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Collins TJC, Morgan PK, Man K, Lancaster GI, Murphy AJ. The influence of metabolic disorders on adaptive immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:1109-1119. [PMID: 39134802 PMCID: PMC11442657 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role in protecting the body from invading pathogens and maintaining tissue homoeostasis. Maintaining homoeostatic lipid metabolism is an important aspect of efficient immune cell function and when disrupted immune cell function is impaired. There are numerous metabolic diseases whereby systemic lipid metabolism and cellular function is impaired. In the context of metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation is suggested to be a major contributor to disease progression. A major contributor to tissue dysfunction in metabolic disease is ectopic lipid deposition, which is generally caused by diet and genetic factors. Thus, we propose the idea, that similar to tissue and organ damage in metabolic disorders, excessive accumulation of lipid in immune cells promotes a dysfunctional immune system (beyond the classical foam cell) and contributes to disease pathology. Herein, we review the evidence that lipid accumulation through diet can modulate the production and function of immune cells by altering cellular lipid content. This can impact immune cell signalling, activation, migration, and death, ultimately affecting key aspects of the immune system such as neutralising pathogens, antigen presentation, effector cell activation and resolving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J C Collins
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Pooranee K Morgan
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Kevin Man
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Banaszak M, Dobrzyńska M, Kawka A, Górna I, Woźniak D, Przysławski J, Drzymała-Czyż S. Role of Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) as modulatory and anti-inflammatory agents in noncommunicable diet-related diseases - Reports from the last 10 years. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 63:240-258. [PMID: 38980796 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fatty acids are a fundamental component of the human diet, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The importance of omega-3 fatty acids has been studied in the context of many diseases due to their pleiotropic effects, focusing on the anti-inflammatory effects of EPA and DHA. Currently, the results of these acids in noncommunicable diseases are being increasingly assessed in a broader context than just inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying the modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids remain the subject of intensive research. Therefore, we reviewed the literature covering articles from the last decade to assess not only the anti-inflammatory but, above all, the modulatory effect of EPA and DHA acids on noncommunicable diet-related diseases. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for studies regarding the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on diet-related disorders from the last 10 years. RESULTS The available research shows that EPA and DHA supplementation has a beneficial impact on regulating triglycerides, total cholesterol, insulin resistance, blood pressure, liver enzymes, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress. Additionally, there is evidence of their potential benefits in terms of mitochondrial function, regulation of plasma lipoproteins, and reduction of the risk of sudden cardiovascular events associated with atherosclerotic plaque rupture. CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA, DHA) have many beneficial effects among patients with diet-related disorders. More well-designed randomised controlled trials are needed to fully determine the usefulness of EPA and DHA in treating and preventing noncommunicable diet-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Banaszak
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Bromatology, Rokietnicka 3, Poznan, Poland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences Doctoral School, Bukowska 70, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Dobrzyńska
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Bromatology, Rokietnicka 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Kawka
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ilona Górna
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Bromatology, Rokietnicka 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dagmara Woźniak
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Bromatology, Rokietnicka 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Juliusz Przysławski
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Bromatology, Rokietnicka 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Bromatology, Rokietnicka 3, Poznan, Poland
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Honecker J, Prokopchuk O, Seeliger C, Hauner H, Junker D, Karampinos DC, Ruschke S. Feasibility of omega-3 fatty acid fraction mapping using chemical shift encoding-based imaging at 3 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024:e5181. [PMID: 38830747 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work is to develop an ω-3 fatty acid fraction mapping method at 3 T based on a chemical shift encoding model, to assess its performance in a phantom and in vitro study, and to further demonstrate its feasibility in vivo. METHODS A signal model was heuristically derived based on spectral appearance and theoretical considerations of the corresponding molecular structures to differentiate between ω-3 and non-ω-3 fatty acid substituents in triacylglycerols in addition to the number of double bonds (ndb), the number of methylene-interrupted double bonds (nmidb), and the mean fatty acid chain length (CL). First, the signal model was validated using single-voxel spectroscopy and a time-interleaved multi-echo gradient-echo (TIMGRE) sequence in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-calibrated oil phantoms. Second, the TIMGRE-based method was validated in vitro in 21 adipose tissue samples with corresponding GC-MS measurements. Third, an in vivo feasibility study was performed for the TIMGRE-based method in the gluteal region of two healthy volunteers. Phantom and in vitro data was analyzed using a Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS Compared with GC-MS, MRS showed in the phantom study significant correlations in estimating the ω-3 fraction (p < 0.001), ndb (p < 0.001), nmidb (p < 0.001), and CL (p = 0.001); MRI showed in the phantom study significant correlations (all p < 0.001) for the ω-3 fraction, ndb, and nmidb, but no correlation for CL. Also in the in vitro study, significant correlations (all p < 0.001) between MRI and GC-MS were observed for the ω-3 fraction, ndb, and nmidb, but not for CL. An exemplary ROI measurement in vivo in the gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue yielded (mean ± standard deviation) 0.8% ± 1.9% ω-3 fraction. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated strong correlations between gradient-echo imaging-based ω-3 fatty acid fraction mapping and GC-MS in the phantom and in vitro study. Furthermore, feasibility was demonstrated for characterizing adipose tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Honecker
- Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudine Seeliger
- Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Junker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Ruschke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ogłuszka M, Chen CY, Poławska E, Starzyński RR, Liput K, Siekierko U, Pareek CS, Pierzchała M, Kang JX. Elevated tissue status of omega-3 fatty acids protects against age-related telomere attrition in fat-1 transgenic mice. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1488-1494. [PMID: 38718720 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a biomarker of aging that may be influenced by dietary factors. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) have been suggested to affect LTL. However, research on this effect has been inconclusive. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis about the positive effect of n-3 FA on LTL. METHODS Fat-1 transgenic mice, which can convert omega-6 fatty acids (n-6 FA) to n-3 FA and have elevated levels of endogenous n-3 FA in their tissues, were used to study the effects of n-3 FA on LTL at different ages. Blood samples from 10-month-old wild-type (WT) mice (n = 10) and fat-1 mice (n = 10) and 3-month-old WT mice (n = 5) and fat-1 mice (n = 5) were used to measure relative and absolute LTL. The levels of proteins critical for telomere maintenance were examined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Fat-1 transgenic mice had longer leukocyte telomeres than their WT siblings, suggesting a slower rate of age-related telomere shortening in fat-1 mice. In animals aged 10 months, the LTL was significantly longer in fat-1 than in WT mice (mean ± SEM; relative LTL: WT = 1.00 ± 0.09 vs. fat-1: 1.25 ± 0.05, P = 0.031; absolute LTL: WT = 64.41 ± 6.50 vs. fat-1: 78.53 ± 3.86, P = 0.048). The difference in LTL observed in three-month-old mice was insignificant, however the mean LTL was still longer in fat-1 mice than in the WT mice. Fat-1 mice also had abundant levels of two shelterin proteins: TRF1 (27%, P = 0.028) and TRF2 (47%, P = 0.040) (telomeric repeat binding factor 1 and 2) compared to WT animals. CONCLUSION This study, for the first time in a unique animal model free of dietary confounders, has demonstrated that increased levels of n-3 FA in tissues can reduce telomere attrition. The data presented indicate the possibility of using omega-3 fatty acids to reduce accelerated telomere attrition and, consequently, counteract premature aging and reduce the risk of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland.
