Resistin: A reappraisal

Immunological roles for resistin and related adipokines in obesity-associated tumors

Rationale Obesity is an independent risk factor for the occurrence and development of tumors. Obesity is influenced by signaling of adipokines, which are secreted factors from adipocytes and resident immune cells within adipose tissues that mediate lipid metabolism. More recently, adipokines have been implicated in chronic inflammation as well as in tumor formation and growth. Among them, resistin has received increasing attention in research related to the growth and expansion of solid tumors and hematological cancers through various signaling pathways. Objective and findings We reviewed the physiological, biochemical, and immune functions of adipose tissue, with a focus on the structure and expression of resistin and adipokines within multiple adipose cell types, their signaling pathways and putative effects on tumor cells, as well as their in vivo regulation. Current evidence indicates that adipokines such as resistin act as pro-inflammatory factors to stimulate immune cells which, in turn, promotes tumor angiogenesis, connective tissue proliferation, and matrix fibrosis. Concurrently, in states of metabolic dysfunction and lipotoxicity in obese individuals, the numbers and functions of immune cells are compromised, leading to an immunosuppressive environment that fosters tumor cell survival and weak cancer immune monitoring. Conclusion Adipokines such as resistin are important to the development of obesity-related tumors. Clarifying the roles for obesity-related factors in immune regulation and tumor progression may lead to the discovery of novel anti-tumor strategies for targeting obesity factors such as resistin to limit tumor growth and manage obesity, or both.

Hypothalamic and hippocampal transcriptome changes in AppNL-G-F mice as a function of metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction

The progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a silent phase that predates characteristic cognitive decline and eventually leads to active cognitive deficits. Metabolism, diet, and obesity have been correlated to the development of AD but is poorly understood. The hypothalamus is a brain region that exerts homeostatic control on food intake and metabolism and has been noted to be impacted during the active phase of Alzheimer's disease. This study, in using an amyloid overexpression AppNL-G-F mouse model under normal metabolic conditions, examines blood markers in young and old male AppNL-G-F mice (n = 5) that corresponds to the silent and active phases of AD, and bulk gene expression changes in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus. The results show a large panel of inflammatory mediators, leptin, and other proteins that may be involved in weakening the blood brain barrier, to be increased in the young AppNL-G-F mice but not in the old AppNL-G-F mice. There were also several differentially expressed genes in both the hypothalamus and the hippocampus in the young AppNL-G-F mice prior to amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline that persisted in the old AppNL-G-F mice, including GABRa2 receptor, Wdfy1, and several pseudogenes with unknown function. These results suggests that a larger panel of inflammatory mediators may be used as blood markers to detect silent AD, and that a change in leptin and gene expression in the hypothalamus exist prior to cognitive effects, suggesting a coupling of metabolism with amyloid plaque induced cognitive decline.

The Impact of the Endocrine and Immunological Function of Adipose Tissue on Reproduction in Women with Obesity

Obesity, which leads to metabolic dysregulation and body function impairment, emerges as one of the pressing health challenges worldwide. Excessive body fat deposits comprise a dynamic and biologically active organ possessing its own endocrine function. One of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of obesity is low-grade systemic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory factors such as free fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, adipokines (including leptin, resistin and visfatin) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, Il-6), which are secreted by adipose tissue. Together with obesity-induced insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, the exacerbated immune response has a negative impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at all levels and directly affects reproduction. In women, it results in disrupted ovarian function, irregular menstrual cycles and anovulation, contributing to infertility. This review focuses on the abnormal intracellular communication, altered gene expression and signaling pathways activated in obesity, underscoring its multifactorial character and consequences at a molecular level. Extensive presentation of the complex interplay between adipokines, cytokines, immune cells and neurons may serve as a foundation for future studies in search of potential sites for more targeted treatment of reproductive disorders related to obesity.

Is there a causal relationship between resistin levels and bone mineral density, fracture occurrence? A mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

In a great many of observational studies, whether there is a relevance of resistin levels on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture occurrence has been inconsistently reported, and the causality is unclear.

METHODS

We aim to assess the resistin levels on BMD and fracture occurrence within a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Exposure and outcome data were derived from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) Open genome wide association studies (GWAS) database. Screening of instrumental variables (IVs) was performed subject to conditions of relevance, exclusivity, and independence. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was our primary method for MR analysis based on harmonized data. Weighted median and MR-Egger were chosen to evaluate the robustness of the results of IVW. Simultaneously, heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were also assessed and the direction of potential causality was detected by MR Steiger. Multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was used to identify whether confounding factors affected the reliability of the results.

RESULTS

After Bonferroni correction, the results showed a suggestively positive causality between resistin levels and total body BMD (TB-BMD) in European populations over the age of 60 [β(95%CI): 0.093(0.021, 0.165), P = 0.011]. The weighted median [β(95%CI): 0.111(0.067, 0.213), P = 0.035] and MR-Egger [β(95%CI): 0.162(0.025, 0.2983), P = 0.040] results demonstrate the robustness of the IVW results. No presence of pleiotropy or heterogeneity was detected between them. MR Steiger supports the causal inference result and MVMR suggests its direct effect.

CONCLUSIONS

In European population older than 60 years, genetically predicted higher levels of resistin were associated with higher TB-BMD. A significant causality between resistin levels on BMD at different sites, fracture in certain parts of the body, and BMD in four different age groups between 0-60 years of age was not found in our study.

Signals From Inflamed Perivascular Adipose Tissue Contribute to Small-Vessel Dysfunction in Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

BACKGROUND

People with the human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) have microvascular disease. Because perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) regulates microvascular function and adipose tissue is inflamed in PWH, we tested the hypothesis that PWH have inflamed PVAT that impairs the function of their small vessels.

METHODS

Subcutaneous small arteries were dissected with or without PVAT from a gluteal skin biopsy from 11 women with treated HIV (WWH) aged < 50 years and 10 matched women without HIV, and studied on isometric myographs. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by fluorescence microscopy. Adipokines and markers of inflammation and ROS were assayed in PVAT.

RESULTS

PVAT surrounding the small arteries in control women significantly (P < .05) enhanced acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation and NO, and reduced contractions to thromboxane and endothelin-1. However, these effects of PVAT were reduced significantly (P < .05) in WWH whose PVAT released less adiponectin but more markers of ROS and inflammation. Moderation of contractions by PVAT were correlated positively with adipose adiponectin.

CONCLUSIONS

PVAT from WWH has oxidative stress, inflammation, and reduced release of adiponectin, which may contribute to enhanced contractions and therefore could promote small-artery dysfunction.

Adipokines-A Cohort Prospective Study in Children with Severe Burns

Burns generate every year an important burden of morbidity, being a major global public health problem through prolonged hospitalization, complications, and increased mortality. This study's purpose was to evaluate the serum levels of three adipokines and to establish significant correlations with other circulating molecules and with some clinical parameters. We evaluated 32 children with severe burns (over 25% total burned surface area-TBSA) at 48 h, day 10, and day 21 post burn, and 21 controls. The serum levels of adiponectin, resistin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (among nine other biochemical parameters) were detected by Multiplex technique. Significant statistical differences were obtained for resistin and leptin compared to the control group, in different moments of measurements. Adiponectin serum levels presented statistically significant correlations with hot liquid mechanism of burn, the Revised Baux score, TBSA, resistin, PAI-1, CRP, TNF-α, and triglycerides (TGLs) serum levels. Resistin serum levels presented statistically significant correlations with adiponectin, CRP, PAI-1, leptin, and TNF-α. Additionally, we found statistically significant correlations between leptin serum levels and length of hospitalization, TNF-α, resistin, adiponectin, and PAI-1 serum levels. In severely burned children, adiponectin, resistin, and leptin specifically correlate with clinical parameters and with proteins involved in the systemic inflammatory response and the hypermetabolic response.

