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Hegarty CE, Ianni AM, Kohn PD, Kolachana B, Gregory M, Masdeu JC, Eisenberg DP, Berman KF. Polymorphism in the ZNF804A Gene and Variation in D 1 and D 2/D 3 Dopamine Receptor Availability in the Healthy Human Brain: A Dual Positron Emission Tomography Study. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:121-128. [PMID: 33712377 PMCID: PMC10501410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rs1344706 single nucleotide polymorphism in the ZNF804A gene has been associated with risk for psychosis in multiple genome-wide association studies, yet mechanisms underlying this association are not known. Given preclinical work suggesting an impact of ZNF804A on dopamine receptor gene transcription and clinical studies establishing dopaminergic dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia, we hypothesized that the ZNF804A risk single nucleotide polymorphism would be associated with variation in dopamine receptor availability in the human brain. METHODS In this study, 72 healthy individuals genotyped for rs1344706 completed both [18F]fallypride and [11C]NNC-112 positron emission tomography scans to measure D2/D3 and D1 receptor availability, respectively. Genetic effects on estimates of binding potential for each ligand were tested first with canonical subject-specific striatal regions of interest analyses, followed by exploratory whole-brain voxelwise analyses to test for more localized striatal signals and for extrastriatal effects. RESULTS Region of interest analyses revealed significantly less D2/D3 receptor availability in risk-allele homozygotes (TT) compared with non-risk allele carriers (G-allele carrier group: TG and GG) in the associative striatum and sensorimotor striatum, but no significant differences in striatal D1 receptor availability. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ZNF804A genotype may be meaningfully linked to dopaminergic function in the human brain. The results also may provide information to guide future studies of ZNF804A-related mechanisms of schizophrenia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hegarty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Angela M Ianni
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip D Kohn
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bhaskar Kolachana
- Human Brain Collection Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Gregory
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel P Eisenberg
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Abi-Dargham A, Javitch JA, Slifstein M, Anticevic A, Calkins ME, Cho YT, Fonteneau C, Gil R, Girgis R, Gur RE, Gur RC, Grinband J, Kantrowitz J, Kohler C, Krystal J, Murray J, Ranganathan M, Santamauro N, Van Snellenberg J, Tamayo Z, Wolf D, Gray D, Lieberman J. Dopamine D1R Receptor Stimulation as a Mechanistic Pro-cognitive Target for Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2021; 48:199-210. [PMID: 34423843 PMCID: PMC8781338 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have highlighted the importance of optimal stimulation of cortical dopaminergic receptors, particularly the D1R receptor (D1R), for prefrontal-mediated cognition. This mechanism is particularly relevant to the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, given the abnormalities in cortical dopamine (DA) neurotransmission and in the expression of D1R. Despite the critical need for D1R-based therapeutics, many factors have complicated their development and prevented this important therapeutic target from being adequately interrogated. Challenges include determination of the optimal level of D1R stimulation needed to improve cognitive performance, especially when D1R expression levels, affinity states, DA levels, and the resulting D1R occupancy by DA, are not clearly known in schizophrenia, and may display great interindividual and intraindividual variability related to cognitive states and other physiological variables. These directly affect the selection of the level of stimulation necessary to correct the underlying neurobiology. The optimal mechanism for stimulation is also unknown and could include partial or full agonism, biased agonism, or positive allosteric modulation. Furthermore, the development of D1R targeting drugs has been complicated by complexities in extrapolating from in vitro affinity determinations to in vivo use. Prior D1R-targeted drugs have been unsuccessful due to poor bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and insufficient target engagement at tolerable doses. Newer drugs have recently become available, and these must be tested in the context of carefully designed paradigms that address methodological challenges. In this paper, we discuss how a better understanding of these challenges has shaped our proposed experimental design for testing a new D1R/D5R partial agonist, PF-06412562, renamed CVL-562.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychaitric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Cerevel Therapeutics Research and Development, Boston, MA, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel: +(631) 885-0814; e-mail:
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychaitric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Slifstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Youngsun T Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clara Fonteneau
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roberto Gil
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ragy Girgis
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychaitric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jack Grinband
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychaitric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Kantrowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychaitric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Kohler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Jared Van Snellenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zailyn Tamayo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - David Gray
- Cerevel Therapeutics Research and Development, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychaitric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Cumming P, Abi-Dargham A, Gründer G. Molecular imaging of schizophrenia: Neurochemical findings in a heterogeneous and evolving disorder. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:113004. [PMID: 33197459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past four decades have seen enormous efforts placed on a search for molecular markers of schizophrenia using positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In this narrative review, we cast a broad net to define and summarize what researchers have learned about schizophrenia from molecular imaging studies. Some PET studies of brain energy metabolism with the glucose analogue FDGhave have shown a hypofrontality defect in patients with schizophrenia, but more generally indicate a loss of metabolic coherence between different brain regions. An early finding of significantly increased striatal trapping of the dopamine synthesis tracer FDOPA has survived a meta-analysis of many replications, but the increase is not pathognomonic of the disorder, since one half of patients have entirely normal dopamine synthesis capacity. Similarly, competition SPECT studies show greater basal and amphetamine-evoked dopamine occupancy at post-synaptic dopamine D2/3 receptors in patients with schizophrenia, but the difference is likewise not pathognomonic. We thus propose that molecular imaging studies of brain dopamine indicate neurochemical heterogeneity within the diagnostic entity of schizophrenia. Occupancy studies have established the relevant target engagement by antipsychotic medications at dopamine D2/3 receptors in living brain. There is evidence for elevated frontal cortical dopamine D1 receptors, especially in relation to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. There is a general lack of consistent findings of abnormalities in serotonin markers, but some evidence for decreased levels of nicotinic receptors in patients. There are sparse and somewhat inconsistent findings of reduced binding of muscarinic, glutamate, and opioid receptors ligands, inconsistent findings of microglial activation, and very recently, evidence of globally reduced levels of synaptic proteins in brain of patients. One study reports a decline in histone acetylase binding that is confined to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In most contexts, the phase of the disease and effects of past or present medication can obscure or confound PET and SPECT findings in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland; School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Stony Brook University, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Gerhard Gründer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Cassidy CM, Carpenter KM, Konova AB, Cheung V, Grassetti A, Zecca L, Abi-Dargham A, Martinez D, Horga G. Evidence for Dopamine Abnormalities in the Substantia Nigra in Cocaine Addiction Revealed by Neuromelanin-Sensitive MRI. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:1038-1047. [PMID: 32854531 PMCID: PMC9108998 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence supports the use of neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI) as a novel tool to investigate dopamine function in the human brain. The authors investigated the NM-MRI signal in individuals with cocaine use disorder, compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects, based on previous imaging studies showing that this disorder is associated with blunted presynaptic striatal dopamine. METHODS NM-MRI and T1-weighted images were acquired from 20 participants with cocaine use disorder and 35 control subjects. Diagnostic group effects in NM-MRI signal were determined using a voxelwise analysis within the substantia nigra. A subset of 20 cocaine users and 17 control subjects also underwent functional MRI imaging using the monetary incentive delay task, in order to investigate whether NM-MRI signal was associated with alterations in reward processing. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, cocaine users showed significantly increased NM-MRI signal in ventrolateral regions of the substantia nigra (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.83). Exploratory analyses did not find a significant correlation of NM-MRI signal to activation of the ventral striatum during anticipation of monetary reward. CONCLUSIONS Given that previous imaging studies show decreased dopamine signaling in the striatum, the finding of increased NM-MRI signal in the substantia nigra provides additional insight into the pathophysiology of cocaine use disorder. One interpretation is that cocaine use disorder is associated with a redistribution of dopamine between cytosolic and vesicular pools, leading to increased accumulation of neuromelanin. The study findings thus suggest that NM-MRI can serve as a practical imaging tool for interrogating the dopamine system in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford M Cassidy
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, affiliated with The Royal, Ottawa, ON
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Kenneth M Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Anna B Konova
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Victoria Cheung
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, affiliated with The Royal, Ottawa, ON
| | - Alexander Grassetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Diana Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Guillermo Horga
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
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McCutcheon RA, Krystal JH, Howes OD. Dopamine and glutamate in schizophrenia: biology, symptoms and treatment. World Psychiatry 2020; 19:15-33. [PMID: 31922684 PMCID: PMC6953551 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and dopamine systems play distinct roles in terms of neuronal signalling, yet both have been proposed to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this paper we assess research that has implicated both systems in the aetiology of this disorder. We examine evidence from post-mortem, preclinical, pharmacological and in vivo neuroimaging studies. Pharmacological and preclinical studies implicate both systems, and in vivo imaging of the dopamine system has consistently identified elevated striatal dopamine synthesis and release capacity in schizophrenia. Imaging of the glutamate system and other aspects of research on the dopamine system have produced less consistent findings, potentially due to methodological limitations and the heterogeneity of the disorder. Converging evidence indicates that genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia underlie disruption of glutamatergic and dopaminergic function. However, while genetic influences may directly underlie glutamatergic dysfunction, few genetic risk variants directly implicate the dopamine system, indicating that aberrant dopamine signalling is likely to be predominantly due to other factors. We discuss the neural circuits through which the two systems interact, and how their disruption may cause psychotic symptoms. We also discuss mechanisms through which existing treatments operate, and how recent research has highlighted opportunities for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Finally, we consider outstanding questions for the field, including what remains unknown regarding the nature of glutamate and dopamine function in schizophrenia, and what needs to be achieved to make progress in developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McCutcheon
