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Wensveen FM, Šestan M, Polić B. The immunology of sickness metabolism. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:1051-1065. [PMID: 39107476 PMCID: PMC11364700 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Everyone knows that an infection can make you feel sick. Although we perceive infection-induced changes in metabolism as a pathology, they are a part of a carefully regulated process that depends on tissue-specific interactions between the immune system and organs involved in the regulation of systemic homeostasis. Immune-mediated changes in homeostatic parameters lead to altered production and uptake of nutrients in circulation, which modifies the metabolic rate of key organs. This is what we experience as being sick. The purpose of sickness metabolism is to generate a metabolic environment in which the body is optimally able to fight infection while denying vital nutrients for the replication of pathogens. Sickness metabolism depends on tissue-specific immune cells, which mediate responses tailored to the nature and magnitude of the threat. As an infection increases in severity, so do the number and type of immune cells involved and the level to which organs are affected, which dictates the degree to which we feel sick. Interestingly, many alterations associated with metabolic disease appear to overlap with immune-mediated changes observed following infection. Targeting processes involving tissue-specific interactions between activated immune cells and metabolic organs therefore holds great potential for treating both people with severe infection and those with metabolic disease. In this review, we will discuss how the immune system communicates in situ with organs involved in the regulation of homeostasis and how this communication is impacted by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Šestan
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bojan Polić
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
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2
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Aleksic S, Fleysher R, Weiss EF, Tal N, Darby T, Blumen HM, Vazquez J, Ye KQ, Gao T, Siegel SM, Barzilai N, Lipton ML, Milman S. Hypothalamic MRI-derived microstructure is associated with neurocognitive aging in humans. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 141:102-112. [PMID: 38850591 PMCID: PMC11295133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis across the lifespan and is emerging as a regulator of aging. In murine models, aging-related changes in the hypothalamus, including microinflammation and gliosis, promote accelerated neurocognitive decline. We investigated relationships between hypothalamic microstructure and features of neurocognitive aging, including cortical thickness and cognition, in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults (age range 65-97 years, n=124). Hypothalamic microstructure was evaluated with two magnetic resonance imaging diffusion metrics: mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA), using a novel image processing pipeline. Hypothalamic MD was cross-sectionally positively associated with age and it was negatively associated with cortical thickness. Hypothalamic FA, independent of cortical thickness, was cross-sectionally positively associated with neurocognitive scores. An exploratory analysis of longitudinal neurocognitive performance suggested that lower hypothalamic FA may predict cognitive decline. No associations between hypothalamic MD, age, and cortical thickness were identified in a younger control cohort (age range 18-63 years, n=99). To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that hypothalamic microstructure is associated with features of neurocognitive aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aleksic
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Roman Fleysher
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Erica F Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Noa Tal
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Timothy Darby
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Helena M Blumen
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Juan Vazquez
- Department of Internal Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kenny Q Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Tina Gao
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Shira M Siegel
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael L Lipton
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sofiya Milman
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Della Guardia L, Shin AC. Obesity-induced tissue alterations resist weight loss: A mechanistic review. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:3045-3057. [PMID: 38720199 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Interventions aimed at weight control often have limited effectiveness in combating obesity. This review explores how obesity-induced dysfunction in white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), skeletal muscle, and the brain blunt weight loss, leading to retention of stored fat. In obesity, increased adrenergic stimulation and inflammation downregulate β-adrenoreceptors and impair catecholaminergic signalling in adipocytes. This disrupts adrenergic-mediated lipolysis, diminishing lipid oxidation in both white and brown adipocytes, lowering thermogenesis and blunting fat loss. Emerging evidence suggests that WAT fibrosis is associated with worse weight loss outcomes; indeed, limiting collagen and laminin-α4 deposition mitigates WAT accumulation, enhances browning, and protects against high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Obesity compromises mitochondrial oxidative capacity and lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle, impairing its ability to switch between glucose and lipid metabolism in response to varying nutrient levels and exercise. This dysfunctional phenotype in muscle is exacerbated in the presence of obesity-associated sarcopenia. Additionally, obesity suppresses sarcolipin-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activation, resulting in reduced oxidative capacity, diminished energy expenditure, and increased adiposity. In the hypothalamus, obesity and overnutrition impair insulin and leptin signalling. This blunts central satiety signals, favouring a shift in energy balance toward energy conservation and body fat retention. Moreover, both obese animals and humans demonstrate impaired dopaminergic signalling and diminished responses to nutrient intake in the striatum, which tend to persist after weight loss. This may result in enduring inclinations toward overeating and a sedentary lifestyle. Collectively, the tissue adaptations described pose significant challenges to effectively achieving and sustaining weight loss in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrew C Shin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Du J, Shao B, Gao Y, Wei Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Li J, Li G. Relationship between exposure to fine particulate matter and cardiovascular risk factors and the modifying effect of socioeconomic status: a cross-sectional study in Beijing, China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1398396. [PMID: 39100956 PMCID: PMC11294222 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1398396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating research suggested that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, evidence regarding the relationship between PM2.5 and CVD risk factors remains inconsistent. We hypothesized that this association may be partially modified by socioeconomic status (SES). To investigate the relationships and to test the modifying effect of SES, we included baseline data for 21,018 adults from September 2017 to May 2018. PM2.5 concentrations were determined by employing an amalgamation of linear measurements obtained from monitoring stations located near the participants' residential and workplace addresses. We assessed SES across several domains, including income, education, and occupation levels, as well as through a composite SES index. The results indicated that for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure, the risk of hypercholesterolemia, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, diabetes, and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) increased by 7.7% [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.077, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.011, 1.146], 19.6% (OR = 1.196, 95% CI = 1.091, 1.312), 4.2% (OR = 1.042, 95% CI = 1.002, 1.084), and 17.1% (OR = 1.171, 95% CI = 1.133, 1.209), respectively. Compared to the high SES group, those with low SES are more prone to hypercholesterolemia, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, diabetes, and HHcy. Notably, the disparities in SES appear significant in the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and hypercholesterolemia as well as hyperbetalipoproteinemia. But for diabetes and HHcy, the modification effect of SES on PM2.5 shows an inconsistent pattern. In conclusion, the results confirm the association between PM2.5 and cardiovascular risk factors and low SES significantly amplified the adverse PM2.5 effect on dyslipidemia. It is crucial to emphasize a need to improve the socioeconomic inequality among adults in Beijing and contribute to the understanding of the urgency in protecting the health of vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Institute of Information and Statistics Center, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Gao
- Institute of Information and Statistics Center, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zaihua Wei
- Institute of Information and Statistics Center, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hongzheng Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Information and Statistics Center, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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Tzounakou AM, Stathori G, Paltoglou G, Valsamakis G, Mastorakos G, Vlahos NF, Charmandari E. Childhood Obesity, Hypothalamic Inflammation, and the Onset of Puberty: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1720. [PMID: 38892653 PMCID: PMC11175006 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The onset of puberty, which is under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, is influenced by various factors, including obesity, which has been associated with the earlier onset of puberty. Obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation may cause premature activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, resulting in the development of precocious or early puberty. Mechanisms involving phoenixin action and hypothalamic microglial cells are implicated. Furthermore, obesity induces structural and cellular brain alterations, disrupting metabolic regulation. Imaging studies reveal neuroinflammatory changes in obese individuals, impacting pubertal timing. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy enables the assessment of the brain's neurochemical composition by measuring key metabolites, highlighting potential pathways involved in neurological changes associated with obesity. In this article, we present evidence indicating a potential association among obesity, hypothalamic inflammation, and precocious puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia-Maria Tzounakou
- Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.T.); (G.S.)
| | - Galateia Stathori
- Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.T.); (G.S.)
| | - George Paltoglou
- Diabetes Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘P. & A. Kyriakou’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Valsamakis
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (G.M.); (N.F.V.)
| | - George Mastorakos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (G.M.); (N.F.V.)
| | - Nikolaos F. Vlahos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (G.M.); (N.F.V.)
