1
|
Rosindell J, Manson K, Gumbs R, Pearse WD, Steel M. Phylogenetic Biodiversity Metrics Should Account for Both Accumulation and Attrition of Evolutionary Heritage. Syst Biol 2024; 73:158-182. [PMID: 38102727 PMCID: PMC11129585 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic metrics are essential tools used in the study of ecology, evolution and conservation. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) in particular is one of the most prominent measures of biodiversity and is based on the idea that biological features accumulate along the edges of phylogenetic trees that are summed. We argue that PD and many other phylogenetic biodiversity metrics fail to capture an essential process that we term attrition. Attrition is the gradual loss of features through causes other than extinction. Here we introduce "EvoHeritage", a generalization of PD that is founded on the joint processes of accumulation and attrition of features. We argue that while PD measures evolutionary history, EvoHeritage is required to capture a more pertinent subset of evolutionary history including only components that have survived attrition. We show that EvoHeritage is not the same as PD on a tree with scaled edges; instead, accumulation and attrition interact in a more complex non-monophyletic way that cannot be captured by edge lengths alone. This leads us to speculate that the one-dimensional edge lengths of classic trees may be insufficiently flexible to capture the nuances of evolutionary processes. We derive a measure of EvoHeritage and show that it elegantly reproduces species richness and PD at opposite ends of a continuum based on the intensity of attrition. We demonstrate the utility of EvoHeritage in ecology as a predictor of community productivity compared with species richness and PD. We also show how EvoHeritage can quantify living fossils and resolve their associated controversy. We suggest how the existing calculus of PD-based metrics and other phylogenetic biodiversity metrics can and should be recast in terms of EvoHeritage accumulation and attrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kerry Manson
- Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rikki Gumbs
- EDGE of Existence Programme, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - William D Pearse
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Mike Steel
- Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoenle PO, Plowman NS, Matos-Maraví P, de Bello F, Bishop TR, Libra M, Idigel C, Rimandai M, Klimes P. Forest disturbance increases functional diversity but decreases phylogenetic diversity of an arboreal tropical ant community. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:501-516. [PMID: 38409804 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Tropical rainforest trees host a diverse arthropod fauna that can be characterised by their functional diversity (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD). Human disturbance degrades tropical forests, often coinciding with species invasion and altered assembly that leads to a decrease in FD and PD. Tree canopies are thought to be particularly vulnerable, but rarely investigated. Here, we studied the effects of forest disturbance on an ecologically important invertebrate group, the ants, in a lowland rainforest in New Guinea. We compared an early successional disturbed plot (secondary forest) to an old-growth plot (primary forest) by exhaustively sampling their ant communities in a total of 852 trees. We expected that for each tree community (1) disturbance would decrease FD and PD in tree-dwelling ants, mediated through species invasion. (2) Disturbance would decrease ant trait variation due to a more homogeneous environment. (3) The main drivers behind these changes would be different contributions of true tree-nesting species and visiting species. We calculated FD and PD based on a species-level phylogeny and 10 ecomorphological traits. Furthermore, we assessed by data exclusion the influence of species, which were not nesting in individual trees (visitors) or only nesting species (nesters), and of non-native species on FD and PD. Primary forests had higher ant species richness and PD than secondary forest. However, we consistently found increased FD in secondary forest. This pattern was robust even if we decoupled functional and phylogenetic signals, or if non-native ant species were excluded from the data. Visitors did not contribute strongly to FD, but they increased PD and their community weighted trait means often varied from nesters. Moreover, all community-weighted trait means changed after forest disturbance. Our finding of contradictory FD and PD patterns highlights the importance of integrative measures of diversity. Our results indicate that the tree community trait diversity is not negatively affected, but possibly even enhanced by disturbance. Therefore, the functional diversity of arboreal ants is relatively robust when compared between old-growth and young trees. However, further study with higher plot-replication is necessary to solidify and generalise our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp O Hoenle
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nichola S Plowman
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pável Matos-Maraví
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco de Bello
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CSIC-UV-GV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tom R Bishop
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin Libra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Cliffson Idigel
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Maling Rimandai
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Petr Klimes
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang XY, Khakisahneh S, Liu W, Zhang X, Zhai W, Cheng J, Speakman JR, Wang DH. Phylogenetic signal in gut microbial community rather than in rodent metabolic traits. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad209. [PMID: 37928774 PMCID: PMC10625476 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host phylogeny and environment have all been implicated in shaping the gut microbiota and host metabolic traits of mammals. However, few studies have evaluated phylogeny-associated microbial assembly and host metabolic plasticity concurrently, and their relationships on both short-term and evolutionary timescales. We report that the branching order of a gut microbial dendrogram was nearly congruent with phylogenetic relationships of seven rodent species, and this pattern of phylosymbiosis was intact after diverse laboratory manipulations. Laboratory rearing, diet or air temperature (Ta) acclimation induced alterations in gut microbial communities, but could not override host phylogeny in shaping microbial community assembly. A simulative heatwave reduced core microbiota diversity by 26% in these species, and led to an unmatched relationship between the microbiota and host metabolic phenotypes in desert species. Moreover, the similarity of metabolic traits across species at different Tas was not correlated with phylogenetic distance. These data demonstrated that the gut microbial assembly showed strong concordance with host phylogeny and may be shaped by environmental variables, whereas host metabolic traits did not seem to be linked with phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Saeid Khakisahneh
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jilong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB39 2PN, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gumbs R, Gray CL, Hoffmann M, Molina-Venegas R, Owen NR, Pollock LJ. Conserving avian evolutionary history can effectively safeguard future benefits for people. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh4686. [PMID: 37729417 PMCID: PMC10511189 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic diversity (PD)-the evolutionary history of a set of species-is conceptually linked to the maintenance of yet-to-be-discovered benefits from biodiversity or "option value." We used global phylogenetic and utilization data for birds to test the PD option value link, under the assumption that the performance of sets of PD-maximizing species at capturing known benefits is analogous to selecting the same species at a point in human history before these benefits were realized. PD performed better than random at capturing utilized bird species across 60% of tests, with performance linked to the phylogenetic dispersion and prevalence of each utilization category. Prioritizing threatened species for conservation by the PD they encapsulate performs comparably to prioritizing by their functional distinctiveness. However, species selected by each metric show low overlap, indicating that we should conserve both components of biodiversity to effectively conserve a variety of uses. Our findings provide empirical support for the link between evolutionary history and benefits for future generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Gumbs
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
- Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet DTP, Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- IUCN SSC Phylogenetic Diversity Task Force, London, UK
| | - Claudia L Gray
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
- IUCN SSC Phylogenetic Diversity Task Force, London, UK
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Rafael Molina-Venegas
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nisha R Owen
- IUCN SSC Phylogenetic Diversity Task Force, London, UK
- On the Edge Conservation, London SW3 2JJ, UK
| | - Laura J Pollock
- IUCN SSC Phylogenetic Diversity Task Force, London, UK
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
La Sorte FA, Clark JAG, Lepczyk CA, Aronson MFJ. Collections of small urban parks consistently support higher species richness but not higher phylogenetic or functional diversity. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231424. [PMID: 37700654 PMCID: PMC10498037 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
When prioritizing regions for conservation protection, decisions are often based on the principle that a single large reserve should support more species than several small reserves of the same total area (SLOSS). This principle remains a central paradigm in conservation planning despite conflicting empirical evidence and methodological concerns. In urban areas where small parks tend to dominate and policies to promote biodiversity are becoming increasingly popular, determining the most appropriate prioritization method is critical. Here, we document the role of SLOSS in defining the seasonal diversity of birds in 475 parks in 21 US cities. Collections of small parks were consistently associated with higher species richness, spatial turnover and rarity. Collections of both small and large parks were associated with higher phylogenetic and functional diversity whose patterns varied across seasons and cities. Thus, collections of small parks are a reliable source of species richness driven by higher spatial turnover and rarity, whereas collections of both small and large parks contain the potential to support higher phylogenetic and functional diversity. The presence of strong intra-annual and geographical variation emphasizes the need for regional prioritization strategies, where multiple diversity metrics are examined across parks and seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. La Sorte
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | | | | | - Myla F. J. Aronson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Overwater M, Pelletier D, Steel M. The expected loss of feature diversity (versus phylogenetic diversity) following rapid extinction at the present. J Math Biol 2023; 87:53. [PMID: 37658909 PMCID: PMC10475005 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-01988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The current rapid extinction of species leads not only to their loss but also the disappearance of the unique features they harbour, which have evolved along the branches of the underlying evolutionary tree. One proxy for estimating the feature diversity (FD) of a set S of species at the tips of a tree is 'phylogenetic diversity' (PD): the sum of the branch lengths of the subtree connecting the species in S. For a phylogenetic tree that evolves under a standard birth-death process, and which is then subject to a sudden extinction event at the present (the simple 'field of bullets' model with a survival probability of s per species) the proportion of the original PD that is retained after extinction at the present is known to converge quickly to a particular concave function [Formula: see text] as t grows. To investigate how the loss of FD mirrors the loss of PD for a birth-death tree, we model FD by assuming that distinct discrete features arise randomly and independently along the branches of the tree at rate r and are lost at a constant rate [Formula: see text]. We derive an exact mathematical expression for the ratio [Formula: see text] of the two expected feature diversities (prior to and following an extinction event at the present) as t becomes large. We find that although [Formula: see text] has a similar behaviour to [Formula: see text] (and coincides with it for [Formula: see text]), when [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] is described by a function that is different from [Formula: see text]. We also derive an exact expression for the expected number of features that are present in precisely one extant species. Our paper begins by establishing some generic properties of FD in a more general (non-phylogenetic) setting and applies this to fixed trees, before considering the setting of random (birth-death) trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Overwater
- Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Pelletier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mike Steel
- Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Delavaux CS, Crowther TW, Zohner CM, Robmann NM, Lauber T, van den Hoogen J, Kuebbing S, Liang J, de-Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Reich PB, Abegg M, Adou Yao YC, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarado BV, Alvarez-Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Ammer C, Antón-Fernández C, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Baker TR, Bałazy R, Banki O, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Birigazzi L, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brienen R, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Gatti RC, César RG, Cesljar G, Chazdon R, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cho H, Cienciala E, Clark C, Clark D, Colletta GD, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Corral-Rivas JJ, Crim PM, Cumming JR, Dayanandan S, de Gasper AL, Decuyper M, Derroire G, DeVries B, Djordjevic I, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Engone Obiang NL, Enquist BJ, Eyre TJ, Fandohan AB, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira LV, Fischer M, Fletcher C, Frizzera L, Gamarra JGP, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Hérault B, Herbohn JL, Herold M, Hillers A, Honorio Coronado EN, Hui C, Ibanez TT, Amaral I, Imai N, Jagodziński AM, Jaroszewicz B, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jucker T, Jung I, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Killeen TJ, Kim HS, Kitayama K, Köhl M, Korjus H, Kraxner F, Laarmann D, Lang M, Lewis SL, Lu H, Lukina NV, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marcon E, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Martynenko O, Meave JA, Melo-Cruz O, Mendoza C, Merow C, Mendoza AM, Moreno VS, Mukul SA, Mundhenk P, Nava-Miranda MG, Neill D, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Ngugi MR, Niklaus PA, Oleksyn J, Ontikov P, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pan Y, Paquette A, Parada-Gutierrez A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Picard N, Piedade MTTF, Piotto D, Pitman NCA, Polo I, Poorter L, Poulsen AD, Pretzsch H, Ramirez Arevalo F, Restrepo-Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Roopsind A, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Saner P, Schall P, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Searle EB, Seben V, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Singh J, Sist P, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Miscicki S, Stereńczak KJ, Svenning JC, Svoboda M, Swanepoel B, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Ter Steege H, Thomas R, Tikhonova E, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Valencia R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Do TV, van Nuland ME, Vasquez RM, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira S, von Gadow K, Wang HF, Watson JV, Werner GDA, Wiser SK, Wittmann F, Woell H, Wortel V, Zagt R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, Maynard DS. Native diversity buffers against severity of non-native tree invasions. Nature 2023; 621:773-781. [PMID: 37612513 PMCID: PMC10533391 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Determining the drivers of non-native plant invasions is critical for managing native ecosystems and limiting the spread of invasive species1,2. Tree invasions in particular have been relatively overlooked, even though they have the potential to transform ecosystems and economies3,4. Here, leveraging global tree databases5-7, we explore how the phylogenetic and functional diversity of native tree communities, human pressure and the environment influence the establishment of non-native tree species and the subsequent invasion severity. We find that anthropogenic factors are key to predicting whether a location is invaded, but that invasion severity is underpinned by native diversity, with higher diversity predicting lower invasion severity. Temperature and precipitation emerge as strong predictors of invasion strategy, with non-native species invading successfully when they are similar to the native community in cold or dry extremes. Yet, despite the influence of these ecological forces in determining invasion strategy, we find evidence that these patterns can be obscured by human activity, with lower ecological signal in areas with higher proximity to shipping ports. Our global perspective of non-native tree invasion highlights that human drivers influence non-native tree presence, and that native phylogenetic and functional diversity have a critical role in the establishment and spread of subsequent invasions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille S Delavaux
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niamh M Robmann
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lauber
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Kuebbing
- The Forest School at The Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Solsona, Spain
| | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meinrad Abegg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yves C Adou Yao
- UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Angelica M Almeyda Zambrano
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Clara Antón-Fernández
- Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Gerardo A Aymard
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela
- Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Radomir Bałazy
- Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Olaf Banki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorcely G Barroso
- Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Meredith L Bastian
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teach and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Luca Birigazzi
- United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe Birnbaum
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans Bongers
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ricardo G César
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Goran Cesljar
- Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Robin Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea Chisholm
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyunkook Cho
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Emil Cienciala
- IFER-Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Connie Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gabriel D Colletta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - José J Corral-Rivas
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Philip M Crim
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André L de Gasper
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, France
| | - Ben DeVries
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, France
| | | | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Teresa J Eyre
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Tom M Fayle
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Leandro V Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lorenzo Frizzera
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Javier G P Gamarra
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - John L Herbohn
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Herold
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annika Hillers
- Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas T Ibanez
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Iêda Amaral
- National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrzej M Jagodziński
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Vivian Kvist Johannsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Joly
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilbin Jung
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Viktor Karminov
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | | | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Kenfack
- CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Deborah K Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Latif Khan
- Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | | | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Michael Köhl
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henn Korjus
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Florian Kraxner
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Diana Laarmann
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mait Lang
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Huicui Lu
- Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Natalia V Lukina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric Marcon
- AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land, Malton, UK
| | - Emanuel H Martin
- Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
| | - Olga Martynenko
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Vanessa S Moreno
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sharif A Mukul
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Philip Mundhenk
- Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda
- Laboratorio de geomática, Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
- Programa de doctorado en Ingeniería para el desarrollo rural y civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Victor J Neldner
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael R Ngugi
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Petr Ontikov
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
| | | | - Yude Pan
- Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Elena I Parfenova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Minjee Park
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marc Parren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pablo L Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Nicolas Picard
- Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniel Piotto
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | | | - Irina Polo
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Pretzsch
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Zorayda Restrepo-Correa
- Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mirco Rodeghiero
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
- Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele All'adige, Italy
| | - Samir G Rolim
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Purabi Saikia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Christian Salas-Eljatib
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Vicerrectoria de Investigacion y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Depto. de Silvicultura y Conservacion de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric B Searle
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vladimír Seben
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Josep M Serra-Diaz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anatoly Z Shvidenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, France
| | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alexandre F Souza
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Nadja Tchebakova
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Betafaculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Elena Tikhonova
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter M Umunay
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vladimir A Usoltsev
- Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tran Van Do
- Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helder Viana
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Viseu, Portugal
- Department of Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural High School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Alexander C Vibrans
- Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
- Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Simone Vieira
- Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - James V Watson
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Susan K Wiser
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Verginia Wortel
- Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Roderik Zagt
- Tropenbos International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Irie C Zo-Bi
- Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hughes LJ, Massam MR, Morton O, Edwards FA, Scheffers BR, Edwards DP. Global hotspots of traded phylogenetic and functional diversity. Nature 2023; 620:351-357. [PMID: 37495700 PMCID: PMC10412452 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife trade is a multibillion-dollar industry1 targeting a hyperdiversity of species2 and can contribute to major declines in abundance3. A key question is understanding the global hotspots of wildlife trade for phylogenetic (PD) and functional (FD) diversity, which underpin the conservation of evolutionary history4, ecological functions5 and ecosystem services benefiting humankind6. Using a global dataset of traded bird and mammal species, we identify that the highest levels of traded PD and FD are from tropical regions, where high numbers of evolutionary distinct and globally endangered species in trade occur. The standardized effect size (ses) of traded PD and FD also shows strong tropical epicentres, with additional hotspots of mammalian ses.PD in the eastern United States and ses.FD in Europe. Large-bodied, frugivorous and canopy-dwelling birds and large-bodied mammals are more likely to be traded whereas insectivorous birds and diurnally foraging mammals are less likely. Where trade drives localized extinctions3, our results suggest substantial losses of unique evolutionary lineages and functional traits, with possible cascading effects for communities and ecosystems5,7. Avoiding unsustainable exploitation and lost community integrity requires targeted conservation efforts, especially in hotspots of traded phylogenetic and functional diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Hughes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mike R Massam
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Oscar Morton
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Felicity A Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tripathi R, Reza A, Mertel A, Su G, Calabrese JM. A network-based approach to identifying correlations between phylogeny, morphological traits and occurrence of fish species in US river basins. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287482. [PMID: 37352314 PMCID: PMC10289417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex network framework has been successfully used to model interactions between entities in Complex Systems in the Biological Sciences such as Proteomics, Genomics, Neuroscience, and Ecology. Networks of organisms at different spatial scales and in different ecosystems have provided insights into community assembly patterns and emergent properties of ecological systems. In the present work, we investigate two questions pertaining to fish species assembly rules in US river basins, a) if morphologically similar fish species also tend to be phylogenetically closer, and b) to what extent are co-occurring species that are phylogenetically close also morphologically similar? For the first question, we construct a network of Hydrologic Unit Code 8 (HUC8) regions as nodes with interaction strengths (edges) governed by the number of common species. For each of the modules of this network, which are found to be geographically separated, there is differential yet significant evidence that phylogenetic distance predicts morphological distance. For the second question, we construct and analyze nearest neighbor directed networks of species based on their morphological distances and phylogenetic distances. Through module detection on these networks and comparing the module-level mean phylogenetic distance and mean morphological distance with the number of basins of common occurrence of species in modules, we find that both phylogeny and morphology of species have significant roles in governing species co-occurrence, i.e. phylogenetically and morphologically distant species tend to co-exist more. In addition, between the two quantities (morphological distance and phylogentic distance), we find that morphological distance is a stronger determinant of species co-occurrences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Tripathi
