low daily caloric intake (less than 800 kcal/day), low carbohydrate intake (<50 g/day) and normoproteic (1−1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight) contents. It induces a significant weight loss and an improvement in lipid parameters, blood pressure, glycaemic indices and insulin sensitivity in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is characterized by an endogenous or exogenous excess of glucocorticoids and shows many comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders. The aim of this speculative review is to provide an overview on nutrition in hypercortisolism and analyse the potential use of a VLCKD for the treatment of CS comorbidities, analysing the molecular mechanisms of ketogenesis.
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15
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Meoni G, Tenori L, Schade S, Licari C, Pirazzini C, Bacalini MG, Garagnani P, Turano P, Trenkwalder C, Franceschi C, Mollenhauer B, Luchinat C. Metabolite and lipoprotein profiles reveal sex-related oxidative stress imbalance in de novo drug-naive Parkinson's disease patients. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:14. [PMID: 35136088 PMCID: PMC8826921 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the neurological disorder showing the greatest rise in prevalence from 1990 to 2016. Despite clinical definition criteria and a tremendous effort to develop objective biomarkers, precise diagnosis of PD is still unavailable at early stage. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have used omic methods to unveil the molecular basis of PD, providing a detailed characterization of potentially pathological alterations in various biological specimens. Metabolomics could provide useful insights to deepen our knowledge of PD aetiopathogenesis, to identify signatures that distinguish groups of patients and uncover responsive biomarkers of PD that may be significant in early detection and in tracking the disease progression and drug treatment efficacy. The present work is the first large metabolomic study based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with an independent validation cohort aiming at the serum characterization of de novo drug-naive PD patients. Here, NMR is applied to sera from large training and independent validation cohorts of German subjects. Multivariate and univariate approaches are used to infer metabolic differences that characterize the metabolite and the lipoprotein profiles of newly diagnosed de novo drug-naive PD patients also in relation to the biological sex of the subjects in the study, evidencing a more pronounced fingerprint of the pathology in male patients. The presence of a validation cohort allowed us to confirm altered levels of acetone and cholesterol in male PD patients. By comparing the metabolites and lipoproteins levels among de novo drug-naive PD patients, age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and a group of advanced PD patients, we detected several descriptors of stronger oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Meoni
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (C.I.R.M.M.P.), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sebastian Schade
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cristina Licari
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Turano
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (C.I.R.M.M.P.), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Neurology and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. .,Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging and Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Neurology and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy. .,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (C.I.R.M.M.P.), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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16
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Nucera S, Ruga S, Cardamone A, Coppoletta AR, Guarnieri L, Zito MC, Bosco F, Macrì R, Scarano F, Scicchitano M, Maiuolo J, Carresi C, Mollace R, Cariati L, Mazzarella G, Palma E, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Cascini GL, Mollace V. MAFLD progression contributes to altered thalamus metabolism and brain structure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1207. [PMID: 35075185 PMCID: PMC8786899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), commonly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, represents a continuum of events characterized by excessive hepatic fat accumulation which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and in some severe cases hepatocellular carcinoma. MAFLD might be considered as a multisystem disease that affects not only the liver but involves wider implications, relating to several organs and systems, the brain included. The present study aims to investigate changes associated with MAFLD-induced alteration of thalamic metabolism in vivo. DIAMOND (Diet-induced animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) mice were fed a chow diet and tap water (NC NW) or fat Western Diet (WD SW) for up to 28 weeks. At the baseline and weeks 4, 8, 20, 28 the thalamic neurochemical profile and total cerebral brain volume were evaluated longitudinally in both diet groups using 1H-MRS. To confirm the disease progression, at each time point, a subgroup of animals was sacrificed, the livers excised and placed in formalin. Liver histology was assessed and reviewed by an expert liver pathologist. MAFLD development significantly increases the thalamic levels of total N-acetylaspartate, total creatine, total choline, and taurine. Furthermore, in the WD SW group a reduction in total cerebral brain volume has been observed (p < 0.05 vs NC NW). Our results suggest that thalamic energy metabolism is affected by MAFLD progression. This metabolic imbalance, that is quantifiable by 1H-MRS in vivo, might cause structural damage to brain cells and dysfunctions of neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Nucera
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Cariati
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzarella
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucio Cascini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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17
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Pindozzi F, Socci C, Bissolati M, Marchi M, Devecchi E, Saibene A, Conte C. Role of nutritional ketosis in the improvement of metabolic parameters following bariatric surgery. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:54-64. [PMID: 35070059 PMCID: PMC8771267 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketone bodies (KB) might act as potential metabolic modulators besides serving as energy substrates. Bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS) offers a unique opportunity to study nutritional ketosis, as acute postoperative caloric restriction leads to increased lipolysis and circulating free fatty acids.
AIM To characterize the relationship between KB production, weight loss (WL) and metabolic changes following BMS.
METHODS For this retrospective study we enrolled male and female subjects aged 18-65 years who underwent BMS at a single Institution. Data on demographics, anthropometrics, body composition, laboratory values and urinary KB were collected.
RESULTS Thirty-nine patients had data available for analyses [74.4% women, mean age 46.5 ± 9.0 years, median body mass index 41.0 (38.5; 45.4) kg/m2, fat mass 45.2% ± 6.2%, 23.1% had diabetes, 43.6% arterial hypertension and 74.4% liver steatosis]. At 46.0 ± 13.6 d post-surgery, subjects had lost 12.0% ± 3.6% of pre-operative weight. Sixty-nine percent developed ketonuria. Those with nutritional ketosis were significantly younger [42.9 (37.6; 50.7) years vs 51.9 (48.3; 59.9) years, P = 0.018], and had significantly lower fasting glucose [89.5 (82.5; 96.3) mg/dL vs 96.0 (91.0; 105.3) mg/dL, P = 0.025] and triglyceride levels [108.0 (84.5; 152.5) mg/dL vs 152.0 (124.0; 186.0) mg/dL, P = 0.045] vs those with ketosis. At 6 mo, percent WL was greater in those with postoperative ketosis (-27.5% ± 5.1% vs 23.8% ± 4.3%, P = 0.035). Urinary KBs correlated with percent WL at 6 and 12 mo. Other metabolic changes were similar.