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ewa Poławska
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Kamila Liput
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Urszula Siekierko
- Department of Meat and Fat Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
| | - Chandra S Pareek
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pierzchała
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Asghari KM, Saleh P, Salekzamani Y, Dolatkhah N, Aghamohammadzadeh N, Hashemian M. The effect of curcumin and high-content eicosapentaenoic acid supplementations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Nutr Diabetes 2024; 14:14. [PMID: 38589346 PMCID: PMC11001914 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effect of curcumin and eicosapentaenoic acid, as one the main components of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on anthropometric, glucose homeostasis, and gene expression markers of cardio-metabolic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS/METHODS This clinical trial was conducted at the Endocrinology Clinic of Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz. It aimed to determine the impact of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and curcumin supplements on various health indicators in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) from 2021.02.01 to 2022.02.01. The study was a randomized double-blinded clinical trial and conducted over 12 weeks with 100 participants randomly divided into four groups. Stratified randomization was used to assign participants to two months of supplementation based on sex and Body Mass Index (BMI). The study comprised four groups: Group 1 received 2 capsules of 500 mg EPA and 200 mg DHA, along with 1 nano-curcumin placebo; Group 2 received 1 capsule of 80 mg nano-curcumin and 2 omega 3 Fatty Acids placebos; Group 3 received 2 capsules of 500 mg EPA and 200 mg DHA, and 1 capsule of 80 mg nano-curcumin; Group 4, the control, received 2 omega 3 Fatty Acids placebos and 1 nano-curcumin placebo. RESULTS After twelve weeks of taking EPA + Nano-curcumin supplements, the patients experienced a statistically significant reduction in insulin levels in their blood [MD: -1.44 (-2.70, -0.17)]. This decrease was significantly greater than the changes observed in the placebo group [MD: -0.63 (-1.97, 0.69)]. The EPA + Nano-curcumin group also showed a significant decrease in High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) levels compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the EPA + Nano-curcumin group had a significant increase in Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) levels compared to the placebo group (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), or Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) levels between the four groups (all p > 0.05). There were significant differences between the Nano-curcumin and EPA groups [MD: -17.02 (-32.99, -1.05)], and between the Nano-curcumin and control groups [MD: -20.76 (-36.73, -4.79)] in terms of lowering the serum cholesterol level. The difference in Triglycerides (TG) serum levels between the EPA + Nano-curcumin and placebo groups were not statistically significant (p = 0.093). The Nano-curcumin group showed significant decreases in Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to the EPA group [MD: -20.12 (-36.90, -3.34)] and the control group [MD: -20.79 (-37.57, -4.01)]. There was a near-to-significant difference in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) serum levels between the EPA + Nano-curcumin and EPA groups (p = 0.056). Finally, there were significant differences in the decrease of serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) levels between the EPA and Nano-curcumin groups [MD: -127.50 (-247.91, -7.09)], the EPA and placebo groups [MD: 126.25 (5.83, 246.66)], the EPA + Nano-curcumin and Nano-curcumin groups [MD: -122.76 (-243.17, -2.35)], and the EPA + Nano- curcumin and placebo groups [MD: 121.50 (1.09, 241.92)]. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that 12-week supplementation with EPA and Nano-curcumin may positively impact inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic parameters in patients with diabetes. The supplementation of EPA and Nano-curcumin may be a potential intervention to manage diabetes and reduce the risk of complications associated with diabetes. However, further research is needed to validate the study's findings and establish the long-term effects of EPA and Nano-curcumin supplementation in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Motlagh Asghari
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Saleh
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Salekzamani
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Dolatkhah
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Maryam Hashemian
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Utica University, Utica, NY, USA
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Lewis JI, Lind MV, Møller G, Hansen T, Pedersen H, Christensen MMB, Laursen JC, Nielsen S, Ottendahl CB, Larsen CVL, Stark KD, Bjerregaard P, Jørgensen ME, Lauritzen L. The effect of traditional diet on glucose homoeostasis in carriers and non-carriers of a common TBC1D4 variant in Greenlandic Inuit: a randomised crossover study. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1871-1884. [PMID: 37129117 PMCID: PMC10632723 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452300106x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of traditional foods is decreasing amid a lifestyle transition in Greenland as incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases. In homozygous carriers of a TBC1D4 variant, conferring postprandial insulin resistance, the risk of T2D is markedly higher. We investigated the effects of traditional marine diets on glucose homoeostasis and cardio-metabolic health in Greenlandic Inuit carriers and non-carriers of the variant in a randomised crossover study consisting of two 4-week dietary interventions: Traditional (marine-based, low-carbohydrate) and Western (high in imported meats and carbohydrates). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT, 2-h), 14-d continuous glucose and cardio-metabolic markers were assessed to investigate the effect of diet and genotype. Compared with the Western diet, the Traditional diet reduced mean and maximum daily blood glucose by 0·17 mmol/l (95 % CI 0·05, 0·29; P = 0·006) and 0·26 mmol/l (95 % CI 0·06, 0·46; P = 0·010), respectively, with dose-dependency. Furthermore, it gave rise to a weight loss of 0·5 kg (95 % CI; 0·09, 0·90; P = 0·016) relative to the Western diet and 4 % (95 % CI 1, 9; P = 0·018) lower LDL:HDL-cholesterol, which after adjustment for weight loss appeared to be driven by HDL elevation (0·09 mmol/l (0·03, 0·15), P = 0·006). A diet-gene interaction was indicated on insulin sensitivity in the OGTT (p = 0·093), which reflected a non-significant increase of 1·4 (-0·6, 3·5) mmol/l in carrier 2-h glucose. A Traditional diet marginally improved daily glycaemic control and plasma lipid profile compared with a Westernised diet in Greenlandic Inuit. Possible adverse effects on glucose tolerance in carriers of the TBC1D4 variant warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ivor Lewis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Vendelbo Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grith Møller
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Sara Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ken D. Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- SDU, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marit E. Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Ilisimatusarfik, The University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sawalha K, Tripathi V, Alkhatib D, Alalawi L, Mahmood A, Alexander T. Our Hidden Enemy: Ultra-Processed Foods, Inflammation, and the Battle for Heart Health. Cureus 2023; 15:e47484. [PMID: 38022349 PMCID: PMC10663139 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, we have witnessed unprecedented growth in new data that has fundamentally changed our traditional understanding of the progression of atherosclerotic plaques, as well as our strategies for preventing cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis. It was once believed that atherosclerosis was primarily caused by abnormal lipid buildup in the vessel intima, leading to plaque growth and luminal stenosis, with or without rupture. This perspective has now evolved to encompass more complex pathways, wherein the accumulation of abnormal products of oxidation and inflammation are the most likely factors mediating the growth of atherosclerotic plaques. The review aims to provide a comprehensive and detailed exploration of the relationship between ultra-processed foods, chronic inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, insulin resistance, and the role of the gut microbiota. It touches on several important aspects of modern diet and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Sawalha
- Department of Cardiometabolic Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - Vyomesh Tripathi
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - Deya Alkhatib
- Department of Cardiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Luay Alalawi
- Department of Cardiology, Corpus Christi Medical Center Bay Area, Corpus Christi , USA
| | - Ahmed Mahmood
- Department of Cardiology, Corpus Christi Medical Center Bay Area, Corpus Christi , USA
| | - Thomas Alexander
- Department of Cardiology, Corpus Christi Medical Center Bay Area, Corpus Christi, USA
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Rasaei N, Samadi M, Khadem A, Fatemi SF, Gholami F, Mirzaei K. Investigation of the interaction between Genetic Risk Score (GRS) and fatty acid quality indices on mental health among overweight and obese women. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:413. [PMID: 37542261 PMCID: PMC10403951 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mental disorders are associated with dietary fatty acids and genome-wide association studies have found multiple risk loci robustly related to depression, anxiety, and stress. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of genetic risk score (GRS) and dietary fat quality indices on mental health. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 279 overweight and obese women for N6/N3 ratio and 378 overweight and obese women for CSI aged 18-68 years. Using reliable and verified standard protocols, body composition, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, physical activity, and dietary fat quality were measured. Serum samples were used to determine biochemical tests. A genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated using the risk alleles of the three SNPs. A generalized linear model (GLM) was applied to assess the interactions between GRS and fat quality indices. Mental health was evaluated using Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). RESULTS The mean (± SD) age and BMI of our participants were 36.48 (8.45) and 30.73 (3.72) kg/m2 respectively. There was a marginally significant mean difference among tertiles of the CSI in terms of stress (P = 0.051), DASS-21 (P = 0.078) in the crude model. After adjusting for age, energy intake, physical activity and BMI in model 1, there was a positive interaction between GRS and T3 of N6/N3 ratio on anxiety (β = 0.91, CI = 0.08,1.75, P = 0.031), depression (β = 1.05, CI = 0.06,2.04, P = 0.037), DASS-21 (β = 2.22, CI= -0.31,4.75, P = 0.086). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that higher ratio of N-6 to N-3 considering genetics were predictive of mental disorder in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rasaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Samadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khadem
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Fatemi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ramanadham S, Turk J, Bhatnagar S. Noncanonical Regulation of cAMP-Dependent Insulin Secretion and Its Implications in Type 2 Diabetes. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:5023-5049. [PMID: 37358504 PMCID: PMC10809800 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and β-cell dysfunction in insulin resistance associated with obesity lead to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from β-cells occurs via a canonical pathway that involves glucose metabolism, ATP generation, inactivation of K ATP channels, plasma membrane depolarization, and increases in cytosolic concentrations of [Ca 2+ ] c . However, optimal insulin secretion requires amplification of GSIS by increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. The cAMP effectors protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange factor activated by cyclic-AMP (Epac) regulate membrane depolarization, gene expression, and trafficking and fusion of insulin granules to the plasma membrane for amplifying GSIS. The widely recognized lipid signaling generated within β-cells by the β-isoform of Ca 2+ -independent phospholipase A 2 enzyme (iPLA 2 β) participates in cAMP-stimulated insulin secretion (cSIS). Recent work has identified the role of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activated signaling by the complement 1q like-3 (C1ql3) secreted protein in inhibiting cSIS. In the IGT state, cSIS is attenuated, and the β-cell function is reduced. Interestingly, while β-cell-specific deletion of iPLA 2 β reduces cAMP-mediated amplification of GSIS, the loss of iPLA 2 β in macrophages (MØ) confers protection against the development of glucose intolerance associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO). In this article, we discuss canonical (glucose and cAMP) and novel noncanonical (iPLA 2 β and C1ql3) pathways and how they may affect β-cell (dys)function in the context of impaired glucose intolerance associated with obesity and T2D. In conclusion, we provide a perspective that in IGT states, targeting noncanonical pathways along with canonical pathways could be a more comprehensive approach for restoring β-cell function in T2D. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:5023-5049, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John Turk
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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10
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Laupsa-Borge J, Grytten E, Bohov P, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Skorve J, Nordrehaug JE, Berge RK, Rostrup E, Mellgren G, Dankel SN, Nygård OK. Sex-specific responses in glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid components after high-dose supplementation with marine n-3 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1020678. [PMID: 37404855 PMCID: PMC10315503 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical studies on effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) on lipoprotein-lipid components and glucose-insulin homeostasis have shown conflicting results, which may partly be explained by differential responses in females and males. However, we have lacked data on sexual dimorphism in the response of cardiometabolic risk markers following increased consumption of n-3 or n-6 PUFAs. Objective To explore sex-specific responses after n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFA supplementation on circulating lipoprotein subfractions, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acids in red blood cell membranes, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity among people with abdominal obesity. Methods This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-week intervention periods separated by a 9-week washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we measured lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity. Results The between-sex difference in relative change scores was significant after n-3 for total high-density lipoproteins (females/males: -11%*/-3.3%, p = 0.036; *: significant within-sex change), high-density lipoprotein particle size (+2.1%*/-0.1%, p = 0.045), and arachidonic acid (-8.3%*/-12%*, p = 0.012), and after n-6 for total (+37%*/+2.1%, p = 0.041) and small very-low-density lipoproteins (+97%*/+14%, p = 0.021), and lipoprotein (a) (-16%*/+0.1%, p = 0.028). Circulating markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis differed significantly after n-3 for glucose (females/males: -2.1%/+3.9%*, p = 0.029), insulin (-31%*/+16%, p < 0.001), insulin C-peptide (-12%*/+13%*, p = 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index 2 (-12%*/+14%*, p = 0.001) and insulin sensitivity index 2 (+14%*/-12%*, p = 0.001), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+4.9%*/-3.4%*, p < 0.001). Conclusion We found sex-specific responses after high-dose n-3 (but not n-6) supplementation in circulating markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity, which improved in females but worsened in males. This may partly be related to the sex differences we observed in several components of the lipoprotein-lipid profile following the n-3 intervention. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT02647333].
