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Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Le Stunff H, Magnan C. Brain lipid sensing and the neural control of energy balance. Biochimie 2024; 223:159-165. [PMID: 38825062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system continuously detects circulating concentrations of lipids such as fatty acids and troglycerides. Once information has been detected, the central nervous system can in turn participate in the control of energy balance and blood sugar levels and in particular regulate the secretion and action of insulin. Neurons capable of detecting circulating lipid variations are located in the hypothalamus and in other regions such as the nucleus accumbens, the striatum or the hippocampus. An excess of lipids will have deleterious effects and may induce central lipotoxicity, in particular following local production of ceramides and the appearance of neuroinflammation which may lead to metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
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2
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Castro G, Mendes NF, Weissmann L, Quaresma PGF, Saad MJA, Prada PO. Multiple metabolic signals in the CeA regulate feeding: The role of AMPK. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 589:112232. [PMID: 38604549 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is part of the dopaminergic reward system and controls energy balance. Recently, a cluster of neurons was identified as responsive to the orexigenic effect of ghrelin and fasting. However, the signaling pathway by which ghrelin and fasting induce feeding is unknown. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor, and its Thr172 phosphorylation (AMPKThr172) in the mediobasal hypothalamus regulates food intake. However, whether the expression and activation of AMPK in CeA could be one of the intracellular signaling activated in response to ghrelin and fasting eliciting food intake is unknown. AIM To evaluate the activation of AMPK into CeA in response to ghrelin, fasting, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and whether feeding accompanied these changes. In addition, to investigate whether the inhibition of AMPK into CeA could decrease food intake. METHODS On a chow diet, eight-week-old Wistar male rats were stereotaxically implanted with a cannula in the CeA to inject several modulators of AMPKα1/2Thr172 phosphorylation, and we performed physiological and molecular assays. KEY FINDINGS Fasting increased, and refeeding reduced AMPKThr172 in the CeA. Intra-CeA glucose injection decreased feeding, whereas injection of 2DG, a glucoprivation inductor, in the CeA, increased food intake and blood glucose, despite faint increases in AMPKThr172. Intra-CeA ghrelin injection increased food intake and AMPKThr172. To further confirm the role of AMPK in the CeA, chronic injection of Melanotan II (MTII) in CeA reduced body mass and food intake over seven days together with a slight decrease in AMPKThr172. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings identified that AMPK might be part of the signaling machinery in the CeA, which responds to nutrients and hormones contributing to feeding control. The results can contribute to understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of altered feeding behavior/consumption, such as binge eating of caloric-dense, palatable food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira Mendes
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pharmacology), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Laís Weissmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Jose Abdalla Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Oliveira Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Biology Institute, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Devi S, Gedda DUK, Chawla S, Doucette J, Yadav N, Mirshahi S, de Moura LP, Velloso LA, Mekary RA. The effect of weight loss on hypothalamus structure and function in obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:75-87. [PMID: 35659180 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2086127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity presents with structural and functional hypothalamic dysfunction. However, it is unclear whether weight loss can lead to hypothalamic changes. We therefore aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of body mass reduction in obese individuals on hypothalamic structure and function. METHODS PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for studies that reported the change in hypothalamic structure and function after weight loss. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on magnetic resonance imaging techniques, medio-basal hypothalamus T2-relaxation time, blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and biomarkers including glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin and inflammatory markers of interleukins. Mean differences between pre- and post-weight loss and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models. RESULTS Thirteen pre-post studies were included, of which six accounted for the meta-analysis. Studies showed a favorable decrease in T2-relaxation time (n = 1), favorable change in hypothalamic activity after weight loss on BOLD contrast (n = 4), with higher peak activities after surgical weight loss (n = 2). No differences were found in the gray matter density of the hypothalamus on VBM (n = 1). Pooled mean differences between pre- and post-surgical weight loss revealed a decrease of 8.53 mg/dl (95% CI: 5.17, 11.9) in glucose, 7.73 pmol/l (95% CI: 5.07, 10.4) in insulin, 15.5 ng/ml (95% CI: 9.40, 21.6) in leptin, 142.9 pg/ml (95% CI: 79.0, 206.8) in ghrelin and 9.43 pg/ml (95% CI: -6.89, 25.7) in IL-6 level. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed weight reduction in obesity led to limited structural change and significant functional changes in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Devi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College of London (KCL), London, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neurosurgical Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Durga Udaya Keerthi Gedda
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shreya Chawla
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College of London (KCL), London, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neurosurgical Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanne Doucette
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nishi Yadav
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shervin Mirshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neurosurgical Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leandro P de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- CEPECE - Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Lício A Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rania A Mekary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neurosurgical Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA
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Hemagirri M, Chen Y, Gopinath SCB, Sahreen S, Adnan M, Sasidharan S. Crosstalk between protein misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress during ageing and their role in age-related disorders. Biochimie 2024; 221:159-181. [PMID: 37918463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the proteome is crucial to retaining cell functionality and response to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Protein misfolding increased the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activated the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore cell homeostasis. Apoptosis occurs when ER stress is prolonged or the adaptive response fails. In healthy young cells, the ratio of protein folding machinery to quantities of misfolded proteins is balanced under normal circumstances. However, the age-related deterioration of the complex systems for handling protein misfolding is accompanied by ageing-related disruption of protein homeostasis, which results in the build-up of misfolded and aggregated proteins. This ultimately results in decreased cell viability and forms the basis of common age-related diseases called protein misfolding diseases. Proteins or protein fragments convert from their ordinarily soluble forms to insoluble fibrils or plaques in many of these disorders, which build up in various organs such as the liver, brain, or spleen. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, type II diabetes, and cancer are diseases in this group commonly manifest in later life. Thus, protein misfolding and its prevention by chaperones and different degradation paths are becoming understood from molecular perspectives. Proteodynamics information will likely affect future interventional techniques to combat cellular stress and support healthy ageing by avoiding and treating protein conformational disorders. This review provides an overview of the diverse proteostasis machinery, protein misfolding, and ER stress involvement, which activates the UPR sensors. Here, we will discuss the crosstalk between protein misfolding and ER stress and their role in developing age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisekaran Hemagirri
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, 02600, Malaysia
| | - Sumaira Sahreen
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P. O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Mao H, Kim GH, Qi L. SEL1L-HRD1 ER-associated degradation regulates leptin receptor maturation and signaling in POMC neurons in diet-induced obesity. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3768472. [PMID: 38260335 PMCID: PMC10802724 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3768472/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in the hypothalamus has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain patho-physiological conditions such as diet-induced obesity (DIO) and type 2 diabetes; however, the significance of ER quality control mechanism(s) and its underlying mechanism remain largely unclear and highly controversial in some cases. Moreover, how the biogenesis of nascent leptin receptor in the ER is regulated remains largely unexplored. Here we report that the SEL1L-HRD1 protein complex of the highly conserved ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) machinery in POMC neurons is indispensable for leptin signaling in diet-induced obesity. SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD is constitutively expressed in hypothalamic POMC neurons. Loss of SEL1L in POMC neurons attenuates leptin signaling and predisposes mice to HFD-associated pathologies including leptin resistance. Mechanistically, newly synthesized leptin receptors, both wildtype and disease-associated human mutant Cys604Ser (Cys602Ser in mice), are misfolding prone and bona fide substrates of SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD. Indeed, defects in SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD markedly impair the maturation of these receptors and causes their ER retention. This study not only uncovers a new role of SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD in the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity and central leptin resistance, but a new regulatory mechanism for leptin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hancheng Mao
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Geun Hyang Kim
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Present address: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Al‐Alsheikh AS, Alabdulkader S, Miras AD, Goldstone AP. Effects of bariatric surgery and dietary interventions for obesity on brain neurotransmitter systems and metabolism: A systematic review of positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13620. [PMID: 37699864 PMCID: PMC10909448 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review collates studies of dietary or bariatric surgery interventions for obesity using positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Of 604 publications identified, 22 met inclusion criteria. Twelve studies assessed bariatric surgery (seven gastric bypass, five gastric bypass/sleeve gastrectomy), and ten dietary interventions (six low-calorie diet, three very low-calorie diet, one prolonged fasting). Thirteen studies examined neurotransmitter systems (six used tracers for dopamine DRD2/3 receptors: two each for 11 C-raclopride, 18 F-fallypride, 123 I-IBZM; one for dopamine transporter, 123 I-FP-CIT; one used tracer for serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, 18 F-altanserin; two used tracers for serotonin transporter, 11 C-DASB or 123 I-FP-CIT; two used tracer for μ-opioid receptor, 11 C-carfentanil; one used tracer for noradrenaline transporter, 11 C-MRB); seven studies assessed glucose uptake using 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose; four studies assessed regional cerebral blood flow using 15 O-H2 O (one study also used arterial spin labeling); and two studies measured fatty acid uptake using 18 F-FTHA and one using 11 C-palmitate. The review summarizes findings and correlations with clinical outcomes, eating behavior, and mechanistic mediators. The small number of studies using each tracer and intervention, lack of dietary intervention control groups in any surgical studies, heterogeneity in time since intervention and degree of weight loss, and small sample sizes hindered the drawing of robust conclusions across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhanouf S. Al‐Alsheikh
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Shahd Alabdulkader
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Alexander D. Miras