CONCLUSION Our data support the hypothesis that subjects with worse metabolic status have reduced ketogenic capacity and, thereby, exhibit a lower WL following BMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioralba Pindozzi
- Unità di Chirurgia Generale Provinciale, Ospedale del Delta, Lagosanto (FE) 44023, Italy
| | - Carlo Socci
- Transplant and Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bissolati
- Transplant and Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Monica Marchi
- Department of General Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Devecchi
- Department of General Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saibene
- Department of General Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Caterina Conte
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Rome 00166, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan 20099, Italy
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18
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Kolb H, Kempf K, Röhling M, Lenzen-Schulte M, Schloot NC, Martin S. Ketone bodies: from enemy to friend and guardian angel. BMC Med 2021; 19:313. [PMID: 34879839 PMCID: PMC8656040 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During starvation, fasting, or a diet containing little digestible carbohydrates, the circulating insulin levels are decreased. This promotes lipolysis, and the breakdown of fat becomes the major source of energy. The hepatic energy metabolism is regulated so that under these circumstances, ketone bodies are generated from β-oxidation of fatty acids and secreted as ancillary fuel, in addition to gluconeogenesis. Increased plasma levels of ketone bodies thus indicate a dietary shortage of carbohydrates. Ketone bodies not only serve as fuel but also promote resistance to oxidative and inflammatory stress, and there is a decrease in anabolic insulin-dependent energy expenditure. It has been suggested that the beneficial non-metabolic actions of ketone bodies on organ functions are mediated by them acting as a ligand to specific cellular targets. We propose here a major role of a different pathway initiated by the induction of oxidative stress in the mitochondria during increased ketolysis. Oxidative stress induced by ketone body metabolism is beneficial in the long term because it initiates an adaptive (hormetic) response characterized by the activation of the master regulators of cell-protective mechanism, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), sirtuins, and AMP-activated kinase. This results in resolving oxidative stress, by the upregulation of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, improved mitochondrial function and growth, DNA repair, and autophagy. In the heart, the adaptive response to enhanced ketolysis improves resistance to damage after ischemic insults or to cardiotoxic actions of doxorubicin. Sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may also exert their cardioprotective action via increasing ketone body levels and ketolysis. We conclude that the increased synthesis and use of ketone bodies as ancillary fuel during periods of deficient food supply and low insulin levels causes oxidative stress in the mitochondria and that the latter initiates a protective (hormetic) response which allows cells to cope with increased oxidative stress and lower energy availability. KEYWORDS: Ketogenic diet, Ketone bodies, Beta hydroxybutyrate, Insulin, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, Cardiovascular disease, SGLT2, Hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Kolb
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.,West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kempf
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Martin Röhling
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Nanette C Schloot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.,West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
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19
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Anderson JC, Mattar SG, Greenway FL, Lindquist RJ. Measuring ketone bodies for the monitoring of pathologic and therapeutic ketosis. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:646-656. [PMID: 34631141 PMCID: PMC8488448 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketone bodies β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and acetone are generated as a byproduct of the fat metabolism process. In healthy individuals, ketone body levels are ∼0.1 mM for BOHB and ∼1 part per million for breath acetone (BrAce). These levels can increase dramatically as a consequence of a disease process or when used therapeutically for disease treatment. For example, increased ketone body concentration during weight loss is an indication of elevated fat metabolism. Ketone body measurement is relatively inexpensive and can provide metabolic insights to help guide disease management and optimize weight loss. METHODS This review of the literature provides metabolic mechanisms and typical concentration ranges of ketone bodies, which can give new insights into these conditions and rationale for measuring ketone bodies. RESULTS Diseases such as heart failure and ketoacidosis can affect caloric intake and macronutrient management, which can elevate BOHB 30-fold and BrAce 1000-fold. Other diseases associated with obesity, such as brain dysfunction, cancer, and diabetes, may cause dysfunction because of an inability to use glucose, excessive reliance on glucose, or poor insulin signaling. Elevating ketone body concentrations (e.g., nutritional ketosis) may improve these conditions by forcing utilization of ketone bodies, in place of glucose, for fuel. During weight loss, monitoring ketone body concentration can demonstrate program compliance and can be used to optimize the weight-loss plan. CONCLUSIONS The role of ketone bodies in states of pathologic and therapeutic ketosis indicates that accurate measurement and monitoring of BOHB or BrAce will likely improve disease management. Bariatric surgery is examined as a case study for monitoring both types of ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Anderson
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Samer G. Mattar
- Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
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20
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Galkina OV, Vetrovoy OV, Eschenko ND. The Role of Lipids in Implementing Specific Functions in the Central Nervous System. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Yang F, Yang L, Xu L, Guo W, Pan L, Zhang C, Xu S, Zhang N, Yang L, Jiang C. 3D-printed smartphone-based device for fluorimetric diagnosis of ketosis by acetone-responsive dye marker and red emissive carbon dots. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:306. [PMID: 34453195 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A portable smartphone device is reported that uses 3D printing technology for the primary diagnosis of diseases by detecting acetone. The key part of the device consists of red carbon dots (RCDs), which are used as internal standards, and a sensing reagent (3-N,N-(diacethydrazide)-9-ethylcarbazole (2-HCA)) for acetone. With an excitation wavelength of 360 nm, the emission wavelengths of 2-HCA and RCDs are 443 nm and 619 nm, respectively. 2-HCA effectively captures acetone to form a nonfluorescent acylhydrazone via a condensation reaction occurring in aqueous solution, resulting in obvious color changes from blue-violet to dark red. The detection limit for acetone is 2.62 μM (~ 0.24 ppm). This is far lower than the ketone content in normal human blood (≤ 0.50 mM) and the acetone content in human respiratory gas (≤ 1.80 ppm). The device has good recovery rates for acetone detection in blood and exhaled breath, which are 90.56-109.98% (RSD ≤ 5.48) and 92.80-108.00% (RSD ≤ 5.07), respectively. The method designed here provides a reliable way to provide health warnings by visually detecting markers of ketosis/diabetes in blood or exhaled breath. The portable smart phone device visually detects ketosis/diabetes markers in the blood or exhaled breath through the nucleophilic addition reaction, which effectively captures acetone to form nonfluorescent acyl groups. This will be a reliable tool to warn human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, China
| | - Longchang Xu
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chuanglin Zhang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Shihao Xu
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Changlong Jiang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
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22
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Ma DC, Anderson CM, Rodman SN, Buranasudja V, McCormick ML, Davis A, Loth E, Bodeker KL, Ahmann L, Parkhurst JR, Sun W, Follmer KR, Simons AL, Buatt JM, Spitz DR, Fath MA, Allen BG. Ketogenic Diet with Concurrent Chemoradiation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Preclinical and Phase 1 Trial Results. Radiat Res 2021; 196:213-224. [PMID: 34087943 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00150.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KD) are high in fat and low in carbohydrates, forcing cells to utilize mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation for energy production. Since cancer cells demonstrate increased mitochondrial oxidative stress relative to normal cells, we hypothesized that a KD may selectively enhance metabolic oxidative stress in head and neck cancer cells, sensitizing them to radiation and platinum-based chemotherapy without causing increased toxicity in surrounding normal tissues. This hypothesis was tested in preclinical murine xenografts and in a phase 1 clinical trial (NCT01975766). In this study, mice bearing human head and neck cancer xenografts (FaDu) were fed either standard mouse chow or KetoCal® KD (90% fat, 8% carbohydrate, 2% protein) and exposed to ionizing radiation. Tumors were harvested from mice to test for glutathione, a biomarker of oxidative stress. In parallel, patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer were enrolled in a phase 1 clinical trial where they consumed KD and received radiation with concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. Subjects consumed KetoCal KD via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube and were also allowed to orally consume water, sugar-free drinks, and foods approved by a dietitian. Oxidative stress markers including protein carbonyls and total glutathione were assessed in patient blood samples both pre-KD and while consuming the KD. Mice bearing FaDu xenografts that received radiation and KD demonstrated a slight improvement in tumor growth rate and survival compared to mice that received radiation alone; however a variation in responses was seen dependent on the fatty acid composition of the diet. In the phase 1 clinical trial, a total of twelve patients were enrolled in the study. Four patients completed five weeks of the KD as per protocol (with variance in compliance). Eight patients did not tolerate the diet with concurrent radiation and platinum-chemotherapy (5 were patient decision and 3 were removed from study due to toxicity). The median number of days consuming a KD in patients who did not complete the study was 5.5 (range: 2-8 days). Reasons for discontinuation included "stress of diet compliance" (1 patient), grade 2 nausea (3 patients), and grade 3 fatigue (1 patient). Three patients were removed from the trial due to dose-limiting toxicities including: grade 4 hyperuricemia (2 patients) and grade 3 acute pancreatitis (1 patient). Median weight loss was 2.95% for the KD-tolerant group and 7.92% for patients who did not tolerate the diet. In conclusion, the ketogenic diet shows promise as a treatment combined with radiation in preclinical mouse head and neck cancer xenografts. A phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of KD demonstrated difficulty with diet compliance when combined with standard-of care-radiation therapy and cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Ma