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Grytten
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Harlan TS, Gow RV, Kornstädt A, Alderson PW, Lustig RH. The Metabolic Matrix: Re-engineering ultraprocessed foods to feed the gut, protect the liver, and support the brain. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1098453. [PMID: 37063330 PMCID: PMC10097968 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1098453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraprocessed food is established as a metabolic disruptor acting to increase adiposity, reduce mitochondrial efficiency, drive insulin resistance, alter growth, and contribute to human morbidity and mortality. Consumer packaged goods (CPG) companies are beginning to understand the detrimental impact of the food they market, and have employed substitution strategies to reduce salt, sugar, and fat. However, the harms of ultraprocessed foods are far more complex than any single component, and are not ameliorated by such simple substitutions. Over the past 2 years, the authors have worked with the Kuwaiti Danish Dairy Company (KDD) to conduct a comprehensive scientific evaluation of their entire commercial food and beverage portfolio. Assay of the macronutrients, micronutrients, additives, and toxins contained in each of their products was undertaken to determine the precise nature of each product's ingredients as well as the health impacts of processing. The authors formed a Scientific Advisory Team (SAT) and developed a tiered "Metabolic Matrix" founded in three science-based principles: (1) protect the liver, (2) feed the gut, and (3) support the brain. The Metabolic Matrix categorizes each product and provides the criteria, metrics, and recommendations for improvement or reformulation. Real-time consultation with the KDD Executive and Operations teams was vital to see these procedures through to fruition. This scientific exercise has enabled KDD to lay the groundwork for improving the health, well-being, and sustainability of their entire product line, while maintaining flavor, economic, and fiscal viability. This process is easily transferrable, and we are sharing this effort and its approaches as a proof-of-concept. The key aim of our work is to not only make ultraprocessed food healthier but to urge other food companies to implement similar analysis and reformulation of their product lines to improve the metabolic health and well-being of consumers worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Harlan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rachel V. Gow
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - P. Wolfram Alderson
- Human & Environmental Health Department, Kuwaiti Danish Dairy Company, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Robert H. Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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12
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Omega-3-Rich Fish-Oil-Influenced Mouse Gut Microbiome Shaped by Intermittent Consumption of Beef. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:119. [PMID: 36855004 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Beef consumption can provide various amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and minerals; however, excessive intake causes metabolic disorders and increases the probability of obesity, atherosclerosis, and colorectal cancer. The intake of omega-3 fatty acids can ameliorate metabolic disorders by lowering blood glucose and triglyceride levels. In the present study, we investigated the effect of omega-3-rich fish oil on body performance and the gut microbiome in a beef-rich diet. Four-week-old C57BL/6 mice were distributed into four groups (chow diet [Chow], chow with beef diet [Beef], chow with omega-3 diet [Cw3], and chow with beef and omega-3 diet [Bw3]). We observed that body weight was unaltered between groups, and serum triglyceride levels were reduced in the omega-3 supplemented groups. The beta diversity indices, unweighted UniFrac distance (P = 0.001), and Jaccard distance (P = 0.001) showed statistically significant differences, and the principal coordinates analysis plot showed a clear separation between groups. In addition, the taxonomic comparison revealed that beef consumption increased numerous potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia-Shigella, Mucispirillum, Helicobacter, and Desulfovibrio, which were decreased following omega-3 supplementation. Metabolic comparison based on 16S rRNA revealed that energy and glucose metabolism were higher in omega-3 supplemented groups. Our findings suggest that the omega-3 supplementation under intermittent beef consumption contributes to changes in the gut microbiome and microbial metabolic pathways.
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Alfhili MA, Alsughayyir J, Basudan A, Alfaifi M, Awan ZA, Algethami MR, Al-Sheikh YA. Blood indices of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are altered in hyperglycemia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103577. [PMID: 36816730 PMCID: PMC9932443 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may favorably influence the risk and clinical course of diabetes mellitus (DM). In particular, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA) alleviate oxidative injury and insulin resistance characteristic of DM. Uncertainty still remains, however, as to the composition and proportions of blood PUFAs in relation to fasting blood glucose levels. This study, thus, aims to examine the patterns of blood PUFA indices in normoglycemic (NG) and hyperglycemic (HG) Saudi subjects. Age, gender, FA profiles, and laboratory records of 143 subjects collected from September 2014 to March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Means, prevalence rates, associations, risk measures, and the diagnostic accuracy of PUFAs were determined. HG subjects had significantly lower AA (0.70%, 95% CI: 0.59-0.80% vs 0.46%, 95% CI: 0.38-0.53%) and higher EPA/AA ratio (0.36, 95% CI: 0.30-0.42 vs 0.69, 95% CI: 0.61-0.77). Gender-wise comparisons revealed that ώ-6/ώ-3 ratio was the only PUFA index significantly elevated in HG males (0.36, 95% CI: 0.26-0.45 vs 5.68, 95% CI: 4.98-6.38) while both DHA (2.91%, 95% CI: 2.54-3.29% vs 3.37%, 95% CI: 3.13-3.60%) and ώ-3 index (3.1%, 95% CI: 2.70-3.49% vs 3.63%, 95% CI: 3.38-3.88%) were significantly elevated in HG females. Furthermore, reduced AA and elevated EPA/AA ratio were more prevalent in HG subjects (26.53 vs 28.72 and 30.61 vs 38.29, respectively) and exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy for HG among all PUFA indices. Altogether, our study revealed that distinct, gender-specific blood PUFA indices are differentially regulated in HG subjects which may be valuable for DM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alfaifi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhier A. Awan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Al-Borg Medical Laboratories, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Yazeed A. Al-Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Immune regulation of poly unsaturated fatty acids and free fatty acid receptor 4. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 112:109222. [PMID: 36402250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism contributes to energy supply and plays an important role in regulating immunity. Free fatty acids (FFAs) bind to free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) on the cell surface and mediate effects through the intra-cellular FFAR signaling pathways. FFAR4, also known as G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), has been identified as the primary receptor of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs). FFAR4 is a promising target for treating metabolic and inflammatory disorders due to its immune regulatory functions and the discovery of highly selective and efficient agonists. This review summarizes the reported immune regulatory functions of ω-3 PUFAs and FFAR4 in immune cells and immune-related diseases. We also speculate possible involvements of ω-3 PUFAs and FFAR4 in other types of inflammatory disorders.
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15
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Association between Omega-3 Index and Hyperglycemia Depending on Body Mass Index among Adults in the United States. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204407. [PMID: 36297090 PMCID: PMC9611386 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is inconsistency regarding the association between long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n3) and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the association between the Omega-3 Index (erythrocyte EPA + DHA) and glycemic status as a function of body mass index (BMI). Cross-sectional data from routine clinical laboratory testing with a total of 100,572 people aged over 18 years and BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 were included. Of the patients, 10% were hyperglycemic (fasting plasma glucose levels ≥ 126 mg/dL) and 24.7% were of normal weight, 35.0% were overweight, and 40.3% were obese. Odds ratios (ORs) of being hyperglycemic were inversely associated with the Omega-3 Index, but weakened as BMI increased. Thus, ORs (95% CI) comparing quintile 5 with quintile 1 were 0.54 (0.44-0.66) in the normal weight group, 0.70 (0.61-0.79) in the overweight group, and 0.74 (0.67-0.81) in the obese group. Similar patterns were seen for EPA and DHA separately. The present study suggested that a low Omega-3 Index is associated with a greater risk of disordered glucose metabolism and this is independent of BMI.