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life and Health SciencesUlster UniversityLondonderryUK
| | - Anthony P. Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
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7
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Cargnin-Carvalho A, da Silva MR, Costa AB, Engel NA, Farias BX, Bressan JB, Backes KM, de Souza F, da Rosa N, de Oliveira Junior AN, Goldim MPDS, Correa MEAB, Venturini LM, Fortunato JJ, Prophiro JS, Petronilho F, Silveira PCL, Ferreira GK, Rezin GT. High concentrations of fructose cause brain damage in mice. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:313-325. [PMID: 36947832 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2022-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive fructose consumption is associated with the incidence of obesity and systemic inflammation, resulting in increased oxidative damage and failure to the function of brain structures. Thus, we hypothesized that fructose consumption will significantly increase inflammation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the mouse brain and, consequently, memory damage. The effects of different fructose concentrations on inflammatory and biochemical parameters in the mouse brain were evaluated. Male Swiss mice were randomized into four groups: control, with exclusive water intake, 5%, 10%, and 20% fructose group. The 10% and 20% fructose groups showed an increase in epididymal fat, in addition to higher food consumption. Inflammatory markers were increased in epididymal fat and in some brain structures. In the evaluation of oxidative damage, it was possible to observe significant increases in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. In the epididymal fat and in the prefrontal cortex, there was a decrease in the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and an increase in the striatum. Furthermore, short memory was impaired in the 10% and 20% groups but not long memory. In conclusion, excess fructose consumption can cause fat accumulation, inflammation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can damage brain structures and consequently memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Cargnin-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Costa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nicole Alessandra Engel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bianca Xavier Farias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Joice Benedet Bressan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Kassiane Mathiola Backes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Francielly de Souza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aloir Neri de Oliveira Junior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Ligia Milanez Venturini
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jucélia Jeremias Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Josiane Somariva Prophiro
- Immunoparasitology Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Li ZA, Samara A, Ray MK, Rutlin J, Raji CA, Shimony JS, Sun P, Song SK, Hershey T, Eisenstein SA. Childhood obesity is linked to putative neuroinflammation in brain white matter, hypothalamus, and striatum. Cereb Cortex Commun 2023; 4:tgad007. [PMID: 37207193 PMCID: PMC10191798 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is both a consequence and driver of overfeeding and weight gain in rodent obesity models. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enable investigations of brain microstructure that suggests neuroinflammation in human obesity. To assess the convergent validity across MRI techniques and extend previous findings, we used diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI) to characterize obesity-associated alterations in brain microstructure in 601 children (age 9-11 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study. Compared with children with normal-weight, greater DBSI restricted fraction (RF), reflecting neuroinflammation-related cellularity, was seen in widespread white matter in children with overweight and obesity. Greater DBSI-RF in hypothalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, and, in particular, nucleus accumbens, correlated with higher baseline body mass index and related anthropometrics. Comparable findings were seen in the striatum with a previously reported restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) model. Gain in waist circumference over 1 and 2 years related, at nominal significance, to greater baseline RSI-assessed restricted diffusion in nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus, and DBSI-RF in hypothalamus, respectively. Here we demonstrate that childhood obesity is associated with microstructural alterations in white matter, hypothalamus, and striatum. Our results also support the reproducibility, across MRI methods, of findings of obesity-related putative neuroinflammation in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Adrian Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Amjad Samara
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 United States
| | - Mary Katherine Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Jerrel Rutlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Cyrus A Raji
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 United States
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Peng Sun
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sheng-Kwei Song
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 United States
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Sarah A Eisenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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9
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McFadden T, Farrell K, Martin K, Musaus M, Jarome TJ. Short-term exposure to an obesogenic diet causes dynamic dysregulation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation in the hypothalamus of female rats. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:290-302. [PMID: 35282800 PMCID: PMC9468187 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2046965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous work has shown that exposure to a high fat diet dysregulates the protein degradation process in the hypothalamus of male rodents. However, whether this occurs in a sex-independent manner is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a short-term obesogenic diet on the ubiquitin-proteasome mediated protein degradation process in the hypothalamus of female rats. METHODS We fed young adult female rats a high fat diet or standard rat chow for 7 weeks. At the end of the 7th week, animals were euthanized and hypothalamus nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were collected. Proteasome activity and degradation-specific (K48) ubiquitin signaling were assessed. Additionally, we transfected female rats with CRISPR-dCas9-VP64 plasmids in the hypothalamus prior to exposure to the high fat diet in order to increase proteasome activity and determine the role of reduced proteasome function on weight gain from the obesogenic diet. RESULTS We found that across the diet period, females gained weight significantly faster on the high fat diet than controls and showed dynamic downregulation of proteasome activity, decreases in proteasome subunit expression and an accumulation of degradation-specific K48 polyubiquitinated proteins in the hypothalamus. Notably, while our CRISPR-dCas9 manipulation was able to selectively increase some forms of proteasome activity, it was unable to prevent diet-induced proteasome downregulation or abnormal weight gain. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results reveal that acute exposure to an obesogenic diet causes reductions in the protein degradation process in the hypothalamus of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor McFadden
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kayla Farrell
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kiley Martin
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Madeline Musaus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Timothy J. Jarome
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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10
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Obesity-Induced Brain Neuroinflammatory and Mitochondrial Changes. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010086. [PMID: 36677011 PMCID: PMC9865135 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is defined as abnormal and excessive fat accumulation, and it is a risk factor for developing metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive deficits. Obesity is caused by an imbalance in energy homeostasis resulting from increased caloric intake associated with a sedentary lifestyle. However, the entire physiopathology linking obesity with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline has not yet been elucidated. During the progression of obesity, adipose tissue undergoes immune, metabolic, and functional changes that induce chronic low-grade inflammation. It has been proposed that inflammatory processes may participate in both the peripheral disorders and brain disorders associated with obesity, including the development of cognitive deficits. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction is related to inflammation and oxidative stress, causing cellular oxidative damage. Preclinical and clinical studies of obesity and metabolic disorders have demonstrated mitochondrial brain dysfunction. Since neuronal cells have a high energy demand and mitochondria play an important role in maintaining a constant energy supply, impairments in mitochondrial activity lead to neuronal damage and dysfunction and, consequently, to neurotoxicity. In this review, we highlight the effect of obesity and high-fat diet consumption on brain neuroinflammation and mitochondrial changes as a link between metabolic dysfunction and cognitive decline.
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Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity: Involvement of mTOR/IKK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6903-6917. [PMID: 36053437 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a public health epidemic worldwide and is associated with many diseases with high mortality including hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced energy imbalance is one of the primary causes of obesity, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Our study showed that HFD reduced the level of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and its catalytic enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) in mouse hypothalamus and plasma. We found that HFD activated mTOR, IKK/NF-κB, the main pathway regulating inflammation. Activation of inflammatory pathway promoted the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, which caused cell damage and loss in the hypothalamus. The disturbance of the hypothalamic neuron circuits resulted in body weight gain in HFD-induced mice. Importantly, we also showed that restoration of H2S level with NaHS or activation of CBS with SAMe attenuated HFD-induced activation of mTOR, IKK/NF-κB signaling, which reduced the inflammation and the neuronal cell loss in the hypothalamus, and also inhibited body weight gain in mice. The same effects were obtained by inhibiting mTOR or NF-κB, which suggested that mTOR and NF-κB were the critical molecular factors involved in hypothalamic inflammation. Taken together, this study identified that HFD-induced hypothalamus inflammation plays a critical role in the development of obesity. Moreover, the inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation by regaining H2S level could be a potential therapeutic to prevent the development of obesity.
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12
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Hypothalamic CREB Regulates the Expression of Pomc-Processing Enzyme Pcsk2. Cells 2022; 11:cells11131996. [PMID: 35805082 PMCID: PMC9265861 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) neurons act as first-order sensors of systemic energy stores, providing signals that regulate caloric intake and energy expenditure. In experimental obesity, dietary saturated fatty acids affect Pomc endopeptidases (PCs), resulting in the abnormal production of the neurotransmitters α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and β-endorphin, thus impacting energy balance. The cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is one of the transcription factors that control the expression of Pomc endopeptidases; however, it was previously unknown if dietary fats could affect CREB and consequently the expression of Pomc endopeptidases. Methods: Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, PCR, immunoblot, ELISA and immunofluorescence histological assays to determine the impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the expression and function of hypothalamic CREB and its impact on the melanocortinergic system. Results: The results indicate that CREB is expressed in arcuate nucleus Pomc neurons and is activated as early as nine hours after the introduction of a high-fat diet. The inhibition of hypothalamic CREB using a short-hairpin RNA lentiviral vector resulted in increased diet-induced body-mass gain and reduced energy expenditure. This was accompanied by reduced expression of the Pomc endopeptidases, protein convertase 2, which are encoded by Pcsk2, and by the loss of the high-fat-diet-induced effect to inhibit the production of α-MSH. Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence for the involvement of CREB in the abnormal regulation of the hypothalamic Pomc endopeptidase system in experimental obesity.