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Carryn M Anderson
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Samuel N Rodman
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Visarut Buranasudja
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Michael L McCormick
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Andrew Davis
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Elizabeth Loth
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Kellie L Bodeker
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Logan Ahmann
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Jessica R Parkhurst
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Wenqing Sun
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Kayla R Follmer
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Andrean L Simons
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - John M Buatt
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Melissa A Fath
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Bryan G Allen
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
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23
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Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Asbaghi O, Tinsley GM, Kooti W, Abbasnezhad A, Afrisham R, Wong A. Effects of resistance training combined with a ketogenic diet on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5717-5732. [PMID: 33624538 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1890689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of ketogenic diets (KDs) on body mass (BM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage (BFP) compared to non-KDs in individuals performing resistance training (RT). Online electronic databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, SCOPUS, and Ovid were searched to identify initial studies until February 2021. Data were pooled using both fixed and random-effects methods and were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Out of 1372 studies, 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that enrolled 244 volunteers were included. The pooled results demonstrated that KDs significantly decreased BM [(WMD = -3.67 kg; 95% CI: -4.44, -2.90, p < 0.001)], FM [(WMD = -2.21 kg; 95% CI: -3.09, -1.34, p < 0.001)], FFM [(WMD = -1.26 kg; 95% CI: -1.82, -0.70, p < 0.001)], BMI [(WMD = -1.37 kg.m-2; 95% CI: -2.14, -0.59, p = 0.022)], and BFP [(WMD = -2.27%; 95% CI: -3.63, -0.90, p = 0.001)] compared to non-KDs. We observed beneficial effects of KDs compared to non-KDs on BM and body fat (both FM and BFP) in individuals performing RT. However, adherence to KDs may have a negative effect on FFM, which is not ameliorated by the addition of RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Asbaghi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Wesam Kooti
- Lung Diseases & Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amir Abbasnezhad
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Reza Afrisham
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, Texas, USA
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24
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Paoli A, Cenci L, Pompei P, Sahin N, Bianco A, Neri M, Caprio M, Moro T. Effects of Two Months of Very Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Muscle Area, and Blood Parameters in Competitive Natural Body Builders. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020374. [PMID: 33530512 PMCID: PMC7911670 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach that restricts daily carbohydrates, replacing most of the reduced energy with fat, while maintaining an adequate quantity of protein. Despite the widespread use of KD in weight loss in athletes, there are still many concerns about its use in sports requiring muscle mass accrual. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the influence of a KD in competitive natural body builders. Methods: Nineteen volunteers (27.4 ± 10.5 years) were randomly assigned to ketogenic diet (KD) or to a western diet (WD). Body composition, muscle strength and basal metabolic rate were measured before and after two months of intervention. Standard blood biochemistry, testosterone, IGF-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL1β, TNFα) were also measured. Results: Body fat significantly decreased in KD (p = 0.030); whilst lean mass increased significantly only in WD (p < 0.001). Maximal strength increased similarly in both groups. KD showed a significant decrease of blood triglycerides (p < 0.001), glucose (p = 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001) and inflammatory cytokines compared to WD whilst BDNF increased in both groups with significant greater changes in KD (p < 0.001). Conclusions: KD may be used during body building preparation for health and leaning purposes but with the caution that hypertrophic muscle response could be blunted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Cenci
- Brain, Mind and Computer Science Doctoral Program, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - PierLuigi Pompei
- Unit of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Nese Sahin
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marco Neri
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-5306
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25
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Exercise-induced muscle damage: mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:969-992. [PMID: 33420603 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There have been a multitude of reviews written on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and recovery. EIMD is a complex area of study as there are a host of factors such as sex, age, nutrition, fitness level, genetics and familiarity with exercise task, which influence the magnitude of performance decrement and the time course of recovery following EIMD. In addition, many reviews on recovery from exercise have ranged from the impact of nutritional strategies and recovery modalities, to complex mechanistic examination of various immune and endocrine signaling molecules. No one review can adequately address this broad array of study. Thus, in this present review, we aim to examine EIMD emanating from both endurance exercise and resistance exercise training in recreational and competitive athletes and shed light on nutritional strategies that can enhance and accelerate recovery following EIMD. In addition, the evaluation of EIMD and recovery from exercise is often complicated and conclusions often depend of the specific mode of assessment. As such, the focus of this review is also directed at the available techniques used to assess EIMD.
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26
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Tracey TJ, Kirk SE, Steyn FJ, Ngo ST. The role of lipids in the central nervous system and their pathological implications in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:69-81. [PMID: 32962914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). They contribute to the structural integrity and physical characteristics of cell and organelle membranes, act as bioactive signalling molecules, and are utilised as fuel sources for mitochondrial metabolism. The intricate homeostatic mechanisms underpinning lipid handling and metabolism across two major CNS cell types; neurons and astrocytes, are integral for cellular health and maintenance. Here, we explore the various roles of lipids in these two cell types. Given that changes in lipid metabolism have been identified in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, we also discuss changes in lipid handling and utilisation in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in order to identify key cellular processes affected by the disease, and inform future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - S E Kirk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - F J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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27
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COVID-19: Proposing a Ketone-Based Metabolic Therapy as a Treatment to Blunt the Cytokine Storm. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6401341. [PMID: 33014275 PMCID: PMC7519203 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6401341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a high mortality rate due to some patients developing a large innate immune response associated with a cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is characterized at the molecular level by decreased energy metabolism, altered redox state, oxidative damage, and cell death. Therapies that increase levels of (R)-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-BHB), such as the ketogenic diet or consuming exogenous ketones, should restore altered energy metabolism and redox state. R-BHB activates anti-inflammatory GPR109A signaling and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and histone deacetylases, while a ketogenic diet has been shown to protect mice from influenza virus infection through a protective γδ T cell response and by increasing electron transport chain gene expression to restore energy metabolism. During a virus-induced cytokine storm, metabolic flexibility is compromised due to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that damage, downregulate, or inactivate many enzymes of central metabolism including the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). This leads to an energy and redox crisis that decreases B and T cell proliferation and results in increased cytokine production and cell death. It is hypothesized that a moderately high-fat diet together with exogenous ketone supplementation at the first signs of respiratory distress will increase mitochondrial metabolism by bypassing the block at PDC. R-BHB-mediated restoration of nucleotide coenzyme ratios and redox state should decrease ROS and RNS to blunt the innate immune response and the associated cytokine storm, allowing the proliferation of cells responsible for adaptive immunity. Limitations of the proposed therapy include the following: it is unknown if human immune and lung cell functions are enhanced by ketosis, the risk of ketoacidosis must be assessed prior to initiating treatment, and permissive dietary fat and carbohydrate levels for exogenous ketones to boost immune function are not yet established. The third limitation could be addressed by studies with influenza-infected mice. A clinical study is warranted where COVID-19 patients consume a permissive diet combined with ketone ester to raise blood ketone levels to 1 to 2 mM with measured outcomes of symptom severity, length of infection, and case fatality rate.