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.T.); (G.S.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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包 汉, 王 苏, 吕 穆, 王 永, 姜 萍, 李 晓. [Activation of α7 nAChR improves white fat homeostasis and promotes beige adipogenesis and thermogenesis in obese mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2024; 44:499-506. [PMID: 38597441 PMCID: PMC11006706 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.03.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist on β3-adrenoceptor agonist-induced impairment of white fat homeostasis and beige adipose formation and heat production in obese mice. METHODS Forty obese C57BL/6J mice were randomized into high-fat feeding group, β3-adrenoceptor agonist-treated model group, α7 nAChR agonist group, and α7 nAChR inhibitor group (n=10), with another 10 mice with normal feeding as the blank control group. White adipose tissue from the epididymis of the mice were sampled for HE staining of the adipocytes. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and TGF-β in the white adipose tissue were determined by ELISA, and the mRNA levels of iNOS, Arg1, UCP-1, PRDM-16 and PGC-1α were detected using RT-qPCR. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of NF-κB P65, p-JAK2, p-STAT3 in the white adipose tissue. RESULTS Compared with those in the blank control group, the mice with high-fat feeding showed significantly increased body weight, more fat vacuoles in the white adipose tissue, increased volume of lipid droplets in the adipocytes, upregulated iNOS mRNA expression and protein expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, and lowered expression of Arg-1 mRNA and IL-10 and TGF-β proteins (P < 0.01). Treatment with α7 nAChR significantly reduced mRNA levels of PRDM-16, PGC-1α and UCP-1, lowered TNF-α and IL-1β expressions, increased IL-10 and TGF-β expressions, and reduced M1/M2 macrophage ratio in the white adipose tissues (P < 0.05 or 0.01). CONCLUSION Activation of α7 nAchR improves white adipose tissue homeostasis impairment induced by β3 agonist, promotes transformation of M1 to M2 macrophages, reduces inflammatory response in white adipose tissue, and promote beige adipogenesis and thermogenesis in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- 汉生 包
- 山东中医药大学,山东 济南 250355Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - 苏童 王
- 山东中医药大学,山东 济南 250355Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - 穆杰 吕
- 山东中医药大学,山东 济南 250355Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - 永成 王
- 山东中医药大学附属医院,山东 济南 250014Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - 萍 姜
- 山东中医药大学,山东 济南 250355Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - 晓 李
- 山东中医药大学附属医院,山东 济南 250014Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
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Guo Q, Jin Y, Chen X, Ye X, Shen X, Lin M, Zeng C, Zhou T, Zhang J. NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:53. [PMID: 38433280 PMCID: PMC10910037 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with extensive and in-depth investigations, researchers have discovered that its role can be expanded to a variety of signaling mechanisms, biological processes, human diseases, and treatment options. In this review, we first scrutinize the research process of NF-κB signaling, and summarize the composition, activation, and regulatory mechanism of NF-κB signaling. We investigate the interaction of NF-κB signaling with other important pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TLR signaling. The physiological and pathological states of NF-κB signaling, as well as its intricate involvement in inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment, are also explicated. Additionally, we illustrate how NF-κB signaling is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases, and COVID-19. Further, we discuss the therapeutic approaches targeting NF-κB signaling, including IKK inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, nuclear translocation inhibitors, DNA binding inhibitors, TKIs, non-coding RNAs, immunotherapy, and CAR-T. Finally, we provide an outlook for research in the field of NF-κB signaling. We hope to present a stereoscopic, comprehensive NF-κB signaling that will inform future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizi Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Ye
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxi Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Elgazzaz M, Berdasco C, Garai J, Baddoo M, Lu S, Daoud H, Zabaleta J, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lazartigues E. Maternal Western diet programs cardiometabolic dysfunction and hypothalamic inflammation via epigenetic mechanisms predominantly in the male offspring. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101864. [PMID: 38159883 PMCID: PMC10806294 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal exposure during pregnancy is a strong determinant of offspring health outcomes. Such exposure induces changes in the offspring epigenome resulting in gene expression and functional changes. In this study, we investigated the effect of maternal Western hypercaloric diet (HCD) programming during the perinatal period on neuronal plasticity and cardiometabolic health in adult offspring. METHODS C57BL/6J dams were fed HCD for 1 month prior to mating with regular diet (RD) sires and kept on the same diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, offspring were maintained on either HCD or RD for 3 months resulting in 4 treatment groups that underwent cardiometabolic assessments. DNA and RNA were extracted from the hypothalamus to perform whole genome methylation, mRNA, and miRNA sequencing followed by bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS Maternal programming resulted in male-specific hypertension and hyperglycemia, with both males and females showing increased sympathetic tone to the vasculature. Surprisingly, programmed male offspring fed HCD in adulthood exhibited lower glucose levels, less insulin resistance, and leptin levels compared to non-programmed HCD-fed male mice. Hypothalamic genes involved in inflammation and type 2 diabetes were targeted by differentially expressed miRNA, while genes involved in glial and astrocytic differentiation were differentially methylated in programmed male offspring. These data were supported by our findings of astrogliosis, microgliosis and increased microglial activation in programmed males in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Programming induced a protective effect in male mice fed HCD in adulthood, resulting in lower protein levels of hypothalamic TGFβ2, NF-κB2, NF-κBp65, Ser-pIRS1, and GLP1R compared to non-programmed HCD-fed males. Although TGFβ2 was upregulated in male mice exposed to HCD pre- or post-natally, only blockade of the brain TGFβ receptor in RD-HCD mice improved glucose tolerance and a trend to weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that maternal HCD programs neuronal plasticity in the offspring and results in male-specific hypertension and hyperglycemia associated with hypothalamic inflammation in mechanisms and pathways distinct from post-natal HCD exposure. Together, our data unmask a compensatory role of HCD programming, likely via priming of metabolic pathways to handle excess nutrients in a more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elgazzaz
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Clara Berdasco
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Jone Garai
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Melody Baddoo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine/Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shiping Lu
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hisham Daoud
- School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
| | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Queen NJ, Huang W, Zou X, Mo X, Cao L. AAV-BDNF gene therapy ameliorates a hypothalamic neuroinflammatory signature in the Magel2-null model of Prader-Willi syndrome. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101108. [PMID: 37766791 PMCID: PMC10520877 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) exhibit several metabolic and behavioral abnormalities associated with excessive food-seeking activity. PWS is thought to be driven in part by dysfunctional hypothalamic circuitry and blunted responses to peripheral signals of satiety. Previous work described a hypothalamic transcriptomic signature of individuals with PWS. Notably, PWS patients exhibited downregulation of genes involved in neuronal development and an upregulation of neuroinflammatory genes. Deficiencies of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor were identified as potential drivers of PWS phenotypes. Our group recently applied an adeno-associated viral (AAV)-BDNF gene therapy within a preclinical PWS model, Magel2-null mice, to improve metabolic and behavioral function. While this proof-of-concept project was promising, it remained unclear how AAV-BDNF was influencing the hypothalamic microenvironment and how its therapeutic effect was mediated. To investigate, we hypothalamically injected AAV-BDNF to wild type and Magel2-null mice and performed mRNA sequencing on hypothalamic tissue. Here, we report that (1) Magel2 deficiency is associated with neuroinflammation in the hypothalamus and (2) AAV-BDNF gene therapy reverses this neuroinflammation. These data newly reveal Magel2-null mice as a valid model of PWS-related neuroinflammation and furthermore suggest that AAV-BDNF may modulate obesity-related neuroinflammatory phenotypes through direct or indirect means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Queen
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xunchang Zou
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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10
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Eepho OI, Bashir AAM, Oniyide AA, Aturamu A, Owolabi OV, Ajadi IO, Fafure AA, Ajadi MB, Areloegbe SE, Olaniyi KS. Modulation of GABA by sodium butyrate ameliorates hypothalamic inflammation in experimental model of PCOS. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:62. [PMID: 37996797 PMCID: PMC10666373 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a known endocrine disorder that has affected many women of childbearing age, and is accompanied by various neurodegenerative conditions. Hence, this study investigates the impact of butyrate in reversing hypothalamic-related disorder, possibly through γ aminobutyric acid (GABA) in a rat model of PCOS. Eight-week-old female Wistar rats were allotted into four groups (n = 5), which include control, butyrate, letrozole, and letrozole + butyrate groups. PCOS was induced by administering 1 mg/kg of letrozole (oral gavage) for 21 days. After confirmation of PCOS, 200 mg/kg of butyrate (oral gavage) was administered for 6 weeks. Rats with PCOS were characterized by elevated levels of plasma insulin and testosterone. Increases in plasma and hypothalamic triglyceride levels, inflammatory biomarker (SDF-1), apoptotic marker (caspase-6), and decreased plasma GnRH were observed. Additionally, a decrease in hypothalamic GABA was revealed. Nevertheless, the administration of butyrate attenuated these alterations. The present study suggests that butyrate ameliorates hypothalamic inflammation in an experimental model of PCOS, a beneficial effect that is accompanied by enhanced GABA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oony-Iye Eepho
- Cardio/Endo-metabolic and Microbiome Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Al-Amin M Bashir
- Cardio/Endo-metabolic and Microbiome Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Adesola A Oniyide
- Cardio/Endo-metabolic and Microbiome Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Aturamu
- Cardio/Endo-metabolic and Microbiome Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Olutunmise V Owolabi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Isaac O Ajadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
| | - Adedamola A Fafure
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Mary B Ajadi
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
| | - Stephanie E Areloegbe
- Cardio/Endo-metabolic and Microbiome Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde S Olaniyi
- Cardio/Endo-metabolic and Microbiome Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria.