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Görlitz, Germany
| | - Amit Reza
- Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Mertel
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Görlitz, Germany
| | - Guohuan Su
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Görlitz, Germany
| | - Justin M. Calabrese
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Görlitz, Germany
- Dept. of Ecological Modelling, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Dept. of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moreira-Saporiti A, Teichberg M, Garnier E, Cornelissen JHC, Alcoverro T, Björk M, Boström C, Dattolo E, Eklöf JS, Hasler-Sheetal H, Marbà N, Marín-Guirao L, Meysick L, Olivé I, Reusch TBH, Ruocco M, Silva J, Sousa AI, Procaccini G, Santos R. A trait-based framework for seagrass ecology: Trends and prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1088643. [PMID: 37021321 PMCID: PMC10067889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1088643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last three decades, quantitative approaches that rely on organism traits instead of taxonomy have advanced different fields of ecological research through establishing the mechanistic links between environmental drivers, functional traits, and ecosystem functions. A research subfield where trait-based approaches have been frequently used but poorly synthesized is the ecology of seagrasses; marine angiosperms that colonized the ocean 100M YA and today make up productive yet threatened coastal ecosystems globally. Here, we compiled a comprehensive trait-based response-effect framework (TBF) which builds on previous concepts and ideas, including the use of traits for the study of community assembly processes, from dispersal and response to abiotic and biotic factors, to ecosystem function and service provision. We then apply this framework to the global seagrass literature, using a systematic review to identify the strengths, gaps, and opportunities of the field. Seagrass trait research has mostly focused on the effect of environmental drivers on traits, i.e., "environmental filtering" (72%), whereas links between traits and functions are less common (26.9%). Despite the richness of trait-based data available, concepts related to TBFs are rare in the seagrass literature (15% of studies), including the relative importance of neutral and niche assembly processes, or the influence of trait dominance or complementarity in ecosystem function provision. These knowledge gaps indicate ample potential for further research, highlighting the need to understand the links between the unique traits of seagrasses and the ecosystem services they provide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Moreira-Saporiti
- Faculty for Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Algae and Seagrass Ecology Group, Department of Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mirta Teichberg
- Algae and Seagrass Ecology Group, Department of Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Mats Björk
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Emanuela Dattolo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Johan S. Eklöf
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nuria Marbà
- Global Change Research Group, Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), Esporles Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Lázaro Marín-Guirao
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Lukas Meysick
- Åbo Akademi University, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo, Finland
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB) at the University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Irene Olivé
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten B. H. Reusch
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Miriam Ruocco
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - João Silva
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Sousa
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gabriele Procaccini
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Rui Santos
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jarzyna MA, Stagge JH. Decoupled spatiotemporal patterns of avian taxonomic and functional diversity. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1153-1161.e4. [PMID: 36822204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Each year, seasonal bird migration leads to an immense redistribution of species occurrence and abundances,1,2,3 with pervasive, though unclear, consequences for patterns of multi-faceted avian diversity. Here, we uncover stark disparities in spatiotemporal variation between avian taxonomic diversity (TD) and functional diversity (FD) across the continental US. We show that the seasonality of species richness expectedly3 follows a latitudinal gradient, whereas seasonality of FD instead manifests a distinct east-west gradient. In the eastern US, the temporal patterns of TD and FD are diametrically opposed. In winter, functional richness is highest despite seasonal species loss, and the remaining most abundant species are amassed in fewer regions of the functional space relative to the rest of the year, likely reflecting decreased resource availability. In contrast, temporal signatures for TD and FD are more congruent in the western US. There, both species and functional richness peak during the breeding season, and species' abundances are more regularly distributed and widely spread across the functional space than during winter. Our results suggest that migratory birds in the western US disproportionately contribute to avian FD by possessing more unique trait characteristics than resident birds,4,5 while the primary contribution of migrants in the eastern US is through increasing the regularity of abundances within the functional space relative to the rest of the year. We anticipate that the uncovered complexity of spatiotemporal associations among measures of avian diversity will be the catalyst for adopting an explicitly temporal framework for multi-faceted biodiversity analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Jarzyna
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - James H Stagge
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gumbs R, Gray CL, Böhm M, Burfield IJ, Couchman OR, Faith DP, Forest F, Hoffmann M, Isaac NJB, Jetz W, Mace GM, Mooers AO, Safi K, Scott O, Steel M, Tucker CM, Pearse WD, Owen NR, Rosindell J. The EDGE2 protocol: Advancing the prioritisation of Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species for practical conservation action. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001991. [PMID: 36854036 PMCID: PMC9974121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The conservation of evolutionary history has been linked to increased benefits for humanity and can be captured by phylogenetic diversity (PD). The Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) metric has, since 2007, been used to prioritise threatened species for practical conservation that embody large amounts of evolutionary history. While there have been important research advances since 2007, they have not been adopted in practice because of a lack of consensus in the conservation community. Here, building from an interdisciplinary workshop to update the existing EDGE approach, we present an "EDGE2" protocol that draws on a decade of research and innovation to develop an improved, consistent methodology for prioritising species conservation efforts. Key advances include methods for dealing with uncertainty and accounting for the extinction risk of closely related species. We describe EDGE2 in terms of distinct components to facilitate future revisions to its constituent parts without needing to reconsider the whole. We illustrate EDGE2 by applying it to the world's mammals. As we approach a crossroads for global biodiversity policy, this Consensus View shows how collaboration between academic and applied conservation biologists can guide effective and practical priority-setting to conserve biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Gumbs
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- IUCN SSC Phylogenetic Diversity Task Force, London, United Kingdom
- Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet DTP, Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia L. Gray
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- Global Center for Species Survival, Indianapolis Zoological Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ian J. Burfield
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia R. Couchman
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. Faith
- School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. B. Isaac
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Georgina M. Mace
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arne O. Mooers
- Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kamran Safi
- Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Department of Migration, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Oenone Scott
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Steel
- Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Caroline M. Tucker
- Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William D. Pearse
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Nisha R. Owen
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- IUCN SSC Phylogenetic Diversity Task Force, London, United Kingdom
- On the EDGE Conservation, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dehling DM, Dehling JM. Elevated alpha diversity in disturbed sites obscures regional decline and homogenization of amphibian taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1710. [PMID: 36720891 PMCID: PMC9889332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of natural habitat due to land-use change is one of the major threats to biodiversity worldwide. It not only affects the diversity of local species communities (alpha diversity) but can also lead to large-scale homogenization of community composition (reduced beta diversity) and loss of regional diversity (gamma diversity), but these effects are still rarely investigated. We assessed the impact of land-use change on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of amphibians in Rwanda, both on the local (community-level) and regional scale (country-wide). Alpha diversity in local communities was higher in farmland than in natural habitats; however, species turnover among farmland sites was much lower than among natural sites, resulting in highly homogenized communities and reduced taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic gamma diversity in farmland across Rwanda. Amphibians found in farmland were mostly disturbance-tolerant species that are widespread in eastern Africa and beyond. In contrast, most of the regionally endemic frog species that make this region a continent-wide hotspot of amphibian diversity were found only in the natural habitats. Ongoing habitat conversion might result in further homogenization of amphibian communities across sub-Saharan Africa and the loss of regional endemism, unique evolutionary lineages, and multifunctionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Matthias Dehling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. .,Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - J Maximilian Dehling
- Department of Biology, Institute of Integrated Natural Sciences, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martoni F, Bulman SR, Piper AM, Pitman A, Taylor GS, Armstrong KF. Insect phylogeny structures the bacterial communities in the microbiome of psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in Aotearoa New Zealand. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285587. [PMID: 37186593 PMCID: PMC10184942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial microbiome of psyllids has been studied for decades, with a strong focus on the primary and secondary endosymbionts capable of providing essential amino acids for the insects' diet and therefore playing a key role in the insects' ability to radiate on novel plant hosts. Here, we combine metabarcoding analysis of the bacterial communities hosted by psyllids with a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of the insect hosts to determine what factors influence the bacterial diversity of the psyllids' microbiomes, especially in the context of the dispersal and evolutionary radiation of these insects in Aotearoa New Zealand. Using multi-gene phylogenetics with COI, 18S and EF-1α sequences from 102 psyllid species, we confirmed for the first time monophyly for all the six genera of native/endemic Aotearoa New Zealand psyllids, with indications that they derive from at least six dispersal events to the country. This also revealed that, after its ancestral arrival, the genus Powellia has radiated onto a larger and more diverse range of plants than either Psylla or Ctenarytaina, which is uncommon amongst monophyletic psyllids globally. DNA metabarcoding of the bacterial 16S gene here represents the largest dataset analysed to date from psyllids, including 246 individuals from 73 species. This provides novel evidence that bacterial diversity across psyllid species is strongly associated with psyllid phylogenetic structure, and to a lesser degree to their host plant association and geographic distribution. Furthermore, while the strongest co-phylogenetic signals were derived from the primary and secondary symbionts, a signal of phylosymbiosis was still retained among the remaining taxa of the bacterial microbiome, suggesting potential vertical transmission of bacterial lineages previously unknown to have symbiotic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martoni