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Morari J, Haddad-Tóvolli R, Silva Nogueira PA, Teixeira CJ, Maróstica R, Tobar N, Ramos CD, Velloso LA, Dias Bobbo VC, Anhê GF. Body mass variability in age-matched outbred male Swiss mice is associated to differential control of food intake by ghrelin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 550:111646. [PMID: 35413387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Swiss mice belong to an outbred strain of mice largely used as a model for experimental obesity induced by high fat diet (HFD). We have previously demonstrated that a given cohort of age-matched Swiss mice is hallmarked by heterogeneous changes in body weight when exposed to HFD. The reasons underlying such variability, however, are not completely understood. Therefore we aimed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the variability in spontaneous weight gain in age-matched male swiss mice. To achieve that, individuals in a cohort of age-matched male Swiss mice were categorized as prone to body mass gain (PBMG) and resistant to body mass gain (RBMG). PBMG animals had higher caloric intake and body mass gain. RBMG and PBMG mice had a similar reduction in food intake when challenged with leptin but only RBMG exhibited a drop in ghrelin concentrations after refeeding. PBMG also showed increased midbrain levels of ghrelin receptor (Ghsr) and Dopamine receptor d2 (Drd2) mRNAs upon refeeding. Pharmacological blockade of GHSR with JMV3002 failed to reduce food intake in PMBG mice as it did in RBMG. On the other hand, the response to JMV3002 seen in PBMG was hallmarked by singular transcriptional response in the midbrain characterized by a simultaneous increase in both tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) and Proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) expressions. In conclusion, our data show that differences in the expression of genes related to the reward system in the midbrain as well as in ghrelin concentrations in serum correlate with spontaneous variability in body mass and food intake seen in age-matched male Swiss mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Morari
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil; Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-881, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Silva Nogueira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Caio Jordão Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, 1524. Prof. Lineu Prestes Ave., ICB1, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maróstica
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Natália Tobar
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Celso Dario Ramos
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Licio Augusto Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristina Dias Bobbo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Forato Anhê
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-881, Brazil
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14
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Gowhari Shabgah A, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mohammadi H, Ebrahimzadeh F, Oveisee M, Jahanara A, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J. The Role of Atypical Chemokine Receptor D6 (ACKR2) in Physiological and Pathological Conditions; Friend, Foe, or Both? Front Immunol 2022; 13:861931. [PMID: 35677043 PMCID: PMC9168005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines exert crucial roles in inducing immune responses through ligation to their canonical receptors. Besides these receptors, there are other atypical chemokine receptors (ACKR1–4) that can bind to a wide range of chemokines and carry out various functions in the body. ACKR2, due to its ability to bind various CC chemokines, has attracted much attention during the past few years. ACKR2 has been shown to be expressed in different cells, including trophoblasts, myeloid cells, and especially lymphoid endothelial cells. In terms of molecular functions, ACKR2 scavenges various inflammatory chemokines and affects inflammatory microenvironments. In the period of pregnancy and fetal development, ACKR2 plays a pivotal role in maintaining the fetus from inflammatory reactions and inhibiting subsequent abortion. In adults, ACKR2 is thought to be a resolving agent in the body because it scavenges chemokines. This leads to the alleviation of inflammation in different situations, including cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, and infections. In cancer, ACKR2 exerts conflicting roles, either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing. On the one hand, ACKR2 inhibits the recruitment of tumor-promoting cells and suppresses tumor-promoting inflammation to blockade inflammatory responses that are favorable for tumor growth. In contrast, scavenging chemokines in the tumor microenvironment might lead to disruption in NK cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment. Other than its involvement in diseases, analyzing the expression of ACKR2 in body fluids and tissues can be used as a biomarker for diseases. In conclusion, this review study has tried to shed more light on the various effects of ACKR2 on different inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maziar Oveisee
- Clinical Research Center, Pastor Educational Hospital, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Abbas Jahanara
- Clinical Research Center, Pastor Educational Hospital, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
- *Correspondence: Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, ;
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15
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Lanz M, Janeiro MH, Milagro FI, Puerta E, Ludwig IA, Pineda-Lucena A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) drives insulin resistance and cognitive deficiencies in a senescence accelerated mouse model. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111668. [PMID: 35341897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that ageing is the major risk factor for cognitive deficiency and it is becoming increasingly evident that insulin resistance is another factor. Biological plausibility for a link between insulin resistance and dementia is relevant for understanding disease etiology, and to form bases for prevention efforts to decrease disease burden. In the present study, peripheral and central insulin resistance was found in SAMP8 mice (aging mouse model) accompanied by cognitive deficiencies. Furthermore, a marked peripheral inflammatory state was observed in SAMP8 mice, followed by neuroinflammation that could be due to a higher cytokine leaking into the brain across an aging-disrupted blood brain barrier. Moreover, aging-induced gut dysbiosis produces higher TMAO that could also contribute to the peripheral and central inflammatory tone as well as to the cognitive deficiencies observed in SAMP8 mice. All those alterations were reversed by DMB, a treatment that decreases TMAO levels. Data obtained from this project suggest that microbial dysbiosis and increased TMAO secretion could be a key link between aging, insulin resistance and dementia. Thus, pharmacological intervention that leads to decreased TMAO levels, such as DMB, could open a new avenue for the future treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lanz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel H Janeiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermin I Milagro
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERobn, CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Program of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Program of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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16
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Yang Z, Yu GL, Zhu X, Peng TH, Lv YC. Critical roles of FTO-mediated mRNA m6A demethylation in regulating adipogenesis and lipid metabolism: Implications in lipid metabolic disorders. Genes Dis 2022; 9:51-61. [PMID: 35005107 PMCID: PMC8720706 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal this review is to clarify the effects of the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) in lipid metabolism regulation and related underlying mechanisms through the FTO-mediated demethylation of m6A modification. FTO catalyzes the demethylation of m6A to alter the processing, maturation and translation of the mRNAs of lipid-related genes. FTO overexpression in the liver promotes lipogenesis and lipid droplet (LD) enlargement and suppresses CPT-1–mediated fatty acid oxidation via the SREBP1c pathway, promoting excessive lipid storage and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). FTO enhances preadipocyte differentiation through the C/EBPβ pathway, and facilitates adipogenesis and fat deposition by altering the alternative splicing of RUNX1T1, the expression of PPARγ and ANGPTL4, and the phosphorylation of PLIN1, whereas it inhibits lipolysis by inhibiting IRX3 expression and the leptin pathway, causing the occurrence and development of obesity. Suppression of the PPARβ/δ and AMPK pathways by FTO-mediated m6A demethylation damages lipid utilization in skeletal muscles, leading to the occurrence of diabetic hyperlipidemia. m6A demethylation by FTO inhibits macrophage lipid influx by downregulating PPARγ protein expression and accelerates cholesterol efflux by phosphorylating AMPK, thereby impeding foam cell formation and atherosclerosis development. In summary, FTO-mediated m6A demethylation modulates the expression of lipid-related genes to regulate lipid metabolism and lipid disorder diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Guang-Li Yu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Tian-Hong Peng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yun-Cheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
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17
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Suk K. Hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic disorders and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:32. [PMID: 34910246 PMCID: PMC11071926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a critical brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis. Over the years, studies on energy metabolism primarily focused on the neuronal component of the hypothalamus. Studies have recently uncovered the vital role of glial cells as an additional player in energy balance regulation. However, their inflammatory activation under metabolic stress condition contributes to various metabolic diseases. The recruitment of monocytes and macrophages in the hypothalamus helps sustain such inflammation and worsens the disease state. Neurons were found to actively participate in hypothalamic inflammatory response by transmitting signals to the surrounding non-neuronal cells. This activation of different cell types in the hypothalamus leads to chronic, low-grade inflammation, impairing energy balance and contributing to defective feeding habits, thermogenesis, and insulin and leptin signaling, eventually leading to metabolic disorders (i.e., diabetes, obesity, and hypertension). The hypothalamus is also responsible for the causation of systemic aging under metabolic stress. A better understanding of the multiple factors contributing to hypothalamic inflammation, the role of the different hypothalamic cells, and their crosstalks may help identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells in establishing a cause-effect relationship between hypothalamic inflammation and the development of metabolic diseases. We also cover the role of other cell types and discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting hypothalamic inflammation as a valid therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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18
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de Paula GC, Brunetta HS, Engel DF, Gaspar JM, Velloso LA, Engblom D, de Oliveira J, de Bem AF. Hippocampal Function Is Impaired by a Short-Term High-Fat Diet in Mice: Increased Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuroinflammation as Triggering Events. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:734158. [PMID: 34803583 PMCID: PMC8600238 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.734158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, and especially in Western civilizations, most of the staple diets contain high amounts of fat and refined carbohydrates, leading to an increasing number of obese individuals. In addition to inducing metabolic disorders, energy dense food intake has been suggested to impair brain functions such as cognition and mood control. Here we demonstrate an impaired memory function already 3 days after the start of a high-fat diet (HFD) exposure, and depressive-like behavior, in the tail suspension test, after 5 days. These changes were followed by reduced synaptic density, changes in mitochondrial function and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus. Preceding or coinciding with the behavioral changes, we found an induction of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and an increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), in the hippocampus. Finally, in mice treated with a TNF-α inhibitor, the behavioral and BBB alterations caused by HFD-feeding were mitigated suggesting that inflammatory signaling was critical for the changes. In summary, our findings suggest that HFD rapidly triggers hippocampal dysfunction associated with BBB disruption and neuroinflammation, promoting a progressive breakdown of synaptic and metabolic function. In addition to elucidating the link between diet and cognitive function, our results might be relevant for the comprehension of the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cristina de Paula