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11
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Guo Q, Zou Y, Chang Y, Zhong Y, Cheng L, Jia L, Zhai L, Bai Y, Sun Q, Wei W. Transcriptomic Evidence of Hypothalamus for Maternal Fructose Exposure Induced Offspring Hypertension through AT1R/TLR4 Pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2023:109373. [PMID: 37178812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Maternal fructose exposure during pregnancy and lactation has been shown to contribute to hypertension in offspring, with long-term effects on hypothalamus development. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used the tail-cuff method to evaluate the effects of maternal fructose drinking exposure on offspring blood pressure levels at postpartum day 21 (PND21) and postpartum day 60 (PND60). We employed Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) full-length RNA sequencing to investigate the developmental programming of the PND60 offspring's hypothalamus and confirmed the presence of the AT1R/TLR4 pathway using western blot and immunofluorescence. Our findings demonstrated that maternal fructose exposure significantly increased blood pressure in PND60 offspring but not in PND21 offspring. Additionally, we observed transcriptome-wide alterations in the hypothalamus of PND60 offspring following maternal fructose exposure. Overall, our study provides evidence that maternal fructose exposure during pregnancy and lactation may alter the transcriptome-wide of offspring hypothalamus and activate the AT1R/TLR4 pathway, leading to hypertension. These findings may have important implications for the prevention and treatment of hypertension-related diseases in offspring exposed to excessive fructose during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yuchen Zou
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yidan Chang
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yongyong Zhong
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Lihong Jia
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Lingling Zhai
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yinglong Bai
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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12
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Ensminger DC, Wheeler ND, Al Makki R, Eads KN, Ashley NT. Contrasting effects of sleep fragmentation and angiotensin-II treatment upon pro-inflammatory responses of mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14763. [PMID: 36042284 PMCID: PMC9427781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered sleep promotes inflammation in brain and peripheral tissues, but the mechanisms that regulate these responses are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) from sleep loss elevates blood pressure to promote vascular sheer stress leading to inflammation. As catecholamines produced from SNS activation can directly regulate inflammation, we pharmacologically altered blood pressure using an alternative approach-manipulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Male C57BL6/J mice were treated with angiotensin or captopril to elevate and reduce blood pressure, respectively and then exposed to 24-h of sleep fragmentation (SF) or allowed to sleep (control). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and as endothelial adhesion gene expression as well as serum glucocorticoids (corticosterone) were measured. RAS manipulation elevated cytokines and endothelial adhesion expression in heart and aorta while SF increased cytokine expression in peripheral tissues, but not brain. However, there were interactive effects of angiotensin-II and SF upon cytokine gene expression in hippocampus and hypothalamus, but not prefrontal cortex. SF, but not RAS manipulation, elevated serum corticosterone concentration. These findings highlight the contrasting effects of RAS manipulation and SF, implying that inflammation from SF is acting on different pathways that are largely independent of RAS manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Ensminger
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA.
| | - Nicholas D Wheeler
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Reem Al Makki
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Kristen N Eads
- School of Physician Assistant Studies, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Noah T Ashley
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
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13
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The central nervous system control of energy homeostasis: high fat diet induced hypothalamic microinflammation and obesity. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:99-106. [PMID: 35525336 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is believed to arise through the imbalance of energy homeostasis controlled by the central nervous system, where the hypothalamus plays the fundamental role in energy metabolism. In this review, we will provide an overview regarding the functions of POMC neurons and AgRP neurons in acute nucleus of the hypothalamus which mediated the energy metabolism, highlighting their interactions with peripheral organs derived hormones in control of energy homeostasis. Furthermore, the role of high fat diet induced hypothalamic microinflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity will be discussed. We hope this review could help researchers to understand the mechanism of hypothalamus in control of energy metabolism, and design related drugs to block the pathways involving in the impaired metabolism in obese patients.
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14
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Engel DF, Velloso LA. The timeline of neuronal and glial alterations in experimental obesity. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108983. [PMID: 35143850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In experimental models, hypothalamic dysfunction is a key component of the pathophysiology of diet-induced obesity. Early after the introduction of a high-fat diet, neurons, microglia, astrocytes and tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus undergo structural and functional changes that impact caloric intake, energy expenditure and systemic glucose tolerance. Inflammation has emerged as a central component of this response, and as in other inflammatory conditions, there is a time course of events that determine the fate of distinct cells involved in the central regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. Here, we review the work that identified key mechanisms, cellular players and temporal features of diet-induced hypothalamic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane F Engel
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Brazil.
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15
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Suk K. Hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic disorders and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:32. [PMID: 34910246 PMCID: PMC11071926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a critical brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis. Over the years, studies on energy metabolism primarily focused on the neuronal component of the hypothalamus. Studies have recently uncovered the vital role of glial cells as an additional player in energy balance regulation. However, their inflammatory activation under metabolic stress condition contributes to various metabolic diseases. The recruitment of monocytes and macrophages in the hypothalamus helps sustain such inflammation and worsens the disease state. Neurons were found to actively participate in hypothalamic inflammatory response by transmitting signals to the surrounding non-neuronal cells. This activation of different cell types in the hypothalamus leads to chronic, low-grade inflammation, impairing energy balance and contributing to defective feeding habits, thermogenesis, and insulin and leptin signaling, eventually leading to metabolic disorders (i.e., diabetes, obesity, and hypertension). The hypothalamus is also responsible for the causation of systemic aging under metabolic stress. A better understanding of the multiple factors contributing to hypothalamic inflammation, the role of the different hypothalamic cells, and their crosstalks may help identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells in establishing a cause-effect relationship between hypothalamic inflammation and the development of metabolic diseases. We also cover the role of other cell types and discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting hypothalamic inflammation as a valid therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Hernandez R, Zhou C. Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of IKKβ in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:752337. [PMID: 34957242 PMCID: PMC8692734 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.752337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes, are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cardiometabolic diseases are associated with many overlapping metabolic syndromes such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and central adiposity. However, the underlying causes of cardiometabolic diseases and associated syndromes remain poorly understood. Within the past couple of decades, considerable progresses have been made to understand the role of inflammatory signaling in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. The transcription factor, NF-κB, a master regulator of the innate and adaptive immune responses, is highly active in cardiometabolic diseases. IκB kinase β (IKKβ), the predominant catalytic subunit of the IKK complex, is required for canonical activation of NF-κB, and has been implicated as the critical molecular link between inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases. Recent studies have revealed that IKKβ has diverse and unexpected roles in mediating adiposity, insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, vascular function, and atherogenesis through complex mechanisms. IKKβ has been demonstrated as a critical player in the development of cardiometabolic diseases and is implicated as a promising therapeutic target. This review summarizes current knowledge of the functions of IKKβ in mediating the development and progression of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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17
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Li J, Long J, Zhang Q, Shen H, Guo AY, Ma Z, Zhang G. Hypothalamic long noncoding RNA AK044061 is involved in the development of dietary obesity in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2638-2647. [PMID: 34446844 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in various important biological processes, however, its role in energy balance and obesity remains largely unknown. METHODS Differentially expressed lncRNAs in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice versus chow-fed mice were identified by RNA sequencing. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression and knockdown of a novel lncRNA, AK044061, were used to assess its role in energy balance and the development of DIO. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and pull down assays were carried out to analyze the interaction between lncRNA AK044061 and RelA, an NF-κB subunit. RESULTS LncRNA AK044061 was upregulated in the hypothalamus of DIO mice. Acute intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of glucose reduced the expression of lncRNA AK044061, whereas an overnight of fasting enhanced its expression. RNA in situ hybridization data showed that AK044061 was expressed in the neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of AK044061 in ARC cells, or in the neurons of the ARC nucleus led to an obesity-like phenotype and related metabolic disorders. Furthermore, knockdown of lncRNA AK044061 in Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons mitigated DIO and its related metabolic dysregulations. In mechanism, we showed that lncRNA AK044061 was associated with RelA and could enhance the NF-κB reporter activity. The effect of lncRNA AK044061 on energy balance is mediated by NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that excessive lncRNA AK044061 in the ARC nucleus leads to energy imbalance and obesity. LncRNA AK044061 expressed in the AgRP neurons is important in the development of dietary obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinlie Long
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyuan Shen
- Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - An-Yuan Guo
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
| | - Guo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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18