Wheat germ supplementation has modest effects on gut health markers but improves glucose homeostasis markers in adults classified as overweight: A randomized controlled pilot study

Wheat germ (WG), a by-product of flour milling, is rich in bioactive substances that may help improve health complications associated with increased adiposity. This study investigated the effects of WG on gut health, metabolic, and inflammatory markers in adults classified as overweight. We hypothesized that WG, because of its many bioactive components, would improve gut health and metabolic, and inflammatory markers in overweight adults. Forty adults (18-45 years old) and with a body mass index between 25 and 30 kg/m2 participated in this single-blinded randomized controlled pilot study. Participants consumed the study supplements containing 30 g of either cornmeal (control, CL) or WG daily for 4 weeks. Primary outcome variables were gut health markers including gut microbiota, gut integrity markers, and fecal short-chain fatty acids, whereas secondary outcome variables included metabolic and inflammatory parameters assessed at baseline and at the end of supplementation. Thirty-nine participants (n = 19 and 20 for CL and WG group, respectively) completed the study. The genus Faecalibacterium was significantly higher in the WG group compared to CL post-supplementation but no significant changes in other gut health markers, short-chain fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and lipid profiles were observed. Compared with baseline, WG improved markers of glucose homeostasis including insulin (P = .02), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (P = .03), glycated hemoglobin (P = .07), and the pro-inflammatory adipokine, resistin (P = .04). However, these parameters after intervention were not different with control. Our findings suggest that WG supplementation have modest effects on gut health but may provide an economical option for individuals to improve glycemic control.

The role of asprosin in regulating ovarian granulosa- and theca-cell steroidogenesis: a review with comparisons to other adipokines

Adipose tissues produce a variety of biologically active compounds, including cytokines, growth factors and adipokines. Adipokines are important as they function as endocrine hormones that are related to various metabolic and reproductive diseases. The goal of this review was to summarise the role of asprosin, a recently discovered adipokine, and compare its role in ovarian steroidogenesis with that of other adipokines including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, apelin, visfatin, chemerin, irisin, and gremlin 1. The summary of concentrations of these adipokines in humans, rats and other animals will help researchers identify appropriate doses to test in future studies. Review of the literature indicated that asprosin increases androstenedione production in theca cells (Tc), and when cotreated with FSH increases oestradiol production in granulosa cells (Gc). In comparison, other adipokines (1) stimulate Gc oestradiol production but inhibit Tc androgen production (adiponectin), (2) inhibit Gc oestradiol production and Tc androstenedione production (leptin and chemerin), (3) inhibit Gc steroidogenesis with no effect on Tc (resistin), (4) inhibit Gc oestradiol production but stimulate Tc androgen production (gremlin 1), and (5) increase steroid secretion by Gc, with unknown effects on Tc steroidogenesis (apelin and visfatin). Irisin has direct effects on Gc but its precise role (inhibitory or stimulatory) may be species dependent and its effects on Tc will require additional research. Thus, most adipokines have direct effects (either positive or negative) on steroid production in ovarian cells, but how they all work together to create a cumulative effect or disease will require further research.

An Updated Review of Resistin and Colorectal Cancer

Resistin is one of the most important adipokines, and its role lies mainly in controlling insulin sensitivity and inflammation. However, over the last years, the study of resistin gained increased popularity since it was proved that there is a considerable relationship between high levels of resistin and obesity as well as obesity-induced diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Regarding cancer risk, circulating resistin levels have been correlated with several types of cancer, including colorectal, breast, lung, endometrial, gastroesophageal, prostate, renal, and pancreatic cancer. Colorectal cancer is regarded as a multi-pathway disease. Several pathophysiological features seem to promote colorectal cancer (CRC) such as chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and obesity. Even though the molecular mechanisms involved in CRC development remain rather vague, it is widely accepted that several biochemical factors promote CRC by releasing augmented pro-inflammatory cytokines, like IGF-I, insulin, sex-steroid hormones, and adipokines. A wide range of research studies has focused on evaluating the impact of circulating resistin levels on CRC risk and determining the efficacy of chemotherapy in CRC patients by measuring resistin levels. Moreover, significant outcomes have emerged regarding the association of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the resistin gene and CRC risk. The present study reviewed the role of circulating resistin levels in CRC development and shed light on specific resistin gene SNPs implicated in the disease's development. Finally, we analyzed the impact of resistin levels on the effectiveness of chemotherapy and further discussed whether resistin can be regarded as a valuable biomarker for CRC prognosis and treatment. Resistin is one of the most important adipokines, and its role lies mainly in controlling insulin sensitivity and inflammation. However, over the last years, the study of resistin gained increased popularity since it was proved that there is a considerable relationship between high levels of resistin and obesity as well as obesity-induced diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. This review discusses the aberrant expression of resistin and its receptors, its diverse downstream signaling, and its impact on tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and therapy resistance to support its clinical exploitation in biomarker and therapeutic development.

Adipokines in pregnancy

Reproductive success consists of a sequential events chronology, starting with the ovum fertilization, implantation of the embryo, placentation, and cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, endocrinology, or metabolic changes, which taken together finally conduct the birth of healthy offspring. Currently, many factors are known that affect the regulation and proper maintenance of pregnancy in humans, domestic animals, or rodents. Among the determinants of reproductive success should be distinguished: the maternal microenvironment, genes, and proteins as well as numerous pregnancy hormones that regulate the most important processes and ensure organism homeostasis. It is well known that white adipose tissue, as the largest endocrine gland in our body, participates in the synthesis and secretion of numerous hormones belonging to the adipokine family, which also may regulate the course of pregnancy. Unfortunately, overweight and obesity lead to the expansion of adipose tissue in the body, and its excess in both women and animals contributes to changes in the synthesis and release of adipokines, which in turn translates into dramatic changes during pregnancy, including those taking place in the organ that is crucial for the proper progress of pregnancy, i.e. the placenta. In this chapter, we are summarizing the current knowledge about levels of adipokines and their role in the placenta, taking into account the physiological and pathological conditions of pregnancy, e.g. gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, or intrauterine growth restriction in humans, domestic animals, and rodents.

Obesity-related glomerulopathy: recent advances in inflammatory mechanisms and related treatments

Obesity-related glomerulopathy, which is an obesity-triggered kidney damage, has become a significant threat to human health. Several studies have recently highlighted the critical role of inflammation in obesity-related glomerulopathy development. Additionally, excess adipose tissue and adipocytes in patients with obesity produce various inflammatory factors that cause systemic low-grade inflammation with consequent damage to vascular endothelial cells, exacerbating glomerular injury. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review of obesity-related glomerulopathy and addressed the critical role of obesity-induced chronic inflammation in obesity-related glomerulopathy pathogenesis and progression, which leads to tubular damage and proteinuria, ultimately impairing renal function. The relationship between obesity and obesity-related glomerulopathy is facilitated by a network of various inflammation-associated cells (including macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells) and a series of inflammatory mediators (such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) and their inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, we discuss a recently discovered relationship between micronutrients and obesity-related glomerulopathy inflammation and the important role of micronutrients in the body's anti-inflammatory response. Therefore, assessing these inflammatory molecules and pathways will provide a strong theoretical basis for developing therapeutic strategies based on anti-inflammatory effects to prevent or delay the onset of kidney injury.