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
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6
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Stenkrona P, Matheson GJ, Halldin C, Cervenka S, Farde L. D1-Dopamine Receptor Availability in First-Episode Neuroleptic Naive Psychosis Patients. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:415-425. [PMID: 30958880 PMCID: PMC6600463 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography studies examining differences in D1-dopamine receptor binding between control subjects and patients with schizophrenia have been inconsistent, reporting higher, lower, and no difference in the frontal cortex. Exposure to antipsychotic medication has been suggested to be a likely source of this heterogeneity, and thus there is a need for studies of patients at early stages of the disorder who have not been exposed to such drugs. METHODS Here, we compared 17 healthy control subjects and 18 first-episode neuroleptic naive patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis using positron emission tomography and the D1-dopamine receptor radioligand [11C]SCH23390. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant difference in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Contrary to our expectations, patients had less D1-dopamine receptor availability with a moderate effect size. In a Bayesian analysis, we show that the data are over 50 times more likely to have occurred under the decrease as opposed to the increase hypothesis. This effect was not global, as our analysis showed that the null hypothesis was preferred over either hypothesis in the striatum. CONCLUSIONS This investigation represents the largest single sample of neuroleptic-naive patients examined for D1-dopamine receptor availability using PET and suggests a reduction of prefrontal D1-dopamine receptor density in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, further work will be required to reach a consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Stenkrona
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden,Correspondence: Per Stenkrona, MD, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska University Hospital, R5:02 SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ()
| | - Granville J Matheson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden,PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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7
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Mothersill D, Donohoe G. Neural Effects of Cognitive Training in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-analysis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:688-696. [PMID: 31072761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of schizophrenia and a strong predictor of functional outcome. There is growing evidence for the effectiveness of behaviorally based cognitive training programs, although the neural basis of these benefits is unclear. To address this, we reviewed all published studies that have used neuroimaging to measure neural changes following cognitive training in schizophrenia to identify brain regions most consistently affected. METHODS We searched PubMed for all neuroimaging studies examining cognitive training in schizophrenia published until December 2018. An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis was conducted on a subset of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to examine whether any brain regions showed consistent effects across studies. RESULTS In total, 31 original neuroimaging studies of cognitive training were retrieved. Of these studies, 16 were functional neuroimaging studies, and 15 of these studies reported increased neural activation following cognitive training, with increased left prefrontal activation being the most frequently observed finding. However, activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis did not reveal any specific brain regions showing consistent effects across studies but rather suggested a broader, more distributed pattern of effects resulting from the interventions tested. CONCLUSIONS Although several studies reported increased left prefrontal cortical activation after cognitive training, the lack of statistically significant overlap of brain regions affected by training across studies suggests broad effects of training on brain activation, possibly due to the variety of training programs used.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mothersill
- School of Psychology and Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Gary Donohoe
- School of Psychology and Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Petyuk VA, Chang R, Ramirez-Restrepo M, Beckmann ND, Henrion MYR, Piehowski PD, Zhu K, Wang S, Clarke J, Huentelman MJ, Xie F, Andreev V, Engel A, Guettoche T, Navarro L, De Jager P, Schneider JA, Morris CM, McKeith IG, Perry RH, Lovestone S, Woltjer RL, Beach TG, Sue LI, Serrano GE, Lieberman AP, Albin RL, Ferrer I, Mash DC, Hulette CM, Ervin JF, Reiman EM, Hardy JA, Bennett DA, Schadt E, Smith RD, Myers AJ. The human brainome: network analysis identifies HSPA2 as a novel Alzheimer’s disease target. Brain 2018; 141:2721-2739. [PMID: 30137212 PMCID: PMC6136080 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our hypothesis is that changes in gene and protein expression are crucial to the development of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Previously we examined how DNA alleles control downstream expression of RNA transcripts and how those relationships are changed in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. We have now examined how proteins are incorporated into networks in two separate series and evaluated our outputs in two different cell lines. Our pipeline included the following steps: (i) predicting expression quantitative trait loci; (ii) determining differential expression; (iii) analysing networks of transcript and peptide relationships; and (iv) validating effects in two separate cell lines. We performed all our analysis in two separate brain series to validate effects. Our two series included 345 samples in the first set (177 controls, 168 cases; age range 65–105; 58% female; KRONOSII cohort) and 409 samples in the replicate set (153 controls, 141 cases, 115 mild cognitive impairment; age range 66–107; 63% female; RUSH cohort). Our top target is heat shock protein family A member 2 (HSPA2), which was identified as a key driver in our two datasets. HSPA2 was validated in two cell lines, with overexpression driving further elevation of amyloid-β40 and amyloid-β42 levels in APP mutant cells, as well as significant elevation of microtubule associated protein tau and phosphorylated-tau in a modified neuroglioma line. This work further demonstrates that studying changes in gene and protein expression is crucial to understanding late onset disease and further nominates HSPA2 as a specific key regulator of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease processes.10.1093/brain/awy215_video1awy215media15824729224001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Rui Chang
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manuel Ramirez-Restrepo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Noam D Beckmann
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Y R Henrion
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul D Piehowski
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kuixi Zhu
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sven Wang
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Clarke
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Victor Andreev
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, 340 E Huron St # 300, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anzhelika Engel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Loida Navarro
- Roche Sequencing, 4300 Hacienda Drive, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Philip De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian G McKeith
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert H Perry
- Neuropathology and Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Randall L Woltjer
- Neuropathology Core of the Layton Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona; CIBERNED; Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christine M Hulette
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John F Ervin
- Kathleen Price Bryan Brain Bank, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- The Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - John A Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Research Laboratories, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Amanda J Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Shin S, Kim S, Seo S, Lee JS, Howes OD, Kim E, Kwon JS. The relationship between dopamine receptor blockade and cognitive performance in schizophrenia: a [ 11C]-raclopride PET study with aripiprazole. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:87. [PMID: 29686254 PMCID: PMC5913226 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aripiprazole's effects on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia are unclear because of the difficulty in disentangling specific effects on cognitive function from secondary effects due to the improvement in other schizophrenic symptoms. One approach to address this is to use an intermediate biomarker to investigate the relationship between the drug's effect on the brain and change in cognitive function. This study aims to investigate aripiprazole's effect on working memory by determining the correlation between dopamine D2/3 (D2/3) receptor occupancy and working memory of patients with schizophrenia. Seven patients with schizophrenia participated in the study. Serial positron emission tomography (PET) scans with [11C]raclopride were conducted at 2, 26, and 74 h after the administration of aripiprazole. The subjects performed the N-back task just after finishing the [11C]raclopride PET scan. The mean (±SD) D2/3 receptor occupancies were 66.9 ± 6.7% at 2 h, 65.0 ± 8.6% at 26, and 57.7 ± 11.2% at 74 h after administering aripiprazole. Compared with performance on the zero-back condition, performance in memory-loaded conditions (one-, two-, and three-back conditions) was significantly related to D2/3 receptor occupancy by aripiprazole (error rate: ß = -2.236, t = -6.631, df = 53.947, and p = 0.001; reaction time: ß = -9.567, t = -2.808, df = 29.967, and p = 0.009). Although the sample size was relatively small, these results suggest that aripiprazole as a dopamine-partial agonist could improve cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Shin
- 0000 0004 0647 3378grid.412480.bDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 13620 Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Kim
- 0000 0004 0647 3378grid.412480.bDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 13620 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Seo
- 0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- 0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Oliver D. Howes
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000000122478951grid.14105.31Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, London, W12 0NN UK ,0000 0001 0705 4923grid.413629.bImperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Euitae Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- 0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,0000 0001 0302 820Xgrid.412484.fDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,0000 0004 0470 5905grid.31501.36Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
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10
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Abstract