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16
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Britten-Jones AC, Craig JP, Anderson AJ, Downie LE. Association between systemic omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels, and corneal nerve structure and function. Eye (Lond) 2022:10.1038/s41433-022-02259-0. [PMID: 36163491 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. This study sought to determine the relationship between corneal parameters and systemic omega-3 fatty acid levels. METHODS Forty-seven participants with no/mild peripheral neuropathy (26 with diabetes and 21 without) underwent comprehensive ocular surface and systemic PUFA assessments. Corneal anatomical parameters were assessed using in vivo confocal microscopy. Corneal sensitivity was measured using non-contact esthesiometry. Relationships between systemic PUFA levels and corneal parameters were evaluated with multiple linear regression, adjusted for age, sex, neuropathy symptom score, and presence of diabetes and dry eye disease. The relationship between corneal nerve fibre length (CNFL) and corneal sensitivity threshold was evaluated. RESULTS The median Omega-3 Index, a measure of erythrocyte EPA and DHA, was 5.21% (interquartile range: 4.44-5.94%) in the study population. Mean ( ± SD) CNFL was 13.53 ± 3.37 mm/mm2. Multiple linear regression showed that Omega-3 Index (β = 0.33; p = 0.02), age (β = -0.46; p = 0.001) and diabetes (β = -0.30; p = 0.03) were independently associated with CNFL (R2 = 0.39, p = 0.002). In a separate model, DHA (β = 0.32; p = 0.027) and age (β = -0.41; p = 0.003) were associated with CNFL (R2 = 0.37, p = 0.003). Neither systemic EPA nor omega-6 fatty acid levels correlated with CNFL. There was no association between PUFA levels and corneal sensitivity or corneal immune cell density. A negative correlation was found between CNFL and corneal sensation thresholds to a cooled stimulus in diabetes participants, in the central (ρ = -0.50; p = 0.009) and peripheral (ρ = -0.50; p = 0.01) cornea. CONCLUSIONS A positive relationship between the systemic Omega-3 Index and corneal nerve parameters suggests omega-3 PUFA intake may influence corneal nerve architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer P Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Anderson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Bragg F, Kartsonaki C, Guo Y, Holmes M, Du H, Yu C, Pei P, Yang L, Jin D, Chen Y, Schmidt D, Avery D, Lv J, Chen J, Clarke R, Hill MR, Li L, Millwood IY, Chen Z. The role of NMR-based circulating metabolic biomarkers in development and risk prediction of new onset type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15071. [PMID: 36064959 PMCID: PMC9445062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations of circulating metabolic biomarkers with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and their added value for risk prediction are uncertain among Chinese adults. A case-cohort study included 882 T2D cases diagnosed during 8-years' follow-up and a subcohort of 789 participants. NMR-metabolomic profiling quantified 225 plasma biomarkers in stored samples taken at recruitment into the study. Cox regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for T2D associated with individual biomarkers, with a set of biomarkers incorporated into an established T2D risk prediction model to assess improvement in discriminatory ability. Mean baseline BMI (SD) was higher in T2D cases than in the subcohort (25.7 [3.6] vs. 23.9 [3.6] kg/m2). Overall, 163 biomarkers were significantly and independently associated with T2D at false discovery rate (FDR) controlled p < 0.05, and 138 at FDR-controlled p < 0.01. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA), apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1, triglycerides in VLDL and medium and small HDL particles, and VLDL particle size were strongly positively associated with T2D (HRs 1.74-2.36 per 1 SD, p < 0.001). HDL particle size, cholesterol concentration in larger HDL particles and docosahexaenoic acid levels were strongly inversely associated with T2D (HRs 0.43-0.48, p < 0.001). With additional adjustment for plasma glucose, most associations (n = 147 and n = 129 at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) remained significant. HRs appeared more extreme among more centrally adipose participants for apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1, BCAA, HDL particle size and docosahexaenoic acid (p for heterogeneity ≤ 0.05). Addition of 31 selected biomarkers to an established T2D risk prediction model modestly, but significantly, improved risk discrimination (c-statistic 0.86 to 0.91, p < 0.001). In relatively lean Chinese adults, diverse metabolic biomarkers are associated with future risk of T2D and can help improve established risk prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bragg
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu Guo
- Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Holmes
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102308, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Donghui Jin
- Hunan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Furong Mid Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dan Schmidt
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Daniel Avery
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, China
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Michael R Hill
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, China
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BDI Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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da Cruz Alves NM, Pfrimer K, Santos PC, de Freitas EC, Neves T, Pessini RA, Junqueira-Franco MVM, Nogueira-Barbosa MH, Greig CA, Ferriolli E. Randomised Controlled Trial of Fish Oil Supplementation on Responsiveness to Resistance Exercise Training in Sarcopenic Older Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142844. [PMID: 35889801 PMCID: PMC9317261 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of fish oil supplementation on the muscle adaptive response to resistance exercise training, physical performance and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in sarcopenic older women. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial is performed with thirty-four sarcopenic women (2010 European Consensus of Sarcopenia), aged ≥ 65 years. The participants are allocated into the following two groups: Exercise and Fish Oil (EFO) and Exercise and Placebo (EP). Both groups undertook a resistance exercise programme over 14 weeks. All participants are instructed to ingest 4 g/day of food supplements; the EP group received sunflower oil capsules, and the EFO group, fish oil capsules. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps muscle is calculated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The strength of the lower limbs is measured using isokinetic dynamometry. Both groups show improvements in CSA and strength after the intervention. Changes in EFO are significantly greater compared with EP for muscle strength (peak torque, 19.46 Nm and 5.74 Nm, respectively, p < 0.001). CSA increased after the intervention in both groups (EFO; 6.11% and EP; 2.91%), although there is no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.23). There are no significant intra-group, inter-group or time differences in any of the cytokines measured. The use of fish oil supplementation potentiates the neuromuscular response to the anabolic stimulus from training, increasing muscle strength and physical performance in sarcopenic older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Maira da Cruz Alves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (K.P.); (T.N.); (M.V.M.J.-F.); (E.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karina Pfrimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (K.P.); (T.N.); (M.V.M.J.-F.); (E.F.)
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Avenue Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Carvalho Santos
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara State, University of Sao Paulo, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil; (P.C.S.); (E.C.d.F.)
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara State, University of Sao Paulo, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil; (P.C.S.); (E.C.d.F.)
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Neves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (K.P.); (T.N.); (M.V.M.J.-F.); (E.F.)
| | - Rodrigo Antônio Pessini
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (R.A.P.); (M.H.N.-B.)
| | - Márcia Varella Morandi Junqueira-Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (K.P.); (T.N.); (M.V.M.J.-F.); (E.F.)
| | - Marcello H. Nogueira-Barbosa
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (R.A.P.); (M.H.N.-B.)
| | - Carolyn Anne Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences and MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Eduardo Ferriolli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (K.P.); (T.N.); (M.V.M.J.-F.); (E.F.)
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Tricò D, Galderisi A, Van Name MA, Caprio S, Samuels S, Li Z, Galuppo BT, Savoye M, Mari A, Feldstein AE, Santoro N. A low n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio diet improves hyperinsulinaemia by restoring insulin clearance in obese youth. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1267-1276. [PMID: 35297549 PMCID: PMC9177628 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the determinants and metabolic impact of the reduction in fasting and postload insulin levels after a low n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio diet in obese youth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insulin secretion and clearance were assessed by measuring and modelling plasma insulin and C-peptide in 17 obese youth who underwent a nine-point, 180-minute oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before and after a 12-week, eucaloric low n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio diet. Hepatic fat content was assessed by repeated abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Insulin clearance at fasting and during the OGTT was significantly increased after the diet, while body weight, glucose levels, absolute and glucose-dependent insulin secretion, and model-derived variables of β-cell function were not affected. Dietary-induced changes in insulin clearance positively correlated with changes in whole-body insulin sensitivity and β-cell glucose sensitivity, but not with changes in hepatic fat. Subjects with greater increases in insulin clearance showed a worse metabolic profile at enrolment, characterized by impaired insulin clearance, β-cell glucose sensitivity, and glucose tolerance, and benefitted the most from the diet, achieving greater improvements in glucose-stimulated hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, and β-cell function. CONCLUSIONS We showed that a 12-week low n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio diet improves hyperinsulinaemia by increasing fasting and postload insulin clearance in obese youth, independently of weight loss, glucose concentrations, and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricò
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PisaPisa
| | | | - Michelle A. Van Name
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Stephanie Samuels
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Zhongyao Li
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Brittany T. Galuppo
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Mary Savoye
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research CouncilPaduaItaly
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, “V.Tiberio” University of MoliseCampobassoItaly
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20
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Jehi T, Sabaté J, Bitok E, Sala-Vila A, Ros E, Cofan M, Oda K, Rajaram S. n-3 index is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors but is not improved by walnut intake in free-living elderly: a single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-8. [PMID: 35687008 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
n-3 index, the erythrocyte proportion of the EPA + DHA fatty acids is a clinical marker of age-related disease risk. It is unclear whether regular intake of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, raises n-3 index in older adults. Of the 356 participants at the Loma Linda, CA centre from the original study, a randomly selected subset (n 192) was included for this secondary analysis (mostly Caucasian women, mean age 69 years). Participants were assigned to either the walnut (15 % of daily energy from walnuts) or the control group (usual diet, no walnuts) for 2 years. Erythrocyte fatty acids were determined at baseline and 1-year following intervention. No differences were observed for erythrocyte EPA, but erythrocyte DHA decreased albeit modestly in the walnut group (-0·125 %) and slightly improved in the control group (0·17 %). The change in n-3 index between the walnut and control groups was significantly different only among fish consumers (those who ate fish ≥ once/month). Longitudinal analyses combining both groups showed significant inverse association between the 1-year changes of the n-3 index and fasting plasma TAG (ß = -10), total cholesterol (ß = -5·59) and plasma glucose (ß = -0·27). Consuming ALA-rich walnuts failed to improve n-3 index in elders. A direct source of EPA/DHA may be needed to achieve desirable n-3 index, as it is inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk. Nevertheless, incorporating walnuts as part of heart healthy diets is still encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Jehi
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Joan Sabaté
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Edward Bitok
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Cofan
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Keiji Oda
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Sujatha Rajaram
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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21
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The Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on Resting Metabolic Rate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6213035. [PMID: 34976098 PMCID: PMC8716205 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6213035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background It is uncertain if omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) in adults. Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the overall effects of omega-3 on RMR. Methods Both PubMed and Scopus libraries were searched up to April 2021. Study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale. Random- and fixed-effects models were utilized in order to obtain pooled estimates of omega-3 supplementation impacts on RMR, using weight mean difference (WMD). Results Seven studies including a total of 245 participants were included. There was significantly higher FFM-adjusted RMR in the intervention group than the control group (WMD: 26.666 kcal/kg/day, 95% CI: 9.010 to 44.322, p=0.003). Study quality showed that four of seven included studies were of high quality. However, there was no significant difference in results in the subgroup analysis according to the quality of studies. Subgroup analyses revealed significant changes for sex (for women: WMD = 151.793 kcal/day, 95% CI = 62.249 to 241.337, p=0.001) and BMI (for BMI > 25: WMD = 82.208 kcal/day, 95% CI = 0.937 to 163.480, p=0.047). Influence analysis indicated no outlier among inclusions. Conclusion The current study depicted that omega-3 polyunsaturated acids can significantly increase RMR in adults. However, further assessments of omega-3 supplementation therapy are critical to monitor its long-term outcomes and potential clinical application.
