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Yu Q, Song L. Unveiling the role of ferroptosis in the progression from NAFLD to NASH: recent advances in mechanistic understanding. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1431652. [PMID: 39036052 PMCID: PMC11260176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1431652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent and significant global public health issue. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents an advanced stage of NAFLD in terms of pathology. However, the intricate mechanisms underlying the progression from NAFLD to NASH remain elusive. Ferroptosis, characterized by iron-dependent cell death and distinguished from other forms of cell death based on morphological, biochemical, and genetic criteria, has emerged as a potential participant with a pivotal role in driving NAFLD progression. Nevertheless, its precise mechanism remains poorly elucidated. In this review article, we comprehensively summarize the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and ferroptosis while highlighting recent advances in understanding the mechanistic involvement of ferroptosis in NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Laboratory Medical Department, Zigong Fourth People’s Hospital, Zigong, China
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2
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Pereira S, Hahn MK, Humber B, Chaudhry T, Wu S, Agarwal SM, Dimitrova N, Giacca A. Protocol for the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to measure glucose kinetics in rats. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103143. [PMID: 38900633 PMCID: PMC11245906 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In rats, cannulation of the jugular vein and the carotid artery precedes the use of the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to determine insulin sensitivity in vivo. Here, we present a vascular surgery protocol to allow the infusion of substances via the vein and the collection of blood samples from the artery on the day of the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. We describe steps for preparing for and performing catheterization surgery. We then detail procedures for clamp preparation and its use. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pereira et al.1,2,3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bailey Humber
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Talha Chaudhry
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sally Wu
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nanka Dimitrova
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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3
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Samy AM, Kandeil MA, Sabry D, Abdel-Ghany A, Mahmoud MO. From NAFLD to NASH: Understanding the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver diseases and their consequences. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30387. [PMID: 38737288 PMCID: PMC11088336 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most frequent chronic liver diseases worldwide in recent decades. Metabolic diseases like excessive blood glucose, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and liver function abnormalities cause NAFLD. NAFLD significantly increases the likelihood of liver cancer, heart disease, and mortality, making it a leading cause of liver transplants. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a more advanced form of the disease that causes scarring and inflammation of the liver over time and can ultimately result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we briefly discuss NAFLD's pathogenic mechanisms, their progression into NASH and afterward to NASH-related cirrhosis. It also covers disease epidemiology, metabolic mechanisms, glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, macrophage dysfunction, bile acid toxicity, and liver stellate cell stimulation. Additionally, we consider the contribution of intestinal microbiota, genetics, epigenetics, and ecological factors to fibrosis progression and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in NAFLD and NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Samy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Kandeil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - A.A. Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O. Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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González JT, Thrush K, Meer M, Levine ME, Higgins-Chen AT. Age-Invariant Genes: Multi-Tissue Identification and Characterization of Murine Reference Genes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588721. [PMID: 38645168 PMCID: PMC11030416 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Studies of the aging transcriptome focus on genes that change with age. But what can we learn from age-invariant genes-those that remain unchanged throughout the aging process? These genes also have a practical application: they serve as reference genes (often called housekeeping genes) in expression studies. Reference genes have mostly been identified and validated in young organisms, and no systematic investigation has been done across the lifespan. Here, we build upon a common pipeline for identifying reference genes in RNA-seq datasets to identify age-invariant genes across seventeen C57BL/6 mouse tissues (brain, lung, bone marrow, muscle, white blood cells, heart, small intestine, kidney, liver, pancreas, skin, brown, gonadal, marrow, and subcutaneous adipose tissue) spanning 1 to 21+ months of age. We identify 9 pan-tissue age-invariant genes and many tissue-specific age-invariant genes. These genes are stable across the lifespan and are validated in independent bulk RNA-seq datasets and RT-qPCR. We find age-invariant genes have shorter transcripts on average and are enriched for CpG islands. Interestingly, pathway enrichment analysis for age-invariant genes identifies an overrepresentation of molecular functions associated with some, but not all, hallmarks of aging. Thus, though hallmarks of aging typically involve changes in cell maintenance mechanisms, select genes associated with these hallmarks resist fluctuations in expression with age. Finally, our analysis concludes no classical reference gene is appropriate for aging studies in all tissues. Instead, we provide tissue-specific and pan-tissue genes for assays utilizing reference gene normalization (i.e., RT-qPCR) that can be applied to animals across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. González
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kyra Thrush
- Altos Labs, San Diego Institute of Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Margarita Meer
- Altos Labs, San Diego Institute of Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Morgan E. Levine
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Altos Labs, San Diego Institute of Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Albert T. Higgins-Chen
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
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Contreras PH, Vigil P. Across-species benefits of adrenalectomy on congenital generalized lipoatrophic diabetes: a review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1151873. [PMID: 38260129 PMCID: PMC10801166 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1151873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Two adrenalectomies py -45erformed fourteen years apart notoriously alleviated insulin resistance in a female teenager with Congenital Generalized Lipoatrophy (CGL, 1988) and in a murine model of CGL (2002). Following a successful therapeutic trial with anti-glucocorticoids, we performed the first surgical procedure on an 18-year-old girl. Before surgery, the anti-glucocorticoid therapy produced a rapid and striking drop in fasting serum insulin levels (from over 400 to 7.0 mU/L) and a slower -but impressive- fall in fasting serum triglycerides from 7,400 to 220-230 mg/dL. In contrast, fasting serum glucose levels dropped more slowly, from 225-290 to 121-138 mg/dL. Two weeks following total adrenalectomy, the fasting serum glucose level was 98 mg/dL, with a corresponding serum insulin level of 10 mU/L. During an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, the 2-hour serum glucose was 210 mg/dL, and serum insulin values during the test did not exceed 53 mU/L. In 2002, the A-ZIP/F1 hypoleptinemic mouse had its adrenal glands removed. Even though this CGL model does not respond well to leptin replacement, an infusion of recombinant leptin reduced the characteristic hypercorticosteronemia of this murine model of CGL. Adrenalectomy in this transgenic mouse improved insulin sensitivity in the liver and muscle. In summary, adrenalectomy -in both a human and a mouse case of CGL- limited adipose tissue exposure to corticosteroid action and led to a notorious metabolic improvement. On a broader scenario, given that leptin restrains the adrenal axis, the reduced leptin activity of the leptin resistance displayed by obese subjects should lead to adrenal axis overactivity. This overactivity should result in elevated serum levels of free cortisol, free fatty acids, and glycerol. In this manner, leptin resistance should lead to peripheral (adipose tissue, liver, and muscle) insulin resistance and islet beta-cell apoptosis, paving the way to Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H. Contreras
- Reproductive Endocrinology Unit, Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile
- Endocrine and Gynecology Units, Fundación Médica San Cristóbal, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pilar Vigil
- Reproductive Endocrinology Unit, Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile
- Endocrine and Gynecology Units, Fundación Médica San Cristóbal, Santiago, Chile
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Ursino G, Lucibello G, Teixeira PDS, Höfler A, Veyrat-Durebex C, Odouard S, Visentin F, Galgano L, Somm E, Vianna CR, Widmer A, Jornayvaz FR, Boland A, Ramadori G, Coppari R. S100A9 exerts insulin-independent antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj4686. [PMID: 38170783 PMCID: PMC10796079 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia and several metabolic defects. Insulin therapy remains the cornerstone of T1DM management, yet it increases the risk of life-threatening hypoglycemia and the development of major comorbidities. Here, we report an insulin signaling-independent pathway able to improve glycemic control in T1DM rodents. Co-treatment with recombinant S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) enabled increased adherence to glycemic targets with half as much insulin and without causing hypoglycemia. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the hyperglycemia-suppressing action of S100A9 is due to a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent increase in glucose uptake in specific skeletal muscles (i.e., soleus and diaphragm). In addition, we found that T1DM mice have abnormal systemic inflammation, which is resolved by S100A9 therapy alone (or in combination with low insulin), hence uncovering a potent anti-inflammatory action of S100A9 in T1DM. In summary, our findings reveal the S100A9-TLR4 skeletal muscle axis as a promising therapeutic target for improving T1DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ursino
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Lucibello
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pryscila D. S. Teixeira
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Höfler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Veyrat-Durebex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Soline Odouard
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Visentin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luca Galgano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Somm
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic patient education, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia R. Vianna
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ariane Widmer
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R. Jornayvaz
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic patient education, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Ramadori
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Coppari