New Mechanisms to Prevent Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Using Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonism (GLP-1 RA) in Metabolic Syndrome and in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review

This review examines the impact of obesity on the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and focuses on novel mechanisms for HFpEF prevention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism (GLP-1 RA). Obesity can lead to HFpEF through various mechanisms, including low-grade systemic inflammation, adipocyte dysfunction, accumulation of visceral adipose tissue, and increased pericardial/epicardial adipose tissue (contributing to an increase in myocardial fat content and interstitial fibrosis). Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that is released from the enteroendocrine L-cells in the gut. GLP-1 reduces blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin synthesis, suppressing islet α-cell function, and promoting the proliferation and differentiation of β-cells. GLP-1 regulates gastric emptying and appetite, and GLP-1 RA is currently indicated for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MS). Recent evidence indicates that GLP-1 RA may play a significant role in preventing HFpEF in patients with obesity, MS, or obese T2D. This effect may be due to activating cardioprotective mechanisms (the endogenous counter-regulatory renin angiotensin system and the AMPK/mTOR pathway) and by inhibiting deleterious remodeling mechanisms (the PKA/RhoA/ROCK pathway, aldosterone levels, and microinflammation). However, there is still a need for further research to validate the impact of these mechanisms on humans.

Influence of Adipokines on Metabolic Dysfunction and Aging

Currently, 30% of the global population is overweight or obese, with projections from the World Obesity Federation suggesting that this figure will surpass 50% by 2035. Adipose tissue dysfunction, a primary characteristic of obesity, is closely associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities, such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, collectively termed metabolic syndrome. In particular, visceral fat accretion is considered as a hallmark of aging and is strongly linked to higher mortality rates in humans. Adipokines, bioactive peptides secreted by adipose tissue, play crucial roles in regulating appetite, satiety, adiposity, and metabolic balance, thereby rendering them key players in alleviating metabolic diseases and potentially extending health span. In this review, we elucidated the role of adipokines in the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders while also exploring the potential of certain adipokines as candidates for longevity interventions.

A Narrative Review on Adipose Tissue and Overtraining: Shedding Light on the Interplay among Adipokines, Exercise and Overtraining

Lifestyle factors, particularly physical inactivity, are closely linked to the onset of numerous metabolic diseases. Adipose tissue (AT) has been extensively studied for various metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and immune system dysregulation due to its role in energy metabolism and regulation of inflammation. Physical activity is increasingly recognized as a powerful non-pharmacological tool for the treatment of various disorders, as it helps to improve metabolic, immune, and inflammatory functions. However, chronic excessive training has been associated with increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, so much so that excessive training overload, combined with inadequate recovery, can lead to the development of overtraining syndrome (OTS). OTS negatively impacts an athlete's performance capabilities and significantly affects both physical health and mental well-being. However, diagnosing OTS remains challenging as the contributing factors, signs/symptoms, and underlying maladaptive mechanisms are individualized, sport-specific, and unclear. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers that could assist in preventing and/or diagnosing OTS is an important objective. In this review, we focus on the possibility that the endocrine functions of AT may have significant implications in the etiopathogenesis of OTS. During physical exercise, AT responds dynamically, undergoing remodeling of endocrine functions that influence the production of adipokines involved in regulating major energy and inflammatory processes. In this scenario, we will discuss exercise about its effects on AT activity and metabolism and its relevance to the prevention and/or development of OTS. Furthermore, we will highlight adipokines as potential markers for diagnosing OTS.

Deciphering adipose development: Function, differentiation and regulation

The overdevelopment of adipose tissues, accompanied by excess lipid accumulation and energy storage, leads to adipose deposition and obesity. With the increasing incidence of obesity in recent years, obesity is becoming a major risk factor for human health, causing various relevant diseases (including hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis and cancers). Therefore, it is of significance to antagonize obesity to reduce the risk of obesity-related diseases. Excess lipid accumulation in adipose tissues is mediated by adipocyte hypertrophy (expansion of pre-existing adipocytes) or hyperplasia (increase of newly-formed adipocytes). It is necessary to prevent excessive accumulation of adipose tissues by controlling adipose development. Adipogenesis is exquisitely regulated by many factors in vivo and in vitro, including hormones, cytokines, gender and dietary components. The present review has concluded a comprehensive understanding of adipose development including its origin, classification, distribution, function, differentiation and molecular mechanisms underlying adipogenesis, which may provide potential therapeutic strategies for harnessing obesity without impairing adipose tissue function.

Role of adipokines in the formation of metabolic disorders in conditions of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)

The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge on the role of adipokines on the development and progression of MAFLD. Discussion: diagnostic criteria for metabolic-associated liver disease (MAFLD) versus non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are presented. The pathogenetic aspects of metabolic disorders in MAFLD are discussed. The potential role of various adipokines such as leptin, resistin, vasfastin, ghrelin, adiponectin and others is considered. Data from our own studies and foreign studies are presented. Conclusion: given the pandemic growth of MAFLD and its association with cardiovascular risk and obesity, the question of how to properly curate patients with comorbid to reduce risks is timely and highly relevant. Adipokines contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of MAFLD. Among all, leptin and adiponectin are the most promising and well studied. That is why strategies aimed at restoring leptin and adiponectin balance may have an impact on the course of MAFLD.

Resistin in endocrine pancreas of sheep: Presence and expression related to different diets

Resistin (RETN), a recently discovered adipokine, is a cysteine-rich and secretory protein produced by adipocytes. RETN has been detected in several tissues, including human and laboratory animals' pancreas, wherein impairs glucose tolerance and insulin (INS) action and causes INS resistance. This study aims to evaluate the presence and expression of RETN in the pancreas of 15 adult female sheep reared on Apennine pastures, which show a decrease in their nutritional value due to the drought stress linked to the increasing summer aridity. The sheep were divided into 3 groups according to the diet they were subjected to: maximum pasture flowering (MxF) group, maximum pasture dryness (MxD) group, and experimental (Exp) group which received a feed supplementation in addition to the MxD group feeding. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of the pancreas to detect the RETN presence and to evaluate the co-localization of RETN with both glucagon (GCG)- and INS-producing cells. In addition, the expression of the three molecules was evaluated also in relation to different diets. RETN was observed only in the endocrine pancreas, showing a wide distribution throughout the pancreatic islets with few negative cells and the RETN producing cells colocalized with both α cells and ß cells. No differences in distribution and immunostaining intensity of RETN, GCG and INS were observed among the three groups. Quantitative PCR showed the expression of RETN, GCG and INS in all tested samples. No significant differences were observed for RETN and GCG among all three groups of sheep. Instead, a high statistically significant expression of INS was detected in the MxF group with respect to the Exp and MxD groups. These results highlight the localization of RETN in GCG- and INS-secreting cells involved in glucose homeostasis suggesting a modulatory role for RETN. Furthermore, the RETN expression is not influenced by food supplementation and thus is not affected by diet.

Resistin - A Plausible Therapeutic Target in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

Resistin, a cytokine hormone predominantly secreted by adipose tissue, is elevated in various metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In addition to its involvement in metabolic regulation, resistin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Numerous studies have reported increased resistin levels in psoriatic skin lesions, suggesting a possible association between resistin and psoriasis. Recent studies have suggested the potential involvement of resistin in the development and progression of certain cancers. Resistin is overexpressed in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers. This suggests that it may play a role in the development of these cancers, possibly by inducing inflammation and cell growth. The link between resistin and cancer raises the possibility of shared underlying mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Chronic inflammation, one such mechanism, is a hallmark of psoriasis and cancer. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between resistin and psoriasis. Identifying potential therapeutic targets is crucial for effective management of psoriasis. By doing so, we may be able to develop more effective treatment options for individuals living with psoriasis and ultimately improve their quality of life. Ultimately, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the impact of resistin on psoriasis is essential for advancing our knowledge and finding new ways to treat and manage this challenging condition.