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22
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Jayawardena TU, Kim SY, Jeon YJ. Sarcopenia; functional concerns, molecular mechanisms involved, and seafood as a nutritional intervention - review article. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1983-2003. [PMID: 34459311 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1969889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental basis for the human function is provided by skeletal muscle. Advancing age causes selective fiber atrophy, motor unit loss, and hybrid fiber formation resulting in hampered mass and strength, thus referred to as sarcopenia. Influence on the loss of independence of aged adults, contribute toward inclined healthcare costs conveys the injurious impact. The current understating of age-related skeletal muscle changes are addressed in this review, and further discusses mechanisms regulating protein turnover, although they do not completely define the process yet. Moreover, the reduced capacity of muscle regeneration due to impairment of satellite cell activation and proliferation with neuronal, immunological, hormonal factors were brought into the light of attention. Nevertheless, complete understating of sarcopenia requires disentangling it from disuse and disease. Nutritional intervention is considered a potentially preventable factor contributing to sarcopenia. Seafood is a crucial player in the fight against hunger and malnutrition, where it consists of macro and micronutrients. Hence, the review shed light on seafood as a nutritional intrusion in the treatment and prevention of sarcopenia. Understanding multiple factors will provide therapeutic targets in the prevention, treatment, and overcoming adverse effects of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilina U Jayawardena
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young Kim
- Division of Practical Application, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo-si, Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
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23
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Gómez-Fernández AR, Faccinetto-Beltrán P, Orozco-Sánchez NE, Pérez-Carrillo E, Marín-Obispo LM, Hernández-Brenes C, Santacruz A, Jacobo-Velázquez DA. Sugar-Free Milk Chocolate as a Carrier of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Probiotics: A Potential Functional Food for the Diabetic Population. Foods 2021; 10:1866. [PMID: 34441642 PMCID: PMC8392059 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chocolate is an adequate matrix to deliver bioactive ingredients. However, it contains high sugar levels, one of the leading causes of chronic degenerative diseases. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of milk chocolate reformulation with alternative sugar sweeteners (Sw; isomalt + stevia), probiotics (Prob), and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on its physicochemical properties and consumers' acceptability. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (L. p299v) and Lactobacillus acidophilus La3 (DSMZ 17742) were added as Prob strains, and fish oil (FO) was added as the source of ω-3 PUFAs. Prob addition resulted in chocolates with >2 × 107 colony forming unit (CFU) per serving size (12 g). Except for Prob, aw values of all treatments were <0.46. Sw and Sw + Prob presented the nearest values to the control in hardness, whereas Sw without FO increased fracturability. FO, Sw + FO, and Sw + Prob + FO contained 107.4 ± 12.84, 142.9 ± 17.9, and 133.78 ± 8.76 mg of ω-3 PUFAs per chocolate, respectively. Prob + FO increased the resistance of chocolate to shear stress, while Sw + FO showed a similar flow behavior to the control. The consumers' acceptability of Sw + Prob chocolate was adequate, while Sw + Prob + FO had higher acceptability than Prob + FO. Health benefits of reformulated milk chocolates requires further assessment by in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Gómez-Fernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan 45201, Mexico; (A.R.G.-F.); (P.F.-B.)
| | - Paulinna Faccinetto-Beltrán
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan 45201, Mexico; (A.R.G.-F.); (P.F.-B.)
| | - Norma E. Orozco-Sánchez
- Escuela Mexicana de Confitería y Chocolatería, Melchor Ocampo 926, San Luis Potosi 78280, Mexico;
| | - Esther Pérez-Carrillo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (E.P.-C.); (L.M.M.-O.); (C.H.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Luis Martín Marín-Obispo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (E.P.-C.); (L.M.M.-O.); (C.H.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Carmen Hernández-Brenes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (E.P.-C.); (L.M.M.-O.); (C.H.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Arlette Santacruz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (E.P.-C.); (L.M.M.-O.); (C.H.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniel A. Jacobo-Velázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan 45201, Mexico; (A.R.G.-F.); (P.F.-B.)
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24
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Rodway LA, Pauls SD, Aukema HM, Zahradka P, Taylor CG. Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial examining the effects of marine- and plant-sourced omega-3 fatty acid supplements on octadecanoid profiles and inflammation in females with obesity (OXBIO trial). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 170:102284. [PMID: 34051428 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) has been reported to provide health benefits, but it remains unknown whether the fatty acids themselves or their oxygenated metabolites, oxylipins, are responsible for the beneficial effects. PURPOSE This paper describes the design and rationale of a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study comparing the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA)-rich flax oil and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil supplementation on circulating oxylipin profiles in females with obesity, in relation to obesity-induced inflammation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Pre-menopausal females (n = 24) aged 20-55 with a BMI ≥30, will consume capsules containing flaxseed oil (4 g ALA/day) or fish oil (4 g DHA + 0.8 g EPA/day) during 4-week supplementation phases, with a minimum 4-week washout. The primary outcome is alterations in plasma oxylipin profiles. Secondary outcomes include effects of supplementation on circulating markers of inflammation, adipokines, plasma fatty acid composition, blood lipid profile, anthropometrics, oxylipin and cytokine profiles of stimulated immune cells, monocyte glucose metabolism, blood pressure and pulse wave velocity. ETHICS AND SIGNIFICANCE This trial has been approved by the University of Manitoba Biomedical Research Ethics Board and the St. Boniface Hospital Research Review Committee. The study will provide information regarding the effects of ALA and DHA supplementation on oxylipin profiles in obese but otherwise healthy females. Additionally, it will improve our understanding of the response of circulating inflammatory mediators originating from immune cells, adipose tissue and the liver to n-3 PUFA supplementation in relation to the metabolic features of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodway
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Samantha D Pauls
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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25
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O'Mahoney LL, Churm R, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Ajjan RA, Orsi NM, Mappa G, Price OJ, Campbell MD. Associations Between Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Compositions and Biomarkers of Vascular Health in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes With and Without Insulin Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Can J Diabetes 2021; 46:111-117. [PMID: 34353737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between specific erythrocyte fatty acid levels and vascular health in type 1 diabetes (T1D) with and without insulin resistance (IR). METHODS We analyzed baseline pretreatment data in a subset of 23 patients with T1D from a previously published randomized controlled trial consisting of comprehensive erythrocyte-derived fatty acid profiles and a panel of inflammation-associated endothelial markers. Estimated glucose disposal rate was used to identify and categorize patients with IR. We utilized principal component analysis (PCA) to cluster vascular biomarkers to compute a single "vascular signal" and utilized univariate linear regression models to investigate the association with IR and fatty acid profiles. RESULTS Subjects with IR displayed significantly higher levels of linoleic acid (p=0.001), lower levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (p<0.001), lower levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3PUFA) (p<0.006) and an increased omega-6 (n-6)PUFA:n-3PUFA ratio (p=0.001). IR was associated with significantly higher linoleic acid levels, total n-6PUFA and an increased ratio of n-6PUFA:n-3PUFA, and negatively associated with arachidonic acid and EPA levels, total saturated fatty acid and total n-3PUFA. The PCA-derived vascular biomarker cluster was positively associated with linoleic acid and n-6PUFA:n-3PUFA ratio, and inversely associated with EPA. CONCLUSIONS Specific erythrocyte membrane fatty acid compositions are associated with impaired vascular health and IR in adults with T1D. These findings suggest that IR and risk of associated complications may be influenced by specific fatty acid profiles, and thus potentially modified by the selective targeting of dietary fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L O'Mahoney
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Rachel Churm
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas M Orsi
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Mappa
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Price
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew D Campbell
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
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26
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Satokar VV, Cutfield WS, Cameron-Smith D, Albert BB. Omega-3 fats in pregnancy: could a targeted approach lead to better metabolic health for children? Nutr Rev 2021; 79:574-584. [PMID: 32974665 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, and the children of women who are obese during pregnancy are at greatest risk. This risk may be mediated by exaggeration of the normal insulin resistance of pregnancy. Omega-3 (n-3) fats are insulin sensitizing. Supplementation during pregnancy may reduce metabolic risk and adiposity in the children. Though results from animal studies are encouraging, completed clinical trials have not demonstrated this benefit. However, to our knowledge, previous studies have not targeted women who are overweight or obese while pregnant-the group at greatest risk for insulin resistance and most likely to benefit from n-3. In this narrative review, the importance of performing clinical trials restricted to women who are overweight or obese is discussed, as is the potential importance of n-3 dose, oil source and quality, and the timing of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidit V Satokar
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,A Better Start - National Science Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Benjamin B Albert
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,A Better Start - National Science Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Shrimp Oil Extracted from Shrimp Processing By-Product Is a Rich Source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin-Esters, and Reveals Potential Anti-Adipogenic Effects in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050259. [PMID: 33946320 PMCID: PMC8146821 DOI: 10.3390/md19050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, generates tons of shrimp processing by-product every year. Shrimp contains omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and astaxanthin (Astx), a potent antioxidant that exists in either free or esterified form (Astx-E). In this study, shrimp oil (SO) was extracted from the shrimp processing by-product using the Soxhlet method (hexane:acetone 2:3). The extracted SO was rich in phospholipids, n-3 PUFA, and Astx-E. The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated to mature adipocytes in the presence or absence of various treatments for 8 days. The effects of SO were then investigated on fat accumulation, and the mRNA expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. The effects of fish oil (FO), in combination with Astx-E, on fat accumulation, and the mRNA expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis were also investigated. The SO decreased fat accumulation, compared to untreated cells, which coincided with lower mRNA expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes. However, FO and FO + Astx-E increased fat accumulation, along with increased mRNA expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes, and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut-4), compared to untreated cells. These findings have demonstrated that the SO is a rich source of n-3 PUFA and Astx-E, and has the potential to elicit anti-adipogenic effects. Moreover, the SO and FO appear to regulate adipogenesis and lipogenesis via independent pathways in 3T3-L1 cells.