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon R Bulman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew Pitman
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, New Zealand
- Foundation of Arable Research, Hornby, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gary S Taylor
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Karen F Armstrong
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, New Zealand
- Agricultural and Life Sciences Faculty, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peng S, Hu R, Velazco SJE, Luo Y, Lyu T, Zhang X, Zhang J, Wang Z. Preserving the woody plant tree of life in China under future climate and land-cover changes. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221497. [PMID: 36475435 PMCID: PMC9727673 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tree of life (TOL) is severely threatened by climate and land-cover changes. Preserving the TOL is urgent, but has not been included in the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Protected areas (PAs) are fundamental for biological conservation. However, we know little about the effectiveness of existing PAs in preserving the TOL of plants and how to prioritize PA expansion for better TOL preservation under future climate and land-cover changes. Here, using high-resolution distribution maps of 8732 woody species in China and phylogeny-based Zonation, we find that current PAs perform poorly in preserving the TOL both at present and in 2070s. The geographical coverage of TOL branches by current PAs is approx. 9%, and less than 3% of the identified priority areas for preserving the TOL are currently protected. Interestingly, the geographical coverage of TOL branches by PAs will be improved from 9% to 52-79% by the identified priority areas for PA expansion. Human pressures in the identified priority areas are high, leading to high cost for future PA expansion. We thus suggest that besides nature reserves and national parks, other effective area-based conservation measures should be considered. Our study argues for the inclusion of preserving the TOL in the post-2020 conservation framework, and provides references for decision-makers to preserve the Earth's evolutionary history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Peng
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruocheng Hu
- Center for Nature and Society, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Santiago José Elías Velazco
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Misiones, Argentina,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Neotropical, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil,Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Lyu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ali JR, Blonder BW, Pigot AL, Tobias JA. Bird extinctions threaten to cause disproportionate reductions of functional diversity and uniqueness. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarome R. Ali
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot UK
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Benjamin W. Blonder
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley California USA
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Alex L. Pigot
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment University College London London UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu M, Li S, Dick JTA, Gu D, Fang M, Yang Y, Hu Y, Mu X. Exotic fishes that are phylogenetically close but functionally distant to native fishes are more likely to establish. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5683-5694. [PMID: 35904066 PMCID: PMC9543100 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since Darwin's time, degree of ecological similarity between exotic and native species has been assumed to affect the establishment success or failure of exotic species. However, a direct test of the effect of exotic-native similarity on establishment of exotics is scarce because of the difficulty in recognizing failures of species to establish in the field. Here, using a database on the establishment success and failure of exotic fish species introduced into 673 freshwater lakes, we evaluate the effect of similarity on the establishment of exotic fishes by combining phylogenetic and functional information. We illustrate that, relative to other biotic and abiotic factors, exotic-native phylogenetic and functional similarities were the most important correlates of exotic fish establishment. While phylogenetic similarity between exotic and resident fish species promoted successful establishment, functional similarity led to failure of exotics to become established. Those exotic species phylogenetically close to, but functionally distant from, native fishes were most likely to establish successfully. Our findings provide a perspective to reconcile Darwin's naturalization conundrum and suggest that, while phylogenetic relatedness allows exotic fish species to pre-adapt better to novel environments, they need to possess distinct functional traits to reduce competition with resident native fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien SpeciesMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Alien Species and Ecological Security (CAFS)Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Shao‐peng Li
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jaimie T. A. Dick
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Dangen Gu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien SpeciesMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Alien Species and Ecological Security (CAFS)Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Miao Fang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien SpeciesMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Alien Species and Ecological Security (CAFS)Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yexin Yang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien SpeciesMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Alien Species and Ecological Security (CAFS)Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yinchang Hu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien SpeciesMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Alien Species and Ecological Security (CAFS)Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xidong Mu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien SpeciesMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Alien Species and Ecological Security (CAFS)Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maestri R, Luza AL, Hartz SM, de Freitas TRO, Patterson BD. Bridging macroecology and macroevolution in the radiation of sigmodontine rodents. Evolution 2022; 76:1790-1805. [PMID: 35794070 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of phenotypic disparity across geography often ignore macroevolutionary processes. As a corollary, the random null expectations to which disparity is compared and interpreted may be unrealistic. We tackle this issue by representing, in geographical space, distinct processes of phenotypic evolution underlying ecological disparity. Under divergent natural selection, assemblages in a given region should have empirical disparity higher than expected under an evolutionarily oriented null model, whereas the opposite may indicate constraints on phenotypic evolution. We gathered phylogenies, biogeographic distributions, and data on the skull morphology of sigmodontine rodents to discover which regions of the Neotropics were more influenced by divergent, neutral, or constrained phenotypic evolution. We found that regions with higher disparity than expected by the evolutionary-oriented null model, in terms of both size and shape, were concentrated in the Atlantic Forest, suggesting a larger role for divergent natural selection there. Phenotypic disparity in the rest of South America, mainly the Amazon basin, northeastern Brazil, and Southern Andes, was constrained-lower than predicted by the evolutionary model. We also demonstrated equivalence between the disparity produced by randomization-based null models and constrained-evolution null models. Therefore, including evolutionary simulations into the null modeling framework used in ecophylogenetics can strengthen inferences on the processes underlying phenotypic evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renan Maestri
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil.,Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, 60605
| | - André L Luza
- Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Hartz
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Thales R O de Freitas
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Bruce D Patterson
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, 60605
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mammola S, Meierhofer MB, Borges PA, Colado R, Culver DC, Deharveng L, Delić T, Di Lorenzo T, Dražina T, Ferreira RL, Fiasca B, Fišer C, Galassi DMP, Garzoli L, Gerovasileiou V, Griebler C, Halse S, Howarth FG, Isaia M, Johnson JS, Komerički A, Martínez A, Milano F, Moldovan OT, Nanni V, Nicolosi G, Niemiller ML, Pallarés S, Pavlek M, Piano E, Pipan T, Sanchez‐Fernandez D, Santangeli A, Schmidt SI, Wynne JJ, Zagmajster M, Zakšek V, Cardoso P. Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1476-1510. [PMID: 35315207 PMCID: PMC9545027 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. This raises the important question of how to make conservation efforts more feasible to implement, cost-effective, and long-lasting. Although there is no single remedy, we propose a suite of potential solutions to focus our efforts better towards increasing statistical testing and stress the importance of standardising study reporting to facilitate meta-analytical exercises. We also provide a database summarising the available literature, which will help to build quantitative knowledge about interventions likely to yield the greatest impacts depending upon the subterranean species and habitats of interest. We view this as a starting point to shift away from the widespread tendency of recommending conservation interventions based on anecdotal and expert-based information rather than scientific evidence, without quantitatively testing their effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Melissa B. Meierhofer
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus (LUOMUS)University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
| | - Paulo A.V. Borges
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Azores, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment (FCAA), Rua Capitão João d'ÀvilaPico da Urze, 9700‐042 Angra do HeroísmoAzoresPortugal
| | - Raquel Colado
- Departament of Ecology and HidrologyUniversity of MurciaMurcia30100Spain
| | - David C. Culver
- Department of Environmental ScienceAmerican University4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.WWashingtonDC20016U.S.A.
| | - Louis Deharveng
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS UMR 7205, MNHN, UPMC, EPHEMuseum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Teo Delić
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET‐CNR), National Research CouncilVia Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto FiorentinoFlorenceItaly
| | - Tvrtko Dražina
- Division of Zoology, Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, University of ZagrebRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Rodrigo L. Ferreira
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of LavrasCampus universitário s/n, Aquenta SolLavrasMG37200‐900Brazil
| | - Barbara Fiasca
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaVia Vetoio 1, CoppitoL'Aquila67100Italy
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Diana M. P. Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaVia Vetoio 1, CoppitoL'Aquila67100Italy
| | - Laura Garzoli
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Vasilis Gerovasileiou
- Department of Environment, Faculty of EnvironmentIonian University, M. Minotou‐Giannopoulou strPanagoulaZakynthos29100Greece
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine BiologyBiotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC)Thalassocosmos, GournesCrete71500Greece
| | - Christian Griebler
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of LimnologyUniversity of ViennaDjerassiplatz 1Vienna1030Austria
| | - Stuart Halse
- Bennelongia Environmental Consultants5 Bishop StreetJolimontWA6014Australia
| | | | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Joseph S. Johnson
- Department of Biological SciencesOhio University57 Oxbow TrailAthensOH45701U.S.A.
| | - Ana Komerički
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Filippo Milano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Oana T. Moldovan
- Emil Racovita Institute of SpeleologyClinicilor 5Cluj‐Napoca400006Romania
- Romanian Institute of Science and TechnologySaturn 24‐26Cluj‐Napoca400504Romania
| | - Veronica Nanni
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicolosi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Matthew L. Niemiller
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of Alabama in Huntsville301 Sparkman Drive NWHuntsvilleAL35899U.S.A.
| | - Susana Pallarés
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio GlobalMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSICCalle de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2Madrid28006Spain
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
- Ruđer Bošković InstituteBijenička cesta 54Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Elena Piano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Tanja Pipan
- ZRC SAZUKarst Research InstituteNovi trg 2Ljubljana1000Slovenia
- UNESCO Chair on Karst EducationUniversity of Nova GoricaGlavni trg 8Vipava5271Slovenia
| | | | - Andrea Santangeli
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiViikinkaari 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Susanne I. Schmidt
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CASNa Sádkách 702/7České Budějovice370 05Czech Republic
- Department of Lake ResearchHelmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchBrückstraße 3aMagdeburg39114Germany
| | - J. Judson Wynne
- Department of Biological SciencesCenter for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Box 5640, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZ86011U.S.A.