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28
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Castellana M, Conte E, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giustina A, Giovanella L, Giorgino F, Trimboli P. Efficacy and safety of very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:5-16. [PMID: 31705259 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been proposed as a promising option to achieve a significant weight loss in a short time period. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate its efficacy and safety in patients with overweight and obesity. Four databases were searched on May 2019. Studies reporting data on body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body composition, blood pressure, HbA1c, lipids, and markers of liver and kidney function were selected. Discontinuation was also assessed. Twelve studies were included. VLCKD was associated with weight losses of -10.0 kg (I2 = 6%) and - 15.6 kg (I2 = 37%) in studies with a ketogenic phase up to and of at least four weeks, respectively. The weight lost during the ketogenic phase was stable in the subsequent follow-up up to two years (p = 0.12). Also, VLCKD was associated with reductions of BMI (-5.3 kg/m2), waist circumference (-12.6 cm), HbA1c (-0.7%), total cholesterol (-28 mg/dl), triglycerides (-30 mg/dl), AST (-7 U/l), ALT (-8 U/l), GGT (-8 U/l), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (-8 and - 7 mmHg, respectively). No changes in LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, serum creatinine, serum uric acid and serum potassium were found. Serum sodium increased during VLCKD (+1.6 mEq/l). The overall prevalence of patients discontinuing VLCKD was 7.5% and this was similar to patients undergoing a low calorie diet (p = 0.83). The present review supports the use of VLCKD as an effective strategy for the management of overweight and obesity. Future guidelines should include a specific recommendation for this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Castellana
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Conte
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, San Raffaele Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Giovanella
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Center for Thyroid Diseases, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Trimboli
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Center for Thyroid Diseases, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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29
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Avogaro A, Fadini GP, Del Prato S. Reinterpreting Cardiorenal Protection of Renal Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors via Cellular Life History Programming. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:501-507. [PMID: 31843950 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular outcome trials have provided evidence that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) treatment is associated with remarkably favorable cardiovascular outcomes. Here, we offer a novel hypothesis that may encompass many of these hypothetical mechanisms, i.e., the ability of SGLT2i to modify the trajectory of cell response to a toxic environment through modifications of cellular life history programs, either the defense program or the dormancy program. The choice between these programs is mainly determined by the environment. Hyperglycemia can be considered a toxic determinant able to interfere with the basic programs of cell evolution. While the defense program is characterized by activation of the immune response and anabolic metabolism, the dormancy program is an energy-preserving state with high resistance to environmental stressors, and it has strong analogy with animal hibernation where fuel is stored, metabolic rate is suppressed, and insulin secretion is reduced. The metabolic changes that follow treatment with SGLT2i are reminiscent of the metabolic picture characteristic of the dormancy program. Therefore, we hypothesize that the beneficial cardioprotective effects of SGLT2i may be related to their ability to switch cell life programming from a defense to a dormancy state, thus lending additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Avogaro
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Prato
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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30
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Cardiac ketone body metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165739. [PMID: 32084511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ketone bodies, d-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, are soluble 4-carbon compounds derived principally from fatty acids, that can be metabolised by many oxidative tissues, including heart, in carbohydrate-depleted conditions as glucose-sparing energy substrates. They also have important signalling functions, acting through G-protein coupled receptors and histone deacetylases to regulate metabolism and gene expression including that associated with anti-oxidant activity. Their concentration, and hence availability, increases in diabetes mellitus and heart failure. Whilst known to be substrates for ATP production, especially in starvation, their role(s) in the heart, and in heart disease, is uncertain. Recent evidence, reviewed here, indicates that increased ketone body metabolism is a feature of heart failure, and is accompanied by other changes in substrate selection. Whether the change in myocardial ketone body metabolism is adaptive or maladaptive is unknown, but it offers the possibility of using exogenous ketones to treat the failing heart.
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31
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Drehmer E, Navarro-Moreno MÁ, Carrera S, Villar VM, Moreno ML. Oxygenic metabolism in nutritional obesity induced by olive oil. The influence of vitamin C. Food Funct 2019; 10:3567-3580. [PMID: 31157805 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a medical and sociological problem of great importance due to the high percentage of people affected and the important health consequences that it involves. Most cases of obesity are related to an inadequate diet, rich in fats, which could lead to changes in the patient's oxygenic metabolism. That is why this study has been proposed to evaluate how some aspects of oxygenic metabolism are affected in a nutritional experimental model, with a controlled hyperlipidic liquid diet based on olive oil, and the effect of the antioxidant vitamin C on these conditions. Wistar rats were divided into four groups which received a control and hyperlipidic liquid diet for 30 days, with or without a vitamin C supplement (CO, COC, HO and HOC). First of all the body and fat tissue development was measured in the four groups. Our results showed that the excessive intake of nutritional and healthy fat such as olive oil did not prevent the appearance of obesity and the supplementation with vitamin C did not have a protective effect on body and fat development. The study of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in total liver, liver cytosol, abdominal white fat, brown fat and blood cells showed that vitamin C could have different selectivities and affinities for different enzymes and compartments/tissues of the body. Finally, the effect of vitamin C on various metabolic parameters (glucose, pyruvate, lactate, LDH, ATP, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate) provided positive protection against oxidative stress especially under hyperlipidic conditions. All things considered, the present study concludes that vitamin C treatment could protect Wistar rats from the oxidative stress impairment induced by obesity generated by an excessive intake of fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraci Drehmer
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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Caprio M, Infante M, Moriconi E, Armani A, Fabbri A, Mantovani G, Mariani S, Lubrano C, Poggiogalle E, Migliaccio S, Donini LM, Basciani S, Cignarelli A, Conte E, Ceccarini G, Bogazzi F, Cimino L, Condorelli RA, La Vignera S, Calogero AE, Gambineri A, Vignozzi L, Prodam F, Aimaretti G, Linsalata G, Buralli S, Monzani F, Aversa A, Vettor R, Santini F, Vitti P, Gnessi L, Pagotto U, Giorgino F, Colao A, Lenzi A. Very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in the management of metabolic diseases: systematic review and consensus statement from the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE). J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:1365-1386. [PMID: 31111407 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss is a milestone in the prevention of chronic diseases associated with high morbility and mortality in industrialized countries. Very-low calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKDs) are increasingly used in clinical practice for weight loss and management of obesity-related comorbidities. Despite evidence on the clinical benefits of VLCKDs is rapidly emerging, some concern still exists about their potential risks and their use in the long-term, due to paucity of clinical studies. Notably, there is an important lack of guidelines on this topic, and the use and implementation of VLCKDs occurs vastly in the absence of clear evidence-based indications. PURPOSE We describe here the biochemistry, benefits and risks of VLCKDs, and provide recommendations on the correct use of this therapeutic approach for weight loss and management of metabolic diseases at different stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - E Moriconi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - A Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Mariani
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Lubrano
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Poggiogalle
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Migliaccio
- Section of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, "Foro Italico" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - L M Donini