Role of Adipose Tissue Hormones in Pathogenesis of Cryptoglandular Anal Fistula

The cryptoglandular perianal fistula is a common benign anorectal disorder that is managed mainly with surgery and in some cases may be an extremely challenging condition. Perianal fistulas are often characterized by significantly decreased patient quality of life. Lack of fully recognized pathogenesis of this disease makes it difficult to treat it properly. Recently, adipose tissue hormones have been proposed to play a role in the genesis of cryptoglandular anal fistulas. The expression of adipose tissue hormones and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factors were characterized based on 30 samples from simple fistulas and 30 samples from complex cryptoglandular perianal fistulas harvested during surgery. Tissue levels of leptin, resistin, MMP2, and MMP9 were significantly elevated in patients who underwent operations due to complex cryptoglandular perianal fistulas compared to patients with simple fistulas. Adiponectin and E-cadherin were significantly lowered in samples from complex perianal fistulas in comparison to simple fistulas. A negative correlation between leptin and E-cadherin levels was observed. Resistin and MMP2 levels, as well as adiponectin and E-cadherin levels, were positively correlated. Complex perianal cryptoglandular fistulas have a reduced level of the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin and have an increase in the levels of proinflammatory resistin and leptin. Abnormal secretion of these adipokines may affect the integrity of the EMT in the fistula tract. E-cadherin, MMP2, and MMP9 expression levels were shifted in patients with more advanced and complex perianal fistulas. Our results supporting the idea of using mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of cryptoglandular perianal fistulas seem reasonable, but further studies are warranted.

Role of Perturbated Hemostasis in MASLD and Its Correlation with Adipokines

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) continues to rise, making it one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders. MASLD encompasses a range of liver pathologies, from simple steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and fibrosis. Interestingly, the liver exhibits close intercommunication with fatty tissue. In fact, adipose tissue could contribute to the etiology and advancement of MASLD, acting as an endocrine organ that releases several hormones and cytokines, with the adipokines assuming a pivotal role. The levels of adipokines in the blood are altered in people with MASLD, and recent research has shed light on the crucial role played by adipokines in regulating energy expenditure, inflammation, and fibrosis in MASLD. However, MASLD disease is a multifaceted condition that affects various aspects of health beyond liver function, including its impact on hemostasis. The alterations in coagulation mechanisms and endothelial and platelet functions may play a role in the increased vulnerability and severity of MASLD. Therefore, more attention is being given to imbalanced adipokines as causative agents in causing disturbances in hemostasis in MASLD. Metabolic inflammation and hepatic injury are fundamental components of MASLD, and the interrelation between these biological components and the hemostasis pathway is delineated by reciprocal influences, as well as the induction of alterations. Adipokines have the potential to serve as the shared elements within this complex interrelationship. The objective of this review is to thoroughly examine the existing scientific knowledge on the impairment of hemostasis in MASLD and its connection with adipokines, with the aim of enhancing our comprehension of the disease.

Eugenol Reduced ΜPO, CD45 and HMGB1 Expression and Attenuated the Expression of Leukocyte Infiltration Markers in the Intestinal Tissue in Biliopancreatic Duct Ligation-Induced Pancreatitis in Rats

Background and Objectives: Inflammation and dysregulation in the intestinal barrier function in acute pancreatitis (AP) trigger pancreatic lesions, systemic inflammatory response, and multiple organ dysfunction. Eugenol, as the main component of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We studied the potentially beneficial effect of eugenol in a rodent model of biliopancreatic duct ligation-induced AP. Materials and Methods: Rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham, AP, and AP + eugenol (15 mg/kg/day). Serum TNFα, IL-6, IL-18, and resistin levels, as well as IL-6, TNFα, MPO, HMGB1, and CD45 tissue expression, were determined at various timepoints after the induction of AP. Results: Eugenol attenuated hyperemia and inflammatory cell infiltration in the intestinal mucosal, submucosal, and muscular layers. IL-6 and resistin serum levels were significantly reduced in the AP + eugenol group, while serum TNFα and IL-18 levels remained unaffected overall. TNFα pancreatic and intestinal expression was attenuated by eugenol at 72 h, while IL-6 expression was affected only in the pancreas. MPO, CD45, and HMGB1 intestinal expression was significantly reduced in eugenol-treated rats. Conclusions: Eugenol managed to attenuate the inflammatory response in the intestine in duct ligation-induced AP in rats.

Resistin Induces Migration and Invasion in PC3 Prostate Cancer Cells: Role of Extracellular Vesicles

Resistin is an adipokine with metabolic and inflammatory functions. Epidemiological and translational studies report that an increase in plasma levels and tissue expression of resistin increases the aggressiveness of prostate tumor cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted constitutively and induced by cytokines, growth factors, and calcium and are found in multiple biological fluids such as saliva, serum, semen, and urine. In particular, EVs have been shown to promote tumor progression through the induction of proliferation, growth, angiogenesis, resistance to chemotherapy, and metastasis. However, the role of resistin in the migration, invasion, and secretion of EVs in invasive prostate tumor cells remains to be studied. In the present study, we demonstrate that resistin induces increased migration and invasion in PC3 cells. In addition, these phenomena are accompanied by increased p-FAK levels and increased secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in resistin-treated PC3 cells. Interestingly, EVs isolated from supernatants of PC3 cells treated with resistin induce an increase in migration and invasion accompanied by high MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion in an autocrine stimulation model. In summary, our data for the first time demonstrate that resistin induces migration and invasion, partly through the secretion of EVs with pro-invasive characteristics in PC3 cells.

Metabolic Blood Hormones in Young People With Electrocardiographic Signs of Ischemic Myocardial Changes

Aim    To study changes in blood concentrations of metabolic hormones and adipocytokines in people aged 25-44 years with electrocardiographic (ECG) signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium.Material and methods This study was a part of a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of Novosibirsk population aged 25-44 years. The study included 1363 people divided into two groups: group 1, subjects with ECG signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium and group 2, subjects without ECG changes. Blood serum concentrations of adipocytokines and metabolic hormones were measured by multiplex assay on a Luminex MAGPIX flow-through fluorometer.Results    The group with ECG signs of myocardial ischemia had higher blood concentrations of adiponectin, resistin, glucagon, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) than in the comparison group. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the glucagon concentration was associated with the presence of ECG signs of myocardial ischemia (OR, 1.019; CI, 1.018-1.034; p=0.017).Conclusion    In young people aged 25-44 years, higher blood concentrations of glucagon are associated with the presence of ECG signs of myocardial ischemia.

Association Between Circulating Resistin Level and Preeclampsia: A Meta-Analysis

Resistin, a diminutive secretory adipokine, has been linked to obesity and its related ailments. A growing body of evidence suggests that resistin may also be related to the pathogenesis preeclampsia. However, results of previous studies were not consistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the level of circulating resistin in women with PE. A systematic search of Medline, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception to April 28, 2023, was conducted to identify studies that compared blood resistin levels in pregnant women with and without PE. A random-effects model was utilized to pool the results, accounting for heterogeneity. The present study analyzed eighteen datasets from sixteen observational studies. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in blood resistin levels among women with PE compared to the control group. (standardized mean difference=0.35, 95% confidence interval: 0.16 to 0.54, p<0.001; I2=74%). The findings of the subgroup analysis indicate that various study characteristics, including study design, timing, and methods for measuring resistin, matching of body mass index between cases and controls, and study quality scores did not exert a significant impact on the outcomes. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that the diagnostic criteria for PE employed in the studies included in the analysis may have influenced the results (p for subgroup difference=0.001). Women with preeclampsia exhibit a greater concentration of resistin in circulation when compared to healthy pregnant controls.