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Vemana HP, Dukhande VV. The effect of hormones insulin and glucagon on ubiquitin modifications elucidated by proteomics in liver cells. Life Sci 2023; 329:121935. [PMID: 37442415 PMCID: PMC10528490 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Insulin action is intertwined with changing levels of glucose and counter-regulatory hormone glucagon. While insulin lowers blood sugar level, glucagon raises it by promoting the breakdown of the stored glycogen in liver and releases glucose into the bloodstream. The hormones insulin and glucagon are key in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Insulin resistance is a primary predisposing factor for diabetes. Phosphorylation of insulin signaling molecules is altered in the insulin-resistant state. However, ubiquitin (Ub) modifications in insulin-resistant state are relatively understudied. To dissect the underlying mechanisms, we performed a proteomics study on hepatoma cells to study the regulation of ubiquitination by insulin and glucagon. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed western blotting, immunoprecipitations, and affinity pull down using tandem Ub binding entities (TUBE) reagents on hepatoma cells treated with insulin or glucagon. Next, we performed MS/MS analysis on Ub-linkage specific affinity pull down samples. Gene ontology analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed using DAVID GO and STRING db, respectively. KEY FINDINGS The ubiquitination pattern of total Ub, K48-linked Ub, and K63-linked Ub was altered with the treatment of hormones insulin and glucagon. Ubiquitination in immunoprecipitated samples showed enrichment with total Ub and K48-linked Ub but not with K63-linked Ub. Ubiquitination by treatment with hormones mainly enriched key signaling pathways MAPK, Akt, oxidative stress etc. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study identified key altered proteins and signal transduction pathways which aids in understanding the mechanisms of hormonal action on ubiquitination and identify new therapeutic targets for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Priya Vemana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vikas V Dukhande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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Hubbard BT, LaMoia TE, Goedeke L, Gaspar RC, Galsgaard KD, Kahn M, Mason GF, Shulman GI. Q-Flux: A method to assess hepatic mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and glutaminase fluxes in vivo. Cell Metab 2023; 35:212-226.e4. [PMID: 36516861 PMCID: PMC9887731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex has recently been shown as capable of operating bidirectionally. Here, we develop a method (Q-Flux) capable of measuring absolute rates of both forward (VSDH(F)) and reverse (VSDH(R)) flux through SDH in vivo while also deconvoluting the amount of glucose derived from four discreet carbon sources in the liver. In validation studies, a mitochondrial uncoupler increased net SDH flux by >100% in awake rodents but also increased SDH cycling. During hyperglucagonemia, attenuated pyruvate cycling enhances phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase efficiency to drive increased gluconeogenesis, which is complemented by increased glutaminase (GLS) flux, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) flux, and glycerol conversion to glucose. During hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, both pyruvate carboxylase and GLS are suppressed, while VSDH(R) is increased. Unstimulated MUT is a minor anaplerotic reaction but is readily induced by small amounts of propionate, which elicits glucagon-like metabolic rewiring. Taken together, Q-Flux yields a comprehensive picture of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism and should be broadly useful to researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Hubbard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Traci E LaMoia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rafael C Gaspar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Katrine D Galsgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Psychiatry & Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Cui Y, Cruz M, Palatnik A, Olivier-Van Stichelen S. O-GlcNAc transferase contributes to sex-specific placental deregulation in gestational diabetes. Placenta 2023; 131:1-12. [PMID: 36442303 PMCID: PMC9839643 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes (GDM) is traditionally thought to emerge from placental endocrine dysregulations, but recent evidence suggests that fetal sex can also impact GDM development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms through which sex modulates placenta physiology can help identify novel molecular targets for future clinical care. Thus, we investigated the nutrient-sensing O-GlcNAc pathway as a potential mediator of sex-specific placenta dysfunction in GDM. METHODS Expression levels of O-GlcNAc enzymes were measured in male and female (n = 9+/gender) human placentas based on the maternal diagnosis of GDM. We then simulated the observed differences in both BeWo cells and human syncytiotrophoblasts primary cells (SCT) from male and female origins (n = 6/gender). RNA sequencing and targeted qPCR were performed to characterize the subsequent changes in the placenta transcriptome related to gestational diabetes. RESULTS O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) expression was significantly reduced only in male placenta collected from mothers with GDM compared to healthy controls. Similar downregulation of OGT in trophoblast-like BeWo male cells demonstrated significant gene expression deregulations that overlapped with known GDM-related genes. Notably, placental growth hormone (GH) production was significantly elevated, while compensatory factors against GH-related insulin resistance were diminished. Inflammatory and immunologic factors with toxic effects on pancreatic β cell mass were also increased, altogether leaning toward a decompensatory diabetic profile. Similar changes in hormone expression were confirmed in male human primary SCTs transfected with siOGT. However, down-regulating OGT in female primary SCTs did not impact hormone production. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated the significant deregulation of placental OGT levels in mothers with GDM carrying a male fetus. When simulated in vitro, such deregulation impacted hormonal production in BeWo trophoblast cells and primary SCTs purified from male placentas. Interestingly, female placentas were only modestly impacted by OGT downregulation, suggesting that the sex-specific presentation observed in gestational diabetes could be related to O-GlcNAc-mediated regulation of placental hormone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Meredith Cruz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Anna Palatnik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Stephanie Olivier-Van Stichelen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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10
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Chai P, Lan P, Li S, Yao D, Chang C, Cao M, Shen Y, Ge S, Wu J, Lei M, Fan X. Mechanistic insight into allosteric activation of human pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl-CoA. Mol Cell 2022; 82:4116-4130.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Du M, Li X, Xiao F, Fu Y, Shi Y, Guo S, Chen L, Shen L, Wang L, Cheng H, Li H, Xie A, Zhou Y, Yang K, Fang H, Lyu J, Zhao Q. Serine active site containing protein 1 depletion alters lipid metabolism and protects against high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Metabolism 2022; 134:155244. [PMID: 35760118 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the serine active site containing 1 (SERAC1) protein is essential for cardiolipin remodeling and cholesterol transfer, its physiological role in whole-body energy metabolism remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the role of SERAC1 in lipid distribution and metabolism in mice. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9 was used to create homozygous Serac1 knockout mice. A range of methods, including electron microscopy, histological analysis, DNA sequencing, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and biochemical analysis of serum lipid levels, were used to assess lipid distribution and rates of lipid synthesis in mice. RESULTS We found that Serac1 depletion in mice prevented high-fat diet-induced obesity but did not affect energy expenditure. The liver was affected by Serac1 depletion, but adipose tissues were not. Serac1 depletion was shown to impair cholesterol transfer from the liver to the serum and led to an imbalance in cholesterol distribution. The livers from mice with Serac1 depletion showed increased cholesterol synthesis because the levels of cholesterol synthesis enzymes were upregulated. Moreover, the accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets in mice with Serac1 depletion were decreased, suggesting that SERAC1 depletion may decrease the risk for hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-induced mice. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that SERAC1 can serve as a potential target for the treatment or prevention of diet-induced hepatic lipid metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Du
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310063, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xueyun Li
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Fangyi Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325015, China
| | - Yinxu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Sihan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lifang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Huang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Anran Xie
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Kaiqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hezhi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Qiongya Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310063, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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12
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Reiterer M, Gilani A, Lo JC. Pancreatic Islets as a Target of Adipokines. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4039-4065. [PMID: 35950650 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rising rates of obesity are intricately tied to the type 2 diabetes epidemic. The adipose tissues can play a central role in protection against or triggering metabolic diseases through the secretion of adipokines. Many adipokines may improve peripheral insulin sensitivity through a variety of mechanisms, thereby indirectly reducing the strain on beta cells and thus improving their viability and functionality. Such effects will not be the focus of this article. Rather, we will focus on adipocyte-secreted molecules that have a direct effect on pancreatic islets. By their nature, adipokines represent potential druggable targets that can reach the islets and improve beta-cell function or preserve beta cells in the face of metabolic stress. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-27, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Reiterer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ankit Gilani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - James C Lo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Qi Z, Xia J, Xue X, Liu W, Huang Z, Zhang X, Zou Y, Liu J, Liu J, Li X, Cao L, Li L, Cui Z, Ji B, Zhang Q, Ding S, Liu W. Codon-optimized FAM132b gene therapy prevents dietary obesity by blockading adrenergic response and insulin action. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1970-1982. [PMID: 35922561 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FAM132b (myonectin) has been identified as a muscle-derived myokine with exercise and has hormone activity in circulation to regulate iron homeostasis and lipid metabolism via unknown receptors. Here, we aim to explore the potential of adeno-associated virus to deliver FAM132b in vivo to develop a gene therapy against obesity. METHODS Adeno-associated virus AAV9 were engineered to induce overexpression of FAM132b with two mutations, A136T and P159A. Then, AAV9 was delivered into high-fat diet mice through tail vein, and glucose homeostasis and obesity development of mice were observed. Methods of structural biology were used to predict the action site or receptor of the FAM132b mutant. RESULTS Treatment of high-fat diet-fed mice with AAV9 improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, and resulted in reductions in body weight, fat depot, and adipocyte size. Codon-optimized FAM132b (coFAM132b) reduced the glycemic response to epinephrine (EPI) in the whole body and increased the lipolytic response to EPI in adipose tissues. However, FAM132b knockdown by shRNA significantly increased the glycemic response to EPI in vivo and reduced adipocyte response to EPI and adipose tissue browning. Structural analysis predicted that the FAM132b mutant with A136T and P159A may form a weak bond with β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) and may have more affinity for insulin and insulin-receptor complexes. CONCLUSIONS Our study underscores the potential of FAM132b gene therapy with codon optimization to treat obesity by modulating the adrenergic response and insulin action. Both structural biological analysis and in vivo experiments suggest that the adrenergic response and insulin action are most likely blockaded by FAM132b mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiangli Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhuochun Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yong Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiatong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xingtian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lu Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lingxia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Benlong Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. .,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Weina Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. .,School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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14