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Valerija Zakšek
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Azores, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment (FCAA), Rua Capitão João d'ÀvilaPico da Urze, 9700‐042 Angra do HeroísmoAzoresPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Manson K, Semple C, Steel M. Counting and optimising maximum phylogenetic diversity sets. J Math Biol 2022; 85:11. [PMID: 35842488 PMCID: PMC9288419 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In conservation biology, phylogenetic diversity (PD) provides a way to quantify the impact of the current rapid extinction of species on the evolutionary ‘Tree of Life’. This approach recognises that extinction not only removes species but also the branches of the tree on which unique features shared by the extinct species arose. In this paper, we investigate three questions that are relevant to PD. The first asks how many sets of species of given size k preserve the maximum possible amount of PD in a given tree. The number of such maximum PD sets can be very large, even for moderate-sized phylogenies. We provide a combinatorial characterisation of maximum PD sets, focusing on the setting where the branch lengths are ultrametric (e.g. proportional to time). This leads to a polynomial-time algorithm for calculating the number of maximum PD sets of size k by applying a generating function; we also investigate the types of tree shapes that harbour the most (or fewest) maximum PD sets of size k. Our second question concerns optimising a linear function on the species (regarded as leaves of the phylogenetic tree) across all the maximum PD sets of a given size. Using the characterisation result from the first question, we show how this optimisation problem can be solved in polynomial time, even though the number of maximum PD sets can grow exponentially. Our third question considers a dual problem: If k species were to become extinct, then what is the largest possible loss of PD in the resulting tree? For this question, we describe a polynomial-time solution based on dynamical programming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Manson
- Biomathematics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Charles Semple
- Biomathematics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mike Steel
- Biomathematics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hughes EC, Edwards DP, Thomas GH. The homogenization of avian morphological and phylogenetic diversity under the global extinction crisis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3830-3837.e3. [PMID: 35868322 PMCID: PMC9616725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity is facing a global extinction crisis that will reduce ecological trait diversity, evolutionary history, and ultimately ecosystem functioning and services.1, 2, 3, 4 A key challenge is understanding how species losses will impact morphological and phylogenetic diversity at global scales.5,6 Here, we test whether the loss of species threatened with extinction according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) leads to morphological and phylogenetic homogenization7,8 across both the whole avian class and within each biome and ecoregion globally. We use a comprehensive set of continuous morphological traits extracted from museum collections of 8,455 bird species, including geometric morphometric beak shape data,9 and sequentially remove species from those at most to least threat of extinction. We find evidence of morphological, but not phylogenetic, homogenization across the avian class, with species becoming more alike in terms of their morphology. We find that most biome and ecoregions are expected to lose morphological diversity at a greater rate than predicted by species loss alone, with the most imperiled regions found in East Asia and the Himalayan uplands and foothills. Only a small proportion of assemblages are threatened with phylogenetic homogenization, in particular parts of Indochina. Species extinctions will lead to a major loss of avian ecological strategies, but not a comparable loss of phylogenetic diversity. As the decline of species with unique traits and their replacement with more widespread generalist species continues, the protection of assemblages at most risk of morphological and phylogenetic homogenization should be a key conservation priority. Predicted loss of birds will drive exceptional declines in morphological diversity Species extinctions lead to a major loss of ecological strategies and functions Most biomes and ecoregions will experience morphological homogenization Phylogenetic diversity tends to decline as expected as species go extinct
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Hughes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring HP23 6AP, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring HP23 6AP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
González C, Macip-Ríos R, Suazo-Ortuño I. Phylogenetic structure and diversity among herpetofaunal communities along a successional gradient of a tropical dry forest in Mexico. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
23
|
Guo WY, Serra-Diaz JM, Schrodt F, Eiserhardt WL, Maitner BS, Merow C, Violle C, Anand M, Belluau M, Bruun HH, Byun C, Catford JA, Cerabolini BEL, Chacón-Madrigal E, Ciccarelli D, Cornelissen JHC, Dang-Le AT, de Frutos A, Dias AS, Giroldo AB, Guo K, Gutiérrez AG, Hattingh W, He T, Hietz P, Hough-Snee N, Jansen S, Kattge J, Klein T, Komac B, Kraft NJB, Kramer K, Lavorel S, Lusk CH, Martin AR, Mencuccini M, Michaletz ST, Minden V, Mori AS, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Peñuelas J, Pillar VD, Pisek J, Robroek BJM, Schamp B, Slot M, Sosinski ÊE, Soudzilovskaia NA, Thiffault N, van Bodegom P, van der Plas F, Wright IJ, Xu WB, Zheng J, Enquist BJ, Svenning JC. High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2026733119. [PMID: 35709320 PMCID: PMC9231180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026733119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Safeguarding Earth's tree diversity is a conservation priority due to the importance of trees for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services such as carbon sequestration. Here, we improve the foundation for effective conservation of global tree diversity by analyzing a recently developed database of tree species covering 46,752 species. We quantify range protection and anthropogenic pressures for each species and develop conservation priorities across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity dimensions. We also assess the effectiveness of several influential proposed conservation prioritization frameworks to protect the top 17% and top 50% of tree priority areas. We find that an average of 50.2% of a tree species' range occurs in 110-km grid cells without any protected areas (PAs), with 6,377 small-range tree species fully unprotected, and that 83% of tree species experience nonnegligible human pressure across their range on average. Protecting high-priority areas for the top 17% and 50% priority thresholds would increase the average protected proportion of each tree species' range to 65.5% and 82.6%, respectively, leaving many fewer species (2,151 and 2,010) completely unprotected. The priority areas identified for trees match well to the Global 200 Ecoregions framework, revealing that priority areas for trees would in large part also optimize protection for terrestrial biodiversity overall. Based on range estimates for >46,000 tree species, our findings show that a large proportion of tree species receive limited protection by current PAs and are under substantial human pressure. Improved protection of biodiversity overall would also strongly benefit global tree diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yong Guo
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Josep M. Serra-Diaz
- UMR Silva, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, and INRAE, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Franziska Schrodt
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Wolf L. Eiserhardt
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brian S. Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Uni Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Madhur Anand
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michaël Belluau
- Centre for Forest Research, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Chaeho Byun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Jane A. Catford
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London WC2B 4BG, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno E. L. Cerabolini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - J. Hans C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anh Tuan Dang-Le
- University of Science, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Angel de Frutos
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arildo S. Dias
- Institute for Physical Geography, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Aelton B. Giroldo
- Departamento de Ensino, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia do Ceará, Crateús 63708-260, Brazil
| | - Kun Guo
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alvaro G. Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Barrio Universitario, 4070374 Concepción, Chile
| | - Wesley Hattingh
- Global Systems and Analytics, Nova Pioneer, Paulshof, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa
| | - Tianhua He
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Komac
- Centre d’Estudis de la Neu i la Muntanya d’Andorra, Institut d’Estudis, Andorrans (CENMA–IEA), AD600 Sant Julià de Lòria, Principality of Andorra
| | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Koen Kramer
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Land Life Company, 1092AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Lavorel
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, LECA, UMR UGA-USMB-CNRS 5553, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Christopher H. Lusk
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Adam R. Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sean T. Michaletz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Vanessa Minden
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Akira S. Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193 Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF, CSIC–UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Valério D. Pillar
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Jan Pisek
- Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tõravere, 61602 Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Bjorn J. M. Robroek
- Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Group, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brandon Schamp
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | | | | | - Nelson Thiffault
- Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Peter van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Wu-Bing Xu
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jingming Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dehling DM, Barreto E, Graham CH. The contribution of mutualistic interactions to functional and phylogenetic diversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:768-776. [PMID: 35680468 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of functional diversity (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) likely affects ecosystem functions and reduces the potential of communities to respond to changes, such as climate change. Mutualistic interactions are essential for maintaining diversity, but their role has largely been ignored in conservation planning. We propose using a species' interaction niche - the diversity of its interaction partners - to measure a species' contribution to the maintenance of FD and PD via mutualistic interactions, and thus identify species and interspecific interactions that are particularly important for the conservation of ecosystem functions and evolutionary lineages in ecological communities. Our approach represents a switch in perspective that allows a direct assessment of the importance of mutualistic interactions for the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Barreto
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica e Síntese, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
A trait database and updated checklist for European subterranean spiders. Sci Data 2022; 9:236. [PMID: 35618868 PMCID: PMC9135732 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Species traits are an essential currency in ecology, evolution, biogeography, and conservation biology. However, trait databases are unavailable for most organisms, especially those living in difficult-to-access habitats such as caves and other subterranean ecosystems. We compiled an expert-curated trait database for subterranean spiders in Europe using both literature data (including grey literature published in many different languages) and direct morphological measurements whenever specimens were available to us. We started by updating the checklist of European subterranean spiders, now including 512 species across 20 families, of which at least 192 have been found uniquely in subterranean habitats. For each of these species, we compiled 64 traits. The trait database encompasses morphological measures, including several traits related to subterranean adaptation, and ecological traits referring to habitat preference, dispersal, and feeding strategies. By making these data freely available, we open up opportunities for exploring different research questions, from the quantification of functional dimensions of subterranean adaptation to the study of spatial patterns in functional diversity across European caves. Measurement(s) | morphological trait • ecological trait | Technology Type(s) | literature extraction • observation | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Agelenidae • Amaurobiidae • Anapidae • Cybaeidae • Dysderidae • Hahniidae • Leptonetidae • Linyphiidae • Liocranidae • Mysmenidae • Nesticidae • Pholcidae • Pimoidae • Segestriidae • Sicariidae • Sparassidae • Symphytognathidae • Telemidae • Tetragnathidae • Theridiidae | Sample Characteristic - Environment | caves • subterranean habitats | Sample Characteristic - Location | Europe |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ng LWK, Chisholm C, Carrasco LR, Darling ES, Guilhaumon F, Mooers AØ, Tucker CM, Winter M, Huang D. Prioritizing phylogenetic diversity to protect functional diversity of reef corals. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linus W. K. Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Luis Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Centre for Nature‐based Climate Solutions National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | | | | | - Arne Ø. Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby Canada