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Kawarazaki W, Fujita T. Kidney and epigenetic mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:350-363. [PMID: 33627838 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary salt intake increases blood pressure (BP) but the salt sensitivity of BP differs between individuals. The interplay of ageing, genetics and environmental factors, including malnutrition and stress, contributes to BP salt sensitivity. In adults, obesity is often associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. The children of women who experience malnutrition during pregnancy are at increased risk of developing obesity, diabetes and salt-sensitive hypertension as adults. Similarly, the offspring of mice that are fed a low-protein diet during pregnancy develop salt-sensitive hypertension in association with aberrant DNA methylation of the gene encoding type 1A angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) in the hypothalamus, leading to upregulation of hypothalamic AT1AR and renal sympathetic overactivity. Ageing is also associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. In aged mice, promoter methylation leads to reduced kidney production of the anti-ageing factor Klotho and a decrease in circulating soluble Klotho. In the setting of Klotho deficiency, salt-induced activation of the vascular Wnt5a-RhoA pathway leads to ageing-associated salt-sensitive hypertension, potentially as a result of reduced renal blood flow and increased peripheral resistance. Thus, kidney mechanisms and aberrant DNA methylation of certain genes are involved in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension during fetal development and old age. Three distinct paradigms of epigenetic memory operate on different timescales in prenatal malnutrition, obesity and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Kawarazaki
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan. .,Research Center for Social Systems, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
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19
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Quarta C, Claret M, Zeltser LM, Williams KW, Yeo GSH, Tschöp MH, Diano S, Brüning JC, Cota D. POMC neuronal heterogeneity in energy balance and beyond: an integrated view. Nat Metab 2021; 3:299-308. [PMID: 33633406 PMCID: PMC8085907 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic AgRP and POMC neurons are conventionally viewed as the yin and yang of the body's energy status, since they act in an opposite manner to modulate appetite and systemic energy metabolism. However, although AgRP neurons' functions are comparatively well understood, a unifying theory of how POMC neuronal cells operate has remained elusive, probably due to their high level of heterogeneity, which suggests that their physiological roles might be more complex than initially thought. In this Perspective, we propose a conceptual framework that integrates POMC neuronal heterogeneity with appetite regulation, whole-body metabolic physiology and the development of obesity. We highlight emerging evidence indicating that POMC neurons respond to distinct combinations of interoceptive signals and food-related cues to fine-tune divergent metabolic pathways and behaviours necessary for survival. The new framework we propose reflects the high degree of developmental plasticity of this neuronal population and may enable progress towards understanding of both the aetiology and treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Claret
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism (NeuCoMe) Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Cota
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France.
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20
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Cao L, Ali S, Queen NJ. Hypothalamic gene transfer of BDNF promotes healthy aging. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:39-66. [PMID: 33706955 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aging process and age-related diseases all involve metabolic decline and impaired ability to cope with adversity. Environmental enrichment (EE)-a housing environment which recapitulates aspects of active lifestyle-exerts a wide range of health benefits in laboratory rodents. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hypothalamus orchestrates autonomic and neuroendocrine processes, serving as one key brain mediator of EE-induced resistance to obesity, cancer, and autoimmunity. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated hypothalamic BDNF gene transfer alleviates obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndromes in both diet-induced and genetic models. One recent study by our lab demonstrates the efficacy and safety of a built-in autoregulatory system to control transgene BDNF expression, mimicking the body's natural feedback systems in middle-age mice. Twelve-month old mice were treated with autoregulatory BDNF vector and monitored for 7months. BDNF gene transfer prevented age-associated metabolic decline by: reducing adiposity, preventing the decline of brown fat activity, increasing adiponectin while reducing leptin and insulin in circulation, improving glucose tolerance, increasing energy expenditure, alleviating hepatic steatosis, and suppressing inflammatory genes in the hypothalamus and adipose tissues. Furthermore, BDNF treatment reduced anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. This chapter summarizes this work and discusses potential roles that hypothalamic BDNF might play in promoting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Seemaab Ali
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas J Queen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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21
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Yen E, Maron JL. Aberrant Feeding and Growth in Neonates With Prenatal Opioid Exposure: Evidence of Neuromodulation and Behavioral Changes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:805763. [PMID: 35127598 PMCID: PMC8814597 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.805763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant women over the last decade has led to more than a fivefold increase in the number of neonates born with withdrawal signs known as Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) or Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS). The impact of prenatal opioid exposure on these neonates remains a public health and research priority due to both its short and long-term effects on offspring. Among the adverse long-term effects associated with OUD is a metabolic syndrome with accompanying cardiovascular comorbidities. The susceptibility to metabolic diseases may begin as early as conception. Neonates born in a setting of prenatal opioid exposure are known to have aberrant early growth, e.g., lower birth weight and smaller head size, and dysregulated feeding behavior that ranges from feeding difficulty to hyperphagia which may predispose these neonates to metabolic syndrome in adulthood. However, studies on this topic are lacking. In this article, we describe the reported association between OUD and metabolic syndrome in adults, animal data linking opioid receptors with the development of diet-induced obesity, the inflammatory modulation of opioids and finally, neonatal salivary transcriptomic data from our laboratory that highlighted the sex-specific impact of opioids on the hypothalamic and reward receptors that regulate feeding behavior in opioid-exposed neonates. There is a great need for future research linking opioids with epigenetic and gene expression changes, as well as neuromodulatory effects in the developing brain, that may underlie the dysregulated feeding, growth, and long-term metabolic and cardiovascular risks for these neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yen
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jill L Maron
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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22
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Abstract
Over the past decade, hypothalamic microinflammation has been studied and appreciated as a core mechanism involved in the advancement of metabolic syndrome and aging. Accumulating evidence suggests that atypical microinflammatory insults disturb hypothalamic regulation resulting in metabolic imbalance and aging progression, establishing a common causality for these two pathophysiologic statuses. Studies have causally linked these changes to activation of key proinflammatory pathways, especially NF-κB signaling within the hypothalamus, which leads to hypothalamic neuronal dysregulation, astrogliosis, microgliosis, and loss of adult hypothalamic neural stem/progenitor cells. While hypothalamic microinflammation is a complex, multifaceted process, initial work has been done to reveal how it contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and aging, and studies inhibiting hypothalamic microinflammation through targeting proinflammatory signaling pathways have shown to be beneficial against these disorders and diseases. In this chapter, we provide a broad overview on hypothalamic microinflammation, focusing on its features, inducers, and shared pathogenic roles in metabolic syndrome and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Cai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Sinan Khor
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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23
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Hall JE, Mouton AJ, da Silva AA, Omoto ACM, Wang Z, Li X, do Carmo JM. Obesity, kidney dysfunction, and inflammation: interactions in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1859-1876. [PMID: 33258945 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes 65-75% of the risk for human primary (essential) hypertension (HT) which is a major driver of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Kidney dysfunction, associated with increased renal sodium reabsorption and compensatory glomerular hyperfiltration, plays a key role in initiating obesity-HT and target organ injury. Mediators of kidney dysfunction and increased blood pressure include (i) elevated renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA); (ii) increased antinatriuretic hormones such as angiotensin II and aldosterone; (iii) relative deficiency of natriuretic hormones; (iv) renal compression by fat in and around the kidneys; and (v) activation of innate and adaptive immune cells that invade tissues throughout the body, producing inflammatory cytokines/chemokines that contribute to vascular and target organ injury, and exacerbate HT. These neurohormonal, renal, and inflammatory mechanisms of obesity-HT are interdependent. For example, excess adiposity increases the adipocyte-derived cytokine leptin which increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor pathway. Excess visceral, perirenal and renal sinus fat compress the kidneys which, along with increased RSNA, contribute to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, although obesity may also activate mineralocorticoid receptors independent of aldosterone. Prolonged obesity, HT, metabolic abnormalities, and inflammation cause progressive renal injury, making HT more resistant to therapy and often requiring multiple antihypertensive drugs and concurrent treatment of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, and inflammation. More effective anti-obesity drugs are needed to prevent the cascade of cardiorenal, metabolic, and immune disorders that threaten to overwhelm health care systems as obesity prevalence continues to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Alan J Mouton
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Ana C M Omoto
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
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24
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Gupta P, Taiyab A, Hassan MI. Emerging role of protein kinases in diabetes mellitus: From mechanism to therapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 124:47-85. [PMID: 33632470 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a severe burden on the medical health system across the globe. Presently, around 422 million people are suffering from diabetes which is speculated to be expanded to about 600 million by 2035. Patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of developing detrimental metabolic and cardiovascular complications. The scientific understanding of this chronic disease and its underlying root cause is not yet fully unraveled. Protein kinases are well known to regulate almost every cellular process through phosphorylation of target protein in diverse signaling pathways. The important role of several protein kinases including AMP-activated protein kinase, IκB kinase and protein kinase C have been well demonstrated in various animal models. They modulate glucose tolerance, inflammation and insulin resistance in the cells via acting on diverse downstream targets and signaling pathways. Thus, modulating the activity of potential human kinases which are significantly involved in diabetes by targeting with small molecule inhibitors could be an attractive therapeutic strategy to tackle diabetes. In this chapter, we have discussed the potential role of protein kinases in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the small molecules reported in the literature that can be potentially used for the treatment of diabetes have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gupta