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Yari Z, Naser-Nakhaee Z, Karimi‐Shahrbabak E, Cheraghpour M, Hedayati M, Mohaghegh SM, Ommi S, Hekmatdoost A. Combination therapy of flaxseed and hesperidin enhances the effectiveness of lifestyle modification in cardiovascular risk control in prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:3. [PMID: 33402222 PMCID: PMC7786892 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regarding the increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic abnormalities, and its association with non-communicable chronic diseases, providing preventive and therapeutic strategies is a priority. A randomized placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the effects of combination therapy of milled brown flaxseed and hesperidin during lifestyle intervention on controlling cardiovascular risk in prediabetes. METHODS A total of forty-eight subjects were randomly assigned to receive lifestyle intervention plus combination therapy of brown flaxseed (30 g milled) and hesperidin (two 500 mg capsules) or lifestyle modification alone for 12 weeks. Changes from baseline in anthropometric measures, lipid profile and atherogenic indices, glucose homeostasis parameters, and inflammatory biomarkers was assessed as a primary end point. RESULTS Anthropometric data comparison between the two groups showed a significant reduction in weight (p = 0.048). Waist circumference reduction was about twice that of the control group (- 6.75 cm vs - 3.57 cm), but this difference was not statistically significant. Comparison of blood pressure changes throughout the study indicated a greater reduction in blood pressure in the intervention group rather than control group (- 5.66 vs. - 1.56 mmHg, P = 0.049). Improvements of lipid profile and atherogenic indices, glucose homeostasis parameters, and inflammatory biomarkers in flaxseed-hesperidin group was significantly more than the control group after 12 weeks of intervention (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that co-administration of flaxseed and hesperidin as an adjunct to lifestyle modification program is more effective than lifestyle modification alone in the metabolic abnormalities remission of prediabetic patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03737422. Registered 11 November 2018. Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT03737422&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= .
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Naser-Nakhaee
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Makan Cheraghpour
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Marjan Mohaghegh
- Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Ommi
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Svendsen K, Jacobs DR, Mørch-Reiersen LT, Garstad KW, Henriksen HB, Telle-Hansen VH, Retterstøl K. Evaluating the use of the heart age tool in community pharmacies: a 4-week cluster-randomized controlled trial. Eur J Public Health 2020; 30:1139-1145. [PMID: 32206810 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint British Societies have developed a tool that utilizes information on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors to estimate an individual's 'heart age'. We studied if using heart age as an add-on to conventional risk communication could enhance the motivation for adapting to a healthier lifestyle resulting in improved whole-blood cholesterol and omega-3 status after 4 weeks. METHODS A total of 48 community pharmacies were cluster-randomized to use heart age+conventional risk communication (intervention) or only conventional risk communication (control) in 378 subjects after CVD risk-factor assessment. Dried blood spots were obtained with a 4-week interval to assay whole-blood cholesterol and omega-3 fatty acids. We also explored pharmacy-staff's (n=27) perceived utility of the heart age tool. RESULTS Subjects in the intervention pharmacies (n=137) had mean heart age 64 years and chorological age 60 years. In these, cholesterol decreased by median (interquartile range) -0.10 (-0.40, 0.35) mmol/l. Cholesterol decreased by -0.20 (-0.70, 0.30) mmol/l (P difference =0.24) in subjects in the control pharmacies (n=120) with mean chronological age 60 years. We observed increased concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids after 4 weeks, non-differentially between groups. Pharmacy-staff (n=27) agreed that heart age was a good way to communicate CVD risk, and most (n=25) agreed that it appeared to motivate individuals to reduce elevated CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The heart age tool was considered a convenient and motivating communication tool by pharmacy-staff. Nevertheless, communicating CVD risk as heart age was not more effective than conventional risk communication alone in reducing whole-blood cholesterol levels and improving omega-3 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karianne Svendsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Hege Berg Henriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kjetil Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Katsnelson G, Ceddia RB. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids differentially regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C1120-C1129. [PMID: 32966124 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00304.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can directly regulate glucose and fat metabolism in skeletal muscle besides exerting anti-inflammatory effects. To accomplish this, L6 skeletal muscle cells were treated with 50 µM of either DHA or EPA for 1, 3, and 5 days. Here, we report that basal and insulin-stimulated rates of glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, protein kinase B (AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylation were not affected by DHA or EPA. However, glucose and palmitate oxidation were consistently elevated by DHA treatment, whereas EPA only increased this variable transiently. Similarly, only DHA caused significant and sustained increases in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and protein levels of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1b (CPT1b) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in skeletal muscle cells. DHA also caused a larger anti-inflammatory effect than EPA in these cells. In conclusion, besides exerting anti-inflammatory effects, DHA and EPA directly regulated glucose and fat metabolism in skeletal muscle cells, although DHA was more effective in doing so than EPA. Thus, by directly enhancing glucose and fat oxidation, DHA may increase glucose disposal and reduce intramyocellular lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Katsnelson
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rolando B Ceddia
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on glucose homeostasis: role of free fatty acid receptor 1. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1797-1808. [PMID: 32388601 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a worldwide health problem. This study investigated the acute effects of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) on glucose homeostasis focusing on the role of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) and the chronic effects of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was induced by feeding mice high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFrHFD) for 16 weeks. In the first part, the acute effects of EPA alone and in combination with GW1100 and DC260126 (FFAR1 blockers) on glucose homeostasis and hepatic phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and diacylglycerol (DAG) were investigated in standard chow diet (SCD)- and HFrHFD-fed mice. In the second part, mice were treated with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids for 4 weeks starting at the week 13 of feeding HFrHFD. Changes in the blood- and liver tissue-insulin resistance markers and FFAR1 downstream signals were recorded at the end of experiment. Results showed that EPA increased 0 and 30 min blood glucose levels after glucose load in SCD-fed mice but improved glucose tolerance in HFrHFD-fed mice. Moreover, FFAR1 blockers reduced EPA effects on glucose tolerance and hepatic PIP2 and DAG levels. On the other hand, chronic use of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids increased FBG levels and decreased serum insulin and triglycerides levels without improving the index of insulin resistance. Also, they increased hepatic β-arrestin-2, PIP2, and pS473 Akt levels but decreased DAG levels. In conclusion, EPA acutely improved glucose homeostasis in HFrHFD-fed mice by modulating the activity of FFAR1. However, the chronic use of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids did not improve the insulin resistance.
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Augimeri G, Giordano C, Gelsomino L, Plastina P, Barone I, Catalano S, Andò S, Bonofiglio D. The Role of PPARγ Ligands in Breast Cancer: From Basic Research to Clinical Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092623. [PMID: 32937951 PMCID: PMC7564201 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. In this latter context, PPARγ is expressed in many tumors including breast cancer, and its function upon binding of ligands has been linked to the tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Over the last decade, much research has focused on the potential of natural agonists for PPARγ including fatty acids and prostanoids that act as weak ligands compared to the strong and synthetic PPARγ agonists such as thiazolidinedione drugs. Both natural and synthetic compounds have been implicated in the negative regulation of breast cancer growth and progression. The aim of the present review is to summarize the role of PPARγ activation in breast cancer focusing on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell death, in the modulation of motility and invasion as well as in the cross-talk with other different signaling pathways. Besides, we also provide an overview of the in vivo breast cancer models and clinical studies. The therapeutic effects of natural and synthetic PPARγ ligands, as antineoplastic agents, represent a fascinating and clinically a potential translatable area of research with regards to the battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Augimeri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Cinzia Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Luca Gelsomino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Pierluigi Plastina
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Ines Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0984-496208
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Segura Munoz RR, Quach T, Gomes-Neto JC, Xian Y, Pena PA, Weier S, Pellizzon MA, Kittana H, Cody LA, Geis AL, Heck K, Schmaltz RJ, Bindels LB, Cahoon EB, Benson AK, Clemente TE, Ramer-Tait AE. Stearidonic-Enriched Soybean Oil Modulates Obesity, Glucose Metabolism, and Fatty Acid Profiles Independently of Akkermansia muciniphila. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000162. [PMID: 32656952 PMCID: PMC8606245 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Previous studies have suggested that diets rich in omega-3 and low in omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can limit the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Transgenic soybeans yielding oils enriched for omega-3 PUFAs represent a new and readily-available option for incorporating omega-3 PUFAs into diets to provide health benefits. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic soybean oils, enriched for either stearidonic acid (SDA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are incorporated into diets to test their effects on limiting the development of MetS in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Supplementation with SDA- but not EPA-enriched oils improved features of MetS compared to feeding a control wild-type oil. Because previous studies have linked the gut microorganism Akkermansia muciniphila to the metabolic effects of feeding omega-3 PUFAs, the causal contribution of A. muciniphila to mediating the metabolic benefits provided by SDA-enriched diets is investigated. Although A. muciniphila is not required for SDA-induced metabolic improvements, this microorganism does modulate levels of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids in host adipose tissues. CONCLUSION Together, these findings support the utilization of SDA-enriched diets to modulate weight gain, glucose metabolism, and fatty acid profiles of liver and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R Segura Munoz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Truyen Quach
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - João C Gomes-Neto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Yibo Xian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Pamela A Pena
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Steven Weier
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | | | - Hatem Kittana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Liz A Cody
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Abby L Geis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, AR, 72916, USA
| | - Kari Heck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Robert J Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Andrew K Benson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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The Potential Role of Fish-Derived Protein Hydrolysates on Metabolic Health, Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function in Ageing. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082434. [PMID: 32823615 PMCID: PMC7468851 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish protein represents one of the most widely consumed dietary protein sources by humans. The processing of material from the fishing industry generates substantial unexploited waste products, many of which possess high biological value. Protein hydrolysates, such as fish protein hydrolysates (FPH), containing predominantly di- and tripeptides, are more readily absorbed than free amino acids and intact protein. Furthermore, in animal models, FPH have been shown to possess numerous beneficial properties for cardiovascular, neurological, intestinal, renal, and immune health. Ageing is associated with the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, as well as increased oxidative stress, compromised vascularisation, neurological derangements, and immunosenescence. Thus, there appears to be a potential application for FPH in older persons as a high-quality protein source that may also confer additional health benefits. Despite this, there remains a dearth of information concerning the impact of FPH on health outcomes in humans. The limited evidence from human interventional trials suggests that FPH may hold promise for supporting optimal body composition and maintaining gut integrity. FPH also provide a high-quality source of dietary protein without negatively impacting on subjective appetite perceptions or regulatory hormones. Further studies are needed to assess the impact and utility of FPH on skeletal muscle health in older persons, ideally comparing FPH to ‘established’ protein sources or a non-bioactive, nitrogen-matched control. In particular, the effects of acute and chronic FPH consumption on post-exercise aminoacidaemia, skeletal muscle protein synthesis, and intramyocellular anabolic signalling in older adults are worthy of investigation. FPH may represent beneficial and sustainable alternative sources of high-quality protein to support skeletal muscle health and anabolism in ageing, without compromising appetite and subsequent energy intake.