| | - Caroline M. Tucker
- Environment, Ecology and Energy Program University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Leipzig Germany
| | - Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Centre for Nature‐based Climate Solutions National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum and Tropical Marine Science Institute National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Borko Š, Altermatt F, Zagmajster M, Fišer C. A hotspot of groundwater amphipod diversity on a crossroad of evolutionary radiations. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Špela Borko
- SubBio Lab Department of Biology Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology EawagSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- SubBio Lab Department of Biology Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio Lab Department of Biology Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sol D, Garcia-Porta J, González-Lagos C, Pigot AL, Trisos C, Tobias JA. A test of Darwin's naturalization conundrum in birds reveals enhanced invasion success in the presence of close relatives. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:661-672. [PMID: 35199921 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological invasions pose one of the most severe environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. A longstanding idea is that invasion risk is predictable based on the phylogenetic distance - and hence ecological resemblance - between non-native and native species. However, current evidence is contradictory. To explain these mixed results, it has been proposed that the effect is scale-dependent, with invasion inhibited by phylogenetic similarity at small spatial scales but enhanced at larger scales. Analyzing invasion outcomes in a global sample of bird communities, we find no evidence to support this hypothesis. Instead, our results suggest that invaders are locally more successful in the presence of closely related and ecologically similar species, at least in human-altered environments where the majority of invasions have occurred. Functional trait analyses further confirm that the ecological niches of invaders are phylogenetically conserved, supporting the notion that successful invasion in the presence of close relatives is driven by shared adaptations to the types of niches available in novel environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sol
- CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, CREAF-UAB, Catalonia, Spain.,CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Garcia-Porta
- CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cesar González-Lagos
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex L Pigot
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Trisos
- African Climate and Development Initiative (ACDI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hughes EC, Edwards DP, Bright JA, Capp EJR, Cooney CR, Varley ZK, Thomas GH. Global biogeographic patterns of avian morphological diversity. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:598-610. [PMID: 35199925 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the biogeographical patterns, and evolutionary and environmental drivers, underpinning morphological diversity are key for determining its origins and conservation. Using a comprehensive set of continuous morphological traits extracted from museum collections of 8353 bird species, including geometric morphometric beak shape data, we find that avian morphological diversity is unevenly distributed globally, even after controlling for species richness, with exceptionally dense packing of species in hyper-diverse tropical hotspots. At the regional level, these areas also have high morphological variance, with species exhibiting high phenotypic diversity. Evolutionary history likely plays a key role in shaping these patterns, with evolutionarily old species contributing to niche expansion, and young species contributing to niche packing. Taken together, these results imply that the tropics are both 'cradles' and 'museums' of phenotypic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Hughes
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David P Edwards
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jen A Bright
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Elliot J R Capp
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Zoë K Varley
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Conserving evolutionarily distinct species is critical to safeguard human well-being. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24187. [PMID: 34921205 PMCID: PMC8683420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is growing interest in safeguarding the Tree of Life to preserve the human benefits that are directly provided by biodiversity, their evolutionary distribution remains unknown, which has hampered our understanding of the potential of phylodiversity indicators to evince them. Here, I drew on a global review of plant benefits and comprehensive phylogenetic information to breakdown their evolutionary distribution and thereby show why the commonly used Phylogenetic Diversity and Evolutionary Distinctiveness indicators can unequivocally help to preserve these natural services. Beneficial species clumped within phylogenetically overdispersed genera and closely related species often contributed very few and redundant benefits, suggesting that multiple plant lineages are required to maintain a wide variety of services. Yet, a reduced number of species stood out as multi-beneficial and evolutionarily distinct plants relative to both the entire phylogeny and the subset of beneficial species, and they collectively contributed a higher-than-expected number of records for most types of benefits. In addition to providing a clear mechanistic understanding for the recently proved success of Phylogenetic Diversity in capturing plant benefits, these findings stress the decisive role that conservation programmes aimed at protecting evolutionarily distinct taxa will play in safeguarding the beneficial potential of biodiversity for the future.
Collapse
|
31
|
Marques V, Castagné P, Polanco A, Borrero-Pérez GH, Hocdé R, Guérin PÉ, Juhel JB, Velez L, Loiseau N, Letessier TB, Bessudo S, Valentini A, Dejean T, Mouillot D, Pellissier L, Villéger S. Use of environmental DNA in assessment of fish functional and phylogenetic diversity. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1944-1956. [PMID: 34224158 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the impact of global changes and protection effectiveness is a key step in monitoring marine fishes. Most traditional census methods are demanding or destructive. Nondisturbing and nonlethal approaches based on video and environmental DNA are alternatives to underwater visual census or fishing. However, their ability to detect multiple biodiversity factors beyond traditional taxonomic diversity is still unknown. For bony fishes and elasmobranchs, we compared the performance of eDNA metabarcoding and long-term remote video to assess species' phylogenetic and functional diversity. We used 10 eDNA samples from 30 L of water each and 25 hr of underwater videos over 4 days on Malpelo Island (pacific coast of Colombia), a remote marine protected area. Metabarcoding of eDNA detected 66% more molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) than species on video. We found 66 and 43 functional entities with a single eDNA marker and videos, respectively, and higher functional richness for eDNA than videos. Despite gaps in genetic reference databases, eDNA also detected a higher fish phylogenetic diversity than videos; accumulation curves showed how 1 eDNA transect detected as much phylogenetic diversity as 25 hr of video. Environmental DNA metabarcoding can be used to affordably, efficiently, and accurately census biodiversity factors in marine systems. Although taxonomic assignments are still limited by species coverage in genetic reference databases, use of MOTUs highlights the potential of eDNA metabarcoding once reference databases have expanded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Marques
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Univ Paul Valery Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul Castagné
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Andréa Polanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-INVEMAR, Colombia, Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia (MHNMC), Programa de Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Marinos, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Giomar Helena Borrero-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-INVEMAR, Colombia, Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia (MHNMC), Programa de Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Marinos, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Régis Hocdé
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Édouard Guérin
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Univ Paul Valery Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Laure Velez
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sandra Bessudo
- Fundación Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas Marinos, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Peterson K, Ruffley M, Parent CE. Phylogenetic diversity and community assembly in a naturally fragmented system. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18066-18080. [PMID: 35003658 PMCID: PMC8717291 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to assess effects of fragmentation and quantify the contribution of ecological processes to community assembly by measuring species richness, phylogenetic, and phenotypic diversity of species found in local and regional plant communities. Specifically, our fragmented system is Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Idaho, USA. CRMO is characterized by vegetated islands, kipukas, that are isolated in a matrix of lava. We used floristic surveys of vascular plants in 19 kipukas to create a local species list to compare traditional dispersion metrics, mean pairwise distance, and mean nearest taxon distance (MPD and MNTD), to a regional species list with phenotypic and phylogenetic data. We combined phylogenetic and functional trait data in a novel machine-learning model selection approach, Community Assembly Model Inference (CAMI), to infer probability associated with different models of community assembly given the data. Finally, we used linear regression to explore whether the geography of kipukas explained estimated support for community assembly models. Using traditional metrics of MPD and MNTD neutral processes received the most support when comparing kipuka species to regional species. Individually no kipukas showed significant support for overdispersion. Rather, five kipukas showed significant support for phylogenetic clustering using MPD and two kipukas using MNTD. Using CAMI, we inferred neutral and filtering models structured the kipuka plant community for our trait of interest. Finally, we found as species richness in kipukas increases, model support for competition decreases and lower elevation kipukas show more support for habitat filtering models. While traditional phylogenetic community approaches suggest neutral assembly dynamics, recently developed approaches utilizing machine learning and model choice revealed joint influences of assembly processes to form the kipuka plant communities. Understanding ecological processes at play in naturally fragmented systems will aid in guiding our understanding of how fragmentation impacts future changes in landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Peterson
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Megan Ruffley
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christine E. Parent
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
- Institute for Interdisiplinary Data SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chaves R, Ferrandis P, Escudero A, Luzuriaga AL. Diverse phylogenetic neighborhoods enhance community resistance to drought in experimental assemblages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22499. [PMID: 34795359 PMCID: PMC8602379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role played by phylogeny in the assembly of plant communities remains as a priority to complete the theory of species coexistence, experimental evidence is lacking. It is still unclear to what extent phylogenetic diversity is a driver or a consequence of species assembly processes. We experimentally explored how phylogenetic diversity can drive the community level responses to drought conditions in annual plant communities. We manipulated the initial phylogenetic diversity of the assemblages and the water availability in a common garden experiment with two irrigation treatments: average natural rainfall and drought, formed with annual plant species of gypsum ecosystems of Central Spain. We recorded plant survival and the numbers of flowering and fruiting plants per species in each assemblage. GLMMs were performed for the proportion of surviving, flowering, fruiting plants per species and for total proportion of surviving species and plants per pot. In water limited conditions, high phylogenetic diversity favored species coexistence over time with higher plant survival and more flowering and fruiting plants per species and more species and plants surviving per pot. Our results agree with the existence of niche complementarity and the convergence of water economy strategies as major mechanisms for promoting species coexistence in plant assemblages in semiarid Mediterranean habitats. Our findings point to high phylogenetic diversity among neighboring plants as a plausible feature underpinning the coexistence of species, because the success of each species in terms of surviving and producing offspring in drought conditions was greater when the initial phylogenetic diversity was higher. Our study is a step forward to understand how phylogenetic relatedness is connected to the mechanisms determining the maintenance of biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Chaves
- Department of Biology and Geology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ferrandis
- Botanic Institute of the University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla-La Mancha Botanic Garden, Avda. de La Mancha s/n, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Department of Biology and Geology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu L Luzuriaga
- Department of Biology and Geology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lean CH. Invasive species increase biodiversity and, therefore, services: An argument of equivocations. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hunter Lean