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Aaliya Taiyab
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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25
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Rahman MH, Bhusal A, Kim JH, Jha MK, Song GJ, Go Y, Jang IS, Lee IK, Suk K. Astrocytic pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 is involved in hypothalamic inflammation in mouse models of diabetes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5906. [PMID: 33219201 PMCID: PMC7680139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic inflammation plays an important role in disrupting feeding behavior and energy homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. Here, we show that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)-2 plays a role in hypothalamic inflammation and its sequelae in mouse models of diabetes. Cell type-specific genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of PDK2 in hypothalamic astrocytes suggest that hypothalamic astrocytes are involved in the diabetic phenotype. We also show that the PDK2-lactic acid axis plays a regulatory role in the observed metabolic imbalance and hypothalamic inflammation in mouse primary astrocyte and organotypic cultures, through the AMPK signaling pathway and neuropeptidergic circuitry governing feeding behavior. Our findings reveal that PDK2 ablation or inhibition in mouse astrocytes attenuates diabetes-induced hypothalamic inflammation and subsequent alterations in feeding behavior. Hypothalamic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show that astrocytic PDK2 ablation or inhibition attenuates hypothalamic inflammation in mouse models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibur Rahman
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Anup Bhusal
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Republic of Korea.,Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Go
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Sung Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-412, Republic of Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 700-721, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Dragano NRV, Fernø J, Diéguez C, López M, Milbank E. Reprint of: Recent Updates on Obesity Treatments: Available Drugs and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2020; 447:191-215. [PMID: 33046217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last thirty years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now regarded as a major health issue in contemporary society trending to serious economic and social burdens. The latest projections of the World Health Organization are alarming. By 2030, nearly 60% of the worldwide population could be either obese or overweight, highlighting the needs to find innovative treatments. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective way to efficiently lower body mass. Although great improvements in terms of recovery and patient care were made in these surgical procedures, bariatric surgery remains an option for extreme forms of obesity and seems unable to tackle obesity pandemic expansion. Throughout the last century, numerous pharmacological strategies targeting either peripheral or central components of the energy balance regulatory system were designed to reduce body mass, some of them reaching sufficient levels of efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, obesity drug therapy remains quite limited on its effectiveness to actually overcome the obesogenic environment. Thus, innovative unimolecular polypharmacology strategies, able to simultaneously target multiple actors involved in the obesity initiation and expansion, were developed during the last ten years opening a new promising avenue in the pharmacological management of obesity. In this review, we first describe the clinical features of obesity-associated conditions and then focus on the outcomes of currently approved drug therapies for obesity as well as new ones expecting to reach the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
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27
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El Shamieh S, Stathopoulou MG, Bonnefond A, Ndiaye NC, Lecoeur C, Meyre D, Dadé S, Chedid P, Salami A, Shahabi P, Dedoussis GV, Froguel P, Visvikis-Siest S. Obesity status modifies the association between rs7556897T>C in the intergenic region SLC19A3-CCL20 and blood pressure in French children. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58:1819-1827. [PMID: 32238601 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Growing evidence reports an association between inflammatory markers, obesity and blood pressure (BP). Specifically, the intergenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7556897T > C (MAF = 0.34) located between SLC19A3 and the CCL20 was shown to be associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. In addition, CCL20 expression was found increased in pancreatic islets of obese rodents and human pancreatic β cells under the influence of inflammation. In this study, we hypothesized that SNP rs7556897 could affect BP levels, thus providing a link between inflammation, BP and obesity. Methods BP was measured under supine position with a manual sphygmomanometer; values reported were the means of three readings. We analyzed rs7556897 in 577 normal weight and 689 obese French children. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we quantified CCL20 and SLC19A3 expression in adipose tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of normal weight and overweight children. Results The rs7556897C allele was negatively associated with diastolic BP in normal weight children (β = -0.012 ± 0.004, p = 0.006) but positively associated in obese children (β = 2.178 ± 0.71, p = 0.002). A significant interaction between rs7556897T > C and the obesity status (obese or normal weight) was detected (β = 3.49, p = 9.79 × 10-5) for BP in a combined population analysis. CCL20 mRNA was only expressed in the adipose tissue of overweight children, and its expression levels were 10.7× higher in PBMCs of overweight children than normal weight children. Finally, CCL20 mRNA levels were positively associated with rs7556897T > C in PBMCs of 58 normal weight children (β = 0.43, p = 0.002). SLC19A3 was not expressed in PBMCs, and in adipose tissue, it showed same levels of expression in normal weight and overweight children. The gene expression results may highlight a specific involvement of CCL20 via communicating obesity/inflammation pathways that regulate BP. Conclusions Childhood obesity reverses the effect of rs7556897T > C on diastolic BP, possibly via the modulation of CCL20 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El Shamieh
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maria G Stathopoulou
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France.,CNRS 8199-University Lille North of France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - Cécile Lecoeur
- CNRS 8199-University Lille North of France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Meyre
- CNRS 8199-University Lille North of France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sébastien Dadé
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - Pia Chedid
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - Ali Salami
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France.,Rammal Hassan Rammal Research Laboratory, Physio-toxicity (PhyTox) Research Group, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (V), Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Payman Shahabi
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France.,Department of Nutrition - Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS 8199-University Lille North of France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- Research Unit EA_1122; IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
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Lu SC, Akanji AO. Leptin, Obesity, and Hypertension: A Review of Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:399-405. [PMID: 32876506 DOI: 10.1089/met.2020.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipokine leptin is expressed at higher concentrations in obese subjects, who also incidentally have a higher prevalence of hypertension. The pathogenesis of this obesity-related hypertension is controversial and is believed to be related to many factors including increased sympathetic activity, abnormalities of the renin-angiotensin system, sodium retention, and an endotheliopathy acting independently or in concert with increased circulating leptin. This review discusses the potential mechanisms through which changes in leptin signal transduction pathways in tissues with the leptin receptor, especially the hypothalamus, mediate the pathogenetic relationships between obesity and hypertension. The hypothesis is explored that leptin effects on blood pressure (BP) are meditated by the downstream effects of hypothalamic leptin signaling and ultimately result in activation of specific melanocortin receptors located on sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord. The physiological consequences of this sympathetic activation of the heart and kidney are activation of the renin-angiotensin system, sodium retention and circulatory expansion and finally, elevated BP. This sequence of events has been elegantly demonstrated with leptin infusion and gene knockout studies in animal models but has not been convincingly reproducibly confirmed in humans. Further studies in human subjects on the specific roles of hypothalamic leptin in essential hypertension are indicated as elucidation of the signaling pathways should provide better understanding of the role of weight loss in BP control and afford an additional mechanism for pharmacologic control of BP in adults and children at risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chi Lu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter School of Medicine, NH-MED, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
| | - Abayomi O Akanji
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter School of Medicine, NH-MED, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
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29
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Liu W, Liu J, Shao S, Lin Q, Wang C, Zhang X, Tu J, Wang J, Ning X. Obesity at a young age is associated with development of diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in rural China. Postgrad Med 2020; 132:709-713. [PMID: 32500799 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1778383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the age-dependent association of obesity with the risk of developing diabetes mellitus (DM) among a low-income population in China. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we estimated the hazard ratios (HR) for the association of body mass index (BMI) with DM risk from 1991 to 2014, after adjusting for other possible risk factors, using Cox-regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 971 participants were followed up for 23 years in this study. The incidence of DM in this population was as high as 467.0/100,000 person-years. Compared with normal weight, the HR (and 95% confidence interval [CI]) for overweight affecting DM risk was 2.23 (1.45-3.41) overall, including 2.43 (1.05-5.63) for men and 2.17 (1.31-3.59) for women. The HR associated with the impact of obesity was 3.59 (2.06-6.27) overall, including 6.04 (1.84-19.81) for men and 3.23 (1.69-6.16) for women. Being overweight had a significant association with DM for people aged 40-49 years (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.03-3.84); the HR for an association between DM and obesity was the highest among individuals aged 30-39 years (HR, 4.43; 95% CI, 1.84-10.67). There was no statistical significance between BMI and DM among individuals aged ≥50 years. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that obesity is associated with developing DM in rural China, especially among adults aged <50 years. Weight management is the highest priority for reducing the heavy burden of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute , Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City , Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Shao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuxing Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute , Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City , Tianjin, China
| | - Conglin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Tu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute , Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City , Tianjin, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute , Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City , Tianjin, China
| | - Xianjia Ning
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute , Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City , Tianjin, China
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30