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Liu J, Lai F, Hou Y, Zheng R. Leptin signaling and leptin resistance. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:363-384. [PMID: 37724323 PMCID: PMC10388810 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities, studies aimed at revealing mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis have gained increasing interest. In 1994, the cloning of leptin was a milestone in metabolic research. As an adipocytokine, leptin governs food intake and energy homeostasis through leptin receptors (LepR) in the brain. The failure of increased leptin levels to suppress feeding and elevate energy expenditure is referred to as leptin resistance, which encompasses complex pathophysiological processes. Within the brain, LepR-expressing neurons are distributed in hypothalamus and other brain areas, and each population of the LepR-expressing neurons may mediate particular aspects of leptin effects. In LepR-expressing neurons, the binding of leptin to LepR initiates multiple signaling cascades including janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, etc., mediating leptin actions. These findings place leptin at the intersection of metabolic and neuroendocrine regulations, and render leptin a key target for treating obesity and associated comorbidities. This review highlights the main discoveries that shaped the field of leptin for better understanding of the mechanism governing metabolic homeostasis, and guides the development of safe and effective interventions to treat obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Futing Lai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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15
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Fernandes ACA, de Oliveira FP, Fernandez G, da Guia Vieira L, Rosa CG, do Nascimento T, de Castro França S, Donato J, Vella KR, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Mecawi AS, Perello M, Elias LLK, Rorato R. Arcuate AgRP, but not POMC neurons, modulate paraventricular CRF synthesis and release in response to fasting. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:118. [PMID: 35902915 PMCID: PMC9331576 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is essential for metabolic adaptation in response to fasting. However, the neurocircuitry connecting changes in the peripheral energy stores to the activity of hypothalamic paraventricular corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRFPVN) neurons, the master controller of the HPA axis activity, is not completely understood. Our main goal was to determine if hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) POMC and AgRP neurons can communicate fasting-induced changes in peripheral energy stores, associated to a fall in plasma leptin levels, to CRFPVN neurons to modulate the HPA axis activity in mice. RESULTS We observed increased plasma corticosterone levels associate with increased CRFPVN mRNA expression and increased CRFPVN neuronal activity in 36 h fasted mice. These responses were associated with a fall in plasma leptin levels and changes in the mRNA expression of Agrp and Pomc in the ARC. Fasting-induced decrease in plasma leptin partially modulated these responses through a change in the activity of ARC neurons. The chemogenetic activation of POMCARC by DREADDs did not affect fasting-induced activation of the HPA axis. DREADDs inhibition of AgRPARC neurons reduced the content of CRFPVN and increased its accumulation in the median eminence but had no effect on corticosterone secretion induced by fasting. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that AgRPARC neurons are part of the neurocircuitry involved in the coupling of PVNCRF activity to changes in peripheral energy stores induced by prolonged fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franciane Pereira de Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, 403, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luane da Guia Vieira
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Gugelmin Rosa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Taís do Nascimento
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Suzelei de Castro França
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Kristen R Vella
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and the Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jose Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - André Souza Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, 403, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rorato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil. .,Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil.
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16
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Huang X, He Q, Zhu H, Fang Z, Che L, Lin Y, Xu S, Zhuo Y, Hua L, Wang J, Zou Y, Huang C, Li L, Xu H, Wu D, Feng B. Hepatic Leptin Signaling Improves Hyperglycemia by Stimulating MAPK Phosphatase-3 Protein Degradation via STAT3. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:983-1001. [PMID: 35863745 PMCID: PMC9490031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity-related hyperglycemia, with hepatic insulin resistance, has become an epidemic disease. Central neural leptin signaling was reported to improve hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hepatic leptin signaling on controlling hyperglycemia. METHODS First, the effect of leptin signaling on gluconeogenesis was investigated in primary mouse hepatocytes and hepatoma cells. Second, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, blood glucose levels, and hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression were analyzed in obese mice overexpressing hepatic OBRb. Third, expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-3, phosphorylation level of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) were analyzed in hepatocytes and mouse liver. Fourth, the role of MKP-3 in hepatic leptin signaling regulating gluconeogenesis was analyzed. Lastly, the role of ERK and STAT3 in the regulation of MKP-3 protein by leptin signaling was analyzed. RESULTS Activation of hepatic leptin signaling suppressed gluconeogenesis in both hepatocytes and obese mouse liver, and improved hyperglycemia, insulin tolerance, and glucose tolerance in obese mice. The protein level of MKP-3, which can promote gluconeogenesis, was decreased by leptin signaling in both hepatocytes and mouse liver. Mkp-3 deficiency abolished the effect of hepatic leptin signaling on suppressing gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes. STAT3 decreased the MKP-3 protein level, while inactivation of STAT3 abolished the effect of leptin signaling on reducing the MKP-3 protein level in hepatocytes. Moreover, STAT3 could combine with MKP-3 and phospho-ERK1/2, which induced the degradation of MKP-3, and leptin signaling enhanced the combination. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic leptin signaling could suppress gluconeogenesis at least partially by decreasing the MKP-3 protein level via STAT3-enhanced MKP-3 and ERK1/2 combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Huang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin He
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island,School of international education, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Zhu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory for Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lun Hua
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island,Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - De Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island,Key Laboratory for Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Bin Feng, PhD, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China. fax: (86) 028-82652669.
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17
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Ursino G, Ramadori G, Höfler A, Odouard S, Teixeira PDS, Visentin F, Veyrat-Durebex C, Lucibello G, Firnkes R, Ricci S, Vianna CR, Jia L, Dirlewanger M, Klee P, Elmquist JK, Roth J, Vogl T, Schwitzgebel VM, Jornayvaz FR, Boland A, Coppari R. Hepatic non-parenchymal S100A9-TLR4-mTORC1 axis normalizes diabetic ketogenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4107. [PMID: 35840613 PMCID: PMC9287425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unrestrained ketogenesis leads to life-threatening ketoacidosis whose incidence is high in patients with diabetes. While insulin therapy reduces ketogenesis this approach is sub-optimal. Here, we report an insulin-independent pathway able to normalize diabetic ketogenesis. By generating insulin deficient male mice lacking or re-expressing Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) only in liver or hepatocytes, we demonstrate that hepatic TLR4 in non-parenchymal cells mediates the ketogenesis-suppressing action of S100A9. Mechanistically, S100A9 acts extracellularly to activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in a TLR4-dependent manner. Accordingly, hepatic-restricted but not hepatocyte-restricted loss of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 (TSC1, an mTORC1 inhibitor) corrects insulin-deficiency-induced hyperketonemia. Therapeutically, recombinant S100A9 administration restrains ketogenesis and improves hyperglycemia without causing hypoglycemia in diabetic mice. Also, circulating S100A9 in patients with ketoacidosis is only marginally increased hence unveiling a window of opportunity to pharmacologically augment S100A9 for preventing unrestrained ketogenesis. In summary, our findings reveal the hepatic S100A9-TLR4-mTORC1 axis in non-parenchymal cells as a promising therapeutic target for restraining diabetic ketogenesis. Excess ketogenesis can lead to ketoacidosis, a serious complication in patients with diabetes. Here the authors report an insulin independent pathway, the hepatic nonparenchymal S100A9-TLR4-mTORC1 axis, that is able to normalize diabetic ketogenesis and pre-clinical data to suggest potential for development of S100A9 based adjunctive therapy to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ursino
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Ramadori
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Höfler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Soline Odouard
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Visentin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Veyrat-Durebex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Lucibello
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Firnkes
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serena Ricci
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia R Vianna
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mirjam Dirlewanger
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Klee
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Valérie M Schwitzgebel
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic patient education, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Coppari
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Foucan L, Afassinou Y, Chingan-Martino V, Ancedy Y, Bassien-Capsa V, Galantine O, Nicolas L, Tabue Teguo M, Martino F, Larifla L. Metabolic Syndrome Components in a Nondiabetic Afro-Caribbean Population: Influence of Gender and Age. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022; 20:243-249. [PMID: 35167367 DOI: 10.1089/met.2021.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our aim was to describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components among Afro-Caribbean adults without diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Methods: Participants were recruited from a Health Center in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. MetS was defined according to the NCEP ATP III. Prevalence of MetS and MetS components were compared across age groups and sex. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using logistic regression. Results: There were 1011 participants (68.8% women, mean age 47.8 ± 11.8 years). Prevalence of MetS was 17.9% (21.1% women, 10.8% men) and increased by age in women. High blood pressure had the highest prevalence among men and among women ≥60 years. Prevalence of abdominal obesity (AbO) was higher in women than in men. High triglyceride levels were uncommon at all ages and, men and women <40 years, compared with the other groups had higher prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. With multiple logistic regression, compared with adults <40 years, those ≥60 years had the highest OR for prevalent hypertension 7.8 (4.8-12.8); P < 0.001, AbO 2.1 (1.3-3.3); P = 0.002 and high fasting blood glucose levels 5.5 (3.1-9.8); P < 0.001. They also had lower odds for having low HDL-C than the younger ones (G1: age <40 years). Among persons ≥60 years, OR for MetS was 1.9 (1.1-3.6); P = 0.013 compared with the referent group. Compared with men, women had higher odds of MetS 2.2 (1.5-3.3); P < 0.001. Conclusion: Women were more likely to have MetS than men and persons ≥60 years were significantly more likely to have MetS than persons <40 years. Preventive measures are required to reduce the prevalence of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Foucan