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Basciani
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Cignarelli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - E Conte
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - G Ceccarini
- Endocrinology Unit, Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bogazzi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Cimino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - R A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - S La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Gambineri
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Vignozzi
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - F Prodam
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - G Aimaretti
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - G Linsalata
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Buralli
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Monzani
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - R Vettor
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - F Santini
- Endocrinology Unit, Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Vitti
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Gnessi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - U Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Giorgino
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - A Colao
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional regimen characterized by a high-fat and an adequate protein content and a very low carbohydrate level (less than 20 g per day or 5% of total daily energy intake). The insufficient level of carbohydrates forces the body to primarily use fat instead of sugar as a fuel source. Due to its characteristic, KD has often been used to treat metabolic disorders, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle constitutes 40% of total body mass and is one of the major sites of glucose disposal. KD is a well-defined approach to induce weight loss, with its role in muscle adaptation and muscle hypertrophy less understood. Considering this lack of knowledge, the aim of this review was to examine the scientific evidence about the effects of KD on muscle hypertrophy. We first described the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy per se, and secondly, we discussed the characteristics and the metabolic function of KD. Ultimately, we provided the potential mechanism that could explain the influence of KD on skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Role of OXCT1 in ovine adipose and preadipocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:779-785. [PMID: 30928098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1 (OXCT1) is a key enzyme in ketone body metabolism that is expressed in adipose and other tissues. The present study addressed the function of OXCT1 in adipose tissue from Tan sheep. The 1563 bp ovine OXCT1 coding sequence was cloned from ovine adipose tissue. The OXCT1 protein sequence was highly homologous to OXCT1 from other species. OXCT1 was highly expressed in kidney and at lower levels in small intestine, lung, spleen, heart, stomach, liver, tail adipose, and cartilage, but not in longissimus muscle. OXCT1 was expressed at higher levels in perirenal and tail adipose tissues than in subcutaneous adipose tissue. OXCT1 expression levels increased during the in vitro differentiation of adipocytes, but decreased dramatically at day 8. OXCT1 knockdown in ovine adipocytes promoted lipid accumulation, whereas overexpression did the converse. This study demonstrates that OXCT1 may play a role in adipogenesis and provides new insight on adipose deposition in sheep.
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Ekperikpe US, Owolabi OJ, Olapeju BI. Effects of Parkia biglobosa aqueous seed extract on some biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:1-10. [PMID: 30218811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Parkia biglobosa seeds are used to treat diabetes and complications hence this study. AIM This study investigated the effects of Parkia biglobosa aqueous seed extract on some biochemical, haematological and histopathological indices in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats of either sex (180-300 g) were fasted overnight and diabetes mellitus induced using streptozotocin 40 mg/kg IP. Diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl) was confirmed 48 h later. The rats were randomly grouped into six groups (n = 5): Group 1 (diabetic untreated control), group 2 (Parkia biglobosa 200 mg/kg), group 3 (Parkia biglobosa 400 mg/kg). group 4 (Parkia biglobosa 800 mg/kg), group 5 (glibenclamide 5 mg/kg as standard drug control) and group 6 (normoglycaemic control). They were treated daily. Acute toxicity study and phytochemical screening were also performed. Fourteen days later, they were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia. Vital organs (kidneys, liver and pancreas) and blood samples were obtained for histopathological, biochemical and haematological analysis. RESULTS Parkia biglobosa aqueous seed extract at the various doses caused significant (P < 0.05) elevations in red blood cell parameters in comparison to the diabetic control. The mean cell volume did not differ significantly from the diabetic control while 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses of the extract did not significantly modify the HCT levels. Treatment with Parkia biglobosa significantly (P < 0.05) lowered white blood cell and platelet counts in comparison to the diabetic control. Liver enzymes and total bilirubin levels were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced while total protein increased in the treated diabetic rats in comparison to controls. Treatment with Parkia biglobosa extract significantly (P < 0.05) increased bicarbonate and sodium ion levels while decreasing potassium ion levels. Chloride levels were not significantly different from the diabetic control. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Parkia biglobosa ameliorates biochemical, haematological and histopathological changes associated with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubong S Ekperikpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin city, Nigeria.
| | - Omonkhelin J Owolabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin city, Nigeria
| | - Bolanle I Olapeju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin city, Nigeria
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Güntner AT, Kompalla JF, Landis H, Theodore SJ, Geidl B, Sievi NA, Kohler M, Pratsinis SE, Gerber PA. Guiding Ketogenic Diet with Breath Acetone Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3655. [PMID: 30373291 PMCID: PMC6264102 DOI: 10.3390/s18113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet (KD; high fat, low carb) is a standard treatment for obesity, neurological diseases (e.g., refractory epilepsy) and a promising method for athletes to improve their endurance performance. Therein, the level of ketosis must be regulated tightly to ensure an effective therapy. Here, we introduce a compact and inexpensive breath sensor to monitor ketosis online and non-invasively. The sensor consists of Si-doped WO₃ nanoparticles that detect breath acetone selectively with non-linear response characteristics in the relevant range of 1 to 66 ppm, as identified by mass spectrometry. When tested on eleven subjects (five women and six men) undergoing a 36-h KD based on the Johns Hopkins protocol, this sensor clearly recognizes the onset and progression of ketosis. This is in good agreement to capillary blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) measurements. Despite similar dieting conditions, strong inter-subject differences in ketosis dynamics were observed and correctly identified by the sensor. These even included breath acetone patterns that could be linked to low tolerance to that diet. As a result, this portable breath sensor represents an easily applicable and reliable technology to monitor KD, possibly during medical treatment of epilepsy and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas T Güntner
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Julia F Kompalla
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Henning Landis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - S Jonathan Theodore
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Bettina Geidl
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Noriane A Sievi
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sotiris E Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp A Gerber
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Du T, Sikora MJ, Levine KM, Tasdemir N, Riggins RB, Wendell SG, Van Houten B, Oesterreich S. Key regulators of lipid metabolism drive endocrine resistance in invasive lobular breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:106. [PMID: 30180878 PMCID: PMC6124012 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive lobular breast carcinoma (ILC) is a histological subtype of breast cancer that is characterized by loss of E-cadherin and high expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). In many cases, ILC is effectively treated with adjuvant aromatase inhibitors (AIs); however, acquired AI resistance remains a significant problem. Methods To identify underlying mechanisms of acquired anti-estrogen resistance in ILC, we recently developed six long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) variant cell lines from the human ILC cell lines SUM44PE (SUM44; two lines) and MDA-MB-134VI (MM134; four lines). To better understand mechanisms of AI resistance in these models, we performed transcriptional profiling analysis by RNA-sequencing followed by candidate gene expression and functional studies. Results MM134 LTED cells expressed ER at a decreased level and lost growth response to estradiol, while SUM44 LTED cells retained partial ER activity. Our transcriptional profiling analysis identified shared activation of lipid metabolism across all six independent models. However, the underlying basis of this signature was distinct between models. Oxysterols were able to promote the proliferation of SUM44 LTED cells but not MM134 LTED cells. In contrast, MM134 LTED cells displayed a high expression of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), a regulator of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and were hypersensitive to genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SREBPs. Several SREBP1 downstream targets involved in fatty acid synthesis, including FASN, were induced, and MM134 LTED cells were more sensitive to etomoxir, an inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in beta-oxidation, than their respective parental control cells. Finally, in silico expression analysis in clinical specimens from a neo-adjuvant endocrine trial showed a significant association between the increase of SREBP1 expression and lack of clinical response, providing further support for a role of SREBP1 in the acquisition of endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Conclusions Our characterization of a unique series of AI-resistant ILC models identifies the activation of key regulators of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism, implicating lipid-metabolic processes driving estrogen-independent growth of ILC cells. Targeting these changes may prove a strategy for prevention and treatment of endocrine resistance for patients with ILC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1041-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Du