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.,Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Henver S Brunetta
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Daiane F Engel
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joana M Gaspar
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Physiological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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19
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Silva SP, Beserra-Filho JIA, Kubota MC, Cardoso GN, Freitas FRS, Gonçalves BSM, Vicente-Silva W, Silva-Martins S, Custódio-Silva AC, Soares-Silva B, Maria-Macêdo A, Santos JR, Estadella D, Ribeiro AM. Palatable high-fat diet intake influences mnemonic and emotional aspects in female rats in an estrous cycle-dependent manner. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1717-1727. [PMID: 34406559 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the excessive consumption of fat and/or sugar has increased considerably. Palatable high-fat diets (HFDs) lead to metabolic disturbances and obesity, and impact emotional and cognitive processes. Previous studies in rodent models suggested that HFDs often cause multiple behavioral alterations, such as learning and memory deficits, and anxiety-like behaviors. Different sexes imply different behavioral and cognitive abilities; yet, most of these studies dealt with male or ovariectomized rats. We evaluated HFD effects in female rats submitted to different behavioral tasks, considering the effects of endogenous hormonal variations throughout estrous cycle. Female Wistar rats in each phase of the estrous cycle using commercial chow (CC) or HFD for 32 days. During treatment, behavioral assessments using sucrose preference (SP), elevated plus-maze (EPM), open field (OF) and novel-object recognition (NOR). At the end of the behavioral tests, animals were euthanized, and performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the brains by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The main results demonstrated that (1) HFD-fed rats had higher body mass gain and food intake, without altering caloric intake, (2) rats in diestrus had lower sucrose intake, (3) females in metestrus and diestrus showed deficits in the novel-object recognition memory. Furthermore, TH-immunoreactivity decreased in the dorsal striatum and BDNF in the hippocampus in HFD-fed females. These results suggest that HFD alters neurochemical and metabolic aspects that may induce phase-dependent behavioral changes in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira Silva
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - José Ivo Araújo Beserra-Filho
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Melina Chiemi Kubota
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Nascimento Cardoso
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisca Rayanne Silva Freitas
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Santos Martins Gonçalves
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Vicente-Silva
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Suellen Silva-Martins
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claúdia Custódio-Silva
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Soares-Silva
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Maria-Macêdo
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - José Ronaldo Santos
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Debora Estadella
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mussi Ribeiro
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, CEP 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
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Moura-Assis A, Nogueira PAS, de-Lima-Junior JC, Simabuco FM, Gaspar JM, Donato Jr J, Velloso LA. TLR4-interactor with leucine-rich repeats (TRIL) is involved in diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18015. [PMID: 34504172 PMCID: PMC8429592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption result in hypothalamic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. While the TLR4 activation by dietary fats is a well-characterized pathway involved in the neuronal and glial inflammation, the role of its accessory proteins in diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the knockdown of TLR4-interactor with leucine-rich repeats (Tril), a functional component of TLR4, resulted in reduced hypothalamic inflammation, increased whole-body energy expenditure, improved the systemic glucose tolerance and protection from diet-induced obesity. The POMC-specific knockdown of Tril resulted in decreased body fat, decreased white adipose tissue inflammation and a trend toward increased leptin signaling in POMC neurons. Thus, Tril was identified as a new component of the complex mechanisms that promote hypothalamic dysfunction in experimental obesity and its inhibition in the hypothalamus may represent a novel target for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moura-Assis
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Cell Signalling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pedro A. S. Nogueira
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Cell Signalling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jose C. de-Lima-Junior
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Cell Signalling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando M. Simabuco
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Joana M. Gaspar
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Cell Signalling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato Jr
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Cell Signalling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil ,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Chrobok L, Klich JD, Sanetra AM, Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Pradel K, Palus-Chramiec K, Kepczynski M, Piggins HD, Lewandowski MH. Rhythmic neuronal activities of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract are impaired by high-fat diet - implications for daily control of satiety. J Physiol 2021; 600:751-767. [PMID: 34490628 DOI: 10.1113/jp281838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal partitioning of daily food intake is crucial for survival and involves the integration of internal circadian states and external influences such as the light-dark cycle and dietary composition. These intrinsic and extrinsic factors are interdependent with misalignment of circadian rhythms promoting body weight gain, while consumption of a calorie-dense diet elevates the risk of obesity and blunts circadian rhythms. Recently, we defined the circadian properties of the dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem, a structure implicated in the control of food intake and autonomic tone, but whether and how 24 h rhythms in this area are influenced by diet remains unresolved. Here we focused on a key structure of this complex, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). We used a combination of immunohistochemical and electrophysiological approaches together with daily monitoring of body weight and food intake to interrogate how the neuronal rhythms of the NTS are affected by a high-fat diet. We report that short-term consumption of a high-fat diet increases food intake during the day and blunts NTS daily rhythms in neuronal discharge. Additionally, we found that a high-fat diet dampens NTS responsiveness to metabolic neuropeptides, and decreases orexin immunoreactive fibres in this structure. These alterations occur without prominent body weight gain, suggesting that a high-fat diet acts initially to reduce activity in the NTS to disinhibit mechanisms that suppress daytime feeding. KEY POINTS: The dorsal vagal complex of the rodent hindbrain possesses intrinsic circadian timekeeping mechanisms In particular, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a robust circadian oscillator, independent of the master suprachiasmatic clock Here, we reveal that rat NTS neurons display timed daily rhythms in their neuronal activity and responsiveness to ingestive cues These daily rhythms are blunted or eliminated by a short-term high-fat diet, together with increased consumption of calories during the behaviourally quiescent day Our results help us better understand the circadian control of satiety by the brainstem and its malfunctioning under a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jasmin D Klich
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna M Sanetra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jagoda S Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marian H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk in Obesity: Melodious Interaction or Kiss of Death? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105243. [PMID: 34063496 PMCID: PMC8155827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity can originate from the dysregulated activity of hypothalamic neuronal circuits, which are critical for the regulation of body weight and food intake. The exact mechanisms underlying such neuronal defects are not yet fully understood, but a maladaptive cross-talk between neurons and surrounding microglial is likely to be a contributing factor. Functional and anatomical connections between microglia and hypothalamic neuronal cells are at the core of how the brain orchestrates changes in the body's metabolic needs. However, such a melodious interaction may become maladaptive in response to prolonged diet-induced metabolic stress, thereby causing overfeeding, body weight gain, and systemic metabolic perturbations. From this perspective, we critically discuss emerging molecular and cellular underpinnings of microglia-neuron communication in the hypothalamic neuronal circuits implicated in energy balance regulation. We explore whether changes in this intercellular dialogue induced by metabolic stress may serve as a protective neuronal mechanism or contribute to disease establishment and progression. Our analysis provides a framework for future mechanistic studies that will facilitate progress into both the etiology and treatments of metabolic disorders.
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23
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Obese Animals as Models for Numerous Diseases: Advantages and Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57050399. [PMID: 33919006 PMCID: PMC8142996 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advances in obesity research, a variety of animal models have been developed to investigate obesity pathogenesis, development, therapies and complications. Such obese animals would not only allow us to explore obesity but would also represent models to study diseases and conditions that develop with obesity or where obesity represents a risk factor. Indeed, obese subjects, as well as animal models of obesity, develop pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammation and metabolic disorders. Therefore, obese animals would represent models for numerous diseases. Although those diseases can be induced in animals by chemicals or drugs without obesity development, having them developed as consequences of obesity has numerous advantages. These advantages include mimicking natural pathogenesis processes, using diversity in obesity models (diet, animal species) to study the related variabilities and exploring disease intensity and reversibility depending on obesity development and treatments. Importantly, therapeutic implications and pharmacological tests represent key advantages too. On the other hand, obesity prevalence is continuously increasing, and, therefore, the likelihood of having a patient suffering simultaneously from obesity and a particular disease is increasing. Thus, studying diverse diseases in obese animals (either induced naturally or developed) would allow researchers to build a library of data related to the patterns or specificities of obese patients within the context of pathologies. This may lead to a new branch of medicine specifically dedicated to the diseases and care of obese patients, similar to geriatric medicine, which focuses on the elderly population.