- Research Team on Cardiometabolic Risk/ECM, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,LAMIA, EA4540. University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Yaovi Afassinou
- Research Team on Cardiometabolic Risk/ECM, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Cardiology Unit, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Vaneva Chingan-Martino
- Research Team on Cardiometabolic Risk/ECM, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Yann Ancedy
- Research Team on Cardiometabolic Risk/ECM, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Cardiology Unit, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Valerie Bassien-Capsa
- Research Team on Cardiometabolic Risk/ECM, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Olivier Galantine
- Research Team on Cardiometabolic Risk/ECM, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Livy Nicolas
- Research Team on Cardiometabolic Risk/ECM, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | | | - Frederic Martino
- Research Team on Cardiometabolic Risk/ECM, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Laurent Larifla
- Research Team on Cardiometabolic Risk/ECM, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,LAMIA, EA4540. University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Cardiology Unit, University Hospital, University of the Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
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19
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Zhu Y, Wei Y, Duan J, Li J, Zhang R, Sun J, Wang P, Liu Z, Lv J, Wei S, Jiang X, Wang F, Tang Y. The role of leptin in indirectly mediating "somatic anxiety" symptoms in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:757958. [PMID: 35911226 PMCID: PMC9337242 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.757958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is a multifunctional hormone secreted from adipose tissue, which plays a core role in regulating energy intake and expenditure. Evidence has demonstrated that leptin receptors are located in brain areas involved in emotional processing, and major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by dysfunction of emotional processing. Taken together, these features suggest that leptin may play a potential role in the pathophysiology of MDD. However, the precise roles of leptin in modulating depressive symptoms in MDD remain unclear. METHODS Participants [18 drug-naïve MDD patients, 15 unaffected first-degree relatives of MDD patients (FDR-MDD), and 40 healthy controls] completed clinical assessments and provided blood samples for measurement of leptin levels. We evaluated the effect of leptin on clinical status (MDD or FDR-MDD) and symptomatic dimensionalities of MDD using mediation analysis. RESULTS We found that leptin was increased in MDD patients and this only predicted "somatic anxiety" symptoms. Furthermore, leptin was a significant and indirect mediator of the association between clinical status (MDD or FDR-MDD) and "somatic anxiety" symptoms. CONCLUSION Our finding that leptin was a significant and indirect mediator of clinical status (MDD or FDR-MDD) and "somatic anxiety" symptoms suggests that leptin may indirectly affect somatic depressive symptoms in MDD. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for novel clinical interventions in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yange Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianing Li
- China Medical University and Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaze Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengshuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Corning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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20
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DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH. Low-grade metabolic acidosis as a driver of insulin resistance. Open Heart 2021; 8:openhrt-2021-001788. [PMID: 34497064 PMCID: PMC8438953 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - James H O'Keefe
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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21
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Leptin treatment prevents impaired hypoglycemic counterregulation induced by exposure to severe caloric restriction or exposure to recurrent hypoglycemia. Auton Neurosci 2021; 235:102853. [PMID: 34358845 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is a maladaptive failure in glucose counterregulation in persons with diabetes (PWD) that is caused by recurrent exposure to hypoglycemia. The adipokine leptin is known to regulate glucose homeostasis, and leptin levels fall following exposure to recurrent hypoglycemia. Yet, little is known regarding how reduced leptin levels influence glucose counterregulation, or if low leptin levels are involved in the development of HAAF. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hypoleptinemia on the neuroendocrine responses to hypoglycemia. We utilized two separate experimental paradigms known to induce a hypoleptinemic state: 60% caloric restriction (CR) in mice and three days of recurrent hypoglycemia (3dRH) in rats. A sub-set of animals were also treated with leptin (0.5-1.0 μg/g) during the CR or 3dRH periods. Neuroendocrine responses to hypoglycemia were assessed 60 min following an IP insulin injection on the terminal day of the paradigms. CR mice displayed defects in hypoglycemic counterregulation, indicated by significantly lower glucagon levels relative to controls, 13.5 pmol/L (SD 10.7) versus 64.7 pmol/L (SD 45) (p = 0.002). 3dRH rats displayed reduced epinephrine levels relative to controls, 1900 pg/mL (SD 1052) versus 3670 pg/mL (SD 780) (p = 0.030). Remarkably, leptin treatment during either paradigm completely reversed this effect by normalizing glucagon levels in CR mice, 78.0 pmol/L (SD 47.3) (p = 0.764), and epinephrine levels in 3dRH rats, 2910 pg/mL (SD 1680) (p = 0.522). These findings suggest that hypoleptinemia may be a key signaling event driving the development of HAAF and that leptin treatment may prevent the development of HAAF in PWD.
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22
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Myers MG, Affinati AH, Richardson N, Schwartz MW. Central nervous system regulation of organismal energy and glucose homeostasis. Nat Metab 2021; 3:737-750. [PMID: 34158655 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates the brain in the regulation of both immediate fuel availability (for example, circulating glucose) and long-term energy stores (that is, adipose tissue mass). Rather than viewing the adipose tissue and glucose control systems separately, we suggest that the brain systems that control them are components of a larger, highly integrated, 'fuel homeostasis' control system. This conceptual framework, along with new insights into the organization and function of distinct neuronal systems, provides a context within which to understand how metabolic homeostasis is achieved in both basal and postprandial states. We also review evidence that dysfunction of the central fuel homeostasis system contributes to the close association between obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the goal of identifying more effective treatment options for these common metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Myers
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison H Affinati
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Richardson
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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23
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Loomba R, Friedman SL, Shulman GI. Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell 2021; 184:2537-2564. [PMID: 33989548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. Its more advanced subtype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), connotes progressive liver injury that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we provide an in-depth discussion of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to progressive liver injury, including the metabolic origins of NAFLD, the effect of NAFLD on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, bile acid toxicity, macrophage dysfunction, and hepatic stellate cell activation, and consider the role of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that promote fibrosis progression and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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24
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Fan S, Xu Y, Lu Y, Jiang Z, Li H, Morrill JC, Cai J, Wu Q, Xu Y, Xue M, Arenkiel BR, Huang C, Tong Q. A neural basis for brain leptin action on reducing type 1 diabetic hyperglycemia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2662. [PMID: 33976218 PMCID: PMC8113586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central leptin action rescues type 1 diabetic (T1D) hyperglycemia; however, the underlying mechanism and the identity of mediating neurons remain elusive. Here, we show that leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing neurons in arcuate (LepRArc) are selectively activated in T1D. Activation of LepRArc neurons, Arc GABAergic (GABAArc) neurons, or arcuate AgRP neurons, is able to reverse the leptin's rescuing effect. Conversely, inhibition of GABAArc neurons, but not AgRP neurons, produces leptin-mimicking rescuing effects. Further, AgRP neuron function is not required for T1D hyperglycemia or leptin's rescuing effects. Finally, T1D LepRArc neurons show defective nutrient sensing and signs of cellular energy deprivation, which are both restored by leptin, whereas nutrient deprivation reverses the leptin action. Our results identify aberrant activation of LepRArc neurons owing to energy deprivation as the neural basis for T1D hyperglycemia and that leptin action is mediated by inhibiting LepRArc neurons through reversing energy deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuanzhong Xu
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yungang Lu
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiying Jiang
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hongli Li
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessie C Morrill
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center & UT Health Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Cai
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center & UT Health Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mingshan Xue
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center & UT Health Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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25
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Acetyl-CoA Metabolism and Histone Acetylation in the Regulation of Aging and Lifespan. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040572. [PMID: 33917812 PMCID: PMC8068152 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA is a metabolite at the crossroads of central metabolism and the substrate of histone acetyltransferases regulating gene expression. In many tissues fasting or lifespan extending calorie restriction (CR) decreases glucose-derived metabolic flux through ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) to reduce cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels to decrease activity of the p300 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) stimulating pro-longevity autophagy. Because of this, compounds that decrease cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA have been described as CR mimetics. But few authors have highlighted the potential longevity promoting roles of nuclear acetyl-CoA. For example, increasing nuclear acetyl-CoA levels increases histone acetylation and administration of class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors increases longevity through increased histone acetylation. Therefore, increased nuclear acetyl-CoA likely plays an important role in promoting longevity. Although cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) promotes aging by decreasing autophagy in some peripheral tissues, increased glial AMPK activity or neuronal differentiation can stimulate ACSS2 nuclear translocation and chromatin association. ACSS2 nuclear translocation can result in increased activity of CREB binding protein (CBP), p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), and other HATs to increase histone acetylation on the promoter of neuroprotective genes including transcription factor EB (TFEB) target genes resulting in increased lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Much of what is known regarding acetyl-CoA metabolism and aging has come from pioneering studies with yeast, fruit flies, and nematodes. These studies have identified evolutionary conserved roles for histone acetylation in promoting longevity. Future studies should focus on the role of nuclear acetyl-CoA and histone acetylation in the control of hypothalamic inflammation, an important driver of organismal aging.