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Institute, Magee Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Matthew J Sikora
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Institute, Magee Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kevin M Levine
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Institute, Magee Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nilgun Tasdemir
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Institute, Magee Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rebecca B Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Institute, Magee Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Institute, Magee Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Zilberter T, Zilberter Y. Ketogenic Ratio Determines Metabolic Effects of Macronutrients and Prevents Interpretive Bias. Front Nutr 2018; 5:75. [PMID: 30214902 PMCID: PMC6125377 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Tracey TJ, Steyn FJ, Wolvetang EJ, Ngo ST. Neuronal Lipid Metabolism: Multiple Pathways Driving Functional Outcomes in Health and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29410613 PMCID: PMC5787076 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a fundamental class of organic molecules implicated in a wide range of biological processes related to their structural diversity, and based on this can be broadly classified into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Different lipid classes play major roles in neuronal cell populations; they can be used as energy substrates, act as building blocks for cellular structural machinery, serve as bioactive molecules, or a combination of each. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dysfunctions in lipid metabolism and function have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. In particular, aberrant lipid metabolism is proposed to underlie denervation of neuromuscular junctions, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired neuronal transport, cytoskeletal defects, inflammation and reduced neurotransmitter release. Here we review current knowledge of the roles of lipid metabolism and function in the CNS and discuss how modulating these pathways may offer novel therapeutic options for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Han van der Kolk JH, Gross JJ, Gerber V, Bruckmaier RM. Disturbed bovine mitochondrial lipid metabolism: a review. Vet Q 2017; 37:262-273. [PMID: 28712316 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1354561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, excess energy is stored primarily as triglycerides, which are mobilized when energy demands arise and cannot be covered by feed intake. This review mainly focuses on the role of long chain fatty acids in disturbed energy metabolism of the bovine species. Long chain fatty acids regulate energy metabolism as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Carnitine acts as a carrier of fatty acyl groups as long-chain acyl-CoA derivatives do not penetrate the mitochondrial inner membrane. There are two different types of disorders in lipid metabolism which can occur in cattle, namely the hypoglycaemic-hypoinsulinaemic and the hyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic type with the latter not always associated with ketosis. There is general agreement that fatty acid β-oxidation capability is limited in the liver of (ketotic) cows. In accord, supplemental L-carnitine decreased liver lipid accumulation in periparturient Holstein cows. Of note, around parturition concurrent oxidation of fatty acids in skeletal muscle is highly activated. Also peroxisomal β-oxidation in liver of dairy cows may be part of the hepatic adaptations to a negative energy balance (NEB) to break down fatty acids. An elevated blood concentration of nonesterified fatty acids is one of the indicators of NEB in cattle among others like increased β-hydroxy butyrate concentration, and decreased concentrations of glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I. Assuming that liver carnitine concentrations might limit hepatic fatty acid oxidation capacity in dairy cows, further study of the role of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and/or riboflavin in bovine ketosis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Han van der Kolk
- a Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern and Agroscope , Bern , Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- b Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - V Gerber
- a Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern and Agroscope , Bern , Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- b Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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Nzuza S, Zondi S, Owira PMO. Naringin prevents HIV-1 protease inhibitors-induced metabolic complications in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183355. [PMID: 29121676 PMCID: PMC5679664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and overt diabetes are known metabolic complications associated with chronic use of HIV-Protease Inhibitors. Naringin is a grapefruit-derived flavonoid with anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipidemia, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Objectives The study investigated the protective effects of naringin on glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion and signaling in vivo. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 6) and were daily orally treated with distilled water {3.0 ml/kg body weight (BW)}, atazanavir (133 mg/kg BW), saquinavir (333 mg/kg BW) with or without naringin (50 mg/kg BW), respectively for 56 days. Body weights and water consumption were recorded daily. Glucose tolerance tests were carried out on day 55 of the treatment and thereafter, the rats were sacrificed by halothane overdose. Results Atazanavir (ATV)- or saquinavir (SQV)-treated rats exhibited significant weight loss, polydipsia, elevated Fasting blood glucose (FBG), reduced Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI) and expression of phosphorylated, Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Akt proteins, hepatic and pancreatic glucokinase levels, and also increasing pancreatic caspase-3 and -9 as well as UCP2 protein expressions compared to controls, respectively. These effects were completely reversed by naringin treatment. Conclusion Naringin prevents PI-induced glucose intolerance and impairment of insulin signaling and as nutritional supplement it could therefore alleviate metabolic complications associated with antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanelisiwe Nzuza
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sindiswa Zondi
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Peter M. O. Owira
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Kashiwagi A, Maegawa H. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on cardio-renal protection in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 8:416-427. [PMID: 28178390 PMCID: PMC5497037 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) inhibit glucose reabsorption in proximal renal tubular cells, and both fasting and postprandial glucose significantly decrease because of urinary glucose loss. As a result, pancreatic β-cell function and peripheral insulin action significantly improve with relief from glucose toxicity. Furthermore, whole-body energy metabolism changes to relative glucose deficiency and triggers increased lipolysis in fat cells, and fatty acid oxidation and then ketone body production in the liver during treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors have profound hemodynamic effects including diuresis, dehydration, weight loss and lowering blood pressure. The most recent findings on SGLT2 inhibitors come from results of the Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes trial. SGLT2 inhibitors exert extremely unique and cardio-renal protection through metabolic and hemodynamic effects, with long-term durability on the reduction of blood glucose, bodyweight and blood pressure. Although a site of action of SGLT2 inhibitors is highly specific to inhibit renal glucose reabsorption, whole-body energy metabolism, and hemodynamic and renal functions are profoundly modulated during the treatment of SGLT2 inhibitors. Previous studies suggest multifactorial clinical benefits and safety concerns of SGLT2 inhibitors. Although ambivalent clinical results of this drug are still under active discussion, the present review summarizes promising recent evidence on the cardio-renal and metabolic benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of MedicineShiga University of Medical ScienceOtsuShigaJapan