The dopamine (DA) system is considered to be centrally involved in the pathophysiology of several major psychiatric disorders. Using positron emission tomography (PET), aberrations in dopamine D2/D3-receptors (D2-R) levels and uptake of the DA precursor FDOPA have been shown for schizophrenia, substance abuse and depression. Radioligands for the dopamine D1-receptor (D1-R) have been available for more than three decades, however this receptor subtype has received much less attention in psychiatry research. Here, studies investigating D1-R in psychiatric patients in comparison to healthy control subjects are summarized. Although small sample sizes, medication effects and heterogeneous methods of quantification limit the conclusions that can be drawn, the data is suggestive of higher levels of cortical D1-R in drug naïve patients with psychosis, and lower D1-R in patients with affective disorders. Data sharing and reanalysis using harmonized methodology are important next steps towards clarifying the role of D1-R in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cervenka
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Narendran R, Tumuluru D, May MA, Chowdari KV, Himes ML, Fasenmyer K, Frankle WG, Nimgaonkar VL. Cortical Dopamine Transmission as Measured with the [11C]FLB 457 - Amphetamine PET Imaging Paradigm Is Not Influenced by COMT Genotype. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157867. [PMID: 27322568 PMCID: PMC4913897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic investigations link a Val158Met polymorphism (rs4680) in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene to not only its enzymatic activity, but also to its dopaminergic tone in the prefrontal cortex. Previous PET studies have documented the relationship between COMT Val158Met polymorphism and D1 and D2/3 receptor binding potential (BP), and interpreted them in terms of dopaminergic tone. The use of baseline dopamine D1 and D2/3 receptor binding potential (BPND) as a proxy for dopaminergic tone is problematic because they reflect both endogenous dopamine levels (a change in radiotracer's apparent affinity) and receptor density. In this analysis of 31 healthy controls genotyped for the Val158Met polymorphism (Val/Val, Val/Met, and Met/Met), we used amphetamine-induced displacement of [11C]FLB 457 as a direct measure of dopamine release. Our analysis failed to show a relationship between COMT genotype status and prefrontal cortical dopamine release. COMT genotype was also not predictive of baseline dopamine D2/3 receptor BPND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Divya Tumuluru
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
| | - Maureen A. May
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Genetics Program, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
| | - Kodavali V. Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Himes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
| | - Kelli Fasenmyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
| | - W. Gordon Frankle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States of America
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12
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Salavati B, Rajji TK, Price R, Sun Y, Graff-Guerrero A, Daskalakis ZJ. Imaging-based neurochemistry in schizophrenia: a systematic review and implications for dysfunctional long-term potentiation. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:44-56. [PMID: 25249654 PMCID: PMC4266301 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are commonly observed in patients with schizophrenia. Converging lines of evidence suggest that these deficits are associated with impaired long-term potentiation (LTP). In our systematic review, this hypothesis is evaluated using neuroimaging literature focused on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography. The review provides evidence for abnormal dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission in antipsychotic-naive/free patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. The review concludes with a model illustrating how these abnormalities could lead to impaired LTP in patients with schizophrenia and consequently cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Salavati
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarek K. Rajji
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; 80 Workman Way, Room 6312, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; tel: +1 416 535 8501 x 33661; fax: +1 416 583 1307; e-mail:
| | - Rae Price
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yinming Sun
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Thompson JL, Rosell DR, Slifstein M, Girgis RR, Xu X, Ehrlich Y, Kegeles LS, Hazlett EA, Abi-Dargham A, Siever LJ. Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizotypal personality disorder: a PET study with [¹¹C]NNC112. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4231-40. [PMID: 24781514 PMCID: PMC4194223 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is associated with working memory (WM) impairments that are similar to those observed in schizophrenia. Imaging studies have suggested that schizophrenia is associated with alterations in dopamine D1 receptor availability in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that may be related to the WM impairments that characterize this disorder. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize prefrontal D1 receptor availability and its relation to WM performance in SPD. METHODS We used positron emission tomography (PET) and the radiotracer [(11)C]NNC112 with 18 unmedicated SPD and 21 healthy control participants; as an index of D1 receptor availability, binding potential (BP) measures (BPF, BPND, and BPP) were calculated for prefrontal and striatal subregions. To assess WM, SPD participants completed the 2-back and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). RESULTS There were no significant group differences in PFC BP. BPF and BPP in the medial PFC were significantly negatively related to PASAT performance (r s = -0.551, p = .022 and r s = -0.488, p = .047, respectively), but BP was not related to 2-back performance. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to what has been found in schizophrenia, SPD was not associated with significant alterations in prefrontal D1 receptor availability. Similar to previous schizophrenia findings, however, higher prefrontal D1 receptor availability was associated with poorer WM performance (as measured by the PASAT) in SPD. These findings suggest that schizophrenia and SPD may share a common pathophysiological feature related to prefrontal dopamine functioning that contributes to WM dysfunction, but that in SPD, alterations in D1 may occur only in a subset of individuals and/or to an extent that is minor relative to what occurs in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Daniel R. Rosell
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,
10029,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468
| | - Mark Slifstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Ragy R. Girgis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Yosefa Ehrlich
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,
10029,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468
| | - Lawrence S. Kegeles
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032,Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Erin A. Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,
10029,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032,Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,
10029,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468
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14
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Kambeitz J, Abi-Dargham A, Kapur S, Howes OD. Alterations in cortical and extrastriatal subcortical dopamine function in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of imaging studies. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 204:420-9. [PMID: 25029687 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.132308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that cortical dopaminergic alterations underlie aspects of schizophrenia has been highly influential. AIMS To bring together and evaluate the imaging evidence for dopaminergic alterations in cortical and other extrastriatal regions in schizophrenia. METHOD Electronic databases were searched for in vivo molecular studies of extrastriatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia. Twenty-three studies (278 patients and 265 controls) were identified. Clinicodemographic and imaging variables were extracted and effect sizes determined for the dopaminergic measures. There were sufficient data to permit meta-analyses for the temporal cortex, thalamus and substantia nigra but not for other regions. RESULTS The meta-analysis of dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability found summary effect sizes of d = -0.32 (95% CI -0.68 to 0.03) for the thalamus, d = -0.23 (95% CI -0.54 to 0.07) for the temporal cortex and d = 0.04 (95% CI -0.92 to 0.99) for the substantia nigra. Confidence intervals were wide and all included no difference between groups. Evidence for other measures/regions is limited because of the small number of studies and in some instances inconsistent findings, although significant differences were reported for D2/D3 receptors in the cingulate and uncus, for D1 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and for dopamine transporter availability in the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS There is a relative paucity of direct evidence for cortical dopaminergic alterations in schizophrenia, and findings are inconclusive. This is surprising given the wide influence of the hypothesis. Large, well-controlled studies in drug-naive patients are warranted to definitively test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kambeitz
- Joseph Kambeitz, MD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Anissa Abi-Dargham, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA;Shitij Kapur, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Oliver D. Howes, BM, BCh, MA, MRCPsych, PhD, DM, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Joseph Kambeitz, MD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Anissa Abi-Dargham, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA;Shitij Kapur, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Oliver D. Howes, BM, BCh, MA, MRCPsych, PhD, DM, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Joseph Kambeitz, MD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Anissa Abi-Dargham, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA;Shitij Kapur, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Oliver D. Howes, BM, BCh, MA, MRCPsych, PhD, DM, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Joseph Kambeitz, MD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Anissa Abi-Dargham, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA;Shitij Kapur, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Oliver D. Howes, BM, BCh, MA, MRCPsych, PhD, DM, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK
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15
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Lau CI, Wang HC, Hsu JL, Liu ME. Does the dopamine hypothesis explain schizophrenia? Rev Neurosci 2013; 24:389-400. [PMID: 23843581 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine hypothesis has been the cornerstone in the research and clinical practice of schizophrenia. With the initial emphasis on the role of excessive dopamine, the hypothesis has evolved to a concept of combining prefrontal hypodopaminergia and striatal hyperdopaminergia, and subsequently to the present aberrant salience hypothesis. This article provides a brief overview of the development and evidence of the dopamine hypothesis. It will argue that the current model of aberrant salience explains psychosis in schizophrenia and provides a plausible linkage between the pharmacological and cognitive aspects of the disease. Despite the privileged role of dopamine hypothesis in psychosis, its pathophysiological rather than etiological basis, its limitations in defining symptoms other than psychosis, as well as the evidence of other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and adenosine, prompt us to a wider perspective of the disease. Finally, dopamine does explain the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, but not necessarily the cause per se. Rather, dopamine acts as the common final pathway of a wide variety of predisposing factors, either environmental, genetic, or both, that lead to the disease. Other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and adenosine, may also collaborate with dopamine to give rise to the entire picture of schizophrenia.