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26
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Lewis GF, Carpentier AC, Pereira S, Hahn M, Giacca A. Direct and indirect control of hepatic glucose production by insulin. Cell Metab 2021; 33:709-720. [PMID: 33765416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is general agreement that the acute suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin is mediated by both a direct and an indirect effect on the liver. There is, however, no consensus regarding the relative magnitude of these effects under physiological conditions. Extensive research over the past three decades in humans and animal models has provided discordant results between these two modes of insulin action. Here, we review the field to make the case that physiologically direct hepatic insulin action dominates acute suppression of glucose production, but that there is also a delayed, second order regulation of this process via extrahepatic effects. We further provide our views regarding the timing, dominance, and physiological relevance of these effects and discuss novel concepts regarding insulin regulation of adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism and central nervous system (CNS) signaling to the liver, as regulators of insulin's extrahepatic effects on glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Andre C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Fujikawa T. Central regulation of glucose metabolism in an insulin-dependent and -independent manner. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12941. [PMID: 33599044 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) contributes significantly to glucose homeostasis. The available evidence indicates that insulin directly acts on the CNS, in particular the hypothalamus, to regulate hepatic glucose production, thereby controlling whole-body glucose metabolism. Additionally, insulin also acts on the brain to regulate food intake and fat metabolism, which may indirectly regulate glucose metabolism. Studies conducted over the last decade have found that the CNS can regulate glucose metabolism in an insulin-independent manner. Enhancement of central leptin signalling reverses hyperglycaemia in insulin-deficient rodents. Here, I review the mechanisms by which central insulin and leptin actions regulate glucose metabolism. Although clinical studies have shown that insulin treatment is currently indispensable for managing diabetes, unravelling the neuronal mechanisms underlying the central regulation of glucose metabolism will pave the way for the design of novel therapeutic drugs for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Fujikawa
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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28
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Dokukina IV, Yamashev MV, Samarina EA, Tilinova OM, Grachev EA. Calcium-dependent insulin resistance in hepatocytes: mathematical model. J Theor Biol 2021; 522:110684. [PMID: 33794287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte insulin resistance is one of the early factors of developing type II diabetes. If insulin resistance is treated early, type II diabetes could be prevented. In recent years, scientists have been conducting extensive research on the underlying issues on a cellular and molecular level. It was found that the modulation of IP3-receptors, the mitochondrial ability to form the mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and the endoplasmic reticulum stress during Ca2+ signaling play a key role in hepatocyte being able to maintain euglycemia and provide metabolic flexibility. However, researchers cannot agree on what factor is the key one in resulting in insulin resistance. In this work, we propose a mathematical model of Ca2+ signaling. We included in the model all the major contributors of a proper Ca2+ signaling during both the fasting and the postprandial state. Our modeling results are in good agreement with available experimental data. The analysis of modeling results suggests that MAMs dysfunction alone cannot result in abnormal Ca2+ signaling and the wrong modulation of IP3-receptors is a more definite reason. However, both the MAMs dysfunction and the IP3 signaling dysregulation combined can lead to a robust Ca2+ signal and improper glucose release. In addition, our model results suggest a strong dependence of Ca2+ oscillations pattern on morphological characteristics of the ER and the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Dokukina
- Sarov Physical and Technical Institute, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Sarov, Russian Federation.
| | | | - Ekaterina A Samarina
- Sarov Physical and Technical Institute, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Sarov, Russian Federation
| | - Oksana M Tilinova
- Sarov Physical and Technical Institute, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Sarov, Russian Federation
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29
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LaMoia TE, Shulman GI. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:77-96. [PMID: 32897388 PMCID: PMC7846086 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to its robust glucose-lowering effects, well-established safety profile, and relatively low cost. While metformin has been shown to have pleotropic effects on glucose metabolism, there is a general consensus that the major glucose-lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes is mostly mediated through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, despite decades of research, the mechanism by which metformin inhibits this process is still highly debated. A key reason for these discrepant effects is likely due to the inconsistency in dosage of metformin across studies. Widely studied mechanisms of action, such as complex I inhibition leading to AMPK activation, have only been observed in the context of supra-pharmacological (>1 mM) metformin concentrations, which do not occur in the clinical setting. Thus, these mechanisms have been challenged in recent years and new mechanisms have been proposed. Based on the observation that metformin alters cellular redox balance, a redox-dependent mechanism of action has been described by several groups. Recent studies have shown that clinically relevant (50-100 μM) concentrations of metformin inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis in a substrate-selective manner both in vitro and in vivo, supporting a redox-dependent mechanism of metformin action. Here, we review the current literature regarding metformin's cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci E LaMoia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Pereira S, Cline DL, Glavas MM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Tissue-Specific Effects of Leptin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:1-28. [PMID: 33150398 PMCID: PMC7846142 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin was intrinsically associated with its ability to regulate body weight. However, the effects of leptin are more far-reaching and include profound glucose-lowering and anti-lipogenic effects, independent of leptin's regulation of body weight. Regulation of glucose metabolism by leptin is mediated both centrally and via peripheral tissues and is influenced by the activation status of insulin signaling pathways. Ectopic fat accumulation is diminished by both central and peripheral leptin, an effect that is beneficial in obesity-associated disorders. The magnitude of leptin action depends upon the tissue, sex, and context being examined. Peripheral tissues that are of particular relevance include the endocrine pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, immune cells, and the cardiovascular system. As a result of its potent metabolic activity, leptin is used to control hyperglycemia in patients with lipodystrophy and is being explored as an adjunct to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. To fully understand the role of leptin in physiology and to maximize its therapeutic potential, the mechanisms of leptin action in these tissues needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Lee J, Kim B, Kim W, Ahn C, Choi HY, Kim JG, Kim J, Shin H, Kang JG, Moon S. Lipid indices as simple and clinically useful surrogate markers for insulin resistance in the U.S. population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2366. [PMID: 33504930 PMCID: PMC7840900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the accuracy of novel lipid indices, including the visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index, TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI), and TyG-waist circumference (TyG-WC), in identifying insulin resistance and establish valid cutoff values. This cross-sectional study used the data of 11,378 adults, derived from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2016). Insulin resistance was defined as a homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance value above the 75th percentile for each sex and race/ethnicities. The area under the curves (AUCs) were as follows: VAI, 0.735; LAP, 0.796; TyG index, 0.723; TyG-BMI, 0.823, and; TyG-WC, 0.822. The AUCs for TyG-BMI and TyG-WC were significantly higher than those for VAI, LAP, and TyG index (vs. TyG-BMI, p < 0.001; vs. TyG-WC, p < 0.001). The cutoff values were as follows: VAI: men 1.65, women 1.65; LAP: men 42.5, women 42.5; TyG index: men 4.665, women 4.575; TyG-BMI: men 135.5, women 135.5; and TyG-WC: men 461.5, women 440.5. Given that lipid indices can be easily calculated with routine laboratory tests, these values may be useful markers for insulin resistance risk assessments in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheol Lee
- grid.413897.00000 0004 0624 2238Department of Emergency Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongyoung Kim
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Kim
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiwon Ahn
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Choi
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Guk Kim
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungoo Shin
- grid.412145.70000 0004 0647 3212Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Goo Kang
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea ,grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252 Republic of Korea
| | - Shinje Moon
- grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea ,grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252 Republic of Korea
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Huang J, Peng X, Dong K, Tao J, Yang Y. The Association Between Insulin Resistance, Leptin, and Resistin and Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Different Body Mass Indexes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2357-2365. [PMID: 34079314 PMCID: PMC8163637 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s305054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to compare HOMA-IR, leptin, and resistin as the risk factors for diabetic nephropathy in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with different BMI classifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 309 patients with T2DM were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All participants were divided into three groups according to BMI: the normal weight group (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24 kg/m2), the overweight group (24kg/m2≤BMI<28 kg/m2) and the obesity group (BMI≥28 kg/m2). The clinical information and laboratory examinations were recorded in detail. Leptin and resistin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Higher HOMA-IR, leptin and resistin levels were found to be the risk factors for diabetic nephropathy when we made comparisons in the total population (P<0.05). In the normal weight group, logistic regression analysis showed that T2DM patients with higher HOMA-IR (OR=4.210, P=0.001), leptin (OR=2.474, P=0.031) and resistin levels (OR=8.299, P<0.001) had nearly 4-fold, 2-fold and 8-fold risk for diabetic nephropathy, respectively, after adjustments. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that the area under the curves (AUCs) of HOMA-IR and resistin were 0.699 (95% CI 0.617-0.772) and 0.790 (95% CI 0.715-0.854), respectively, which were significantly larger than the AUC of 0.5 (all P<0.001). However, no significant association was observed between HOMA-IR, leptin, and resistin and renal complications (all P>0.05) in the overweight and obesity groups in both logistic regression and AUC analysis. CONCLUSION Higher insulin resistance, leptin and resistin levels were observed as risk factors for diabetic nephropathy in T2DM patients with lower BMI. These were not obvious in the overweight and obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yan Yang Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-27-83663331Fax +86-27-83662883 Email