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Delgadillo-Puga C, Noriega LG, Morales-Romero AM, Nieto-Camacho A, Granados-Portillo O, Rodríguez-López LA, Alemán G, Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Tovar AR, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Torre-Villalvazo I. Goat's Milk Intake Prevents Obesity, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed A High-Fat Diet by Reducing Inflammatory Markers and Increasing Energy Expenditure and Mitochondrial Content in Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155530. [PMID: 32752280 PMCID: PMC7432599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat's milk is a rich source of bioactive compounds (peptides, conjugated linoleic acid, short chain fatty acids, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols such as phytoestrogens and minerals among others) that exert important health benefits. However, goat's milk composition depends on the type of food provided to the animal and thus, the abundance of bioactive compounds in milk depends on the dietary sources of the goat feed. The metabolic impact of goat milk rich in bioactive compounds during metabolic challenges such as a high-fat (HF) diet has not been explored. Thus, we evaluated the effect of milk from goats fed a conventional diet, a conventional diet supplemented with 30% Acacia farnesiana (AF) pods or grazing on metabolic alterations in mice fed a HF diet. Interestingly, the incorporation of goat's milk in the diet decreased body weight and body fat mass, improved glucose tolerance, prevented adipose tissue hypertrophy and hepatic steatosis in mice fed a HF diet. These effects were associated with an increase in energy expenditure, augmented oxidative fibers in skeletal muscle, and reduced inflammatory markers. Consequently, goat's milk can be considered a non-pharmacologic strategy to improve the metabolic alterations induced by a HF diet. Using the body surface area normalization method gave a conversion equivalent daily human intake dose of 1.4 to 2.8 glasses (250 mL per glass/day) of fresh goat milk for an adult of 60 kg, which can be used as reference for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Delgadillo-Puga
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.D.-P.); (I.T.-V.); Tel.: +52-55-54870900 (C.D.-P. & I.T.-V.)
| | - Lilia G. Noriega
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (L.G.N.); (O.G.-P.); (L.A.R.-L.); (G.A.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Aurora M. Morales-Romero
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Antonio Nieto-Camacho
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Omar Granados-Portillo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (L.G.N.); (O.G.-P.); (L.A.R.-L.); (G.A.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Leonardo A. Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (L.G.N.); (O.G.-P.); (L.A.R.-L.); (G.A.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Gabriela Alemán
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (L.G.N.); (O.G.-P.); (L.A.R.-L.); (G.A.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico;
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (L.G.N.); (O.G.-P.); (L.A.R.-L.); (G.A.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA;
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (L.G.N.); (O.G.-P.); (L.A.R.-L.); (G.A.); (A.R.T.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.-P.); (I.T.-V.); Tel.: +52-55-54870900 (C.D.-P. & I.T.-V.)
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Wardle SL, Macnaughton LS, McGlory C, Witard OC, Dick JR, Whitfield PD, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR, Kim I, Hamilton DL, Moran CN, Tipton KD, Galloway SDR. Human skeletal muscle metabolic responses to 6 days of high-fat overfeeding are associated with dietary n-3PUFA content and muscle oxidative capacity. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14529. [PMID: 32845565 PMCID: PMC7448800 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding human physiological responses to high-fat energy excess (HFEE) may help combat the development of metabolic disease. We aimed to investigate the impact of manipulating the n-3PUFA content of HFEE diets on whole-body and skeletal muscle markers of insulin sensitivity. Twenty healthy males were overfed (150% energy, 60% fat, 25% carbohydrate, 15% protein) for 6 d. One group (n = 10) received 10% of fat intake as n-3PUFA rich fish oil (HF-FO), and the other group consumed a mix of fats (HF-C). Oral glucose tolerance tests with stable isotope tracer infusions were conducted before, and following, HFEE, with muscle biopsies obtained in basal and insulin-stimulated states for measurement of membrane phospholipids, ceramides, mitochondrial enzyme activities, and PKB and AMPKα2 activity. Insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal did not change following HFEE, irrespective of group. Skeletal muscle ceramide content increased following HFEE (8.5 ± 1.2 to 12.1 ± 1.7 nmol/mg, p = .03), irrespective of group. No change in mitochondrial enzyme activity was observed following HFEE, but citrate synthase activity was inversely associated with the increase in the ceramide content (r=-0.52, p = .048). A time by group interaction was observed for PKB activity (p = .003), with increased activity following HFEE in HF-C (4.5 ± 13.0mU/mg) and decreased activity in HF-FO (-10.1 ± 20.7 mU/mg) following HFEE. Basal AMPKα2 activity increased in HF-FO (4.1 ± 0.6 to 5.3 ± 0.7mU/mg, p = .049), but did not change in HF-C (4.6 ± 0.7 to 3.8 ± 0.9mU/mg) following HFEE. We conclude that early skeletal muscle signaling responses to HFEE appear to be modified by dietary n-3PUFA content, but the potential impact on future development of metabolic disease needs exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Wardle
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army HeadquartersAndoverUK
| | - Lindsay S. Macnaughton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Sportscotland Institute of SportStirlingUK
| | - Chris McGlory
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Queens UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Oliver C. Witard
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - James R. Dick
- Nutrition Group, Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - Philip D. Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Division of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of the Highlands and IslandsInvernessUK
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and LongevityDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingLittle RockARUSA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and LongevityDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingLittle RockARUSA
| | - Il‐Young Kim
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and LongevityDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingLittle RockARUSA
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Colin N. Moran
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - Kevin D. Tipton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and HealthDurham UniversityDurhamUK
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Delarue J. Are marine n-3 fatty acids protective towards insulin resistance? From cell to human. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-11. [PMID: 32138806 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids improve most of the biochemical alterations associated with insulin resistance (IR). Experimental models of dietary-induced IR in rodents have shown their ability (often at a very high dose) to prevent IR, but with sometimes a tissue specific effect. However, in a high sucrose diet-induced IR rat model, they are unable to reverse IR once installed; in other rodent models (dexamethasone, Zucker rats), they are inefficacious perhaps because of the severity of IR. The very low incidence of type-2 diabetes (T2D) in Inuits in the 1960s, which largely increased over the following decades in parallel to the replacement of their traditional marine food for a western diet strongly suggests a protective effect of marine n-3 towards the risk of T2D; this was confirmed by reversal of its incidence in intervention studies reintroducing their traditional food. In healthy subjects and insulin-resistant non-diabetic patients, most trials and meta-analyses conclude to an insulin-sensitising effect and to a very probable preventive or alleviating effect towards IR. Concerning the risk of T2D, concordant data allow us to conclude the protective effect of marine n-3 in Asians while suspicion exists of an aggravation of risk in Westerners, but with the possibility that it could be explained by a high heterogeneity of studies performed in this population. Some longitudinal cohorts in US/European people showed no association or a decreased risk. Further studies using more homogeneous doses, sources of n-3 and assessment of insulin sensitivity methods are required to better delineate their effects in Westerners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Laboratory of Human Nutrition, University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine/University of Brest, Brittany, France
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Serra MC, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE, Yepes M, Nahab FB, Ziegler TR. Dietary and Serum Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acids Are Associated with Physical and Metabolic Function in Stroke Survivors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030701. [PMID: 32155696 PMCID: PMC7146193 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify habitual dietary and systemic omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids and their ratios and to determine their relationship with physical and metabolic function in a cohort of chronic adult stroke survivors. Twenty-five older chronic stroke survivors (age: 63 ± 8 years; BMI: 31 ± 7 kg/m2; mean ± SD) were assessed for fitness (VO2peak), gait speed (GS), 3 m timed up and go (TUG), and six-minute walk distance (6MWD). Plasma lipid and glucose profiles were measured, and HOMA-IR calculated. Dietary (5-day food records) and serum (mass spectrometry) omega-6/omega-3 profiles were assessed. Participants were severely deconditioned (VO2peak: 19 ± 4 mL/kg/min; GS: 0.88 ± 0.28 m/s; TUG: 12.6 ± 5.9 s; 6MWD: 295 ± 121 m) and at elevated metabolic risk (HOMA-IR: 6.3 ± 4.5). The dietary intake ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids averaged 12.6 ± 7.1 and the serum concentration ratio was 1.21 ± 0.37, which were correlated (r = 0.88, p < 0.01). Higher dietary intake and serum concentrations of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids were associated with lower 6MWD and higher HOMA-IR, while a higher serum omega-6/omega-3 concentration index was associated with lower VO2peak (p's < 0.05). These preliminary data suggest that both dietary omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids (quantitated as their intake ratio) and the serum concentration ratio of omega-6/omega-3 may be important indices of physical dysfunction and insulin resistance in chronic stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C. Serra
- San Antonio GRECC, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology & Palliative Medicine and the Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(210)-949-9759
| | - Alice S. Ryan
- VA Maryland Health Care System and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.R.); (C.E.H.-M.)
| | - Charlene E. Hafer-Macko
- VA Maryland Health Care System and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.R.); (C.E.H.-M.)