- Department of Philosophy University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang J, Chen L, Tang W, Heino J, Jiang X. Effects of dam construction and fish invasion on the species, functional and phylogenetic diversity of fish assemblages in the Yellow River Basin. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112863. [PMID: 34289589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the consequences of human-mediated disturbances from multi-facet diversity (i.e. species, functional and phylogenetic) perspectives is of great significance in biodiversity assessment and conservation planning. Most previous studies have concentrated on anthropogenic effects on species diversity in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) in China, but information on anthropogenic effects on phylogenetic and functional facets is still pending. Here, we identified the temporal changes in species, functional, and phylogenetic alpha diversity of fish assemblages in 18 reaches (i.e. 15 mainstream reaches and 3 tributaries) of the YRB under the background of long-term cascade hydropower construction and widespread introduction of non-native fish species. The results showed that native fishes experienced a sharp decline through time, with an average of 25.6 (extirpation rate 46.7%) native species extirpated per sub-region, and 89 of 182 (48.9%) native species extirpated across the whole basin during the period considered. However, the number of non-native fish species substantially increased, with an average increase of 8.6 species (invasion rate 26.9%) per sub-region. Furthermore, the percentage of non-native species showed a significant unimodal relationship with average altitude, with highest invasion rates (ca. 70%) in upstream reaches. The extirpation rate was negatively related to altitude, increasing from upstream to downstream reaches. Interestingly, the functional diversity indices (FEve, FDiv, FDis, RaoQ) and phylogenetic diversity indices (Δ+ and Λ+) of the entire fish fauna significantly increased through time, whereas these indices based on native fish fauna only did not change. Such increases in functional and phylogenetic diversities were mainly triggered by introductions of non-native species, which were functionally distinct and phylogenetically distant from native species, and extirpation of congeneric endemic species. In general, the present study revealed anthropogenic impacts on the multi-faceted diversity of fish assemblages in a large river and highlighted the negative effects of cascaded hydropower developments and non-native fish invasions on native fish. Moreover, evaluating the responses of multi-faceted diversity to anthropogenic disturbances is a suitable means to understand assemblage reorganization and to assess how such impacts lead to the decline of biodiversity. The complementary information derived from using the multi-faceted diversity approach indicate functional and phylogenetic diversity measures could be implemented in biodiversity planning in the sediment-laden and ecologically important Yellow River Basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjia Tang
- Qinghai Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Xining, 810007, China
| | - Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Institute, Paavo Havaksen Tie 3, FI-90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cordier T, Alonso‐Sáez L, Apothéloz‐Perret‐Gentil L, Aylagas E, Bohan DA, Bouchez A, Chariton A, Creer S, Frühe L, Keck F, Keeley N, Laroche O, Leese F, Pochon X, Stoeck T, Pawlowski J, Lanzén A. Ecosystems monitoring powered by environmental genomics: A review of current strategies with an implementation roadmap. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2937-2958. [PMID: 32416615 PMCID: PMC8358956 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A decade after environmental scientists integrated high-throughput sequencing technologies in their toolbox, the genomics-based monitoring of anthropogenic impacts on the biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems is yet to be implemented by regulatory frameworks. Despite the broadly acknowledged potential of environmental genomics to this end, technical limitations and conceptual issues still stand in the way of its broad application by end-users. In addition, the multiplicity of potential implementation strategies may contribute to a perception that the routine application of this methodology is premature or "in development", hence restraining regulators from binding these tools into legal frameworks. Here, we review recent implementations of environmental genomics-based methods, applied to the biomonitoring of ecosystems. By taking a general overview, without narrowing our perspective to particular habitats or groups of organisms, this paper aims to compare, review and discuss the strengths and limitations of four general implementation strategies of environmental genomics for monitoring: (a) Taxonomy-based analyses focused on identification of known bioindicators or described taxa; (b) De novo bioindicator analyses; (c) Structural community metrics including inferred ecological networks; and (d) Functional community metrics (metagenomics or metatranscriptomics). We emphasise the utility of the three latter strategies to integrate meiofauna and microorganisms that are not traditionally utilised in biomonitoring because of difficult taxonomic identification. Finally, we propose a roadmap for the implementation of environmental genomics into routine monitoring programmes that leverage recent analytical advancements, while pointing out current limitations and future research needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Cordier
- Department of Genetics and EvolutionScience IIIUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Laura Alonso‐Sáez
- AZTIMarine ResearchBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Spain
| | | | - Eva Aylagas
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - David A. Bohan
- AgroécologieINRAEUniversity of BourgogneUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | | | - Anthony Chariton
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Simon Creer
- School of Natural SciencesBangor UniversityGwyneddUK
| | - Larissa Frühe
- Department of EcologyTechnische Universität KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | | | - Nigel Keeley
- Benthic Resources and Processes GroupInstitute of Marine ResearchTromsøNorway
| | - Olivier Laroche
- Benthic Resources and Processes GroupInstitute of Marine ResearchTromsøNorway
| | - Florian Leese
- Aquatic Ecosystem ResearchFaculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU)University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Xavier Pochon
- Coastal & Freshwater GroupCawthron InstituteNelsonNew Zealand
- Institute of Marine ScienceUniversity of AucklandWarkworthNew Zealand
| | - Thorsten Stoeck
- Department of EcologyTechnische Universität KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Jan Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics and EvolutionScience IIIUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- ID‐Gene EcodiagnosticsGenevaSwitzerland
- Institute of OceanologyPolish Academy of SciencesSopotPoland
| | - Anders Lanzén
- AZTIMarine ResearchBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Spain
- Basque Foundation for ScienceIKERBASQUEBilbaoSpain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ridel A, Lafage D, Devogel P, Lacoue-Labarthe T, Pétillon J. Habitat filtering differentially modulates phylogenetic and functional diversity relationships between predatory arthropods. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202093. [PMID: 34109036 PMCID: PMC8170193 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying biological diversities at different scales have received significant attention over the last decades. The hypothesis of whether local abiotic factors, driving functional and phylogenetic diversities, can differ among taxa of arthropods remains under-investigated. In this study, we compared correlations and drivers of functional diversity (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) between spiders and carabids, two dominant taxa of ground-dwelling arthropods in salt marshes. Both taxa exhibited high correlation between FD and PD; the correlation was even higher in carabids, probably owing to their lower species richness. Analyses using structural equation modelling highlighted that FD and PD were positively linked to taxonomic diversity (TD) in both taxa; however, abiotic factors driving the FD and PD differed between spiders and carabids. Salinity particularly drove the TD of carabids, but not that of spiders, suggesting that spiders are phenotypically more plastic and less selected by this factor. Conversely, PD was influenced by salinity in spiders, but not in carabids. This result can be attributed to the different evolutionary history and colonization process of salt marshes between the two model taxa. Finally, our study highlights that, in taxa occupying the same niche in a constrained habitat, FD and PD can have different drivers, and thereby different filtering mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Ridel
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Université de Rennes, 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Denis Lafage
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Université de Rennes, 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Pierre Devogel
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Université de Rennes, 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe
- UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, Université de La Rochelle, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Julien Pétillon
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Université de Rennes, 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bevilacqua S, Anderson MJ, Ugland KI, Somerfield PJ, Terlizzi A. The use of taxonomic relationships among species in applied ecological research: Baseline, steps forward and future challenges. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislao Bevilacqua
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri, 10 34127 TriesteItaly
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare Rome Italy
| | - Marti J. Anderson
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS) Massey University Auckland New Zealand
| | - Karl I. Ugland
- Department of Marine Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | - Antonio Terlizzi
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri, 10 34127 TriesteItaly
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare Rome Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Naples Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Blanco F, Calatayud J, Martín-Perea DM, Domingo MS, Menéndez I, Müller J, Fernández MH, Cantalapiedra JL. Punctuated ecological equilibrium in mammal communities over evolutionary time scales. Science 2021; 372:300-303. [PMID: 33859037 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The study of deep-time ecological dynamics has the ability to inform conservation decisions by anticipating the behavior of ecosystems millions of years into the future. Using network analysis and an exceptional fossil dataset spanning the past 21 million years, we show that mammalian ecological assemblages undergo long periods of functional stasis, notwithstanding high taxonomic volatility due to dispersal, speciation, and extinction. Higher functional richness and diversity promoted the persistence of functional faunas despite species extinction risk being indistinguishable among these different faunas. These findings, and the large mismatch between functional and taxonomic successions, indicate that although safeguarding functional diversity may or may not minimize species losses, it would certainly enhance the persistence of ecosystem functioning in the face of future disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Blanco
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, an der Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - David M Martín-Perea
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Evolución Humana en África IDEA, Calle Covarrubias 26, 28010 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Soledad Domingo
- Departamento de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, Ciencias Sociales y Matemáticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), C/Rector Royo Villanova s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Menéndez
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Cambio Medioambiental, Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC), C/ Severo Ochoa 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, an der Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Hernández Fernández
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Cambio Medioambiental, Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC), C/ Severo Ochoa 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan L Cantalapiedra
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, GloCEE Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Universidad de Alcalá, Plaza de San Diego s/n, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Molina-Venegas R, Rodríguez MÁ, Pardo-de-Santayana M, Ronquillo C, Mabberley DJ. Maximum levels of global phylogenetic diversity efficiently capture plant services for humankind. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:583-588. [PMID: 33782579 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The divergent nature of evolution suggests that securing the human benefits that are directly provided by biodiversity may require counting on disparate lineages of the Tree of Life. However, quantitative evidence supporting this claim is still tenuous. Here, we draw on a global review of plant-use records demonstrating that maximum levels of phylogenetic diversity capture significantly greater numbers of plant-use records than random selection of taxa. Our study establishes an empirical foundation that links evolutionary history to human wellbeing, and it will serve as a discussion baseline to promote better-grounded accounts of the services that are directly provided by biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Molina-Venegas
- GLoCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Miguel Á Rodríguez
- GLoCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Manuel Pardo-de-Santayana
- Department of Biology (Botany), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Research Centre in Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ronquillo
- GLoCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - David J Mabberley