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Al-Mrabeh A. Pathogenesis and remission of type 2 diabetes: what has the twin cycle hypothesis taught us? Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2020; 9:132-142. [PMID: 33225228 PMCID: PMC7673778 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has been regarded a complex multifactorial disease that lead to serious health complications including high cardiovascular risks. The twin cycle hypothesis postulated that both hepatic insulin resistance and dysfunction rather than death of beta (β) cell determine diabetes onset. Several studies were carried out to test this hypothesis, and all demonstrated that chronic excess calorie intake and ectopic fat accumulation within the liver and pancreas are fundamental to the development of this disease. However, these recent research advances cannot determine the exact cause of this disease. In this review, the major factors that contribute to the pathogenesis and remission of type 2 diabetes will be outlined. Importantly, the effect of disordered lipid metabolism, characterized by altered hepatic triglyceride export will be discussed. Additionally, the observed changes in pancreas morphology in type 2 diabetes will be highlighted and discussed in relation to β cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Mrabeh
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abulizi A, Cardone RL, Stark R, Lewandowski SL, Zhao X, Hillion J, Ma L, Sehgal R, Alves TC, Thomas C, Kung C, Wang B, Siebel S, Andrews ZB, Mason GF, Rinehart J, Merrins MJ, Kibbey RG. Multi-Tissue Acceleration of the Mitochondrial Phosphoenolpyruvate Cycle Improves Whole-Body Metabolic Health. Cell Metab 2020; 32:751-766.e11. [PMID: 33147485 PMCID: PMC7679013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP)-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) cycle couples mitochondrial PEPCK (PCK2) to pyruvate kinase (PK) in the liver and pancreatic islets to regulate glucose homeostasis. Here, small molecule PK activators accelerated the PEP cycle to improve islet function, as well as metabolic homeostasis, in preclinical rodent models of diabetes. In contrast, treatment with a PK activator did not improve insulin secretion in pck2-/- mice. Unlike other clinical secretagogues, PK activation enhanced insulin secretion but also had higher insulin content and markers of differentiation. In addition to improving insulin secretion, acute PK activation short-circuited gluconeogenesis to reduce endogenous glucose production while accelerating red blood cell glucose turnover. Four-week delivery of a PK activator in vivo remodeled PK phosphorylation, reduced liver fat, and improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed rats. These data provide a preclinical rationale for PK activation to accelerate the PEP cycle to improve metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca L Cardone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Romana Stark
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sophie L Lewandowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joelle Hillion
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lingjun Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Raghav Sehgal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tiago C Alves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Craig Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, and Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Bei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephan Siebel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jesse Rinehart
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew J Merrins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard G Kibbey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Singha A, Palavicini JP, Pan M, Farmer S, Sandoval D, Han X, Fujikawa T. Leptin Receptors in RIP-Cre 25Mgn Neurons Mediate Anti-dyslipidemia Effects of Leptin in Insulin-Deficient Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:588447. [PMID: 33071988 PMCID: PMC7538546 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.588447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a potent endocrine hormone produced by adipose tissue and regulates a broad range of whole-body metabolism such as glucose and lipid metabolism, even without insulin. Central leptin signaling can lower hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient rodents via multiple mechanisms, including improvements of dyslipidemia. However, the specific neurons that regulate anti-dyslipidemia effects of leptin remain unidentified. Here we report that leptin receptors (LEPRs) in neurons expressing Cre recombinase driven by a short fragment of a promoter region of Ins2 gene (RIP-Cre25Mgn neurons) are required for central leptin signaling to reverse dyslipidemia, thereby hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient mice. Ablation of LEPRs in RIP-Cre25Mgn neurons completely blocks glucose-lowering effects of leptin in insulin-deficient mice. Further investigations reveal that insulin-deficient mice lacking LEPRs in RIP-Cre25Mgn neurons (RIP-CreΔLEPR mice) exhibit greater lipid levels in blood and liver compared to wild-type controls, and that leptin injection into the brain does not suppress dyslipidemia in insulin-deficient RIP-CreΔLEPR mice. Leptin administration into the brain combined with acipimox, which lowers blood lipids by suppressing triglyceride lipase activity, can restore normal glycemia in insulin-deficient RIP-CreΔLEPR mice, suggesting that excess circulating lipids are a driving-force of hyperglycemia in these mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that LEPRs in RIP-Cre25Mgn neurons significantly contribute to glucose-lowering effects of leptin in an insulin-independent manner by improving dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Singha
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Scotlynn Farmer
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Darleen Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Teppei Fujikawa
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Division of Hypothalamic Research Center, Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
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Metformin effectively restores the HPA axis function in diet-induced obese rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:383-395. [PMID: 32951009 PMCID: PMC7855162 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is perturbed in obesity. We previously reported presence of leptin resistance in the brainstem and uncoupling between central noradrenergic tone and the HPA axis in obesity-prone (DIO) rats. Metformin is shown to lower body weight and adiposity, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that this is associated with restored HPA axis function. METHODS Adult male DIO rats were placed on either a regular chow or HF diet for 7 weeks. Starting week 4, the animals were given either a low dose (60 mg/kg) or high dose (300 mg/kg) of metformin in drinking water. In addition to body weight and feeding, we examined different arms of the HPA axis to test if metformin can reinstate its function and coupling. To understand potential mechanisms, leptin signaling in the brainstem and circulating free fatty acid levels were also assessed. RESULTS Metformin treatment lowered weight gain, fat mass, caloric intake, and serum leptin levels. HPA axis activity as determined by corticotropin-releasing hormone in the median eminence and serum corticosterone was decreased by metformin in a dose-dependent manner, and so was norepinephrine (NE) in the paraventricular nucleus. Importantly, metformin completely normalized the NE-HPA axis uncoupling. While brainstem pSTAT-3 and SOCS-3, key markers of leptin signaling, were not different between groups, circulating saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids were reduced in HF-fed, metformin-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that oral metformin can successfully correct HPA axis dysfunction that is associated with lowered circulating free fatty acids in DIO rats, thereby uncovering a novel effect of metformin in the treatment of obesity.
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Wu X, Kim MJ, Yang HJ, Park S. Chitosan alleviated menopausal symptoms and modulated the gut microbiota in estrogen-deficient rats. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1907-1919. [PMID: 32910260 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Menopause disturbs energy, glucose, and lipid metabolisms and changes the composition of the gut microbiota, but dietary fibers without phytoestrogens may ameliorate menopausal metabolic disorders. The objective of the present study was to assess whether consuming the prebiotics chitosan and citrus pectin can improve postmenopausal symptoms, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and the mechanism of action was examined. METHODS The OVX rats were given 4.5% cellulose (OVX-Control), chitosan (OVX-Chitosan), or citrus pectin (OVX-Pectin) in a 43% fat diet and the sham rats were given the same diet as the OVX-Control for 12 weeks. Sham-operated rats had the same diet as OVX-Control (Normal-Control). Body-weight, visceral fat mass, tail skin temperature, serum 17β-estradiol, glucose intolerance, and insulin tolerance were determined. Gut microbiota in the fecal samples was measured by NGS and analyzed with PICRUSt2. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metabolomic characteristics of serum were also measured with UPLC-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Chitosan and citrus pectin were selected because the incubation of rat feces with these two prebiotics in vitro had shown increased butyrate production. OVX-Chitosan reduced the weight, visceral fat content, and tail skin temperature, and OVX-Chitosan and OVX-Pectin improved glucose tolerance, compared to the OVX-Control. Both alleviated dyslipidemia, compared to the OVX-Control. OVX-Chitosan and OVX-Pectin elevated serum propionate and butyrate concentrations but only OVX-Chitosan lowered serum acetate concentrations. In PICRUSt2, chitosan upregulated the functional genes of gut microbiota involved in valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, whereas the OVX-Control exhibited significantly upregulated lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. OVX-Pectin exhibited increased α-diversity in the fecal bacteria. Metabolomic analysis revealed higher serum urate concentrations in the OVX-Control group than the other groups, and serum arginine and leucine concentrations were higher in the OVX-Chitosan group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Chitosan and citrus pectin consumptions improved menopausal symptoms by improving the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, and serum metabolites and SCFA originating from fecal bacteria. Chitosan was more effective for improving menopausal symptoms than citrus pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuangao Wu
- Department. of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do, 336-795, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Food Functional Research Division, Korea Food Research Institutes, Wanjoo, South Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Yang
- Food Functional Research Division, Korea Food Research Institutes, Wanjoo, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department. of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do, 336-795, South Korea.