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16
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In vivo binding of the dopamine-1 receptor PET tracers [¹¹C]NNC112 and [¹¹C]SCH23390: a comparison study in individuals with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 228:167-74. [PMID: 23460265 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A deficit in dopamine-1 (D1) receptor function in the prefrontal cortex is suggested to play a role in the cognitive dysfunction observed in patients with schizophrenia. However, the results from positron emission tomography imaging studies of D1 receptor levels in individuals with schizophrenia are mixed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the in vivo characteristics of the different D1 receptor tracers used in previous reports, [(11)C]SCH23390 and [(11)C]NNC112, may have contributed to these discrepancies reported in the literature. METHODS Eight patients with schizophrenia and 12 healthy control subjects were scanned with both [(11)C]SCH23390 and [(11)C]NNC112. RESULTS [(11)C]SCH23390 and [(11)C]NNC112 binding potentials in both patients and control subjects were compared and no tracer by diagnosis interactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that differences in the binding of [(11)C]SCH23390 and [(11)C]NNC112 observed in previous studies are not due to differences in the in vivo behavior of these tracers.
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17
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Neurovascular coupling to D2/D3 dopamine receptor occupancy using simultaneous PET/functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11169-74. [PMID: 23723346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220512110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study employed simultaneous neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate the relationship between changes in receptor occupancy measured by PET and changes in brain activity inferred by fMRI. By administering the D2/D3 dopamine receptor antagonist [(11)C]raclopride at varying specific activities to anesthetized nonhuman primates, we mapped associations between changes in receptor occupancy and hemodynamics [cerebral blood volume (CBV)] in the domains of space, time, and dose. Mass doses of raclopride above tracer levels caused increases in CBV and reductions in binding potential that were localized to the dopamine-rich striatum. Moreover, similar temporal profiles were observed for specific binding estimates and changes in CBV. Injection of graded raclopride mass doses revealed a monotonic coupling between neurovascular responses and receptor occupancies. The distinct CBV magnitudes between putamen and caudate at matched occupancies approximately matched literature differences in basal dopamine levels, suggesting that the relative fMRI measurements reflect basal D2/D3 dopamine receptor occupancy. These results can provide a basis for models that relate dopaminergic occupancies to hemodynamic changes in the basal ganglia. Overall, these data demonstrate the utility of simultaneous PET/fMRI for investigations of neurovascular coupling that correlate neurochemistry with hemodynamic changes in vivo for any receptor system with an available PET tracer.
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18
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A receptor-based model for dopamine-induced fMRI signal. Neuroimage 2013; 75:46-57. [PMID: 23466936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes a multi-receptor physiological model of the fMRI temporal response and signal magnitude evoked by drugs that elevate synaptic dopamine in basal ganglia. The model is formulated as a summation of dopamine's effects at D1-like and D2-like receptor families, which produce functional excitation and inhibition, respectively, as measured by molecular indicators like adenylate cyclase or neuroimaging techniques like fMRI. Functional effects within the model are described in terms of relative changes in receptor occupancies scaled by receptor densities and neuro-vascular coupling constants. Using literature parameters, the model reconciles many discrepant observations and interpretations of pre-clinical data. Additionally, we present data showing that amphetamine stimulation produces fMRI inhibition at low doses and a biphasic response at higher doses in the basal ganglia of non-human primates (NHP), in agreement with model predictions based upon the respective levels of evoked dopamine. Because information about dopamine release is required to inform the fMRI model, we simultaneously acquired PET (11)C-raclopride data in several studies to evaluate the relationship between raclopride displacement and assumptions about dopamine release. At high levels of dopamine release, results suggest that refinements of the model will be required to consistently describe the PET and fMRI data. Overall, the remarkable success of the model in describing a wide range of preclinical fMRI data indicate that this approach will be useful for guiding the design and analysis of basic science and clinical investigations and for interpreting the functional consequences of dopaminergic stimulation in normal subjects and in populations with dopaminergic neuroadaptations.
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19
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Abi-Dargham A, Xu X, Thompson JL, Gil R, Kegeles LS, Urban N, Narendran R, Hwang DR, Laruelle M, Slifstein M. Increased prefrontal cortical D₁ receptors in drug naive patients with schizophrenia: a PET study with [¹¹C]NNC112. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:794-805. [PMID: 21768159 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111409265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
D₁ receptors are the main mediators of dopamine transmission in the cortex and subserve cognitive functions that are affected in patients with schizophrenia. Prior imaging studies have suggested abnormalities in the expression of these receptors in schizophrenia, but no conclusive picture has emerged yet. One source of discrepancy may have been prior antipsychotic exposure. We used positron emission tomography (PET) and a D1 radiotracer, [¹¹C]NNC112, in drug naïve (DN, n = 12) and drug free (DF, n = 13) patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy control subjects (HC, n = 40 total, n = 24 per comparison group) matched for age, gender, ethnicity, parental socioeconomic status and cigarette smoking. We measured the binding potential BPP, corrected for partial volume effects. The outcome measure was obtained in cortical and striatal subregions outlined on coregistered individual MRIs. Partial volume effect corrected BPP measures were significantly higher in DN vs controls in cortical regions. No such increases were found in the DF versus controls comparison. Furthermore, in the DF group, DF interval correlated positively with cortical BPP. We conclude that upregulation of D1 receptors in schizophrenia is related to the illness itself and may be corrected and normalized by chronic antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Fear memory persistence, central for the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders, is partially genetically controlled. Recently, consolidation and reconsolidation processes have been reported to affect fear memory stability and integrity. This study explored the impact of reconsolidation processes and genetic make-up on fear reacquisition by manipulating reconsolidation, using extinction performed outside or inside a reconsolidation interval. Reacquisition measured by skin conductance responses was stronger in individuals that extinguished outside (6 h) than inside (10 min) the reconsolidation interval. However, the effect was predominantly present in val/val homozygotes of the functional val158met polymorphism of the catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme and in short-allele carriers of the serotonin-transporter length 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. These results demonstrate that reconsolidation of human fear memory is influenced by dopamine and serotonin-related genes.