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Shen Q, Chen Z, Zhao F, Pan S, Zhang T, Cheng X, Zhang L, Zhang S, Qi J, Li J, Cai D, Zhang G. Reversal of prolonged obesity-associated cerebrovascular dysfunction by inhibiting microglial Tak1. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:832-841. [PMID: 32451485 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged obesity is associated with cerebrovascular dysfunction; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In the present study, using a prolonged obesity mouse model that suffers from basilar artery (BA) abnormalities, we find that microglial transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (Tak1) is over-activated in the brainstem. Both pharmacological inhibition primarily in the brainstem and genetic microglia-selective deletion of Tak1 ameliorated BA vascular dysfunction. Conversely, microglia-specific activation of Tak1 in the brainstem was sufficient to cause an impairment in BA function in chow-fed mice. Mechanistically, Tak1 activation leads to increased interleukin-18 (IL-18) production, whereas blockade of IL-18 receptor in the brain helped protect against cerebrovascular dysfunction despite prolonged obesity. Microglia-selective deletion of Tak1 also protects against ischemic stroke in prolonged obesity. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that microglial Tak1 in the brain, and particularly the brainstem, contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-associated cerebrovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Faming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Susu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueer Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junxia Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongsheng Cai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
| | - Guo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China. .,Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Worker CJ, Li W, Feng CY, Souza LAC, Gayban AJB, Cooper SG, Afrin S, Romanick S, Ferguson BS, Feng Earley Y. The neuronal (pro)renin receptor and astrocyte inflammation in the central regulation of blood pressure and blood glucose in mice fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E765-E778. [PMID: 32228320 PMCID: PMC7272727 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00406.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report here that the neuronal (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a key component of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS), plays a critical role in the central regulation of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced metabolic pathophysiology. The neuronal PRR is known to mediate formation of the majority of angiotensin (ANG) II, a key bioactive peptide of the RAS, in the central nervous system and to regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular function. However, little is known about neuronal PRR function in overnutrition-related metabolic physiology. Here, we show that PRR deletion in neurons reduces blood pressure, neurogenic pressor activity, and fasting blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance without affecting food intake or body weight following a 16-wk HFD. Mechanistically, we found that a HFD increases levels of the PRR ligand (pro)renin in the circulation and hypothalamus and of ANG II in the hypothalamus, indicating activation of the brain RAS. Importantly, PRR deletion in neurons reduced astrogliosis and activation of the astrocytic NF-κB p65 (RelA) in the arcuate nucleus and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Collectively, our findings indicate that the neuronal PRR plays essential roles in overnutrition-related metabolic pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Worker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Wencheng Li
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Cheng-Yuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lucas A C Souza
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Ariana Julia B Gayban
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Silvana G Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sanzida Afrin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Samantha Romanick
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Bradley S Ferguson
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
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Dragano NRV, Fernø J, Diéguez C, López M, Milbank E. Recent Updates on Obesity Treatments: Available Drugs and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2020; 437:215-239. [PMID: 32360593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last thirty years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now regarded as a major health issue in contemporary society trending to serious economic and social burdens. The latest projections of the World Health Organization are alarming. By 2030, nearly 60% of the worldwide population could be either obese or overweight, highlighting the needs to find innovative treatments. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective way to efficiently lower body mass. Although great improvements in terms of recovery and patient care were made in these surgical procedures, bariatric surgery remains an option for extreme forms of obesity and seems unable to tackle obesity pandemic expansion. Throughout the last century, numerous pharmacological strategies targeting either peripheral or central components of the energy balance regulatory system were designed to reduce body mass, some of them reaching sufficient levels of efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, obesity drug therapy remains quite limited on its effectiveness to actually overcome the obesogenic environment. Thus, innovative unimolecular polypharmacology strategies, able to simultaneously target multiple actors involved in the obesity initiation and expansion, were developed during the last ten years opening a new promising avenue in the pharmacological management of obesity. In this review, we first describe the clinical features of obesity-associated conditions and then focus on the outcomes of currently approved drug therapies for obesity as well as new ones expecting to reach the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
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33
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Association of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio with risk of incident hypertension. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:948-955. [PMID: 32332924 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio is considered a simple surrogate of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to explore the association of the TG/HDL-C ratio with the risk of incident hypertension and whether the TG/HDL-C ratio mediates the obesity-incident hypertension association. The study analyzed 9679 participants from a rural Chinese population. Demographic and anthropometric and laboratory data were collected at baseline (2007-2008) and follow-up (2013-2014) examinations. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association of the TG/HDL-C ratio with incident hypertension, estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Mediation analysis was performed to examine the contribution of the TG/HDL-C ratio to obesity-related incident hypertension. During a median follow-up of 6.00 years, hypertension developed in 1880/9679 participants (19.42%). The risk of incident hypertension was higher in the highest TG/HDL-C ratio quartile than in the lowest quartile (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.02-1.42). Subgroup analyses showed that the risk of incident hypertension was increased by 30%, 36%, and 33% among women, participants < 60 years old and those with prehypertension at baseline, respectively. The TG/HDL-C ratio partially mediated the obesity-incident hypertension association (indirect effect: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07; direct effect: OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.16-1.62). The TG/HDL-C ratio may be a risk factor for incident hypertension, especially in women, participants < 60 years old and those with prehypertension. The TG/HDL-C ratio may also play a mediating role in obesity-related incident hypertension.
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Bastin AR, Sadeghi A, Abolhassani M, Doustimotlagh AH, Mohammadi A. Malvidin prevents lipopolysaccharide‐induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1504-1514. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali R. Bastin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Asie Sadeghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Moslem Abolhassani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Amir H. Doustimotlagh
- Medicinal Plants Research CenterYasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineYasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
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Abstract
Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in men, but not women. Here, we review current evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic sympathoexcitatory responses to leptin and insulin may contribute. More specifically, while insulin increases SNA similarly in lean males and females, this response is markedly amplified in obese males, but is abolished in obese females. In lean female rats, leptin increases a subset of sympathetic nerves only during the high estrogen proestrus reproductive phase; thus, in obese females, because reproductive cycling can become impaired, the sporadic nature of leptin-induced sympathoexcitaton could minimize its action, despite elevated leptin levels. In contrast, in males, obesity preserves or enhances the central sympathoexcitatory response to leptin, and current evidence favors leptin’s contribution to the well-established increases in SNA induced by obesity in men. Leptin and insulin increase SNA via receptor binding in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and a neuropathway that includes arcuate neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) projections to the paraventricular nucleus. These metabolic hormones normally suppress sympathoinhibitory NPY neurons and activate sympathoexcitatory POMC neurons. However, obesity appears to alter the ongoing activity and responsiveness of arcuate NPY and POMC neurons in a sexually dimorphic way, such that SNA increases in males but not females. We propose hypotheses to explain these sex differences and suggest areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Abstract
The BBSome, a complex of 8 BBS (Bardet-Biedl syndrome) proteins known for its role in the control of cilia function and other cellular processes, has been implicated in blood pressure control, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we show that neuronal BBSome plays an important role in blood pressure regulation. Targeted inactivation of the BBSome in the nervous system through Bbs1 gene deletion causes sympathetically mediated increase in blood pressure in mice. This phenotype is reproduced by selective ablation of the Bbs1 gene from the LRb (leptin receptor)-expressing neurons. Strikingly, the well-known role of the BBSome in the regulation of cilia formation and function is unlikely to account for the prohypertensive effect of BBSome inactivation as disruption of the IFT (intraflagellar transport) machinery required for ciliogenesis by deleting the Ift88 gene in LRb neurons had no effect on arterial pressure and sympathetic nerve activity. Furthermore, we found that Bbs1 gene deletion from AgRP (agouti-related protein) neurons or POMC (proopiomelanocortin) neurons increased renal and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity without altering blood pressure. This lack of blood pressure increase despite the sympathetic overdrive may be explained by vascular adrenergic desensitization as indicated by the reduced vascular contractile response evoked by phenylephrine and the decreased expression of adrenergic receptors. Our results identify the neuronal BBSome as a new player in hemodynamic, sympathetic, and vascular regulation, in a manner independent of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fu Guo
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (D.-F.G., J.J.R., D.A.M., K.R.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - John J Reho
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (D.-F.G., J.J.R., D.A.M., K.R.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Donald A Morgan
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (D.-F.G., J.J.R., D.A.M., K.R.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (D.-F.G., J.J.R., D.A.M., K.R.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City.,Department of Internal Medicine (K.R.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City.,Obesity Research and Education Initiative (K.R.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (K.R.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute (K.R.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City.,Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City (K.R.)