- Wadham College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Institute of Botanical Science (National Herbarium of New South Wales), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Davies TJ. Ecophylogenetics redux. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1073-1088. [PMID: 33565697 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Species' evolutionary histories shape their present-day ecologies, but the integration of phylogenetic approaches in ecology has had a contentious history. The field of ecophylogenetics promised to reveal the process of community assembly from simple indices of phylogenetic pairwise distances - communities shaped by environmental filtering were composed of closely related species, whereas communities shaped by competition were composed of less closely related species. However, the mapping of ecology onto phylogeny proved to be not so straightforward, and the field remains mired in controversy. Nonetheless, ecophylogenetic methods provided important advances across ecology. For example the phylogenetic distances between species is a strong predictor of pest and pathogen sharing, and can thus inform models of species invasion, coexistence and the disease dilution/amplification effect of biodiversity. The phylogenetic structure of communities may also provide information on niche space occupancy, helping interpret patterns of facilitation, succession and ecosystem functioning - with relevance for conservation and restoration - and the dynamics among species within foodwebs and metacommunities. I suggest leveraging advances in our understanding of the process of evolution on phylogenetic trees would allow the field to progress further, while maintaining the essence of the original vision that proved so seductive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany, Forest & Conservation Sciences, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2092, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gaube P, Junker RR, Keller A. Changes amid constancy: Flower and leaf microbiomes along land use gradients and between bioregions. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
43
|
Romero-Muñoz A, Fandos G, Benítez-López A, Kuemmerle T. Habitat destruction and overexploitation drive widespread declines in all facets of mammalian diversity in the Gran Chaco. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:755-767. [PMID: 33258510 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global biodiversity is under high and rising anthropogenic pressure. Yet, how the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional facets of biodiversity are affected by different threats over time is unclear. This is particularly true for the two main drivers of the current biodiversity crisis: habitat destruction and overexploitation. We provide the first long-term assessment of multifaceted biodiversity changes caused by these threats for any tropical region. Focussing on larger mammals in South America's 1.1 million km2 Gran Chaco region, we assessed changes in multiple biodiversity facets between 1985 and 2015, determined which threats drive those changes, and identified remaining key areas for all biodiversity facets. Using habitat and threat maps, we found, first, that between 1985 and 2015 taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD) and functional (FD) diversity all declined drastically across over half of the area assessed. FD declined about 50% faster than TD and PD, and these declines were mainly driven by species loss, rather than species turnover. Second, habitat destruction, hunting, and both threats together contributed ~57%, ~37%, and ~6% to overall facet declines, respectively. However, hunting pressure increased where TD and PD declined most strongly, whereas habitat destruction disproportionally contributed to FD declines. Third, just 23% of the Chaco would have to be protected to safeguard the top 17% of all three facets. Our findings uncover a widespread impoverishment of mammal species richness, evolutionary history, and ecological functions across broad areas of the Chaco due to increasing habitat destruction and hunting. Moreover, our results pinpoint key areas that should be preserved and managed to maintain all facets of mammalian diversity across the Chaco. More generally, our work highlights how long-term changes in biodiversity facets can be assessed and attributed to specific threats, to better understand human impacts on biodiversity and to guide conservation planning to mitigate them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Romero-Muñoz
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fundación Cohabitar, Sucre, Bolivia
| | - Guillermo Fandos
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ana Benítez-López
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Oliveira AGD, Peláez O, Agostinho AA. The effectiveness of protected areas in the Paraná-Paraguay basin in preserving multiple facets of freshwater fish diversity under climate change. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) in the Paraná-Paraguay basin on multiple facets of ichthyofauna, both currently and in future climate change scenarios, based on reaching the 17% of conserved terrestrial and inland water defined by Aichi Target 11. Analyses were carried out vis-à-vis a distribution of 496 native species, modeling for the present and for the future, and in moderate and pessimistic scenarios of greenhouse gases. We calculated species richness, functional richness, and phylogenetic diversity, overlapping the combination of these facets with the PAs. The results indicate that the current PAs of the Paraná-Paraguay basin are not efficient in protecting the richest areas of ichthyofauna in their multiple facets. While there is a larger overlap between PAs and the richest areas in phylogenetic diversity, the values are too low (2.37%). Currently, the overlap between PAs and areas with larger species richness, functional richness, and phylogenetic diversity is only 1.48%. Although this value can increase for future projections, the values of the indices decrease substantially. The relevant aquatic environments, biological communities, and climate change should be considered as part of the systematic planning of PAs that take into consideration the terrestrial environments and their threats.
Collapse
|
45
|
Staab M, Liu X, Assmann T, Bruelheide H, Buscot F, Durka W, Erfmeier A, Klein A, Ma K, Michalski S, Wubet T, Schmid B, Schuldt A. Tree phylogenetic diversity structures multitrophic communities. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Staab
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS) University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Ecological Networks Technical University Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Vegetation Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Thorsten Assmann
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute for Ecosystem Research Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | | | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Vegetation Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Stefan Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology Peking University Beijing China
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature ConservationGeorg‐August‐University Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Parravicini V, Casey JM, Schiettekatte NMD, Brandl SJ, Pozas-Schacre C, Carlot J, Edgar GJ, Graham NAJ, Harmelin-Vivien M, Kulbicki M, Strona G, Stuart-Smith RD. Delineating reef fish trophic guilds with global gut content data synthesis and phylogeny. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000702. [PMID: 33370276 PMCID: PMC7793298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding species' roles in food webs requires an accurate assessment of their trophic niche. However, it is challenging to delineate potential trophic interactions across an ecosystem, and a paucity of empirical information often leads to inconsistent definitions of trophic guilds based on expert opinion, especially when applied to hyperdiverse ecosystems. Using coral reef fishes as a model group, we show that experts disagree on the assignment of broad trophic guilds for more than 20% of species, which hampers comparability across studies. Here, we propose a quantitative, unbiased, and reproducible approach to define trophic guilds and apply recent advances in machine learning to predict probabilities of pairwise trophic interactions with high accuracy. We synthesize data from community-wide gut content analyses of tropical coral reef fishes worldwide, resulting in diet information from 13,961 individuals belonging to 615 reef fish. We then use network analysis to identify 8 trophic guilds and Bayesian phylogenetic modeling to show that trophic guilds can be predicted based on phylogeny and maximum body size. Finally, we use machine learning to test whether pairwise trophic interactions can be predicted with accuracy. Our models achieved a misclassification error of less than 5%, indicating that our approach results in a quantitative and reproducible trophic categorization scheme, as well as high-resolution probabilities of trophic interactions. By applying our framework to the most diverse vertebrate consumer group, we show that it can be applied to other organismal groups to advance reproducibility in trait-based ecology. Our work thus provides a viable approach to account for the complexity of predator-prey interactions in highly diverse ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriano Parravicini
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL,” Perpignan, France
| | - Jordan M. Casey
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL,” Perpignan, France
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nina M. D. Schiettekatte
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL,” Perpignan, France
| | - Simon J. Brandl
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL,” Perpignan, France
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America
- Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity (CESAB), Institut Bouisson Bertrand, Montpellier, France
| | - Chloé Pozas-Schacre
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL,” Perpignan, France
| | - Jérémy Carlot
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL,” Perpignan, France
| | - Graham J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | - Michel Kulbicki
- UMR Entropie, LabEx Corail, IRD, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Giovanni Strona
- University of Helsinki, Department of Bioscience, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rick D. Stuart-Smith
- Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity (CESAB), Institut Bouisson Bertrand, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Adorno BFCB, Barros FM, Cezar Ribeiro M, Silva VX, Hasui É. Landscape heterogeneity shapes bird phylogenetic responses at forest–matrix interfaces in Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio M. Barros
- CPEA (Consultoria, Planejamento e Estudos Ambientais) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Milton Cezar Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação (LEEC) Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Vinícius X. Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da NaturezaUniversidade Federal de Alfenas Alfenas Brazil
| | - Érica Hasui
- Instituto de Ciências da NaturezaUniversidade Federal de Alfenas Alfenas Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jarzyna MA, Quintero I, Jetz W. Global functional and phylogenetic structure of avian assemblages across elevation and latitude. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:196-207. [PMID: 33124188 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mountain systems are exceptionally species rich, yet the associated elevational gradients in functional and phylogenetic diversity and their consistency across latitude remain little understood. Here, we document how avian functional and phylogenetic diversity and structure vary along all major elevational gradients worldwide and uncover strong latitudinal differences. Assemblages in warm tropical lowlands and cold temperate highlands are marked by high functional overdispersion and distinctiveness, whereas tropical highlands and temperate lowlands appear strongly functionally clustered and redundant. We additionally find strong geographic variation in the interplay of phylogenetic and functional structure, with strongest deviations between the two in temperate highlands. This latitudinal and elevational variation in assemblage functional structure is underpinned by nuanced shifts in the position, shape and composition of multivariate trait space. We find that, independent of latitude, high-elevation assemblages emerge as exceptionally susceptible to functional change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Jarzyna
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, 300 Aronoff Laboratory, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, 1760 Neil Avenue, 175 Pomerene Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ignacio Quintero
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ritchie AM, Hua X, Cardillo M, Yaxley KJ, Dinnage R, Bromham L. Phylogenetic diversity metrics from molecular phylogenies: modelling expected degree of error under realistic rate variation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Ritchie
- Research School of Biological Sciences Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Xia Hua
- Research School of Biological Sciences Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Mathematical Sciences Institute Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Marcel Cardillo
- Research School of Biological Sciences Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Keaghan J. Yaxley
- Research School of Biological Sciences Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Russell Dinnage
- Research School of Biological Sciences Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Lindell Bromham
- Research School of Biological Sciences Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cai H, Lyu L, Shrestha N, Tang Z, Su X, Xu X, Dimitrov D, Wang Z. Geographical patterns in phylogenetic diversity of Chinese woody plants and its application for conservation planning. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Cai
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Lisha Lyu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing China
- School of Urban Planning and Design Shenzhen Graduate School Peking University Shenzhen China
- Landscape Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Nawal Shrestha
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐Ecosystem Institute of Innovation Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Zhiyao Tang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Xiangyan Su
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education College of Life Sciences Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Natural History University Museum of Bergen University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|