Serum levels of anti-inflammatory/proinflammatory adipocytokines, and copper levels in overweight and obese women in an adult Mexican population

BACKGROUND

An imbalance between adipokines and micronutrient concentrations, such as those of copper (Cu), has been linked to dysregulation of energy homeostasis leading to weight gain and the development of other comorbidities; however, information on this issue remains limited. Our aim was to investigate the correlation between Cu status and serum adipokine levels and their relationship in normal-weight, overweight, and obese adult women.

METHODS

Sixty patients were evaluated and classified according to their body mass index (BMI) and biochemical parameters; adipokines and Cu were measured at fasting.

RESULTS

Leptin (Lep) and resistin (Res) levels were elevated, whereas adiponectin (Adpn) and ghrelin (Ghr) values were decreased in overweight and obese women (p = 0.001). The mean Adpn/Lep ratio was <0.5 in overweight and obese subjects, while the Lep/Ghr ratio increased significantly in relation to weight gain, suggesting an inverse link between the ratios of these hormones in the regulation of obesity. The analysis revealed a positive association between BMI and Cu levels in obese women. Moreover, a negative association between Cu and Res in normal-weight subjects was found.

CONCLUSIONS

Circulating fasting Res levels are negatively associated with serum Cu concentration in normal-weight adult women. We also observed a close relationship between Adpn/Lep and Lep/Ghr ratios with obesity. However, more observational studies are required to confirm these results in future research.

Progress in Research on Biomarkers of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preeclampsia

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE) are common complications in pregnancy, with incidence rates of 1-5% and 9.4%, respectively, in China. Both these phenomena can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes and are extremely harmful to the mother and fetus. In this study, we observed that several predictive factors have important value in GDM and PE. Among the GDM group, abnormal levels of adiponectin (APN), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Leptin were observed. The coexistence of PE and GDM in the pregnant population is not uncommon. Ultimately, we discovered abnormal levels of factors such as Visfatin, Advanced oxidative protein product (AOPP), Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and resistin in both GDM and PE groups. Particularly, the FGF21 factor holds significant importance in our research. Therefore, we need to complete the analysis and discussion of relevant predictive factors to enable early prediction and disease monitoring of GDM, PE, and other pregnancy-related disorders, ultimately contributing to the long-term health of pregnant women.

Age-Related Shift in Cardiac and Metabolic Phenotyping Linked to Inflammatory Cytokines and Antioxidant Status in Mice

Age-related alterations in cardiac function, metabolic, inflammatory and antioxidant profiles are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Here, we examined cardiac and metabolic phenotypes in relation to inflammatory status and antioxidant capacity in young, middle-aged and old mice. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were performed on myocardium and immunoassays on plasma. Left ventricular (LV) structure and function were assessed by echocardiography using high-frequency ultrasound. Middle-aged mice exhibited an altered metabolic profile and antioxidant capacity compared to young mice, whereas myocardial expression of inflammatory factors (TNFα, IL1β, IL6 and IL10) remained unchanged. In contrast, old mice exhibited increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and plasma levels of resistin compared to young and middle-aged mice (p < 0.05). The pro-inflammatory signature of aged hearts was associated with alterations in glutathione redox homeostasis and elevated contents of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, echocardiographic parameters of LV systolic and diastolic functions were significantly altered in old mice compared to young mice. Taken together, these findings suggest age-related shifts in cardiac phenotype encompass the spectrum of metabo-inflammatory abnormalities and altered redox homeostasis.

Long-Term Survival Prediction Model for Elderly Community Members Using a Deep Learning Method

In an aging society, maintaining healthy aging, preventing death, and enabling a continuation of economic activities are crucial. This study sought to develop a model for predicting survival times among community-dwelling older individuals using a deep learning method, and to identify the level of influence of various risk factors on the survival period, so that older individuals can manage their own health. This study used the Korean National Health Insurance Service claims data. We observed community-dwelling older people, aged 66 years, for 11 years and developed a survival time prediction model. Of the 189,697 individuals enrolled at baseline, 180,235 (95.0%) survived from 2009 to 2019, while 9462 (5.0%) died. Using deep-learning-based models (C statistics = 0.7011), we identified various factors impacting survival: Charlson's comorbidity index; the frailty index; long-term care benefit grade; disability grade; income level; a combination of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; sex; smoking status; and alcohol consumption habits. In particular, Charlson's comorbidity index (SHAP value: 0.0445) and frailty index (SHAP value: 0.0443) were strong predictors of survival time. Prediction models may help researchers to identify potentially modifiable risk factors that may affect survival.

Changes in Adipokine, Resitin, and BDNF Concentrations in Treatment-Resistant Depression after Electroconvulsive Therapy

OBJECTIVES

One of the current challenges in psychiatry is the search for answers on how to effectively manage drug-resistant depression. The occurrence of drug resistance in patients is an indication for the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This method is highly effective and usually results in relatively quick health improvement. Despite the knowledge of how ECT works, not all of the biological pathways activated during its use have been identified. Hence, based on the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of depression, we investigated the concentration of two opposite-acting adipokines (anti-inflammatory adiponectin and proinflammatory resistin) and BDNF in antidepressant-resistant patients undergoing ECT.

METHODS

The study group comprised 52 patients hospitalized due to episodes of depression in the course of unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. The serum concentration of adipokines and BDNF was determined before and after the therapeutic intervention using an ELISA method. In the analyses, we also included comparisons considering the type of depression, sex, and achieving remission.

RESULTS

Adiponectin, resistin, and BDNF concentrations change after ECT treatment. These changes are correlated with an improvement in the severity of depressive symptoms and are more or less pronounced depending on the type of depression.

CONCLUSIONS

Although not all observed changes reach statistical significance, adipokines in particular remain exciting candidates for biomarkers in assessing the course of the disease and response to ECT treatment.

Inflammation-Involved Proteins in Blood Serum of Cataract Patients-A Preliminary Study

Approximately 50% of all global blindness is caused by cataract in adults aged ≥50 years. The mechanisms of the disease are most arguably related to a redox imbalance and inflammation; therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the processes associated with inflammation in cataract patients. Twenty-four patients aged 22-60 years (62.5% females) participated in the study, with 33 controls aged 28-60 years (66.7% females). Venous blood serum of the subjects was examined for alpha 1-antitrypsin, as well as selected lysosomal enzymes and adipokines. The activities of lysosomal enzymes, as well as the activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin and the concentrations of c-reactive protein and leptin, were similar in the patients versus the controls. The concentrations of interleukin 6 and resistin were lower, in turn, whereas omentin-1 and adiponectin were higher. Moreover, the study revealed the existence of many linear relationships between the parameters, including multiple linear regression, especially gender-wise. No systemic inflammation was probably noted in the cataract patients tested; nevertheless, the deregulation of adiponectin, omentin-1 and resistin secretion was observed.

Inflammatory biomarkers in the cervicovaginal fluid to identify histologic chorioamnionitis and funisitis in women with preterm labor

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the association between altered levels of inflammatory proteins in the cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) and acute histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) and funisitis in women with preterm labor (PTL).

METHODS

In this study, a total of 134 consecutive singleton pregnant women with PTL (at 23+0-34+0 weeks) who delivered preterm (at  < 37 weeks) and from whom CVF samples were collected at admission were retrospectively enrolled. The CVF levels of haptoglobin, interleukin-6/8, kallistatin, lipocalin-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, resistin, S100 calcium-binding protein A8, and serpin A1 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The placentas were histologically analyzed after delivery.