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Zhao L, Fan J, Xia S, Pan Y, Liu S, Qian G, Qian Z, Kang HB, Arbiser JL, Pollack BP, Kudchadkar RR, Lawson DH, Rossi M, Abdel-Wahab O, Merghoub T, Khoury HJ, Khuri FR, Boise LH, Lonial S, Chen F, Chen J, Lin R. HMG-CoA synthase 1 is a synthetic lethal partner of BRAF V600E in human cancers. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10142-10152. [PMID: 28468827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Contributions of metabolic changes to cancer development and maintenance have received increasing attention in recent years. Although many human cancers share similar metabolic alterations, it remains unclear whether oncogene-specific metabolic alterations are required for tumor development. Using an RNAi-based screen targeting the majority of the known metabolic proteins, we recently found that oncogenic BRAFV600E up-regulates HMG-CoA lyase (HMGCL), which converts HMG-CoA to acetyl-CoA and a ketone body, acetoacetate, that selectively enhances BRAFV600E-dependent MEK1 activation in human cancer. Here, we identified HMG-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1), the upstream ketogenic enzyme of HMGCL, as an additional "synthetic lethal" partner of BRAFV600E Although HMGCS1 expression did not correlate with BRAFV600E mutation in human melanoma cells, HMGCS1 was selectively important for proliferation of BRAFV600E-positive melanoma and colon cancer cells but not control cells harboring active N/KRAS mutants, and stable knockdown of HMGCS1 only attenuated colony formation and tumor growth potential of BRAFV600E melanoma cells. Moreover, cytosolic HMGCS1 that co-localized with HMGCL and BRAFV600E was more important than the mitochondrial HMGCS2 isoform in BRAFV600E-expressing cancer cells in terms of acetoacetate production. Interestingly, HMGCL knockdown did not affect HMGCS1 expression levels, whereas HMGCS1 knockdown caused a compensating increase in HMGCL protein level because of attenuated protein degradation. However, this increase did not reverse the reduced ketogenesis in HMGCS1 knockdown cells. Mechanistically, HMGCS1 inhibition decreased intracellular acetoacetate levels, leading to reduced BRAFV600E-MEK1 binding and consequent MEK1 activation. We conclude that the ketogenic HMGCS1-HMGCL-acetoacetate axis may represent a promising therapeutic target for managing BRAFV600E-positive human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,the Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jun Fan
- the Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Siyuan Xia
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yaozhu Pan
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Shuangping Liu
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Guoqing Qian
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hee-Bum Kang
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- the Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,the Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033
| | - Brian P Pollack
- the Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,the Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033
| | - Ragini R Kudchadkar
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - David H Lawson
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Michael Rossi
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, and
| | - Taha Merghoub
- the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, and
| | - Hanna J Khoury
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sagar Lonial
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Fangping Chen
- the Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jing Chen
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322,
| | - Ruiting Lin
- From the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Xia S, Lin R, Jin L, Zhao L, Kang HB, Pan Y, Liu S, Qian G, Qian Z, Konstantakou E, Zhang B, Dong JT, Chung YR, Abdel-Wahab O, Merghoub T, Zhou L, Kudchadkar RR, Lawson DH, Khoury HJ, Khuri FR, Boise LH, Lonial S, Lee BH, Pollack BP, Arbiser JL, Fan J, Lei QY, Chen J. Prevention of Dietary-Fat-Fueled Ketogenesis Attenuates BRAF V600E Tumor Growth. Cell Metab 2017; 25:358-373. [PMID: 28089569 PMCID: PMC5299059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle factors, including diet, play an important role in the survival of cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenic links between diet and particular oncogenic mutations in human cancers remain unclear. We recently reported that the ketone body acetoacetate selectively enhances BRAF V600E mutant-dependent MEK1 activation in human cancers. Here we show that a high-fat ketogenic diet increased serum levels of acetoacetate, leading to enhanced tumor growth potential of BRAF V600E-expressing human melanoma cells in xenograft mice. Treatment with hypolipidemic agents to lower circulating acetoacetate levels or an inhibitory homolog of acetoacetate, dehydroacetic acid, to antagonize acetoacetate-BRAF V600E binding attenuated BRAF V600E tumor growth. These findings reveal a signaling basis underlying a pathogenic role of dietary fat in BRAF V600E-expressing melanoma, providing insights into the design of conceptualized "precision diets" that may prevent or delay tumor progression based on an individual's specific oncogenic mutation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xia
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ruiting Lin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lingtao Jin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hee-Bum Kang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yaozhu Pan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shuangping Liu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guoqing Qian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Evmorfia Konstantakou
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Taha Merghoub
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lu Zhou
- Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ragini R Kudchadkar
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David H Lawson
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hanna J Khoury
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Benjamin H Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian P Pollack
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Qun-Ying Lei
- Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Spilioti M, Pavlou E, Gogou M, Katsanika I, Papadopoulou-Alataki E, Grafakou O, Gkampeta A, Dinopoulos A, Evangeliou A. Valproate effect on ketosis in children under ketogenic diet. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:555-9. [PMID: 27117552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although ketogenic diet has been proven useful in the management of intractable seizures, interactions with other medicines have been reported. This study reports two patients on co-administration with ketogenic diet and valproate appearing undesirable side effects after increase or decrease of valproate pharmaceutical levels. METHODS Totally 75 patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy were treated with ketogenic diet in our departments. Their age varied from 6 months to 9 years. All patients were followed for at least 12 months and up to five years. Clinical and laboratory variables have been regularly assessed. RESULTS In 75 patients treated with ketogenic diet and valproate at the same time treatment was well tolerated. Two patients presented mild to moderate undesirable effects. In these patients the removal of valproate treatment resulted in an increase of ketosis with respective clinical signs. The conversion of the diet from 4:1 to 1:1 and 2,5:1 respectively resulted in reduction of ketosis and clinical improvement. CONCLUSION In the majority of cases co-administration of valproate and ketogenic diet seems to be safe. In two cases, valproate appeared to have a negative effect on ketosis (and weaning it led to over-ketosis). This interaction is worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Spilioti
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Pavlou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Gogou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Irene Katsanika
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efimia Papadopoulou-Alataki
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Grafakou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Gkampeta
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Argyrios Dinopoulos
- 3rd Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Evangeliou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ratnikov BI, Scott DA, Osterman AL, Smith JW, Ronai ZA. Metabolic rewiring in melanoma. Oncogene 2016; 36:147-157. [PMID: 27270434 PMCID: PMC5140782 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogene-driven metabolic rewiring is an adaptation to low nutrient and oxygen conditions in the tumor microenvironment that enables cancer cells of diverse origin to hyperproliferate. Aerobic glycolysis and enhanced reliance on glutamine utilization are prime examples of such rewiring. However, tissue of origin as well as specific genetic and epigenetic changes determines gene expression profiles underlying these metabolic alterations in specific cancers. In melanoma, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway driven by mutant BRAF or NRAS is a primary cause of malignant transformation. Activity of the MAPK pathway, as well as other factors, such as HIF1α, Myc and MITF, are among those that control the balance between non-oxidative and oxidative branches of central carbon metabolism. Here, we discuss the nature of metabolic alterations that underlie melanoma development and affect its response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Ratnikov
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - D A Scott
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - A L Osterman
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - J W Smith
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Z A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