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Ostojic SM. Hydrogen as a Potential Therapeutic in Obesity: Targeting the Brain. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:191-193. [PMID: 33485760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical applications of molecular hydrogen (H2) seem to favorably affect obesity-related metabolic biomarkers in peripheral tissues, yet whether H2 directly tackles obesity pathways in the brain remains elusive. I summarize here several molecular targets in the hypothalamus and beyond that could be altered by H2 gas in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- FSPE Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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25
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Cai S, Aris IM, Yuan WL, Tan KH, Godfrey KM, Gluckman PD, Shek LPC, Chong YS, Yap F, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ, Lee YS, Qiu A. Neonatal amygdala microstructure mediates the relationship between gestational glycemia and offspring adiposity. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:e001396. [PMID: 33888539 PMCID: PMC8070871 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To determine if variations in the neonatal amygdala mediate the association between maternal antenatal glycemia and offspring adiposity in early childhood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 123 non-obese pregnant women with no pregnancy complications aside from gestational diabetes underwent a 75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test at 26-28 weeks' gestation. Volume and fractional anisotropy (FA) of the neonatal amygdala (5-17 days old) were measured by MRI. The Body Mass Index (BMI) z-scores and sum of skinfold thickness (subscapular and triceps) of these children were tracked up to 60 months of age (18, 24, 36, 48, 54 and 60 months). RESULTS Maternal fasting glucose levels were positively associated with the offspring's sum of skinfold thickness at age 48 months (β=3.12, 95% CI 0.18 to 6.06 mm) and 60 months (β=4.14, 95% CI 0.46 to 7.82 mm) and BMI z-scores at 48 months (β=0.94, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.85), 54 months (β=0.74, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.36) and 60 months (β=0.74, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.39). Maternal fasting glucose was negatively associated with the offspring's FA of the right amygdala (β=-0.019, 95% CI -0.036 to -0.003). Right amygdala FA was negatively associated with the sum of skinfold thickness in the offspring at age 48 months (β=-56.95, 95% CI -98.43 to -15.47 mm), 54 months (β=-46.18, 95% CI -88.57 to -3.78 mm), and 60 months (β=-53.69, 95% CI -105.74 to -1.64 mm). The effect sizes mediated by right amygdala FA between fasting glucose and sum of skinfolds were estimated at β=5.14 (95% CI 0.74 to 9.53) mm (p=0.022), β=4.40 (95% CI 0.08 to 8.72) (p=0.049) mm and β=4.56 (95% CI -0.17 to 9.29) mm (p=0.059) at 48, 54 and 60 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In the offspring of non-obese mothers, gestational fasting glucose concentration is negatively associated with neonatal right amygdala FA and positively associated with childhood adiposity. Neonatal right amygdala FA may be a potential mediator between maternal glycemia and childhood adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Cai
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Lun Yuan
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Aukland, New Zealand
| | - Lynette Pei-Chi Shek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Rodríguez M, Pintado C, Torrillas-de la Cal R, Moltó E, Gallardo N, Andrés A, Arribas C. Ageing alters the lipid sensing process in the hypothalamus of Wistar rats. Effect of food restriction. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1509-1523. [PMID: 33544062 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1872990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipids regulate a wide range of biological processes. The mechanisms by which fatty acids (FA) and its metabolites influence the hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis have been highly studied. However, the effect of ageing and food restriction (FR) on this process is unknown. METHODS Herein, we analyzed the gene expression, protein and phosphorylation levels of hypothalamic enzymes and transcription factors related to lipid metabolism. Experiments were performed in male Wistar rats of 3-, 8- and 24-month-old Wistar rats fed ad libitum (AL), as ageing model. Besides, 5- and 21-month-old rats were subjected to a moderate FR protocol (equivalent to ≈ 80% of normal food intake) for three months before the sacrifice. RESULTS Aged Wistar rats showed a situation of chronic lipid excess as a result of an increase in de novo FA synthesis and FA levels that reach the brain, contributing likely to the development of central leptin and insulin resistance. We observe a hypothalamic downregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) and an increase of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1c (CPT1c) expression. DISCUSSION Our results suggest an impairment in the physiological lipid sensing system of aged Wistar rats, which would alter the balance of the intracellular mobilization and trafficking of lipids between the mitochondria and the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in the hypothalamus, leading probably to the development of neurolipotoxicity in aged rats. Lastly, FR can only partially restore this imbalance.Schematic representation of the fate of LCFA-CoA in the hypothalamus of young and old rats. Blood circulating LCFAs in young Wistar rats reach the hypothalamus, where they are esterified to LCFA-CoA. Into glial cells or neurons, LCFA-CoA are driven to mitochondria (CPT1a) or ER (CPT1c) where could be desaturated by SDC1 and, thereby, converted into structural and signaling unsaturated lipids as oleic acid, related with neuronal myelinization and differentiation. However, the excess of LCFA that reach to the hypothalamus in old animals, could generate an increase in LCFA-CoA, which together with an increase in CPT1c levels, could favor the capture of LCFA-CoA to the ER. The decrease in the levels of SCD1 in old rats would decrease FA unsaturation degree that could trigger lipotoxicity process and neurodegeneration, both related to the development of neurodegenerative diseases linked to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Cristina Pintado
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Torrillas-de la Cal
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moltó
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Nilda Gallardo
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Andrés
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carmen Arribas
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Rozjan A, Shan W, Yao Q. Metabolic Consequences of Neuronal HIF1α-Deficiency in Mediobasal Hypothalamus in Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:668193. [PMID: 34733235 PMCID: PMC8558296 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.668193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate whether hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) in the neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of body weight, glucose, and lipid metabolism in mice and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS HIF1α flox/flox mice were used. The adeno-associated virus that contained either cre, GFP and syn, or GFP and syn (controls) was injected into the mediobasal hypothalamus to selectively knock out HIF1α in the neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus. The body weight and food intake were weighed daily. The levels of blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)were tested. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed. The insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in the liver, epididymal fat, and skeletal muscle were examined. Also, the mRNA expression levels of HIF1α, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and glucose transporter protein 4 (Glut4) in the hypothalamus were checked. RESULTS After selectively knocking out HIF1α in the neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus (HIF1αKOMBH), the body weights and food intake of mice increased significantly compared with the control mice (p < 0.001 at 4 weeks). Compared with that of the control group, the insulin level of HIF1αKOMBH mice was 3.5 times higher (p < 0.01). The results of the IPGTT showed that the blood glucose level of the HIF1αKOMBH group at 20-120 min was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The serum TC, FFA, HDL, and LDL content of the HIF1αKOMBH group was significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Western blot results showed that compared with those in the control group, insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation levels in liver, epididymal fat, and skeletal muscle in the HIF1αKOMBH group were not as significantly elevated as in the control group. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results in the whole hypothalamus showed a significant decrease in Glut4 mRNA expression. And the mRNA expression levels of HIF1α, POMC, and NPY of the HIF1αKOMBH group decreased significantly in ventral hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS The hypothalamic neuronal HIF1α plays an important role in the regulation of body weight balance in mice under normoxic condition. In the absence of hypothalamic neuronal HIF1α, the mice gained weight with increased appetite, accompanied with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. POMC and Glut4 may be responsible for this effect of HIF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmat Rozjan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Weibi Shan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qiaoling Yao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Qiaoling Yao,
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Liu J, Dimitrov S, Sawangjit A, Born J, Ehrlich I, Hallschmid M. Short-term high-fat feeding induces a reversible net decrease in synaptic AMPA receptors in the hypothalamus. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 87:108516. [PMID: 33022406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary obesity compromises brain function, but the effects of high-fat food on synaptic transmission in hypothalamic networks, as well as their potential reversibility, are yet to be fully characterized. We investigated the impact of high-fat feeding on a hallmark of synaptic plasticity, i.e., the expression of glutamatergic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) that contain the subunits GluA1 and GluA2, in hypothalamic and cortical synaptoneurosomes of male rats. In the main experiment (experiment 1), three days, but not one day of high-fat diet (HFD) decreased the levels of AMPAR GluA1 and GluA2 subunits, as well as GluA1 phosphorylation at Ser845, in hypothalamus but not cortex. In experiment 2, we compared the effects of the three-day HFD with those a three-day HFD followed by four recovery days of normal chow. This experiment corroborated the suppressive effect of high-fat feeding on hypothalamic but not cortical AMPAR GluA1, GluA2, and GluA1 phosphorylation at Ser845, and indicated that the effects are reversed by normal-chow feeding. High-fat feeding generally increased energy intake, body weight, and serum concentrations of insulin, leptin, free fatty acids, and corticosterone; only the three-day HFD increased wakefulness assessed via video analysis. Results indicate a reversible down-regulation of hypothalamic glutamatergic synaptic strength in response to short-term high-fat feeding. Preceding the manifestation of obesity, this rapid change in glutamatergic neurotransmission may underlie counter-regulatory efforts to prevent excess body weight gain, and therefore, represent a new target of interventions to improve metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anuck Sawangjit
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Ehrlich
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Energy balance is centrally regulated by the brain through several interacting neuronal systems involving external, peripheral, and central factors within the brain. The hypothalamus integrates these factors and is the key brain area in the regulation of energy balance. In this review, we will explain the structure of the hypothalamus and its role in the regulation of energy balance. An important part of energy balance regulation is the sensing of nutrient status and availability. This review will focus on the sensing of the two main sources of energy by the hypothalamus: glucose and fat. As many common health problems and chronic diseases can be traced back to a disrupted hypothalamic function, we will also discuss hypothalamic sensing of glucose and fats in these pathologies. Finally, we will summarize the current knowledge and discuss how this may be applied clinically and for future research perspectives.