RESULTS

Multiple logistic regression analyses showed significant associations between elevated CVF interleukin-8 and resistin levels and acute HCA after adjusting for baseline covariates (e.g., gestational age at sampling). CVF haptoglobin, interleukin-6/8, kallistatin, MMP-8, and resistin levels were significantly higher in women with funisitis than in those without, whereas the baseline covariates were similar between the two groups (P > 0.1). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the aforementioned biomarkers ranged from 0.61 to 0.77 regarding each outcome. Notably, HCA risk significantly increased with increasing CVF levels of interleukin-8 and resistin (P for trend  < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Haptoglobin, interleukin-6/8, kallistatin, MMP-8, and resistin were identified as potential inflammatory CVF biomarkers predictive of acute HCA and funisitis in women with PTL. Moreover, the risk severity of acute HCA may be associated with the degree of the inflammatory response in the CVF (particularly based on interleukin-8 levels).

Adipokines in obesity and metabolic-related-diseases

The discovery of leptin in the 1990s led to a reconsideration of adipose tissue (AT) as not only a fatty acid storage organ, but also a proper endocrine tissue. AT is indeed capable of secreting bioactive molecules called adipokines for white AT or batokines for brown/beige AT, which allow communication with numerous organs, especially brain, heart, liver, pancreas, and/or the vascular system. Adipokines exert pro or anti-inflammatory activities. An equilibrated balance between these two sets ensures homeostasis of numerous tissues and organs. During the development of obesity, AT remodelling leads to an alteration of its endocrine activity, with increased secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines relative to the anti-inflammatory ones, as shown in the graphical abstract. Pro-inflammatory adipokines take part in the initiation of local and systemic inflammation during obesity and contribute to comorbidities associated to obesity, as detailed in the present review.

Genetic Variants Associated with Acne Vulgaris

Acne vulgaris (AV) ranks among the common chronic inflammatory disorders that impact the sebaceous components of hair follicles. Acne vulgaris is characterised by cardinal manifestations such as the presence of pimples, nodules, pustules, and cysts, which have the potential to lead to the development of acne scarring and pigmentation. The phenomenon is influenced by polygenic inheritance or can be ascribed to the interplay between multiple genes and environmental factors. In recent years, some researchers have found that some genes (such as IL, TNF, RETN, CYP family, MMPs and TIMPs genes et al) are associated with acne vulgaris and may affect the progression and prognosis of the disease. The number of reviews addressing acne-associated genetic variants, however, is limited. In that case, we have compiled a list of prevalent genes associated with acne in recent times. This helps us understand acne's genetic basis and lets us step in early for people prone to severe acne, lowering the chance of acne scars.

Genetic Association of Circulating Adipokines with Risk of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

PURPOSE

The causal relationships between circulating adipokines and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are yet to be established. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the causal roles of adipokines on IPF risk.

METHODS

We analyzed the summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including adiponectin, leptin, resistin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IPF. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was considered as the major method and the MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode and weighted mode were utilized as complementary methods. We also performed the sensitivity analyses, including heterogeneity test, horizontal pleiotropy test and leave-one-out analysis.

RESULTS

The selected number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was 13 for adiponectin, 6 for leptin,12 for resistin, and 6 for MCP-1, respectively. The results showed a causal effect of the circulating adiponectin levels on the risk of IPF (OR 0.645, 95% CI 0.457-0.911, P = 0.013). However, we did not observe significant associations of genetic changes in serum leptin (OR 1.018, 95% CI 0.442-2.346, P = 0.967), resistin (OR 1.002, 95% CI 0.712-1.408, P = 0.993), and MCP-1 (OR 1.358, 95% CI 0.891-2.068, P = 0.155) with risk of developing IPF. There was no evidence of heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. The sensitivity analyses confirmed that our results were stable and reliable.

CONCLUSIONS

The increase in serum adiponectin was associated causally with a decreased risk of developing IPF. There is no evidence to support a causal association between leptin, resistin or MCP-1 with risk of IPF. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Diet and physical activity and metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in the Polish population

Introduction

There are numerous reports of a higher prevalence of metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD), yet its connections to diet and physical activity remain not fully explained. This article aimed to evaluate diet, physical activity and selected biochemical and anthropometric parameters associated with metabolism in patients with schizophrenia and BD and to analyse the relationships between these variables in the subjects.

Materials and Methods

A total of 126 adults participated in the study: 47 patients with schizophrenia, 54 patients with BD and 25 patients in mental illness remission (reference group). Data were collected on the underlying illness and concomitant illnesses, and the severity of symptoms of the current episode was assessed using the following scales: PANSS, MADRS and YMRS. An assessment of the subjects' diet (KomPAN questionnaire) and their physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) was carried out. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were taken and BMI and WHR were calculated. Serum concentrations of fasting glucose, TSH, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL fractions, triglycerides and leptin, ghrelin and resistin were determined. For statistical analysis, the significance level was set at 0.05. For multiple comparisons one way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis were used with post hoc Tukey and Dunn tests, respectively. To determine correlation of variables, Pearson's linear correlation coefficient or Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used.

Results

A total of 50.8% of the subjects had at least one metabolic disorder-most commonly excessive body weight (66.7%) and abdominal obesity (64.3%). Patients did not differ significantly in terms of physical activity, but they did differ in mean time spent sitting-with this being significantly longer for all groups than in the general population. The subjects differed in diet: patients with BD consumed less unhealthy foods than patients with schizophrenia. The highest correlations between physical activity, diet and variables defining metabolic disorders were found in patients with BD. Only in patients with schizophrenia were there significant correlations between the course of the disease and physical activity.

Discussion

The results suggest the existence of associations between diet, physical activity, and metabolic disorders in both BD and schizophrenia patients. They also suggest a tendency among those patients to spend long periods of time sitting.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Muscle Wasting: A Metabolic Point of View

Protein energy wasting (PEW), mostly characterized by decreased body stores of protein and energy sources, particularly in the skeletal muscle compartment, is highly prevalent in patients with moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is an endocrine hormone secreted from bone and has systemic actions on skeletal muscle. In CKD, FGF23 is elevated and its coreceptor α-klotho is suppressed. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that FGF23 is interconnected with various mechanisms of skeletal muscle wasting in CKD, including systemic and local inflammation, exaggerated oxidative stress, insulin resistance (IR), and abnormalities in adipocytokine metabolism. Investigation of metabolic actions of FGF23 on muscle tissue could provide new insights into metabolic and nutritional abnormalities observed in patients with CKD.

State of art on the mechanisms of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus

Obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are metabolic disorders. Obesity increases the risk of T2DM, and as obesity is becoming increasingly common, more individuals suffer from T2DM, which poses a considerable burden on health systems. Traditionally, pharmaceutical therapy together with lifestyle changes is used to treat obesity and T2DM to decrease the incidence of comorbidities and all-cause mortality and to increase life expectancy. Bariatric surgery is increasingly replacing other forms of treatment of morbid obesity, especially in patients with refractory obesity, owing to its many benefits including good long-term outcomes and almost no weight regain. The bariatric surgery options have markedly changed recently, and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is gradually gaining popularity. LSG has become an effective and safe treatment for type-2 diabetes and morbid obesity, with a high cost-benefit ratio. Here, we review the me-chanism associated with LSG treatment of T2DM, and we discuss clinical studies and animal experiments with regard to gastrointestinal hormones, gut microbiota, bile acids, and adipokines to clarify current treatment modalities for patients with obesity and T2DM.