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37
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Systemic administration of pentoxifylline attenuates the development of hypertension in renovascular hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:667-678. [PMID: 32060380 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that hypertension involves a chronic low-grade systemic inflammatory response; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. To further understand the role of inflammation in hypertension, we used a rat renovascular model of hypertension in which we administered the TNF-α synthesis inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX, 30 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water for 60 days. In conscious rats, PTX administration significantly attenuated the development of hypertension (systolic blood pressure, PTX: 145 ± 8 vs. vehicle (Veh): 235 ± 11 mmHg, after 38 days of treatment, P < 0.05, N = 5/group). This attenuation in hypertension was coupled with a decrease in the low-frequency spectra of systolic blood pressure variability (PTX: 1.23 ± 0.2 vs Veh: 3.05 ± 0.8 arbitrary units, P < 0.05, N = 5/group). Furthermore, systemic PTX administration decreased c-Fos expression within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PTX: 17 ± 4 vs. Veh: 70 ± 13 cells, P < 0.01, N = 5, PVN) and increased the total number of microglial branches (PTX: 2129 ± 242 vs. Veh: 1415 ± 227 branches, P < 0.05, N = 4/group). Acute central injection of PTX (20 μg) under urethane anesthesia caused a small transient decrease in blood pressure but did not change renal sympathetic nerve activity. Surprisingly, we found no detectable basal levels of plasma TNF-α in either PTX- or vehicle-treated animals. These results suggest that inflammation plays a role in renovascular hypertension and that PTX might act both peripherally and centrally to prevent hypertension.
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38
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Katsurada K, Nakata M, Saito T, Zhang B, Maejima Y, Nandi SS, Sharma NM, Patel KP, Kario K, Yada T. Central Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling via Brainstem Catecholamine Neurons Counteracts Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12986. [PMID: 31537818 PMCID: PMC6753091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, widely used to treat type 2 diabetes, reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. Whether this action involves central mechanisms is unknown. We here report that repeated lateral ventricular (LV) injection of GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, once daily for 15 days counteracted the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In parallel, it suppressed urinary norepinephrine excretion, and induced c-Fos expressions in the area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of brainstem including the NTS neurons immunoreactive to dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Acute administration of liraglutide into fourth ventricle, the area with easy access to the AP and NTS, transiently decreased BP in SHR and this effect was attenuated after lesion of NTS DBH neurons with anti-DBH conjugated to saporin (anti-DBH-SAP). In anti-DBH-SAP injected SHR, the antihypertensive effect of repeated LV injection of liraglutide for 14 days was also attenuated. These findings demonstrate that the central GLP-1R signaling via NTS DBH neurons counteracts the development of hypertension in SHR, accompanied by attenuated sympathetic nerve activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Katsurada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Saito
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yuko Maejima
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shyam S Nandi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Neeru M Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. .,Center for Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan. .,Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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Khan RMM, Chua ZJY, Tan JC, Yang Y, Liao Z, Zhao Y. From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E546. [PMID: 31470636 PMCID: PMC6780236 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, a silent killer, is one of the most widely prevalent conditions of the present time. According to the 2017 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics, the global prevalence of diabetes among the age group of 20-79 years is 8.8%. In addition, 1 in every 2 persons is unaware of the condition. This unawareness and ignorance lead to further complications. Pre-diabetes is the preceding condition of diabetes, and in most of the cases, this ultimately leads to the development of diabetes. Diabetes can be classified into three types, namely type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes. The diagnosis of both pre-diabetes and diabetes is based on glucose criteria; the common modalities used are fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A glucometer is commonly used by diabetic patients to measure blood glucose levels with fast and rather accurate measurements. A few of the more advanced and minimally invasive modalities include the glucose-sensing patch, SwEatch, eyeglass biosensor, breath analysis, etc. Despite a considerable amount of data being collected and analyzed regarding diabetes, the actual molecular mechanism of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still unknown. Both genetic and epigenetic factors are associated with T2DM. The complications of diabetes can predominantly be classified into two categories: microvascular and macrovascular. Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are grouped under microvascular complications, whereas stroke, cardiovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) belong to macrovascular complications. Unfortunately, until now, no complete cure for diabetes has been found. However, the treatment of pre-diabetes has shown significant success in preventing the further progression of diabetes. To prevent pre-diabetes from developing into T2DM, lifestyle intervention has been found to be very promising. Various aspects of diabetes, including the aforementioned topics, have been reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia Marium Modhumi Khan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Zoey Jia Yu Chua
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jia Chi Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yingying Yang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Zehuan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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40
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Hurr C, Simonyan H, Morgan DA, Rahmouni K, Young CN. Liver sympathetic denervation reverses obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. J Physiol 2019; 597:4565-4580. [PMID: 31278754 DOI: 10.1113/jp277994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, characterized in part by elevated liver triglycerides (i.e. hepatic steatosis), is a growing health problem. In this study, we found that hepatic steatosis is associated with robust hepatic sympathetic overactivity. Removal of hepatic sympathetic nerves reduced obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. Liver sympathetic innervation modulated hepatic lipid acquisition pathways during obesity. ABSTRACT Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 1 in 3 Americans and is a significant risk factor for type II diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and hepatic carcinoma. Characterized in part by excessive hepatic triglyceride accumulation (i.e. hepatic steatosis), the incidence of NAFLD is increasing - in line with the growing obesity epidemic. The role of the autonomic nervous system in NAFLD remains unclear. Here, we show that chronic hepatic sympathetic overactivity mediates hepatic steatosis. Direct multiunit recordings of hepatic sympathetic nerve activity were obtained in high fat diet and normal chow fed male C57BL/6J mice. To reduce hepatic sympathetic nerve activity we utilized two approaches including pharmacological ablation of the sympathetic nerves and phenol-based hepatic sympathetic nerve denervation. Diet-induced NAFLD was associated with a nearly doubled firing rate of the hepatic sympathetic nerves, which was largely due to an increase in efferent nerve traffic. Furthermore, established high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis was effectively reduced with pharmacological or phenol-based removal of the hepatic sympathetic nerves, independent of changes in body weight, caloric intake or adiposity. Ablation of liver sympathetic nerves was also associated with improvements in liver triglyceride accumulation pathways including free fatty acid uptake and de novo lipogenesis. These findings highlight an unrecognized pathogenic link between liver sympathetic outflow and hepatic steatosis and suggest that manipulation of the liver sympathetic nerves may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansol Hurr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Physical Education, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hayk Simonyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Colin N Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Kim HR, Kim DH, Kim KK, Jeong B, Kang D, Lee TH, Park JW, Kwon HM, Lee BJ. Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) regulates TNF-α-induced hypothalamic inflammation. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2762-2770. [PMID: 31281956 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) is a widely expressed transcription factor and is important in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we have identified TonEBP expression in the hypothalamus, which is particularly high in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. TonEBP overexpression stimulates POMC transcription, and TonEBP haploinsufficiency in TonEBP (+/-) mice results in a decrease in hypothalamic POMC expression. TonEBP (+/-) mice show reduced sickness responses, which include anorexia and hyperthermia, that are initially induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. TonEBP (+/-) mice also show lower levels of TNF-α-induced hypothalamic expression of POMC and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that TonEBP is an important molecular regulator in the development of inflammatory sickness responses through the control of POMC and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Rae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Kwang Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Dasol Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyug Moo Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
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Abstract
Under conditions leading to aging and metabolic syndrome, the hypothalamus atypically undergoes proinflammatory signaling activation leading to a chronic and stable background inflammation, referred to as "hypothalamic microinflammation." Through the past decade of research, progress has been made to causally link this hypothalamic inflammation to the mechanism of aging as well as metabolic syndrome, promoting the "hypothalamic microinflammation" theory, which helps characterize the consensus of these epidemic health problems. In general, it is consistently appreciated that hypothalamic microinflammation emerges during the early stages of aging and metabolic syndrome and evolves to be multifaceted and advanced alongside disease progression, while inhibition of key inflammatory components in the hypothalamus has a broad range of effects in counteracting these disorders. Herein, focusing on aging and metabolic syndrome, this writing aims to provide an overview of and insights into the mediators, signaling components, cellular impacts, and physiological significance of this hypothalamic microinflammation.