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30
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Dragano NR, Monfort-Pires M, Velloso LA. Mechanisms Mediating the Actions of Fatty Acids in the Hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2020; 447:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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de Farias BX, Costa AB, Engel NA, de Souza Goldim MP, da Rosa Turatti C, Cargnin-Cavalho A, Fortunato JJ, Petronilho F, Jeremias IC, Rezin GT. Donepezil Prevents Inhibition of Cerebral Energetic Metabolism Without Altering Behavioral Parameters in Animal Model of Obesity. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2487-2498. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Foright RM, Johnson GC, Kahn D, Charleston CA, Presby DM, Bouchet CA, Wellberg EA, Sherk VD, Jackman MR, Greenwood BN, MacLean PS. Compensatory eating behaviors in male and female rats in response to exercise training. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R171-R183. [PMID: 32551825 PMCID: PMC7473893 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00259.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is often used as a strategy for weight loss maintenance. In preclinical models, we have shown that exercise may be beneficial because it counters the biological drive to regain weight. However, our studies have demonstrated sex differences in the response to exercise in this context. In the present study, we sought to better understand why females and males exhibit different compensatory food eating behaviors in response to regular exercise. Using a forced treadmill exercise paradigm, we measured weight gain, energy expenditure, food intake in real time, and the anorectic effects of leptin. The 4-wk exercise training resulted in reduced weight gain in males and sustained weight gain in females. In male rats, exercise decreased intake, whereas it increased food intake in females. Our results suggest that the anorectic effects of leptin were not responsible for these sex differences in appetite in response to exercise. If these results translate to the human condition, they may reveal important information for the use and application of regular exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Foright
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Darcy Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine A Charleston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David M Presby
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Courtney A Bouchet
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Vanessa D Sherk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Paul S MacLean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Beutler LR, Corpuz TV, Ahn JS, Kosar S, Song W, Chen Y, Knight ZA. Obesity causes selective and long-lasting desensitization of AgRP neurons to dietary fat. eLife 2020; 9:e55909. [PMID: 32720646 PMCID: PMC7398661 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body weight is regulated by interoceptive neural circuits that track energy need, but how the activity of these circuits is altered in obesity remains poorly understood. Here we describe the in vivo dynamics of hunger-promoting AgRP neurons during the development of diet-induced obesity in mice. We show that high-fat diet attenuates the response of AgRP neurons to an array of nutritionally-relevant stimuli including food cues, intragastric nutrients, cholecystokinin and ghrelin. These alterations are specific to dietary fat but not carbohydrate or protein. Subsequent weight loss restores the responsiveness of AgRP neurons to exterosensory cues but fails to rescue their sensitivity to gastrointestinal hormones or nutrients. These findings reveal that obesity triggers broad dysregulation of hypothalamic hunger neurons that is incompletely reversed by weight loss and may contribute to the difficulty of maintaining a reduced weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamie S Ahn
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Seher Kosar
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Weimin Song
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Comprehensive Metabolic CoreChicagoUnited States
| | - Yiming Chen
- UCSF Department of PhysiologySan FranciscoUnited States
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate ProgramSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Zachary A Knight
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
- UCSF Department of PhysiologySan FranciscoUnited States
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate ProgramSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental NeuroscienceSan FranciscoUnited States
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Interdisciplinary therapy had positive effects on inflammatory state, mediated by leptin, adiponectin, and quality of diet in obese women. NUTR HOSP 2020; 34:456-464. [PMID: 32207312 DOI: 10.20960/nh.02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Background: obesity is a chronic disease associated with inadequate eating habits and reduced levels of physical activity. Because of obesity, the risk for comorbidities is increased, especially for cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, and increased pro-inflammatory factors. The aim of the present investigation was to analyze potential correlations between pro/anti-inflammatory adipokines, glycemic index, and other markers of diet quality using a metabolic profile in women undergoing interdisciplinary weight loss therapy. Methods: thirty-two women with obesity were enrolled in a 12-week program of interdisciplinary therapy combining a clinical, nutritional, and physical exercise approach. Body composition, quality of diet, metabolic profile, and pro/anti-inflammatory adipokines were analyzed. Results: the therapy showed to be effective in reducing body weight, body mass index, and body fat. There was also an improvement in lipid profile, including total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose metabolism, including glucose, and insulin. As for food intake, there was a decrease in calorie consumption, carbohydrates, lipids, and glycemic load, and an increased consumption of proteins. Positive correlations were demonstrated between insulin concentration and waist circumference; leptin and body fat and abdominal circumference; and LDL-cholesterol fraction and total cholesterol consumption. Negative correlations were demonstrated between leptin and monosaturated fat consumption; and adiponectin and liver enzyme GGT levels. Conclusions: interdisciplinary therapy had positive effects on inflammatory state, mediated by leptin, adiponectin, and quality of diet. Our findings suggest the effectiveness and clinical relevance of the interdisciplinary clinical therapy applied for obesity.
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d'Angelo M, Castelli V, Tupone MG, Catanesi M, Antonosante A, Dominguez-Benot R, Ippoliti R, Cimini AM, Benedetti E. Lifestyle and Food Habits Impact on Chronic Diseases: Roles of PPARs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215422. [PMID: 31683535 PMCID: PMC6862628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that exert important functions in mediating the pleiotropic effects of diverse exogenous factors such as physical exercise and food components. Particularly, PPARs act as transcription factors that control the expression of genes implicated in lipid and glucose metabolism, and cellular proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent advancements reported on the effects of lifestyle and food habits on PPAR transcriptional activity in chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Tupone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Reyes Dominguez-Benot
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Bobbo VCD, Jara CP, Mendes NF, Morari J, Velloso LA, Araújo EP. Interleukin-6 Expression by Hypothalamic Microglia in Multiple Inflammatory Contexts: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1365210. [PMID: 31534953 PMCID: PMC6724433 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1365210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a unique cytokine that can play both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles depending on the anatomical site and conditions under which it has been induced. Specific neurons of the hypothalamus provide important signals to control food intake and energy expenditure. In individuals with obesity, a microglia-dependent inflammatory response damages the neural circuits responsible for maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis, resulting in a positive energy balance. However, little is known about the role of IL-6 in the regulation of hypothalamic microglia. In this systematic review, we asked what types of conditions and stimuli could modulate microglial IL-6 expression in murine model. We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases and analyzed 13 articles that evaluated diverse contexts and study models focused on IL-6 expression and microglia activation, including the effects of stress, hypoxia, infection, neonatal overfeeding and nicotine exposure, lipopolysaccharide stimulus, hormones, exercise protocols, and aging. The results presented in this review emphasized the role of "injury-like" stimuli, under which IL-6 acts as a proinflammatory cytokine, concomitant with marked microglial activation, which drive hypothalamic neuroinflammation. Emerging evidence indicates an important correlation of basal IL-6 levels and microglial function with the maintenance of hypothalamic homeostasis. Advances in our understanding of these different contexts will lead to the development of more specific pharmacological approaches for the management of acute and chronic conditions, like obesity and metabolic diseases, without disturbing the homeostatic functions of IL-6 and microglia in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C. D. Bobbo
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Carlos P. Jara
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Natália F. Mendes
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Lício A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Eliana P. Araújo
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, SP 13083-864, Brazil
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Gaspar RC, Muñoz VR, Kuga GK, Nakandakari SCBR, Crisol BM, Lenhare L, Breda L, Botezelli JD, Sant'Ana MR, Silva ASR, Cintra DE, Moura LP, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Acute physical exercise increases
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3K signaling in the hypothalamus of lean mice. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3181-3190. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calais Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
| | - Gabriel Keine Kuga
- Post‐graduate Program in Movement Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | | | - Barbara Moreira Crisol
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
| | - Luciene Lenhare
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
| | - Leonardo Breda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
| | - José Diego Botezelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
| | | | - Adelino S. R. Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo (USP) Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC) University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC) University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
- School of Applied Sciences CEPECE – Center of Research in Sport Sciences University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC) University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
- School of Applied Sciences CEPECE – Center of Research in Sport Sciences University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC) University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
- School of Applied Sciences CEPECE – Center of Research in Sport Sciences University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira Brazil
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Radiologic evidence that hypothalamic gliosis is improved after bariatric surgery in obese women with type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:178-185. [PMID: 31201362 PMCID: PMC7366782 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Hypothalamic neurons play a major role in the control of body mass. Obese subjects present radiologic signs of gliosis in the hypothalamus, which may reflect the damage or loss of neurons involved in whole-body energy homeostasis. It is currently unknown if hypothalamic gliosis (1) differs between obese nondiabetic (ND) and obese diabetic subjects (T2D) or (2) is modified by extensive body mass reduction via Roux-n-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). SUBJECTS/METHODS Fifty-five subjects (all female) including lean controls (CT; n = 13), ND (n = 28), and T2D (n = 14) completed at least one study visit. Subjects underwent anthropometrics and a multi-echo MRI sequence to measure mean bilateral T2 relaxation time in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and two reference regions (amygdala and putamen). The obese groups underwent RYGB and were re-evaluated 9 months later. Analyses were by linear mixed models. RESULTS Analyses of T2 relaxation time at baseline showed a group by region interaction only in the MBH (P < 0.0001). T2D had longer T2 relaxation times compared to either CT or ND groups. To examine the effects of RYGB on hypothalamic gliosis a three-way (group by region by time) mixed effects model adjusted for age was executed. Group by region (P < 0.0001) and region by time (P = 0.0005) interactions were significant. There was a reduction in MBH relaxation time by RYGB, and, although the T2D group still had higher T2 relaxation time overall compared to the ND group, the T2D group had significantly lower T2 relaxation time after surgery and the ND group showed a trend. The degree of reduction in MBH T2 relaxation time by RYGB was unrelated to clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION T2 relaxation times, a marker of hypothalamic gliosis, are higher in obese women with T2D and are reduced by RYGB-induced weight loss.