Regulatory mechanisms of macrophage polarization in adipose tissue

In adipose tissue, macrophages are the most abundant immune cells with high heterogeneity and plasticity. Depending on environmental cues and molecular mediators, adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) can be polarized into pro- or anti-inflammatory cells. In the state of obesity, ATMs switch from the M2 polarized state to the M1 state, which contributes to chronic inflammation, thereby promoting the pathogenic progression of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Recent studies show that multiple ATM subpopulations cluster separately from the M1 or M2 polarized state. Various factors are related to ATM polarization, including cytokines, hormones, metabolites and transcription factors. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the potential regulatory mechanisms underlying ATM polarization induced by autocrine and paracrine factors. A better understanding of how ATMs polarize may provide new therapeutic strategies for obesity-related diseases.

Changes in the Secretion of Melatonin and Selected Adipokines during the Progression of Parkinson's Disease-Preliminary Studies

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting elderly people. Considering the gap in the literature on melatonin and adipokine levels in PD patients at various stages of the disease, we conducted a study to investigate the levels of selected parameters in PD patients at the disease's early (ES) and advanced (AS) stages. Melatonin, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations were measured in the blood serum of 20 PD patients without dyskinesia (ES), 24 PD patients with dyskinesia (AS), and 20 healthy volunteers as a control group (CG). The data were analyzed using ANOVA. Melatonin was significantly lower in ES (p < 0.05) and higher in AS patients (p < 0.05) compared to CG. The level of leptin was increased both in ES (p < 0.001) and AS (p < 0.001) versus CG, while resistin was increased only in patients with dyskinesia (p < 0.05). Higher melatonin (p < 0.001) and resistin (p < 0.05) and lower leptin (p < 0.05) levels were found in AS versus ES. The main findings of the study include the changes in inflammatory markers' levels during PD and a surprising increase in melatonin level in dyskinesia patients. Further research is necessary, which will be aimed at modulating the secretion of melatonin and adipokines as a treatment target for PD.

The Role of Selected Adipocytokines in Ovarian Cancer and Endometrial Cancer

Due to their multidirectional influence, adipocytokines are currently the subject of numerous intensive studies. Significant impact applies to many processes, both physiological and pathological. Moreover, the role of adipocytokines in carcinogenesis seems particularly interesting and not fully understood. For this reason, ongoing research focuses on the role of these compounds in the network of interactions in the tumor microenvironment. Particular attention should be drawn to cancers that remain challenging for modern gynecological oncology-ovarian and endometrial cancer. This paper presents the role of selected adipocytokines, including leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, apelin, chemerin, omentin and vaspin in cancer, with a particular focus on ovarian and endometrial cancer, and their potential clinical relevance.

Adipokines in multiple sclerosis patients are related to clinical and radiological measures

BACKGROUND

An imbalance of adipokines, hormones secreted by white adipose tissue, is suggested to play a role in the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). In people with MS (PwMS) of the same age, we aimed to determine whether the adipokines adiponectin, leptin, and resistin are associated with MS disease severity. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether these adipokines mediate the association between body mass index (BMI) and MS disease severity.

METHODS

Adiponectin, resistin, and leptin were determined in serum using ELISA. 288 PwMS and 125 healthy controls (HC) were included from the Project Y cohort, a population-based cross-sectional study of people with MS born in the Netherlands in 1966, and age and sex-matched HC. Adipokine levels and BMI were related to demographic, clinical and disability measures, and MRI-based brain volumes.

RESULTS

Adiponectin levels were 1.2 fold higher in PwMS vs. HC, especially in secondary progressive MS. Furthermore, we found a sex-specific increase in adiponectin levels in primary progressive (PP) male patients compared to male controls. Leptin and resistin levels did not differ between PwMS and HC, however, leptin levels were associated with higher disability (EDSS) and resistin strongly related to brain volumes in progressive patients, especially in several grey matter regions in PPMS. Importantly, correction for BMI did not significantly change the results.

CONCLUSION

In PwMS of the same age, we found associations between adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) and a range of clinical and radiological metrics. These associations were independent of BMI, indicating distinct mechanisms.

Resistin Contribution to Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease Male Patients

BACKGROUND

Resistin is a molecule that belongs to the Resistin-Like Molecules family (RELMs), the group of proteins taking part in inflammatory processes. Increased resistin concentrations are observed in cardiovascular complications. Resistin contributes to the onset of atherosclerosis and intensifies the atherosclerotic processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between resistin and cardiovascular (CV) risk in men with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not treated with dialysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred and forty-two men were included in the study: 99 men with eGFR lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² and 43 men with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m². CV risk was assessed. Serum resistin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured among other biochemical parameters.

RESULTS

We observed that resistin concentrations were significantly higher in patients with CKD compared to individuals with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (p = 0.003). In CKD, after estimating the general linear model (GLM), we found that resistin is associated with CV risk (p = 0.026) and PAI-1 serum concentrations (0.012). The relationship of PAI-1 with resistin depends on the level of CV risk in CKD (p = 0.048).

CONCLUSIONS

Resistin concentrations rise with the increase of CV risk in CKD patients and thus resistin may contribute to the progression of cardiovascular risk in this group of patients. The relationship between resistin and CV risk is modified by PAI-1 concentrations.

The molecular link between obesity and genomic instability in cancer development

Obesity has been known to be a major risk factor for various types of cancers for several decades. More recently, the relationship between dysregulated adipokines and cancer development has been the focus of much research. Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ that secretes adipokines that affect both autocrine and paracrine signaling. These adipokines modulate inflammation, induce insulin resistance, and regulate their own behavior and production. Adipokine-production dysregulation is due to physiological changes in adipose tissue that prompt molecular modifications, including low-grade inflammation and the stimulatory production of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, studies have linked DNA damage response, genomic instability, and the innate immune response to tumorigenesis. Further investigation of adipokines and their role in the promotion of genomic instability may clarify the link between obesity and cancer, as well as elucidate potential pharmaceutical targets. In this review, we discuss the progress of recent literature, focusing on the impact of adipokines, genomic instability, and the innate immune response on increasing the risk of cancer.

Analysis of Selected Salivary Adipokines and Cytokines in Patients with Obesity-A Pilot Study

Obesity is a chronic, progressive and relapsing disease that produces many adverse health, social and economic effects. The aim of the study was to analyse the concentrations of selected proinflammatory parameters in the saliva of obese and normal body weight individuals. The study included 116 people divided into two groups: the study group (n = 75, subjects with obesity) and the control group (n = 41, individuals with normal body weight). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed, and saliva samples were collected from all study participants to determine the concentrations of selected proinflammatory adipokines and cytokines. Statistically significantly higher concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9 and IL-1β were found in the saliva of obese women compared to women with normal body weight. Furthermore, statistically significantly higher concentrations of MMP-9, IL-6 and resistin were observed in the saliva of obese men compared to men with normal body weight. Higher concentrations of selected proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines were found in the saliva of obese individuals compared to individuals with normal body weight. It is likely that higher concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9 and IL-1β can be detected in the saliva of obese women compared to non-obese women, while higher concentrations of MMP-9, IL-6 and resistin can be found in the saliva of obese men compared to non-obese men, which suggests that further research to confirm our observations and determine the mechanisms of development of metabolic complications associated with obesity depending on gender is needed.

Anti-Obesity Effect of Auricularia delicate Involves Intestinal-Microbiota-Mediated Oxidative Stress Regulation in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice

Auricularia delicate (ADe), an edible fungus belonging to the family Auriculariaceae and order Auriculariales, possesses antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects. In this study, after systematic analysis of its composition, ADe was administered to high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice to investigate its anti-obesity effect. ADe significantly controlled body weight; alleviated hepatic steatosis and adipocyte hypertrophy; reduced aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, insulin, and resistin; and increased adiponectin levels in HFD-fed mice serum. Based on intestinal microbiota and lipidomics analysis, ADe treatment regulated the composition and abundance of 49 intestinal microorganisms and influenced the abundance of 8 lipid species compared with HFD-fed mice. Based on a correlation analysis of the intestinal microbiota and lipids, Coprococcus showed significant negative associations with ceramide (d18:0 20:0+O), phosphatidylserine (39:4), sphingomyelin (d38:4), and zymosterol (20:2). Moreover, ADe treatment decreased the levels of ROS and MDA and increased the levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and three antioxidant enzymes in HFD-fed mice livers. Collectively, the anti-obesity effect of ADe involves the regulation of oxidative stress and is mediated by the intestinal microbiota. Hence, this study provides a reference for the application of ADe as a candidate food for obesity.