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Murunga AN, Miruka DO, Driver C, Nkomo FS, Cobongela SZZ, Owira PMO. Grapefruit Derived Flavonoid Naringin Improves Ketoacidosis and Lipid Peroxidation in Type 1 Diabetes Rat Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153241. [PMID: 27073901 PMCID: PMC4830547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoglycemic effects of grapefruit juice are well known but the effects of naringin, its main flavonoid on glucose intolerance and metabolic complications in type 1 diabetes are not known. Objectives To investigate the effects of naringin on glucose intolerance, oxidative stress and ketonemia in type 1 diabetic rats. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 5 groups (n = 7) were orally treated daily with 3.0 ml/kg body weight (BW)/day of distilled water (group 1) or 50 mg/kg BW of naringin (groups 2 and 4, respectively). Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given a single intra-peritoneal injection of 60 mg/kg BW of streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Group 3 was further treated with subcutaneous insulin (4.0 IU/kg BW) twice daily, respectively. Results Stretozotocin (STZ) only-treated groups exhibited hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, glucose intolerance, low fasting plasma insulin and reduced hepatic glycogen content compared to the control group. Furthermore they had significantly elevated Malondialdehyde (MDA), acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, anion gap and significantly reduced blood pH and plasma bicarbonate compared to the control group. Naringin treatment significantly improved Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI), hepatic glycogen content, malondialdehyde, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, bicarbonate, blood pH and anion gap but not Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) compared to the STZ only-treated group. Conclusions Naringin is not hypoglycemic but ameliorates ketoacidosis and oxidative stress. Naringin supplements could therefore mitigate complications of diabetic ketoacidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N. Murunga
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P.O. Box X5401, Durban, South Africa
| | - David O. Miruka
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P.O. Box X5401, Durban, South Africa
| | - Christine Driver
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P.O. Box X5401, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fezile S. Nkomo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P.O. Box X5401, Durban, South Africa
| | - Snazo Z. Z. Cobongela
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P.O. Box X5401, Durban, South Africa
| | - Peter M. O. Owira
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P.O. Box X5401, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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48
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Kesl SL, Poff AM, Ward NP, Fiorelli TN, Ari C, Van Putten AJ, Sherwood JW, Arnold P, D'Agostino DP. Effects of exogenous ketone supplementation on blood ketone, glucose, triglyceride, and lipoprotein levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:9. [PMID: 26855664 PMCID: PMC4743170 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutritional ketosis induced by the ketogenic diet (KD) has therapeutic applications for many disease states. We hypothesized that oral administration of exogenous ketone supplements could produce sustained nutritional ketosis (>0.5 mM) without carbohydrate restriction. Methods We tested the effects of 28-day administration of five ketone supplements on blood glucose, ketones, and lipids in male Sprague–Dawley rats. The supplements included: 1,3-butanediol (BD), a sodium/potassium β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) mineral salt (BMS), medium chain triglyceride oil (MCT), BMS + MCT 1:1 mixture, and 1,3 butanediol acetoacetate diester (KE). Rats received a daily 5–10 g/kg dose of their respective ketone supplement via intragastric gavage during treatment. Weekly whole blood samples were taken for analysis of glucose and βHB at baseline and, 0.5, 1, 4, 8, and 12 h post-gavage, or until βHB returned to baseline. At 28 days, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured. Results Exogenous ketone supplementation caused a rapid and sustained elevation of βHB, reduction of glucose, and little change to lipid biomarkers compared to control animals. Conclusions This study demonstrates the efficacy and tolerability of oral exogenous ketone supplementation in inducing nutritional ketosis independent of dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Kesl
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Angela M Poff
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Nathan P Ward
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Tina N Fiorelli
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Csilla Ari
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Ashley J Van Putten
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Jacob W Sherwood
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Patrick Arnold
- Savind Inc, 205 South Main Street, Seymore, IL 61875 USA
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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Glucose, Lactate, β-Hydroxybutyrate, Acetate, GABA, and Succinate as Substrates for Synthesis of Glutamate and GABA in the Glutamine-Glutamate/GABA Cycle. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 13:9-42. [PMID: 27885625 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The glutamine-glutamate/GABA cycle is an astrocytic-neuronal pathway transferring precursors for transmitter glutamate and GABA from astrocytes to neurons. In addition, the cycle carries released transmitter back to astrocytes, where a minor fraction (~25 %) is degraded (requiring a similar amount of resynthesis) and the remainder returned to the neurons for reuse. The flux in the cycle is intense, amounting to the same value as neuronal glucose utilization rate or 75-80 % of total cortical glucose consumption. This glucose:glutamate ratio is reduced when high amounts of β-hydroxybutyrate are present, but β-hydroxybutyrate can at most replace 60 % of glucose during awake brain function. The cycle is initiated by α-ketoglutarate production in astrocytes and its conversion via glutamate to glutamine which is released. A crucial reaction in the cycle is metabolism of glutamine after its accumulation in neurons. In glutamatergic neurons all generated glutamate enters the mitochondria and its exit to the cytosol occurs in a process resembling the malate-aspartate shuttle and therefore requiring concomitant pyruvate metabolism. In GABAergic neurons one half enters the mitochondria, whereas the other one half is released directly from the cytosol. A revised concept is proposed for the synthesis and metabolism of vesicular and nonvesicular GABA. It includes the well-established neuronal GABA reuptake, its metabolism, and use for resynthesis of vesicular GABA. In contrast, mitochondrial glutamate is by transamination to α-ketoglutarate and subsequent retransamination to releasable glutamate essential for the transaminations occurring during metabolism of accumulated GABA and subsequent resynthesis of vesicular GABA.
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50
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Sisler JD, Morgan M, Raje V, Grande RC, Derecka M, Meier J, Cantwell M, Szczepanek K, Korzun WJ, Lesnefsky EJ, Harris TE, Croniger CM, Larner AC. The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) Inhibits Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Liver and Fatty Acid Oxidation in Adipocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144444. [PMID: 26689548 PMCID: PMC4686975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT1 plays a central role in orchestrating responses to various pathogens by activating the transcription of nuclear-encoded genes that mediate the antiviral, the antigrowth, and immune surveillance effects of interferons and other cytokines. In addition to regulating gene expression, we report that STAT1-/- mice display increased energy expenditure and paradoxically decreased release of triglycerides from white adipose tissue (WAT). Liver mitochondria from STAT1-/- mice show both defects in coupling of the electron transport chain (ETC) and increased numbers of mitochondria. Consistent with elevated numbers of mitochondria, STAT1-/- mice expressed increased amounts of PGC1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. STAT1 binds to the PGC1α promoter in fed mice but not in fasted animals, suggesting that STAT1 inhibited transcription of PGC1α. Since STAT1-/- mice utilized more lipids we examined white adipose tissue (WAT) stores. Contrary to expectations, fasted STAT1-/- mice did not lose lipid from WAT. β-adrenergic stimulation of glycerol release from isolated STAT1-/- WAT was decreased, while activation of hormone sensitive lipase was not changed. These findings suggest that STAT1-/- adipose tissue does not release glycerol and that free fatty acids (FFA) re-esterify back to triglycerides, thus maintaining fat mass in fasted STAT1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Sisler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Vidisha Raje
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Rebecca C. Grande
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, United States of America
| | - Marta Derecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Meier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Marc Cantwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Karol Szczepanek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
- Medical Service, McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States of America
| | - William J. Korzun
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Lesnefsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
- Medical Service, McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Thurl E. Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. Croniger
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Larner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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