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Clarke JR, Ribeiro FC, Frozza RL, De Felice FG, Lourenco MV. Metabolic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: From Basic Neurobiology to Clinical Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S405-S426. [PMID: 29562518 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have extensively failed to find effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) so far. Even after decades of AD research, there are still limited options for treating dementia. Mounting evidence has indicated that AD patients develop central and peripheral metabolic dysfunction, and the underpinnings of such events have recently begun to emerge. Basic and preclinical studies have unveiled key pathophysiological mechanisms that include aberrant brain stress signaling, inflammation, and impaired insulin sensitivity. These findings are in accordance with clinical and neuropathological data suggesting that AD patients undergo central and peripheral metabolic deregulation. Here, we review recent basic and clinical findings indicating that metabolic defects are central to AD pathophysiology. We further propose a view for future therapeutics that incorporates metabolic defects as a core feature of AD pathogenesis. This approach could improve disease understanding and therapy development through drug repurposing and/or identification of novel metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Clarke
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Ribeiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudimar L Frozza
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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40
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Macedo F, Dos Santos LS, Glezer I, da Cunha FM. Brain Innate Immune Response in Diet-Induced Obesity as a Paradigm for Metabolic Influence on Inflammatory Signaling. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:342. [PMID: 31068773 PMCID: PMC6491681 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a predisposing factor for numerous morbidities, including those affecting the central nervous system. Hypothalamic inflammation is a hallmark of obesity and is believed to participate in the onset and progression of the obese phenotype, by promoting changes in neuronal functions involved in the control of metabolism. The activation of brain immune cells in the hypothalamus, which are represented by microglia and brain macrophages, is associated with obesity and has been the focus of intense research. Despite the significant body of knowledge gathered on this topic, obesity-induced metabolic changes in brain cells involved in innate immune responses are still poorly characterized due, at least in part, to limitations in the existing experimental methods. Since the metabolic state influences immune responses of microglia and other myeloid cells, the understanding and characterization of the effects of cellular metabolism on the functions of these cells, and their impact on brain integrity, are crucial for the development of efficient therapeutic interventions for individuals exposed to a long-term high fat diet (HFD). Here we review and speculate on the cellular basis that may underlie the observed changes in the reactivity and metabolism of the innate immune cells of the brain in diet-induced obesity (DIO), and discuss important points that deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isaias Glezer
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Marques da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mason AE, Jhaveri K, Schleicher S, Almeida C, Hartman A, Wackerly A, Alba D, Koliwad SK, Epel ES, Aschbacher K. Sweet cognition: The differential effects of glucose consumption on attentional food bias in individuals of lean and obese status. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:264-273. [PMID: 31002858 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In general, glucose consumption improves cognitive performance; however, it is unknown whether glucose specifically alters attentional food bias, and how this process may vary by BMI status. We hypothesized that glucose consumption would increase attentional food bias among individuals of obese BMI status more so than among individuals of lean BMI status. Participants (N = 35) completed the n-back, a working memory task modified to assess attentional food bias (ATT-Food), under fasting and glucose challenge conditions. We computed pre-post changes in ATT-Food, blood glucose and insulin (∆BG & ∆BI), and perceived task-stress (∆stress). After the second cognitive test and blood draw, participants ate lunch and completed a "taste test" of highly palatable foods, and we recorded food consumption. Pre-post changes in ATT-Food were greater among participants of obese (relative to lean) BMI status (F(1,33) = 5.108, p = .031). Greater ∆ATT-Food was significantly associated with greater ∆BG (r = .462, p = .007) and reduced ∆stress (r =-.422, p = .011), and marginally associated with greater taste-test eating (r =.325, p = .057), but was not associated with ∆BI. Our findings suggest that individuals of obese BMI status may exhibit "sweet cognition," as indexed by greater attentional food bias following glucose ingestion, relative to individuals of lean BMI status. Among individuals of obese BMI status, sweet cognition may arise from difficulty broadening attention toward non-food cues after consuming a high glucose load, thereby potentially perpetuating sugar consumption. If confirmed by further research, measures of sweet cognition may help identify individuals with a phenotype of risk for obesity and greater sugar consumption, who may benefit from tailored interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Mason
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States.
| | - Kinnari Jhaveri
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Samantha Schleicher
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Carlos Almeida
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States
| | - Alison Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University College of Arts and Sciences, United States
| | - Angela Wackerly
- Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States
| | - Diana Alba
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, United States; Diabetes Center, UCSF, United States
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, United States; Diabetes Center, UCSF, United States
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States
| | - Kirstin Aschbacher
- Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UCSF, United States.
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Distinct metabolic patterns during microglial remodeling by oleate and palmitate. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190072. [PMID: 30867255 PMCID: PMC6449521 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation by oleate and palmitate differentially modulates brain inflammatory status. However, the metabolic reprogramming supporting these reactive phenotypes remains unknown. Employing real-time metabolic measurements and lipidomic analysis, we show that both fatty acids promote microglial oxidative metabolism, while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances glycolytic rates. Interestingly, oleate treatment was followed by enrichment in storage lipids bound to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in parallel with protection against oxidative imbalance. Palmitate, in turn, induced a distinct lipid distribution defined by PUFA linked to membrane phospholipids, which are more susceptible to lipid peroxidation and inflammatory signaling cascades. This distribution was mirrored by LPS treatment, which led to a strong pro-inflammatory phenotype in microglia. Thus, although both oleate and palmitate preserve mitochondrial function, a contrasting lipid distribution supports differences in fatty acid-induced neuroinflammation. These data reinforce the concept that reactive microglial profiles are achieved by stimulus-evoked remodeling in cell metabolism.
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de Bona Schraiber R, de Mello AH, Garcez ML, de Bem Silveira G, Zacaron RP, de Souza Goldim MP, Budni J, Silveira PCL, Petronilho F, Ferreira GK, Rezin GT. Diet-induced obesity causes hypothalamic neurochemistry alterations in Swiss mice. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:565-573. [PMID: 30635861 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess inflammatory parameters, oxidative stress and energy metabolism in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice. Male Swiss mice were divided into two study groups: control group and obese group. The animals in the control group were fed a diet with adequate amounts of macronutrients (normal-lipid diet), whereas the animals in the obese group were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity. Obesity induction lasted 10 weeks, at the end of this period the disease model was validated in animals. The animals in the obese group had higher calorie consumption, higher body weight and higher weight of mesenteric fat compared to control group. Obesity showed an increase in levels of interleukin 1β and decreased levels of interleukin 10 in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, and decreased level of glutathione in the hypothalamus of obese animals. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The obese group had lower activity of complex I, II and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, as well as lower activity of creatine kinase in the hypothalamus as compared to the control group. Thus, the results from this study showed changes in inflammatory markers, and dysregulation of metabolic enzymes in the pathophysiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane de Bona Schraiber
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Haas de Mello
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Michelle Lima Garcez
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Unit Neurodegeneration, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Bem Silveira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Rubya Pereira Zacaron
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Josiane Budni
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Unit Neurodegeneration, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
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Nicoletti CF, Delfino HBP, Ferreira FC, Pinhel MADS, Nonino CB. Role of eating disorders-related polymorphisms in obesity pathophysiology. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2019; 20:115-125. [PMID: 30924001 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09489-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human biological system provides innumerable neuroendocrine inputs for food intake control, with effects on appetite's modulation and the satiety signs. Its regulation is very complex, engaging several molecular interactions with many tissues, hormones, and neural circuits. Thus, signaling molecules that control food intake are critical for normal energy homeostasis and a deregulation of these pathways can lead to eating disorders and obesity. In line of this, genetic factors have a significantly influence of the regulation of neural circuits controlling the appetite and satiety pathways, as well as the regulation of brain reward systems. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to hypothalamic appetite and satiety mechanisms, further in multiple neurotransmitter systems may contribute to the development of major Eating Disorders (EDs) related to obesity, among them Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN), which are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ferreira Nicoletti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Campos Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcela Augusta de Souza Pinhel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Laboratory of Studies in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Barbosa Nonino
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - FMRP/USP - Laboratory of Nutrigenomic Studies, University of São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14049-900, Brazil.