Concentration of Selected Adipokines and Factors Regulating Carbohydrate Metabolism in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer in Respect to Their Body Mass Index

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are a group of tumors not common in European populations. So far, not much is known about the role of obesity, adipokines, glucose metabolism, and inflammation in the pathogenesis of HNC. The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of ghrelin, omentin-1, adipsin, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin, glucagon, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) in the blood serum of HNC patients depending on their body mass index (BMI). The study included 46 patients divided into two groups according to their BMI values: the normal BMI group (nBMI) included 23 patients with BMI < 25 kg/m² and the increased BMI group (iBMI) included patients with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m². A control group (CG) included 23 healthy people (BMI < 25 kg/m²). Statistically significant differences in the levels of adipsin, ghrelin, glucagon, PAI-1, and visfatin were shown between nBMI and CG. In the case of nBMI and iBMI, statistically significant differences were observed in the concentrations of adiponectin, C-peptide, ghrelin, GLP-1, insulin, leptin, omentin-1, PAI-1, resistin, and visfatin. The obtained results indicate a disruption of endocrine function of adipose tissue and impaired glucose metabolism in HNC. Obesity, which is not a typical risk factor for HNC, may aggravate the negative metabolic changes associated with this type of neoplasm. Ghrelin, visfatin, PAI-1, adipsin, and glucagon might be related to head and neck carcinogenesis. They seem to be promising directions for further research.

Association of Adipokines with Alzheimer's Disease in a Chinese Cohort

BACKGROUND

The correlation between plasma adipose factor levels and Alzheimer's patients is not entirely clear.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate associations between AD and plasma levels of three adipokines including plasma adiponectin, leptin, and resistin.

METHODS

A single-center, cross-sectional study recruited AD patients (n = 148) and cognitively normal (CN) controls (n = 110). The multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to determine associations of adiponectin, leptin, and resistin with the presence of AD. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to determine the diagnostic power of adiponectin, leptin and resistin for AD.

RESULTS

After adjusted for the conventional risk factors, plasma levels of leptin (OR = 0.417, 95% CI: 0.272-0.638, p < 0.0001) and adiponectin (OR = 1.249, 95% CI: 1.151-1.354, p < 0.0001) were associated with the presence of AD. In total participants, the plasma adiponectin level was negatively correlated with MMSE scores (p < 0.0001) and was positively with CDR scores (p < 0.0001) and age (p < 0.0001). The plasma level of leptin was negatively correlated with CDR scores (p < 0.0001) and positively correlated with MMSE scores (p < 0.0001). Both adiponectin (p < 0. 0001) and leptin (p < 0. 0001) featured higher AUC than the random chance.

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma adiponectin and leptin were associated with the presence, symptomatic severity, and diagnostic power of AD, suggesting a potential role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of AD.

Recent advances in the crosstalk between adipose, muscle and bone tissues in fish

Control of tissue metabolism and growth involves interactions between organs, tissues, and cell types, mediated by cytokines or direct communication through cellular exchanges. Indeed, over the past decades, many peptides produced by adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and bone named adipokines, myokines and osteokines respectively, have been identified in mammals playing key roles in organ/tissue development and function. Some of them are released into the circulation acting as classical hormones, but they can also act locally showing autocrine/paracrine effects. In recent years, some of these cytokines have been identified in fish models of biomedical or agronomic interest. In this review, we will present their state of the art focusing on local actions and inter-tissue effects. Adipokines reported in fish adipocytes include adiponectin and leptin among others. We will focus on their structure characteristics, gene expression, receptors, and effects, in the adipose tissue itself, mainly regulating cell differentiation and metabolism, but in muscle and bone as target tissues too. Moreover, lipid metabolites, named lipokines, can also act as signaling molecules regulating metabolic homeostasis. Regarding myokines, the best documented in fish are myostatin and the insulin-like growth factors. This review summarizes their characteristics at a molecular level, and describes both, autocrine effects and interactions with adipose tissue and bone. Nonetheless, our understanding of the functions and mechanisms of action of many of these cytokines is still largely incomplete in fish, especially concerning osteokines (i.e., osteocalcin), whose potential cross talking roles remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, by using selective breeding or genetic tools, the formation of a specific tissue can be altered, highlighting the consequences on other tissues, and allowing the identification of communication signals. The specific effects of identified cytokines validated through in vitro models or in vivo trials will be described. Moreover, future scientific fronts (i.e., exosomes) and tools (i.e., co-cultures, organoids) for a better understanding of inter-organ crosstalk in fish will also be presented. As a final consideration, further identification of molecules involved in inter-tissue communication will open new avenues of knowledge in the control of fish homeostasis, as well as possible strategies to be applied in aquaculture or biomedicine.

Dietary Sinapic Acid Alleviates Adiposity and Inflammation in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Sinapic acid (SA), a hydroxycinnamic acid, is known to confer protection against oxidative stress, inflammation, diabetes, and liver disease. However, the effectiveness of SA in improving obesity remains obscure. Therefore, this study evaluated anti-obesity efficacy of SA and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Male mice were maintained for 16 weeks on high-fat diet (HFD) alone or with SA (0.004%, w/w) and bodyweight, fat mass, adipocyte size, food intake, and biochemical and molecular markers were evaluated. SA-supplemented mice demonstrated markedly decreased fat mass and adipocyte size compared to unsupplemented group, without any changes in bodyweight and food intake between the two groups. Plasma adipocytokines levels including leptin, resistin, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and interleukin-6 were also markedly reduced by SA supplementation. SA tended to lower plasma insulin level and improved homeostatic index of insulin resistance and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test in HFD-induced obese mice. The anti-adiposity effect of SA was maybe owing to down-regulation of the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes, including acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase, fatty acid synthesis, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and phosphatidate phosphatase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, a transcription factor responsible for governing lipid metabolism, in adipose tissues. SA significantly down-regulated pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B, MCP-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA expression in adipose tissue. Thus, SA could be beneficial for the development of functional foods or herbal medications to combat obesity.

Cytokines and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in the obesity

The article presents data of the influence of cytokines of different directions of glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity. A change of the basic paradigm regarding adipose tissue has contributed to a number of recent discoveries. This concerns such basic concepts as healthy and diseased adipocytes, and, as a consequence, changes of their metabolism under the influence of cytokins. Distinguishing the concept of organokines demonstrates that despite the common features of cytokine regulation, each organ has its own specifics features of cytokine regulation, each organ has its own specific an important section of this concept is the idea of the heterogeneity of adipose tissue. Knowledge of the function of adipose tissue localized in different compartments of the body is expanding. There are date about the possibility of transition of one type of adipose tissue to another. A possible mechanism linking adipose tissue inflammation and the formation of insulin resistance (IR) is presented in this paper. The mechanism of IR development is closely connected with to proinflammatory cytokins disordering the insulin signal, accompanied by a decrease of the work of glucose transporters. A decrease of the income of glucose into cells leads to a change of glycolysis level to an increase of the fatty acids oxidation. Cytokins are able to participate in the process of the collaboration of some cells with others, that occurs both during physiological and pathological process.