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Perry RJ, Shulman GI. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: Understanding the mechanisms for therapeutic promise and persisting risks. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14379-14390. [PMID: 32796035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a healthy person, the kidney filters nearly 200 g of glucose per day, almost all of which is reabsorbed. The primary transporter responsible for renal glucose reabsorption is sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2). Based on the impact of SGLT2 to prevent renal glucose wasting, SGLT2 inhibitors have been developed to treat diabetes and are the newest class of glucose-lowering agents approved in the United States. By inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, these agents promote glycosuria, thereby reducing blood glucose concentrations and often resulting in modest weight loss. Recent work in humans and rodents has demonstrated that the clinical utility of these agents may not be limited to diabetes management: SGLT2 inhibitors have also shown therapeutic promise in improving outcomes in heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and, in preclinical studies, certain cancers. Unfortunately, these benefits are not without risk: SGLT2 inhibitors predispose to euglycemic ketoacidosis in those with type 2 diabetes and, largely for this reason, are not approved to treat type 1 diabetes. The mechanism for each of the beneficial and harmful effects of SGLT2 inhibitors-with the exception of their effect to lower plasma glucose concentrations-is an area of active investigation. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which these drugs cause euglycemic ketoacidosis and hyperglucagonemia and stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis as well as their beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease and cancer. In so doing, we aim to highlight the crucial role for selecting patients for SGLT2 inhibitor therapy and highlight several crucial questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Jiang S, Young JL, Wang K, Qian Y, Cai L. Diabetic‑induced alterations in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism: The role of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:603-611. [PMID: 32468027 PMCID: PMC7339764 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing health concern in society. Type 1 and type 2 DM are the two main types of diabetes; both types are chronic diseases that affect glucose metabolism in the body and the impaired regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism promotes the development and progression of DM. During the physiological metabolism process, the liver serves a unique role in glucose and lipid metabolism. The present article aimed to review the association between DM and glucose metabolism in the liver and discuss the changes of the following hepatic glucose fluxes: Gluconeogenesis, glucose/glucose 6-phosphate cycling, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Moreover, the incidence of fatty liver in DM was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saizhi Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jamie L Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Qian
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this brief review, we highlight studies that have contributed to our current understanding of glucose homeostasis by the central nervous system (CNS) leptin-melanocortin system, particularly proopiomelanocortin neurons and melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R). RECENT FINDINGS Leptin deficiency is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism whereas leptin administration improves tissue glucose uptake/oxidation and reduces hepatic glucose output. These antidiabetic effects of leptin have been demonstrated in experimental animals and humans, even when circulating insulin levels are barely detectable. Recent evidence suggests that these antidiabetic actions of leptin are mediated, in large part, by stimulation of leptin receptors (LRs) in the CNS and require activation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and MC4R. These chronic antidiabetic effects of the CNS leptin-melanocortin system appear to be independent of autonomic nervous system and pituitary-thyroid-adrenal (PTA) axis mechanisms. The powerful antidiabetic actions of the CNS leptin-melanocortin system are capable of normalizing plasma glucose even in the absence of insulin and involve interactions of multiple neuronal populations and intracellular signaling pathways. Although the links between the CNS leptin-melanocortin system and its chronic effects on peripheral tissue glucose metabolism are still uncertain, they are independent of insulin action, activation of the autonomic nervous system, or the PTA axis. Unraveling the pathways that contribute to the powerful antidiabetic effects of the CNS leptin-melanocortin system may provide novel therapeutic approaches for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
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Manceau R, Majeur D, Alquier T. Neuronal control of peripheral nutrient partitioning. Diabetologia 2020; 63:673-682. [PMID: 32030470 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The appropriate utilisation, storage and conversion of nutrients in peripheral tissues, referred to as nutrient partitioning, is a fundamental process to adapt to nutritional and metabolic challenges and is thus critical for the maintenance of a healthy energy balance. Alterations in this process during nutrient excess can have deleterious effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis and contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nutrient partitioning is a complex integrated process under the control of hormonal and neural signals. Neural control relies on the capacity of the brain to sense circulating metabolic signals and mount adaptive neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. This review aims to discuss the hypothalamic neurocircuits and molecular mechanisms controlling nutrient partitioning and their potential contribution to metabolic maladaptation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Manceau
- Montréal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Danie Majeur
- Montréal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thierry Alquier
- Montréal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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He S, Le NA, Ramirez-Zea M, Martorell R, Narayan KMV, Stein AD. Leptin partially mediates the association between early-life nutritional supplementation and long-term glycemic status among women in a Guatemalan longitudinal cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:804-813. [PMID: 32069352 PMCID: PMC7138657 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life exposure to improved nutrition is associated with decreased risk of diabetes but increased risk of obesity. Leptin positively correlates with adiposity and has glucose-lowering effects, thus it may mediate the association of early-life nutrition and long-term glycemic status. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the role of leptin in the differential association between early-life nutrition and the risks of obesity and diabetes. METHODS We analyzed data from a Guatemalan cohort who were randomly assigned at the village level to receive nutritional supplements as children. We conducted mediation analysis to examine the role of leptin in the associations of early-life nutrition and adult cardiometabolic outcomes. RESULTS Among 1112 study participants aged (mean ± SD) 44.1 ± 4.2 y, 60.6% were women. Cardiometabolic conditions were common: 40.2% of women and 19.4% of men were obese, and 53.1% of women and 41.0% of men were hyperglycemic or diabetic. Median (IQR) leptin concentration was 15.2 ng/mL (10.2-17.3 ng/mL) in women and 2.7 ng/mL (1.3-5.3 ng/mL) in men. Leptin was positively correlated with BMI (Spearman's ρ was 0.6 in women, 0.7 in men). Women exposed to improved nutrition in early life had 2.8-ng/mL (95% CI: 0.3, 5.3 ng/mL) higher leptin and tended to have lower fasting glucose (-0.8 mmol/L; -1.8, 0.2 mmol/L, nonsignificant) than unexposed women. There were no significant differences in leptin (-0.7 ng/mL; -2.1, 0.8 ng/mL) or fasting glucose (0.2 mmol/L; -0.5, 0.9 mmol/L) in men exposed to improved nutrition in early life compared with unexposed men. Leptin mediated 34.9% of the pathway between early-life nutrition and fasting glucose in women. The mediation in women was driven by improved pancreatic β-cell function. We did not observe the mediation effect in men. CONCLUSIONS Leptin mediated the glucose-lowering effect of early-life nutrition in women but not in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran He
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ngoc-Anh Le
- Biomarker Core Laboratory, Foundation for Atlanta Veterans Education and Research, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Ramirez-Zea
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | - Aryeh D Stein
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Address correspondence to ADS (e-mail: )
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Amino acid-based compound activates atypical PKC and leptin receptor pathways to improve glycemia and anxiety like behavior in diabetic mice. Biomaterials 2020; 239:119839. [PMID: 32065973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Differences in glucose uptake in peripheral and neural tissues account for the reduced efficacy of insulin in nervous tissues. Herein, we report the design of short peptides, referred as amino acid compounds (AAC) with and without a modified side chain moiety. At nanomolar concentrations, a candidate therapeutic molecule, AAC2, containing a 7-(diethylamino) coumarin-3-carboxamide side-chain improved glucose control in human peripheral adipocytes and the endothelial brain barrier cells by activation of insulin-insensitive glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). AAC2 interacted specifically with the leptin receptor (LepR) and activated atypical protein kinase C zeta (PKCς) to increase glucose uptake. The effects induced by AAC2 were absent in leptin receptor-deficient predipocytes and in Leprdb mice. In contrast, AAC2 established glycemic control altering food intake in leptin-deficient Lepob mice. Therefore, AAC2 activated the LepR and acted in a cytokine-like manner distinct from leptin. In a monogenic Ins2Akita mouse model for the phenotypes associated with type 1 diabetes, AAC2 rescued systemic glucose uptake in these mice without an increase in insulin levels and adiposity, as seen in insulin-treated Ins2Akita mice. In contrast to insulin, AAC2 treatment increased brain mass and reduced anxiety-related behavior in Ins2Akita mice. Our data suggests that the unique mechanism of action for AAC2, activating LepR/PKCς/GLUT1 axis, offers an effective strategy to broaden glycemic control for the prevention of diabetic complications of the nervous system and, possibly, other insulin insensitive or resistant tissues.