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21
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Kuepper R, Skinbjerg M, Abi-Dargham A. The dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia revisited: new insights into topography and course. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:1-26. [PMID: 23129326 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25761-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has long been associated with an imbalance in dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, and brain imaging has played an important role in advancing our knowledge and providing evidence for the dopaminergic abnormalities. This chapter reviews the evidence for DA dysfunction in different brain regions in schizophrenia, in particular striatal, extrastriatal, and prefrontal regions, with emphasis on recently published findings. As opposed to the traditional view that most striatal dopaminergic excess, associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, involves the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway, recent evidence points to the nigrostriatal pathway as the area of highest dysregulation. Furthermore, evidence from translational research suggests that dopaminergic excess may be present in the prodromal phase, and may by itself, as suggested by the phenotype observed in transgenic mice with developmental overexpression of dorso-striatal D(2) receptors, be an early pathogenic condition, leading to irreversible cortical dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kuepper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Dalton VS, Zavitsanou K. Rapid changes in d1 and d2 dopamine receptor binding in striatal subregions after a single dose of phencyclidine. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 9:67-72. [PMID: 23429383 PMCID: PMC3569081 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2011.9.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In humans, a single exposure to phencyclidine (PCP) can induce a schizophrenia-like psychosis which can persist for up to two weeks. In rats, an acute dose of PCP increases dopaminergic activity and causes changes in dopamine related behaviours some of which are sexually dimorphic. To better understand the effects of PCP on dopamine receptor adaptations in the short term we examined dopamine D1-like receptors (D1R) and D2-like receptors (D2R) in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways, 4 hours after exposure to PCP in female rats. METHODS Animals received a single dose of 40 mg/kg PCP and were sacrificed 4 hours later. In vitro autoradiography was carried out using [(3)H] SCH 23390 and [(3)H] raclopride that target D1R and D2R respectively, in cryostat brain sections. RESULTS Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA), revealed an overall effect of PCP treatment (F [1,63]=9.065; p=0.004) on D1R binding with an 18% decrease (p<0.01) in binding in the medial caudate putamen. PCP treatment also had an overall effect on D2R binding (F [1,47]=5.450; p=0.024) and a trend for an increase in D2R binding across all the brain regions examined. CONCLUSION These results suggest opposing D1R and D2R adaptations in striatal subregions of female rats following acute exposure to PCP that may occur through indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Dalton
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia. ; ANSTO LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
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Arnsten AFT. Prefrontal cortical network connections: key site of vulnerability in stress and schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:215-23. [PMID: 21345366 PMCID: PMC3115784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of schizophrenia involve profound dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). PFC networks create our "mental sketch pad", and PFC dysfunction contributes to symptoms such as cognitive deficits, thought disorder, delusions and hallucinations. Neuropathological studies of schizophrenia have shown marked loss of dendritic spines in deep layer III, the sublayer where PFC microcircuits reside. The microcircuits consist of recurrent excitatory pyramidal cell networks that interconnect on spines, and excite each other via NMDA receptor signaling. The pyramidal cell persistent firing is sculpted by lateral inhibition from GABAergic basket and chandelier cells, thus creating tuned, persistent firing needed for accurate representational knowledge (i.e., working memory). The strength of pyramidal cell network connections is markedly and flexibly altered by intracellular signaling pathways in dendritic spines, a process called dynamic network connectivity (DNC). DNC proteins such as HCN channels are concentrated on dendritic spines in deep layer III. Under optimal conditions, network inputs to pyramidal cells are strengthened by noradrenergic alpha-2A inhibition of cAMP-HCN channel signaling, and sculpted by dopamine D1-cAMP-HCN channel weakening of inappropriate inputs. However, with stress exposure, high levels of cAMP-HCN channel signaling produces a collapse in network firing. With chronic stress exposure, spines reduce in size and are lost, and this process involves increased PKC signaling. Importantly, molecules that normally strengthen PFC networks connections and/or reverse the stress response, are often genetically altered in schizophrenia. As exposure to stress is a key factor in the precipitation of schizophrenic symptoms, these dysregulated signaling pathways in deep layer III may interact with already vulnerable circuitry to cause spine loss and the descent into illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale Medical School, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Palner M, McCormick P, Parkes J, Knudsen GM, Wilson AA. Systemic catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibition enables the D1 agonist radiotracer R-[11C]SKF 82957. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 37:837-43. [PMID: 20870159 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.04.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION R-[(11)C]-SKF 82957 is a high-affinity and potent dopamine D(1) receptor agonist radioligand, which gives rise to a brain-penetrant lipophilic metabolite. In this study, we demonstrate that systemic administration of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors blocks this metabolic pathway, facilitating the use of R-[(11)C]-SKF 82957 to image the high-affinity state of the dopamine D(1) receptor with PET. METHODS R-[(11)C]SKF 82957 was administered to untreated and COMT inhibitor-treated conscious rats, and the radioactive metabolites present in the brain and plasma were quantified by HPLC. Under optimal conditions, cerebral uptake and dopamine D(1) binding of R-[(11)C]SKF 82957 were measured ex vivo. In addition, pharmacological challenges with the receptor antagonist SCH 23390, amphetamine, the dopamine reuptake inhibitor RTI-32 and the dopamine hydroxylase inhibitor α-methyl-p-tyrosine were performed to study the specificity and sensitivity of R-[(11)C]-SKF 82957 dopamine D(1) binding in COMT-inhibited animals. RESULTS Treatment with the COMT inhibitor tolcapone was associated with a dose-dependent (EC(90) 5.3 ± 4.3 mg/kg) reduction in the lipophilic metabolite. Tolcapone treatment (20 mg/kg) also resulted in a significant increase in the striatum/cerebellum ratio of R-[(11)C]SKF 82957, from 15 (controls) to 24. Treatment with the dopamine D(1) antagonist SCH 23390 reduced the striatal binding to the levels of the cerebellum, demonstrating a high specificity and selectivity of R-[(11)C]SKF 82957 binding. CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with the COMT inhibitor tolcapone inhibits formation of an interfering metabolite of R-[(11)C]SKF 82957. Under such conditions, R-[(11)C]SKF 82957 demonstrates high potential as the first agonist radiotracer for imaging the dopamine D(1) receptor by PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Palner
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Selemon LD, Begović A, Williams GV, Castner SA. Reversal of neuronal and cognitive consequences of amphetamine sensitization following chronic treatment with a D1 antagonist. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:325-32. [PMID: 20600252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity is a key factor in restoration of brain function following neuropathology associated with disease or drug exposure. Here we examined the potential for chronic treatment with the selective D1 receptor antagonist SCH39166 to reverse the profound and enduring cognitive impairment associated with amphetamine (AMPH) sensitization in the nonhuman primate and to stimulate re-growth of atrophied pyramidal dendrites in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of these animals. Four rhesus monkeys with sustained cognitive impairment (>1year following AMPH sensitization) were treated for up to 8months with SCH39166. Cognitive testing was performed before, during, and for up to 1(1/2) year following treatment. Significant improvement in working memory performance was observed only after cessation of the D1 antagonist treatment but then was sustained for the duration of the post-treatment testing period. Postmortem quantitative assessment of Golgi-impregnated pyramidal neurons in BA9 showed that apical dendritic length and trunk spine density were increased in D1 antagonist treated monkeys relative to AMPH-sensitized and AMPH-naïve monkeys. These findings, which suggest that the deleterious consequences of AMPH sensitization can be reversed by modulation of D1 receptor signaling, have implications for treating the underlying neural basis of cognitive deficits in both schizophrenia and substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn D Selemon
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
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Imaging cortical dopamine D1 receptors using [11C]NNC112 and ketanserin blockade of the 5-HT 2A receptors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:985-93. [PMID: 20029452 PMCID: PMC2949183 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
[(11)C]NNC112 (8-chloro-7-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-(7-benzofuranyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-IH-3-benzazepine), a selective positron-emission tomography (PET) ligand for the D(1) receptor (R) over the 5-HT(2A) R in vitro, has shown lower selectivity in vivo, hampering measurement of D(1) R in the cortex. [(11)C]NNC112 PET and intravenous (i.v) ketanserin challenge were used to (1) confirm the previous findings of [(11)C]NNC112 in vivo D(1) R selectivity, and (2) develop a feasible methodology for imaging cortical D(1) R without contamination by 5-HT(2A) R. Seven healthy volunteers underwent [(11)C]NNC112 PET scans at baseline and after a 5-HT(2A) R-blocking dose of ketanserin (0.15 mg/kg, i.v.). Percent BP(ND) change between the post-ketanserin and baseline scans was calculated. Irrespective of the quantification method used, ketanserin pretreatment led to significant decrease of BP(ND) in the cortical (approximately 30%) and limbic regions (approximately 20%) but not in the striatum, which contains a much lower amount of 5-HT(2A) R. Therefore, ketanserin allows D(1) R signal to be detected by [(11)C]NNC112 PET without significant 5-HT(2A) R contamination. These data confirm the presence of a significant 5-HT(2A) R contribution to cortical [(11)C]NNC112 signal, and call for caution in the interpretation of published [(11)C]NNC112 PET findings on cortical D(1) R in humans. In the absence of more selective ligands, [(11)C]NNC112 PET with ketanserin can be used for cortical D(1) R imaging in vivo.