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Edvinsson L, Haanes KA, Warfvinge K. Does inflammation have a role in migraine? Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:483-490. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jeong JK, Horwath JA, Simonyan H, Blackmore KA, Butler SD, Young CN. Subfornical organ insulin receptors tonically modulate cardiovascular and metabolic function. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:333-341. [PMID: 31172876 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin acts within the central nervous system through the insulin receptor to influence both metabolic and cardiovascular physiology. While a major focus has been placed on hypothalamic regions, participation of extrahypothalamic insulin receptors in cardiometabolic regulation remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that insulin receptors in the subfornical organ (SFO), a forebrain circumventricular region devoid of a blood-brain barrier, are involved in metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. Immunohistochemistry in mice revealed widespread insulin receptor-positive cells throughout the rostral to caudal extent of the SFO. SFO-targeted adenoviral delivery of Cre-recombinase in insulin receptorlox/lox mice resulted in sufficient ablation of insulin receptors in the SFO. Interestingly, when mice were maintained on a normal chow diet, deletion of SFO insulin receptors resulted in greater weight gain and adiposity, relative to controls, independently of changes in food intake. In line with this, ablation of insulin receptors in the SFO was associated with marked hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia. Selective removal of SFO insulin receptors also resulted in a lower mean arterial blood pressure, which was primarily due to a reduction in diastolic blood pressure, whereas systolic blood pressure remained unchanged. Cre-mediated targeting of SFO insulin receptors did not influence heart rate. These data demonstrate multidirectional roles for insulin receptor signaling in the SFO, with ablation of SFO insulin receptors resulting in an overall deleterious metabolic state while at the same time maintaining blood pressure at low levels. These novel findings further suggest that alterations in insulin receptor signaling in the SFO could contribute to metabolic syndrome phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Julie A Horwath
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Hayk Simonyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Katherine A Blackmore
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Scott D Butler
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Colin N Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Chowen JA, Frago LM, Fernández-Alfonso MS. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12671. [PMID: 30561077 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of glial cells, including astrocytes, in metabolic control has received increasing attention in recent years. Although the original interest in these macroglial cells was a result of astrogliosis being observed in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese subjects, studies have also focused on how they participate in the physiological control of appetite and energy expenditure. Astrocytes express receptors for numerous hormones, growth factors and neuropeptides. Some functions of astrocytes include transport of nutrients and hormones from the circulation to the brain, storage of glycogen, participation in glucose sensing, synaptic plasticity, uptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters, release of substances to modify neurotransmission, and cytokine production, amongst others. In the hypothalamus, these physiological glial functions impact on neuronal circuits that control systemic metabolism to modify their outputs. The initial response of astrocytes to poor dietary habits and obesity involves activation of neuroprotective mechanisms but, with chronic exposure to these situations, hypothalamic astrocytes participate in the development of some of the damaging secondary effects. The present review discusses not only some of the physiological functions of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism, but also their role in the secondary complications of obesity, such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular affectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Soledad Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar UCM y Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Liu J, Wu J. Tumour necrosis factor α sets area postrema on fire in renovascular hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:995-997. [PMID: 30657874 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Physiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Physiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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McMurphy T, Huang W, Liu X, Siu JJ, Queen NJ, Xiao R, Cao L. Hypothalamic gene transfer of BDNF promotes healthy aging in mice. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12846. [PMID: 30585393 PMCID: PMC6413658 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process and age-related diseases all involve perturbed energy adaption and impaired ability to cope with adversity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hypothalamus plays important role in regulation of energy balance. Our previous studies show that recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated hypothalamic BDNF gene transfer alleviates obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndromes in both diet-induced and genetic models. Here we examined the efficacy and safety of a built-in autoregulatory system to control transgene BDNF expression mimicking the body's natural feedback systems in middle-aged mice. Twelve-month-old mice were treated with either autoregulatory BDNF vector or yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) control, maintained on normal diet, and monitored for 28 weeks. BDNF gene transfer prevented the development of aging-associated metabolic declines characterized by: preventing aging-associated weight gain, reducing adiposity, reversing the decline of brown fat activity, increasing adiponectin while reducing leptin and insulin in circulation, improving glucose tolerance, increasing energy expenditure, alleviating hepatic steatosis, and suppressing inflammatory genes in the hypothalamus and adipose tissues. Moreover, BDNF treatment reduced anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. These safety and efficacy data provide evidence that hypothalamic BDNF is a target for promoting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis McMurphy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Xianglan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Jason J. Siu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Nicholas J. Queen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Run Xiao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOhio
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Jha NK, Jha SK, Kar R, Nand P, Swati K, Goswami VK. Nuclear factor-kappa β as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:113-137. [PMID: 30802950 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disorder with worldwide prevalence. Its clinical manifestation involves the presence of extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). NFTs occur in brain tissues as a result of both Aβ agglomeration and Tau phosphorylation. Although there is no known cure for AD, research into possible cures and treatment options continues using cell-cultures and model animals/organisms. The nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-κβ) plays an active role in the progression of AD. Impairment to this signaling module triggers undesirable phenotypic changes such as neuroinflammation, activation of microglia, oxidative stress related complications, and apoptotic cell death. These imbalances further lead to homeostatic abnormalities in the brain or in initial stages of AD essentially pushing normal neurons toward the degeneration process. Interestingly, the role of NF-κβ signaling associated receptor-interacting protein kinase is currently observed in apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and has been reported in brains. Conversely, the NF-κβ signaling pathway has also been reported to be involved in normal brain functioning. This pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining synaptic plasticity and balancing between learning and memory. Since any impairment in the pathways associated with NF-κβ signaling causes altered neuronal dynamics, neurotherapeutics using compounds including, antioxidants, bioflavonoids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against such abnormalities offer possibilities to rectify aberrant excitatory neuronal activity in AD. In this review, we have provided an extensive overview of the crucial role of NF-κβ signaling in normal brain homeostasis. We have also thoroughly outlined several established pathomechanisms associated with NF-κβ pathways in AD, along with their respective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET), Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rohan Kar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Parma Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Kumari Swati
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
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Balasubramanian P, Hall D, Subramanian M. Sympathetic nervous system as a target for aging and obesity-related cardiovascular diseases. GeroScience 2018; 41:13-24. [PMID: 30519806 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic sympathetic nervous system overactivity is a hallmark of aging and obesity and contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and heart failure. The cause of this chronic sympathoexcitation in aging and obesity is multifactorial and centrally mediated. In this mini-review, we have provided an overview of the key and emerging central mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of sympathoexcitation in obesity and healthy aging, specifically focusing on hypertension. A clear understanding of these mechanisms will pave way for targeting the sympathetic nervous system for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Balasubramanian
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Delton Hall
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 277 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 277 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Wang Y, Cheng YS, Yin XQ, Yu G, Jia BL. Anxa2 gene silencing attenuates obesity-induced insulin resistance by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C223-C234. [PMID: 30462534 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00242.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) continues to pose a major threat to public health due to its role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its ever-increasing prevalence on a global scale. The aim of the current study was to investigate the efficacy of Anxa2 in obesity-induced IR through the mediation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Microarray analysis was performed to screen differentially expressed genes associated with obesity. To verify whether Anxa2 was differentially expressed in IR triggered by obesity, IR mouse models were established in connection with a high-fat diet (HFD). In the mouse IR model, the role of differentially expressed Anxa2 in glycometabolism and IR was subsequently detected. To investigate the effect of Anxa2 on IR and its correlation with inflammation, a palmitic acid (PA)-induced IR cell model was established, with the relationship between Anxa2 and the NF-κB signaling pathway investigated accordingly. Anxa2 was determined to be highly expressed in IR. Silencing Anxa2 was shown to inhibit IR triggered by obesity. When Anxa2 was knocked down, elevated expression of phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), IRS1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1a, and glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity along with 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake was detected, whereas decreased expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and p50 was observed. Taken together, the current study ultimately demonstrated that Anxa2 may be a novel drug strategy for IR disruption, indicating that Anxa2 gene silencing is capable of alleviating PA or HFD-induced IR and inflammation through its negative regulatory role in the process of p50 nuclear translocation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Ben-Li Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
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