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Hypothalamic expression of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 is involved in the systemic regulation of glucose tolerance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1126-1137. [PMID: 30738810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In experimental obesity, the hypothalamus is affected by an inflammatory response activated by dietary saturated fats. This inflammation is triggered as early as one day after exposure to a high-fat diet, and during its progression, there is recruitment of inflammatory cells from the systemic circulation. The objective of the present study was identifying chemokines potentially involved in the development of hypothalamic diet-induced inflammation. In order to identify chemokines potentially involved in this process, we performed a real-time PCR array that determined Ackr2 as one of the transcripts undergoing differential regulation in obese-prone as compared to obese-resistant mice fed a high-fat diet for three days. ACKR2 is a decoy receptor that acts as an inhibitor of the signals generated by several CC inflammatory chemokines. Our results show that Ackr2 expression is rapidly induced after exposure to dietary fats both in obese-prone and obese-resistant mice. In immunofluorescence studies, ACKR2 was detected in hypothalamic neurons expressing POMC and NPY and also in microglia and astrocytes. The lentiviral overexpression of ACKR2 in the hypothalamus reduced diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation; however, there was no change in spontaneous caloric intake and body mass. Nevertheless, the overexpression of ACKR2 resulted in improvement of glucose tolerance, which was accompanied by reduced insulin secretion and increased whole body insulin sensitivity. Thus, ACKR2 is a decoy chemokine receptor expressed in most hypothalamic cells that is modulated by dietary intervention and acts to reduce diet-induced inflammation, leading to improved glucose tolerance due to improved insulin action.
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de Oliveira C, de Freitas JS, Macedo IC, Scarabelot VL, Ströher R, Santos DS, Souza A, Fregni F, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates biometric and inflammatory parameters and anxiety-like behavior in obese rats. Neuropeptides 2019; 73:1-10. [PMID: 30446297 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease associated with metabolic dysfunction and the prevention and treatment of obesity are often unsatisfactory. Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has proven promising in the treatment of eating disorders such as obesity. We investigate the effects of tDCS on locomotor and exploratory activities, anxiety-like and feeding behavior, and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), IL (interleukin)-10, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the cerebral cortex of obese rats. A total of 40 adult male Wistar rats were used in our study. Animals were divided into groups of three or four animals per cage and allocated to four treatment groups: standard diet plus sham tDCS treatment (SDS), standard diet plus tDCS treatment (SDT), hypercaloric diet plus sham tDCS treatment (HDS), hypercaloric diet plus tDCS treatment (HDT). After 40 days on a hypercaloric diet and/or standard diet were to assessed the locomotor and exploratory activity and anxiety-like behavior to by the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests respectively before and after exposure to tDCS treatment. The experimental groups were submitted to active or sham treatment tDCS during eight days. Palatable food consumption test (PFT) was performed 24 h after the last tDCS session under fasting and feeding conditions. Obese animals submitted to tDCS treatment showed a reduction in the Lee index, visceral adipose tissue weight, and food craving. In addition, bicephalic tDCS decreased the cerebral cortex levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in these animals. Exposure to a hypercaloric diet produced an anxiolytic effect, which was reversed by bicephalic tDCS treatment. These results suggest that, in accordance with studies in humans, bicephalic tDCS could modulate biometric and inflammatory parameters, as well as anxiety-like and feeding behavior, of rats subjected to the consumption of a hypercaloric diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies, Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Joice Soares de Freitas
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies, Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Macedo
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies, Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Leal Scarabelot
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies, Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ströher
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies, Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies, Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa Souza
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies, Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies, Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Sex-dependent effect on mitochondrial and oxidative stress parameters in the hypothalamus induced by prepubertal stress and access to high fat diet. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:114-122. [PMID: 30639195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some factors related to lifestyle, including stress and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption, are associated with higher prevalence of obesity. These factors can lead to an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses and to mitochondrial dysfunctions, which, in turn, could cause metabolic impairments, favoring the development of obesity. However, little is known about the interplay between these factors, particularly at early ages, and whether long-term sex-specific changes may occur. Here, we evaluated whether social isolation during the prepubertal period only, associated or not with chronic HFD, can exert long-term effects on oxidative status parameters and on mitochondrial function in the whole hypothalamus, in a sex-specific manner. METHODS Wistar male and female rats were divided into two groups (receiving standard chow or standard chow + HFD), that were subdivided into exposed or not to social isolation during the prepubertal period. Oxidative status parameters, and mitochondrial function were evaluated in the hypothalamus in the adult age. RESULTS Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, HFD decreased GPx activity in the hypothalamus, while increasing SOD activity in females. Females also presented increased total thiols; however, non-protein thiols were lower. Main effects of stress and HFD were observed in TBARS levels in males, with both factors decreasing this parameter. Additionally, HFD increased complex IV activity, and decreased mitochondrial mass in females. Complex I-III activity was higher in males compared to females. CONCLUSION Stress during the prepubertal period and chronic consumption of HFD had persistent sex-specific effects on oxidative status, as well as on its consequences for the cell and for mitochondrial function. HFD had more detrimental effects on females, inducing oxidative imbalance, which resulted in damage to the mitochondria. This HFD-induced imbalance may be related to the development of obesity.
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de Araujo TM, Razolli DS, Correa-da-Silva F, de Lima-Junior JC, Gaspar RS, Sidarta-Oliveira D, Victorio SC, Donato J, Kim YB, Velloso LA. The partial inhibition of hypothalamic IRX3 exacerbates obesity. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:448-460. [PMID: 30522931 PMCID: PMC6354701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Iroquois homeobox 3 (Irx3) gene has been identified as a functional long-range target of obesity-associated variants within the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) gene. It is highly expressed in the hypothalamus, and both whole-body knockout and hypothalamic restricted abrogation of its expression results in a lean phenotype, which is mostly explained by the resulting increased energy expenditure in the brown adipose tissue. Because of its potential implication in the pathogenesis of obesity, we evaluated the hypothalamic cell distribution of Irx3 and the outcomes of inhibiting its expression in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity. Methods Bioinformatics tools were used to evaluate the correlations between hypothalamic Irx3 and neurotransmitters, markers of thermogenesis and obesity related phenotypes. Droplet-sequencing analysis in >20,000 hypothalamic cells was used to explore the types of hypothalamic cells expressing Irx3. Lentivirus was used to inhibit hypothalamic Irx3 and the resulting phenotype was studied. Findings IRX3 is expressed predominantly in POMC neurons. Its expression is inhibited during prolonged fasting, as well as when mice are fed a high-fat diet. The partial inhibition of hypothalamic Irx3 using a lentivirus resulted in increased diet-induced body mass gain and adiposity due to increased caloric intake and reduced energy expenditure. Interpretation Contrary to the results obtained when lean mice are submitted to complete inhibition of Irx3, partial inhibition of hypothalamic Irx3 in obese mice causes an exacerbation of the obese phenotype. These data suggest that at least some of the Irx3 functions in the hypothalamus are regulated according to a hormetic pattern, and modulation of its expression can be a novel approach to modifying the body's energy-handling regulation. Fund Sao Paulo Research Foundation grants 2013/07607-8 (LAV) and 2017/02983-2 (JDJ); NIH grants R01DK083567 (YBK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Matos de Araujo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil; Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Felipe Correa-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Jose C de Lima-Junior
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Gaspar
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Davi Sidarta-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Sheila C Victorio
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
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Mendes NF, Kim YB, Velloso LA, Araújo EP. Hypothalamic Microglial Activation in Obesity: A Mini-Review. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:846. [PMID: 30524228 PMCID: PMC6262396 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data demonstrate that microglia activation plays a pivotal role in the development of hypothalamic inflammation in obesity. Early after the introduction of a high-fat diet, hypothalamic microglia undergo morphological, and functional changes in response to excessive dietary saturated fats. Initially the resident microglia are affected; however, as diet-induced obesity persists, bone marrow-derived myeloid cells gradually replace resident microglia. Genetic and pharmacological approaches aimed at dampening the inflammatory activity in the hypothalamus of experimental models of obesity have proven beneficial to correct the obese phenotype and improve metabolic abnormalities commonly associated with obesity. These approaches provide an experimental proof-of-concept that hypothalamic inflammation is central to the pathophysiology of obesity; understanding the details of the roles played by microglia in this process may help the development of preventive and therapeutic advances in the field. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying hypothalamic microglial activation in high-fat induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália F Mendes
- School of Nursing, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lício A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliana P Araújo
- School of Nursing, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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50
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Hypothalamic Inflammation at a Crossroad of Somatic Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:11-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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