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Jucaite A, Forssberg H, Karlsson P, Halldin C, Farde L. Age-related reduction in dopamine D1 receptors in the human brain: from late childhood to adulthood, a positron emission tomography study. Neuroscience 2010; 167:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kosaka J, Takahashi H, Ito H, Takano A, Fujimura Y, Matsumoto R, Nozaki S, Yasuno F, Okubo Y, Kishimoto T, Suhara T. Decreased binding of [11C]NNC112 and [11C]SCH23390 in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Life Sci 2010; 86:814-8. [PMID: 20361984 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Abnormality of cognitive function in schizophrenia has been suggested to be related to dopamine D1 receptor. However, the results of previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies of dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia were not consistent. MAIN METHODS In this study, six patients with schizophrenia in severe residual phase with chronic antipsychotic treatment and twelve healthy age-matched controls participated. Two different radioligands, [11C]NNC112 and [11C]SCH23390, for dopamine D1 receptor were used on the same subjects. Binding of the ligands was measured by PET, and statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of covariate (ANCOVA) with age as covariate. KEY FINDINGS Good correlations between binding potential values (BP(ND)) and age were observed in all regions of interest (ROIs) with both ligands. ANCOVA with age as covariate of BP(ND) values of all ROIs revealed that the patient group showed significantly lower BP(ND) value compared with the control group in both ligands. SIGNIFICANCE In patients with chronic schizophrenia in severe residual phase with chronic antipsychotic treatment, the binding potential values of both ligands were significantly lower in the striatum and cortical regions than those of healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kosaka
- Molecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
Recent advances in the development and applications of neurochemical brain imaging methods have improved the ability to study the neurochemistry of the living brain in normal processes as well as psychiatric disorders. In particular, positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have been used to determine neurochemical substrates of schizophrenia and to uncover the mechanism of action of antipsychotic medications. The growing availability of radiotracers for monoaminergic neurotransmitter synthesis, transporters and receptors, has enabled the evaluation of hypotheses regarding neurotransmitter function in schizophrenia derived from preclinical and clinical observations. This chapter reviews the studies using neurochemical brain imaging methods for (1) detection of abnormalities in indices of dopamine and serotonin transmission in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls, (2) development of new tools to study other neurotransmitters systems, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, and (3) characterization of target occupancy by antipsychotic drugs, as well as its relationship to efficacy and side effects. As more imaging tools become available, this knowledge will expand and will lead to better detection of disease, as well as better therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Urban
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Impaired cognitive functioning, including deficits in working memory, is considered to be a core and disabling feature of schizophrenia that is difficult to treat. Deficits in working memory in schizophrenia are attributable, at least in part, to specific pathological alterations in the neuronal circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that involve, but are not restricted to, disturbances in glutamate, GABA, and dopamine neurotransmission. Cannabis use provides an example of an environmental exposure that may have a deleterious impact on these neurotransmitter systems and thereby contribute to worsening of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Increasing knowledge of the nature of the molecular alterations in these cortical circuits may lead to the development of new pathophysiologically informed treatment options for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Volk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, BST W1653, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Abstract
After decades of research aimed at elucidating the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia, it has become increasingly apparent that it is an illness knowing few boundaries. Psychopathological manifestations extend across several domains, impacting multiple facets of real-world functioning for the affected individual. Even within one such domain, arguably the most enduring, difficult to treat, and devastating to long-term functioning-executive impairment-there are not only a host of disrupted component processes, but also a complex underlying dysfunctional neural architecture. Further, just as implicated brain structures (eg, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) through postmortem and neuroimaging techniques continue to show alterations in multiple, interacting signaling pathways, so too does evolving understanding of genetic risk factors suggest multiple molecular entry points to illness liability. With this expansive network of interactions in mind, the present chapter takes a systems-level approach to executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, by identifying key regions both within and outside of the frontal lobes that show changes in schizophrenia and are important in cognitive control neural circuitry, summarizing current knowledge of their relevant functional interactions, and reviewing emerging links between schizophrenia risk genetics and characteristic executive circuit aberrancies observed with neuroimaging methods.
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Thompson JL, Urban N, Abi-Dargham A. How have developments in molecular imaging techniques furthered schizophrenia research? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:135-153. [PMID: 21243081 DOI: 10.2217/iim.09.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging techniques have led to significant advances in understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and contributed to knowledge regarding potential mechanisms of action of the drugs used to treat this illness. The aim of this article is to provide a review of the major findings related to the application of molecular imaging techniques that have furthered schizophrenia research. This article focuses specifically on neuroreceptor imaging studies with PET and SPECT. After providing a brief overview of neuroreceptor imaging methodology, we consider relevant findings from studies of receptor availability, and dopamine synthesis and release. Results are discussed in the context of current hypotheses regarding neurochemical alterations in the illness. We then selectively review pharmacological occupancy studies and the role of neuroreceptor imaging in drug development for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 31, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia has been one of the most enduring ideas in psychiatry. Initially, the emphasis was on a role of hyperdopaminergia in the etiology of schizophrenia (version I), but it was subsequently reconceptualized to specify subcortical hyperdopaminergia with prefrontal hypodopaminergia (version II). However, these hypotheses focused too narrowly on dopamine itself, conflated psychosis and schizophrenia, and predated advances in the genetics, molecular biology, and imaging research in schizophrenia. Since version II, there have been over 6700 articles about dopamine and schizophrenia. We selectively review these data to provide an overview of the 5 critical streams of new evidence: neurochemical imaging studies, genetic evidence, findings on environmental risk factors, research into the extended phenotype, and animal studies. We synthesize this evidence into a new dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia-version III: the final common pathway. This hypothesis seeks to be comprehensive in providing a framework that links risk factors, including pregnancy and obstetric complications, stress and trauma, drug use, and genes, to increased presynaptic striatal dopaminergic function. It explains how a complex array of pathological, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other findings, such as frontotemporal structural and functional abnormalities and cognitive impairments, may converge neurochemically to cause psychosis through aberrant salience and lead to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The hypothesis has one major implication for treatment approaches. Current treatments are acting downstream of the critical neurotransmitter abnormality. Future drug development and research into etiopathogenesis should focus on identifying and manipulating the upstream factors that converge on the dopaminergic funnel point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D. Howes
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Psychiatry Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK,Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Psychiatry Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; PO Box 053, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; tel: +44-20-7848-0593, fax: +44-20-7848-0287, e-mail:
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Seneca N, Zoghbi SS, Skinbjerg M, Liow JS, Hong J, Sibley DR, Pike VW, Halldin C, Innis RB. Occupancy of dopamine D2/3 receptors in rat brain by endogenous dopamine measured with the agonist positron emission tomography radioligand [11C]MNPA. Synapse 2009; 62:756-63. [PMID: 18651641 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of dopamine D(2/3) receptor occupancy by endogenous dopamine using positron emission tomography (PET) in animals have varied almost threefold. This variability may have been caused by incomplete depletion of dopamine or by the use of antagonist radioligands, which appear less sensitive than agonist radioligands to changes in endogenous dopamine. PET scans were performed in rats with the agonist PET radioligand [(11)C]MNPA ([O-methyl-(11)C]2-methoxy-N-propylnorapomorphine). [(11)C]MNPA was injected as a bolus plus constant infusion to achieve steady-state concentration in the body and equilibrium receptor binding in the brain. Radioligand binding was compared at baseline and after treatment with reserpine plus alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, which cause approximately 95% depletion of endogenous dopamine. Depletion of dopamine increased radioligand binding in striatum but had little effect in cerebellum. Striatal [(11)C]MNPA binding potential was 0.93 +/- 0.12 at baseline and increased to 1.99 +/- 0.25 after dopamine depletion. Occupancy of D(2/3) receptors by endogenous dopamine at baseline was calculated to be approximately 53%. Striatal binding was displaceable with raclopride, but not with BP 897 (a selective D(3) compound), thus confirming the D(2) receptor specificity of [(11)C]MNPA binding. Radioactivity extracted from rat brain contained only 8-10% radiometabolites and was insignificantly altered by administration of reserpine plus alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. Hence, dopamine depletion did not increase the PET measurements via an effect on radiotracer metabolism. Our in vivo estimate of dopamine's occupancy of D(2/3) receptors at baseline is higher than that previously reported using antagonist radioligands and PET, but is similar to that reported using agonist radioligands and ex vivo measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Seneca
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2035, USA.