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Sarvestani FS, Zare MA, Saki F, Koohpeyma F, Al-Abdullah IH, Azarpira N. The effect of human wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells on MC4R, NPY, and LEPR gene expression levels in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:214-223. [PMID: 32405365 PMCID: PMC7211357 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.39582.9387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting from inflammatory destruction of islets β-cells. Nowadays, progress in cell therapy, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) proposes numerous potential remedies for T1D. We aimed to investigate the combination therapeutic effect of these cells with insulin and metformin on neuropeptide Y, melanocortin-4 receptor, and leptin receptor genes expression in TID. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundreds male rats were randomly divided into seven groups: the control, diabetes, insulin (Ins.), insulin+metformin (Ins.Met.), Wharton's Jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs), insulin+metformin+WJ-MSCs (Ins.Met.MSCs), and insulin+WJ-MSCs (Ins.MSCs). Treatment was performed from the first day after diagnosis as diabetes. Groups of the recipient WJ-MSCs were intraportally injected with 2× 10⁶ MSCs/kg at the 7th and 28th days of study. Fasting blood sugar was monitored and tissues and genes analysis were performed. RESULTS The blood glucose levels were slightly decreased in all treatment groups within 20th and 45th days compared to the diabetic group. The C-peptide level enhanced in these groups compared to the diabetic group, but this increment in Ins.MSCs group on the 45th days was higher than other groups. The expression level of melanocortin-4 receptor and leptin receptor genes meaningfully up-regulated in the treatment groups, while the expression of neuropeptide Y significantly down-regulated in the treatment group on both times of study. CONCLUSION Our data exhibit that infusion of MSCs and its combination therapy with insulin might ameliorate diabetes signs by changing the amount of leptin and subsequent changes in the expression of neuropeptide Y and melanocortin-4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ali Zare
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Forough Saki
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Koohpeyma
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ismail H Al-Abdullah
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Zouhar P, Rakipovski G, Bokhari MH, Busby O, Paulsson JF, Conde-Frieboes KW, Fels JJ, Raun K, Andersen B, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. UCP1-independent glucose-lowering effect of leptin in type 1 diabetes: only in conditions of hypoleptinemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E72-E86. [PMID: 31743040 PMCID: PMC6985793 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00253.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The possibility to use leptin therapeutically for lowering glucose levels in patients with type 1 diabetes has attracted interest. However, earlier animal models of type 1 diabetes are severely catabolic with very low endogenous leptin levels, unlike most patients with diabetes. Here, we aim to test glucose-lowering effects of leptin in novel, more human-like murine models. We examined the glucose-lowering potential of leptin in diabetic models of two types: streptozotocin-treated mice and mice treated with the insulin receptor antagonist S961. To prevent hypoleptinemia, we used combinations of thermoneutral temperature and high-fat feeding. Leptin fully normalized hyperglycemia in standard chow-fed streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. However, more humanized physiological conditions (high-fat diets or thermoneutral temperatures) that increased adiposity - and thus also leptin levels - in the diabetic mice abrogated the effects of leptin, i.e., the mice developed leptin resistance also in this respect. The glucose-lowering effect of leptin was not dependent on the presence of the uncoupling protein-1 and was not associated with alterations in plasma insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, food intake or corticosterone but fully correlated with decreased plasma glucagon levels and gluconeogenesis. An important implication of these observations is that the therapeutic potential of leptin as an additional treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes is probably limited. This is because such patients are treated with insulin and do not display low leptin levels. Thus, the potential for a glucose-lowering effect of leptin would already have been attained with standard insulin therapy, and further effects on blood glucose level through additional leptin cannot be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Zouhar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology CAS, Prague, the Czech Republic
| | | | - Muhammad Hamza Bokhari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Busby
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gong M, Wen S, Nguyen T, Wang C, Jin J, Zhou L. Converging Relationships of Obesity and Hyperuricemia with Special Reference to Metabolic Disorders and Plausible Therapeutic Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:943-962. [PMID: 32280253 PMCID: PMC7125338 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s232377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and hyperuricemia mutually influence metabolic syndrome. This study discusses the metabolic relationships between obesity and hyperuricemia in terms of pathophysiology, complications, and treatments. METHODS We searched for preclinical or clinical studies on the pathophysiology, complications, and therapy of obesity and hyperuricemia on the PubMed database. RESULTS In this systemic review, we summarized our searching results on topics of pathophysiology, complications and therapeutic strategy. In pathophysiology, we firstly introduce genetic variations for obesity, hyperuricemia and their relationships by genetic studies. Secondly, we talk about the epigenetic influences on obesity and hyperuricemia. Thirdly, we describe the central metabolic regulation and the role of hyperuricemia. Then, we refer to the character of adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in the obesity and hyperuricemia. In the last part of this topic, we reviewed the critical links of gut microbiota in the obesity and hyperuricemia. In the following part, we review the pathophysiology of major complications in obesity and hyperuricemia including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Finally, we recapitulate the therapeutic strategies especially the novel pharmaceutic interventions for obesity and hyperuricemia, which concurrently show the mutual metabolic influences between two diseases. CONCLUSION The data reviewed here delineate the metabolic relationships between obesity and hyperuricemia, and provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic targets for the management of metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thiquynhnga Nguyen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoxun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, ChinaTel +8613611927616 Email
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Akhtar DH, Iqbal U, Vazquez-Montesino LM, Dennis BB, Ahmed A. Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2019; 7:362-370. [PMID: 31915606 PMCID: PMC6943204 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the developed world, with a global prevalence of around 25%. NAFLD is considered to be the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD-related dyslipidemia, which ultimately increases the risk of premature cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with NAFLD. Insulin affects hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by hepatic or extrahepatic pathways. Aside from insulin resistance, several other factors also contribute to the pathogenesis of atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with NAFLD. These include diet composition, gut microbiota and genetic factors, to name a few. The identification of potentially modifiable risk factors of NAFLD is of importance, so as to target those who may benefit from lifestyle changes and to help develop targeted therapies that decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud H. Akhtar
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Umair Iqbal
- Department of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, PA, USA
- *Correspondence to: Umair Iqbal, Department of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, PA 17821, USA. Tel: +1-570-271-6211, E-mail:
| | | | - Brittany B. Dennis
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Abstract
Tens of millions suffer from insulin deficiency (ID); a defect leading to severe metabolic imbalance and death. The only means for management of ID is insulin therapy; yet, this approach is sub-optimal and causes life-threatening hypoglycemia. Hence, ID represents a great medical and societal challenge. Here we report that S100A9, also known as Calgranulin B or Myeloid-Related Protein 14 (MRP14), is a leptin-induced circulating cue exerting beneficial anti-diabetic action. In murine models of ID, enhanced expression of S100A9 alone (i.e. without administered insulin and/or leptin) slightly improves hyperglycemia, and normalizes key metabolic defects (e.g. hyperketonemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation; FAO), and extends lifespan by at least a factor of two. Mechanistically, we report that Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is required, at least in part, for the metabolic-improving and pro-survival effects of S100A9. Thus, our data identify the S100A9/TLR4 axis as a putative target for ID care. Insulin replacement is a valuable therapy for insulin deficiency, however, other therapies are being investigated to restore metabolic homeostasis. Here, the authors identify S100A9 as a leptin induced circulating cue that improves glucose and lipid homeostasis and extends survival in insulin deficient mice.
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Li J, Wang T, Xia J, Yao W, Huang F. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic protein acetylations control glycolysis process in liver diseases. FASEB J 2019; 33:11640-11654. [PMID: 31370704 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901175r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glycolysis has pathologic effects on the occurrence and progression of liver diseases, and it appears that glycolysis is increased to different degrees in different liver diseases. As an important post-translational modification, reversible lysine acetylation regulates almost all cellular processes, including glycolysis. Lysine acetylation can occur enzymatically with acetyltransferases or nonenzymatically with acetyl-coenzyme A. Accompanied by the progression of liver diseases, there seems to be a temporal and spatial variation between enzymatic and nonenzymatic acetylations in the regulation of glycolysis. Here, we summarize the most recent findings on the functions and targets of acetylation in controlling glycolysis in the different stages of liver diseases. In addition, we discuss the differences and causes between enzymatic and nonenzymatic acetylations in regulating glycolysis throughout the progression of liver diseases. Then, we review these new discoveries to provide the potential implications of these findings for therapeutic interventions in liver diseases.-Li, J., Wang, T., Xia, J., Yao, W., Huang, F. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic protein acetylations control glycolysis process in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongxin Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weilei Yao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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50
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Perry RJ, Resch JM, Douglass AM, Madara JC, Rabin-Court A, Kucukdereli H, Wu C, Song JD, Lowell BB, Shulman GI. Leptin's hunger-suppressing effects are mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in rodents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13670-13679. [PMID: 31213533 PMCID: PMC6613139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901795116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin informs the brain about sufficiency of fuel stores. When insufficient, leptin levels fall, triggering compensatory increases in appetite. Falling leptin is first sensed by hypothalamic neurons, which then initiate adaptive responses. With regard to hunger, it is thought that leptin-sensing neurons work entirely via circuits within the central nervous system (CNS). Very unexpectedly, however, we now show this is not the case. Instead, stimulation of hunger requires an intervening endocrine step, namely activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Increased corticosterone then activates AgRP neurons to fully increase hunger. Importantly, this is true for 2 forms of low leptin-induced hunger, fasting and poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. Hypoglycemia, which also stimulates hunger by activating CNS neurons, albeit independently of leptin, similarly recruits and requires this pathway by which HPA axis activity stimulates AgRP neurons. Thus, HPA axis regulation of AgRP neurons is a previously underappreciated step in homeostatic regulation of hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jon M Resch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Amelia M Douglass
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hakan Kucukdereli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Chen Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Joongyu D Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215;
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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