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Lewis DA, Sweet RA. Schizophrenia from a neural circuitry perspective: advancing toward rational pharmacological therapies. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:706-16. [PMID: 19339762 DOI: 10.1172/jci37335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe disorder that disrupts the function of multiple brain systems, resulting in impaired social and occupational functioning. The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia appear to involve the interplay of a potentially large number of genetic liabilities and adverse environmental events that disrupt brain developmental pathways. In this Review, we discuss a strategy for determining how particular common and core clinical features of the illness are associated with pathophysiology in certain circuits of the cerebral cortex. The identification of molecular alterations in these circuits is providing critical insights for the rational development of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Lewis
- University of Pittsburgh,Department of Psychiatry, W1651 Biomedical Science Tower, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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McNab F, Varrone A, Farde L, Jucaite A, Bystritsky P, Forssberg H, Klingberg T. Changes in cortical dopamine D1 receptor binding associated with cognitive training. Science 2009; 323:800-2. [PMID: 19197069 DOI: 10.1126/science.1166102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is a key function for human cognition, dependent on adequate dopamine neurotransmission. Here we show that the training of working memory, which improves working memory capacity, is associated with changes in the density of cortical dopamine D1 receptors. Fourteen hours of training over 5 weeks was associated with changes in both prefrontal and parietal D1 binding potential. This plasticity of the dopamine D1 receptor system demonstrates a reciprocal interplay between mental activity and brain biochemistry in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McNab
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Stockholm Brain Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lavigne F, Darmon N. Dopaminergic neuromodulation of semantic priming in a cortical network model. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:3074-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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COMT genotype predicts cortical-limbic D1 receptor availability measured with [11C]NNC112 and PET. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:821-7. [PMID: 18317466 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A common polymorphism (val158met) in the gene encoding catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has been shown to affect dopamine (DA) tone in cortex and cortical functioning. D1 receptors are the main DA receptors in the cortex, and studies have shown that decreased levels of cortical DA are associated with upregulation of D1 receptor availability, as measured with the positron-emission tomography (PET) radiotracer [11C]NNC112. We compared [11C]NNC 112 binding in healthy volunteers homozygous for the Val allele compared with Met carriers. Subjects were otherwise matched for parameters known to affect [11C]NNC 112 binding. Subjects with Val/Val alleles had significantly higher cortical [11C]NNC 112 binding compared with Met carriers, but did not differ in striatal binding. These results confirm the prominent role of COMT in regulating DA transmission in cortex but not striatum, and the reliability of [11C]NNC 112 as a marker for low DA tone as previously suggested by studies in patients with schizophrenia.
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Elsworth JD, Jentsch JD, Morrow BA, Redmond DE, Roth RH. Clozapine normalizes prefrontal cortex dopamine transmission in monkeys subchronically exposed to phencyclidine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:491-6. [PMID: 17507917 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism responsible for the therapeutic effects of the prototypical atypical antipsychotic drug, clozapine, is still not understood; however, there is persuasive evidence from in vivo studies in normal rodents and primates that the ability to elevate dopamine neurotransmission preferentially in the prefrontal cortex is a key component to the beneficial effects of clozapine in schizophrenia. Theoretically, such an effect of clozapine would counteract the deficient dopaminergic innervation of the prefrontal cortex that appears to be part of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We have previously shown that following repeated, intermittent administrations of phencyclidine to monkeys there is lowered prefrontal cortical dopamine transmission and impairment of cognitive performance that is dependent on the prefrontal cortex; these biochemical and behavioral changes therefore model certain aspects of schizophrenia. We now investigate the effects of clozapine on the dopamine projections to prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum in control monkeys and in those withdrawn from repeated phencyclidine treatment, using a dose regimen of clozapine that ameliorates the cognitive deficits described in the primate phencyclidine (PCP) model. In normal monkeys, clozapine elevated dopamine turnover in all prefrontal cortical, but not subcortical, regions analyzed. In the primate PCP model, clozapine normalized dopamine (DA) turnover in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, prelimbic cortex, and cingulate cortex. Thus, the present data support the hypothesis that the therapeutic effects of clozapine in this primate model and perhaps in schizophrenia may be related at least in part to the restoration of DA tone in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Elsworth
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Martinez D, Kim JH, Krystal J, Abi-Dargham A. Imaging the neurochemistry of alcohol and substance abuse. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2008; 17:539-55, x. [PMID: 17983969 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of abuse and dependence have long suggested that chronic drug and alcohol exposure is associated with marked changes in neurochemistry. The development of PET and SPECT imaging now allows investigation of the effects of addiction on the neurochemistry of the human brain. This article reviews the literature of radiochemical imaging in cocaine, alcohol, heroin, methamphetamine, MDMA, and ketamine abuse and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box #31, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
The core features of schizophrenia include deficits in cognitive processes mediated by the circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These deficits are associated with a range of molecular and morphological alterations in the DLPFC, each of which could be a cause, consequence, or compensation in relation to other changes, and thus reflect the neuroplasticity of the brain in response to the underlying disease process. In this review, we consider disturbances in excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory connections of DLPFC circuitry from the perspective of disease- and development-related neuroplasticity and discuss their implications for the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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42
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Mu Q, Johnson K, Morgan PS, Grenesko EL, Molnar CE, Anderson B, Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Kose S, Knable M, Fernandes P, Nichols DE, Mailman RB, George MS. A single 20 mg dose of the full D1 dopamine agonist dihydrexidine (DAR-0100) increases prefrontal perfusion in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 94:332-41. [PMID: 17596915 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D1 receptors play an important role in memory and cognition in non-human primates. Dopamine D1 agonists have been shown to reverse performance deficits in both aged non-human primates and in primates with lesions to dopamine systems. This study explored whether a single dose of the first full D1 agonist dihydrexidine (DAR-0100) would cause changes in brain activity (perfusion) in dopamine-rich brain regions. We used a new gadolinium-contrast magnetic resonance perfusion scanning technique to measure brain activity. A within-subject cross-over double-blind randomized design was used in 20 adults with SCID-diagnosed schizophrenia. Each morning at 0800 h, they were scanned on a 3.0 T MRI scanner for perfusion. They then received either 20 mg of dihydrexidine, or placebo, subcutaneously over 15 min. Over the next 45 min, they had intermittent MRI scans. Two days later, they had a repeat of the Day 1 schedule, but received the opposite treatment from that given on the first day. Within-day, as well as between-day, comparisons were made to test for perfusion effects of dihydrexidine. Analysis revealed that dihydrexidine induced a significant increase in both prefrontal and non-prefrontal perfusion compared to placebo. The greatest increases occurred approximately 20 min after dihydrexidine infusion, consistent with the short pharmacokinetic half-life of dihydrexidine. These data are consistent with the hypothesis formulated from studies of non-human primates that dihydrexidine and other D1 agonists may be able to modulate prefrontal dopaminergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Mu
- Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Ekelund J, Slifstein M, Narendran R, Guillin O, Belani H, Guo NN, Hwang Y, Hwang DR, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M. In vivo DA D(1) receptor selectivity of NNC 112 and SCH 23390. Mol Imaging Biol 2007; 9:117-25. [PMID: 17473957 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-007-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE [(11)C]NNC 112 and [(11)C]SCH 23390 are selective positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for visualizing dopamine D(1) receptors. It is known that both have some affinity for serotonin 2A receptors, but previous studies have suggested this is negligible compared to D(1) affinity. We sought to verify this property in vivo. PROCEDURES Two baboons were scanned to measure the selectivity of both tracers with a displacement paradigm. Four baboons were scanned to directly assess [(11)C] NNC 112 affinity for both receptors. RESULTS In vivo, D(1) to 5-HT(2A) selectivity is six to fourteenfold, not 100-fold as previously reported by other investigators. CONCLUSION We conclude that about 1/4 of the cortical signal of both [(11)C]NNC 112 and [(11)C]SCH 23390 is due to binding to 5-HT(2A) receptors. If confirmed in humans, this suggests caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions from studies using either tracer. These results also indicate the need for more selective tracers for the D(1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Ekelund
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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44
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Castner SA, Williams GV. Tuning the engine of cognition: A focus on NMDA/D1 receptor interactions in prefrontal cortex. Brain Cogn 2007; 63:94-122. [PMID: 17204357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 11/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex of the primate frontal lobes provides the capacity for judgment which can constantly adapt behavior in order to optimize its outcome. Adjudicating between long-term memory programs and prepotent responses, this capacity reviews all incoming information and provides an interpretation dependent on the events that have just occurred, the events that are predicted to happen, and the alternative response strategies that are available in the given situation. It has been theorized that this function requires two essential integrated components, a central executive which guides selective attention based on mechanisms of associative memory, as well as the second component, working memory buffers, in which information is held online, abstracted, and translated on a mental sketchpad of work in progress. In this review, we critically outline the evidence that the integration of these processes and, in particular, the induction and maintenance of persistent activity in prefrontal cortex and related networks, is dependent upon the interaction of dopamine D1 and glutamate NMDA receptor signaling at critical nodes within local circuits and distributed networks. We argue that this interaction is not only essential for representational memory, but also core to mechanisms of neuroadaptation and learning. Understanding its functional significance promises to reveal major new insights into prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia and, hence, to target a new generation of drugs designed to ameliorate the debilitating working memory deficits in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Castner
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Easwaramoorthy B, Pichika R, Collins D, Potkin SG, Leslie FM, Mukherjee J. Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the binding of nicotinic alpha4beta2 receptor PET radiotracer, (18)F-nifene: A measure of acetylcholine competition. Synapse 2007; 61:29-36. [PMID: 17068780 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI's) are used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the putative mode of action is to increase acetylcholine (ACh) levels. Our goal is to evaluate competition of ACh with nicotinic alpha4beta2 receptor PET agonist radiotracer, 2-[(18)F]fluoro-3-[2-((S)-3-pyrrolinyl)methoxy]pyridine ((18)F-nifene). This ability to measure ACh-(18)F-nifene competition may have potential to assess efficacy of AChEI's in vivo. In vitro studies in rat brain slices used two AChEI's, physostigmine (PHY) and galanthamine (GAL). Brain slices were incubated with (18)F-nifene and various concentrations of PHY (0.2-20 microM) or GAL (0.4-4 microM) prior to (18)F-nifene treatment. For ACh competition, slices were also incubated with PHY + 100 nM ACh or GAL + 100 nM ACh or 100 nM ACh alone. Nonspecific binding of (18)F-nifene was determined using 300 microM nicotine. In the in vitro rat brain homogenate binding assay, ACh inhibited (3)H-cytisine binding to alpha4beta2 receptors with K(i) values of 19.2 nM (with PHY) and 34.7 microM (no PHY) indicating approximately 1.8 x 10(3) weaker binding of ACh in the absence of AChEI. Binding of (18)F-nifene was not affected by PHY (0.2-20 microM) or ACh 100 nM alone but decreased substantially by PHY + ACh 100 nM in all brain regions (down by >40% of control in thalamus). Similarly, for GAL (4 microM) no effect on (18)F-nifene binding occurred but GAL (0.4-4 microM) + ACh 100 nM showed a reduction of (18)F-nifene binding in all brain regions (down by approximately 15%). The reduction in both cases is a result of ACh competition with (18)F-nifene in the presence of AChEI. These preliminary in vitro results suggest that ACh is able to compete with (18)F-nifene at the alpha4beta2 receptors in the presence of PHY or GAL. The effect is AChEI-concentration dependent and is greater for PHY than GAL. Thus (18)F-nifene has promise for assessing ACh levels and AChEI effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramaniam Easwaramoorthy
- Brain Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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46
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Lindsey KP, Gatley SJ. Applications of Clinical Dopamine Imaging. PET Clin 2007; 2:45-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Recent technologic advances make it increasingly possible to image neurotransmitter systems in living human brain, The dopamine system has been most intensively studied owing to its involvement in several brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and compulsive behavioral disorders of multiple types. A variety of aspects of dopamine receptor density, function, and dopaminergic terminal status can now be assessed using the minimally invasive neuroimaging techniques of positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Although these techniques are currently used most often in the context of research, clinical applications are rapidly emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Lindsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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48
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Cropley VL, Fujita M, Innis RB, Nathan PJ. Molecular imaging of the dopaminergic system and its association with human cognitive function. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:898-907. [PMID: 16682268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has recently been used to examine dopamine (DA) function and its relationship with cognition in human subjects. This article will review PET and SPECT studies that have explored the relationship between cognitive processes and components of the DA system (pre-, intra-, and postsynaptic) in healthy and patient populations such as Parkinson's disease (PD), schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, and aging. It is demonstrated that DA activity modulates a range of frontal executive-type cognitive processes such as working memory, attentional functioning, and sequential organization, and alterations of DA within the fronto-striato-thalamic circuits might contribute to the cognitive impairments observed in PD, schizophrenia, and normal aging. Although associations between DA and cognitive measures need to be considered within the context of fronto-striato-thalamic circuitry, it is suggested that striatal (especially caudate) DA activity, particularly via D2 receptors, might be important for response inhibition, temporal organization of material, and motor performance, whereas cortical DA transmission via D1 receptors might be important for maintaining and representing on-going behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Cropley
- Department of Physiology, Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Centre for Brain and Behaviour, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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49
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Kellendonk C, Simpson EH, Polan HJ, Malleret G, Vronskaya S, Winiger V, Moore H, Kandel ER. Transient and selective overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent abnormalities in prefrontal cortex functioning. Neuron 2006; 49:603-15. [PMID: 16476668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased activity of D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the striatum has been linked to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. To determine directly the behavioral and physiological consequences of increased D2R function in the striatum, we generated mice with reversibly increased levels of D2Rs restricted to the striatum. D2 transgenic mice exhibit selective cognitive impairments in working memory tasks and behavioral flexibility without more general cognitive deficits. The deficit in the working memory task persists even after the transgene has been switched off, indicating that it results not from continued overexpression of D2Rs but from excess expression during development. To determine the effects that may mediate the observed cognitive deficits, we analyzed the prefrontal cortex, the brain structure mainly associated with working memory. We found that D2R overexpression in the striatum impacts dopamine levels, rates of dopamine turnover, and activation of D1 receptors in the prefrontal cortex, measures that are critical for working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kellendonk
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10032, USA
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50
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Tanaka S. Dopaminergic control of working memory and its relevance to schizophrenia: A circuit dynamics perspective. Neuroscience 2006; 139:153-71. [PMID: 16324800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article argues how dopamine controls working memory and how the dysregulation of the dopaminergic system is related to schizophrenia. In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is the principal part of the working memory system, recurrent excitation is subtly balanced with intracortical inhibition. A potent controller of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical circuit is the mesocortical dopaminergic system. To understand the characteristics of the dopaminergic control of working memory, the stability of the circuit dynamics under the influence of dopamine has been studied. Recent computational studies suggest that the hyperdopaminergic state is usually stable but the hypodopaminergic state tends to be unstable. The stability also depends on the efficacy of the glutamatergic transmission in the corticomesencephalic projections to dopamine neurons. When this cortical feedback is hypoglutamatergic, the circuit of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tends to be unstable, such that a slight increase in dopamine releasability causes a catastrophic jump of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity from a low to a high level. This may account for the seemingly paradoxical overactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex observed in schizophrenic patients. Given that dopamine transmission is abnormal in the brains of patients with schizophrenia and working memory deficit is a core dysfunction in schizophrenia, the concept of circuit stability would be useful not only for understanding the mechanisms of working memory processing but for developing therapeutic strategies to enhance cognitive functions in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
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