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.Y.); (F.B.N.); (T.R.Z.)
| | - Fadi B. Nahab
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.Y.); (F.B.N.); (T.R.Z.)
| | - Thomas R. Ziegler
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.Y.); (F.B.N.); (T.R.Z.)
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Kwon Y. Immuno-Resolving Ability of Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins Derived from Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Metabolic Syndrome. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 64:e1900824. [PMID: 31797565 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acid consumption has been suggested to be beneficial for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Its effects have been attributed to anti-inflammatory activity, with the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism playing a central role. However, a more recent view is that omega-3 fatty acids play an active role as the precursors of potent, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), such as resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)- and eicosapentaenoic-acid-derived SPMs are identified in the adipose tissue but the levels of certain SPMs (e.g., protectin D1) are markedly reduced with obesity, suggesting adipose SPM deficiency, potentially resulting in unresolved inflammation. Supplementation of the biosynthetic intermediates of SPM (e.g., 17-hydroxy-DHA) or omega-3 fatty acids increases the level of adipose SPMs, reduces adipose inflammation (decrease in macrophage accumulation and change to less inflammatory macrophages), and enhances insulin sensitivity. The findings from studies using rodent obesity models must be translated to humans. It will be important to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which obesity reduces the levels of and the sensitivity to SPM in adipose tissues. This will enable the development of nutrition therapy to enhance the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention and/or treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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40
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Fish oil supplementation to a high-fat diet improves both intestinal health and the systemic obese phenotype. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 72:108216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Crouch MJ, Kosaraju R, Guesdon W, Armstrong M, Reisdorph N, Jain R, Fenton J, Shaikh SR. Frontline Science: A reduction in DHA-derived mediators in male obesity contributes toward defects in select B cell subsets and circulating antibody. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:241-257. [PMID: 30576001 PMCID: PMC10020993 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi1017-405rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity dysregulates B cell populations, which contributes toward poor immunological outcomes. We previously reported that differing B cell subsets are lowered in the bone marrow of obese male mice. Here, we focused on how lipid metabolites synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) known as specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) influence specific B cell populations in obese male mice. Metabololipidomics revealed that splenic SPM precursors 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (14-HDHA), 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA), and downstream protectin DX (PDX) were decreased in obese male C57BL/6J mice. Simultaneous administration of these mediators to obese mice rescued major decrements in bone marrow B cells, modest impairments in the spleen, and circulating IgG2c, which is pro-inflammatory in obesity. In vitro studies with B cells, flow cytometry experiments with ALOX5-/- mice, and lipidomic analyses revealed the lowering of 14-HDHA/17-HDHA/PDX and dysregulation of B cell populations in obesity was driven indirectly via B cell extrinsic mechanisms. Notably, the lowering of lipid mediators was associated with an increase in the abundance of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have a high affinity for SPM-generating enzymes. Subsequent experiments revealed female obese mice generally maintained the levels of SPM precursors, B cell subsets, and antibody levels. Finally, obese human females had increased circulating plasma cells accompanied by ex vivo B cell TNFα and IL-10 secretion. Collectively, the data demonstrate that DHA-derived mediators of the SPM pathway control the number of B cell subsets and pro-inflammatory antibody levels in obese male but not female mice through a defect that is extrinsic to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rasagna Kosaraju
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - William Guesdon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Raghav Jain
- The College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jenifer Fenton
- The College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Raygan F, Taghizadeh M, Mirhosseini N, Akbari E, Bahmani F, Memarzadeh MR, Sharifi N, Jafarnejad S, Banikazemi Z, Asemi Z. A comparison between the effects of flaxseed oil and fish oil supplementation on cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary heart disease: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1943-1951. [PMID: 31190359 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of flaxseed and fish oil supplementation on cardiovascular risk parameters in diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Participants were randomly allocated into three intervention groups to receive either 1,000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil or 1,000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil or placebo (n = 30 each group) twice a day for 12 weeks. A significant reduction in insulin levels (.04) was observed following flaxseed oil and fish oil supplementation compared with the placebo. In addition, a significant reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (.02) was seen after flaxseed oil supplementation compared with the placebo and a significant increase in total nitrite (.001) was seen after flaxseed oil and fish oil intake compared with placebo. Additionally, a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (p < .001) after consuming flaxseed oil and fish oil compared with placebo and glutathione levels (.001) after consuming fish oil compared with flaxseed oil and placebo was observed. Overall, our study revealed the beneficial effects of flaxseed oil and fish oil supplementation on few metabolic profiles. This study suggests that the effect of flaxseed oil in reducing insulin and increasing total nitrite and total antioxidant capacity is similar to fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Raygan
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Mirhosseini
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Elmira Akbari
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Bahmani
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Memarzadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sharifi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Jafarnejad
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zarrin Banikazemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Dupont J, Dedeyne L, Dalle S, Koppo K, Gielen E. The role of omega-3 in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:825-836. [PMID: 30784011 PMCID: PMC6583677 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome with increasing importance due to the aging of the population. It is known to impose a major burden in terms of morbidity, mortality and socio-economic costs. Therefore, adequate preventive and treatment strategies are required. Progressive resistance training and protein supplementation are currently recommended for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might be an alternative therapeutic agent for sarcopenia due to their anti-inflammatory properties, which target the ‘inflammaging’, the age-related chronic low-grade inflammation which is assumed to contribute to the development of sarcopenia. In addition, omega-3 PUFAs may also have an anabolic effect on muscle through activation of the mTOR signaling and reduction of insulin resistance. This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge about omega-3 PUFAs and their role in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. We conclude that there is growing evidence for a beneficial effect of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation in sarcopenic older persons, which may add to the effect of exercise and/or protein supplementation. However, the exact dosage, frequency and use (alone or combined) in the treatment and prevention of sarcopenia still need further exploration.
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Abbott KA, Burrows TL, Thota RN, Alex A, Acharya S, Attia J, McEvoy M, Garg ML. Association between plasma phospholipid omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and type 2 diabetes is sex dependent: The Hunter Community Study. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:1059-1066. [PMID: 31023487 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic inflammation drives the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, c20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, c22:6n-3) may protect against type 2 diabetes development. The aim of this current study is to determine whether LCn-3PUFA status is associated with type 2 diabetes in the Hunter Community Study. METHODS Men and women aged 55-85 years were randomly selected from the electoral roll and invited to participate. Participants were included in the current study if they had plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition data available and diabetes status could be determined. LCn-3PUFA status was determined by fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids (EPA + DHA, %,w/w). Diabetes was determined according to World Health Organisation criteria. Insulin was measured in n = 251 participants and HOMA-IR calculated. RESULTS In total, n = 2092 (diabetes: n = 249) participants were included. After adjusting for confounders of diabetes, LCn-3PUFA status was inversely associated with diabetes in overweight/obese females (OR [95%CI]: 0.90 [0.80, 1.00], p = 0.045) but not males (p-interactionsex = 0.041). Overweight/obese females with diabetes had significantly lower levels of DHA than those without diabetes (mean difference [95%CI]: -0.53 [-0.87, -0.20], p = 0.002), with no difference in EPA. LCn-3PUFA was inversely associated with HOMA-IR (r = -0.175, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence of a sex-dependent association between LCn-3PUFA and type 2 diabetes. Causal pathways between LCn-3PUFA and type 2 diabetes merits delineation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A Abbott
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Rohith N Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anu Alex
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Shamasunder Acharya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark McEvoy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Manohar L Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Gollasch B, Dogan I, Rothe M, Gollasch M, Luft FC. Maximal exercise and erythrocyte fatty-acid status: a lipidomics study. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14040. [PMID: 31016868 PMCID: PMC6479222 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have long been ascribed a positive cardiovascular function. However, the plasma measurements invariably ignore 40% of the blood specimen, cells that engage in continuous exchange with their environment. In our study, we included all components of the circulating blood. Erythrocyte or red-blood-cell (RBC) n-3 fatty acid status has been linked to cardiovascular disease and death. A low omega-3 index is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. We tested the hypothesis that acute, maximal exercise would influence the relationship between RBC and serum fatty acids. RBC fatty acids profiling was achieved using targeted HPLC-MS mass spectrometry. Healthy volunteers performed maximal treadmill exercise testing using the modified Bruce protocol. Central hemodynamics were monitored and maximal workload was assessed in metabolic equivalents (METs). Venous blood was obtained for RBC lipidomics. With the incremental exercise test, no fatty acid-level variations were found in RBCs, while heart rate and arterial blood pressure increased significantly. No changes occurred in the omega-3 quotient, namely the percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in RBC fatty acids in the RBC membrane. Nonetheless, maximal (13.50 ± 1.97 METs) exercise intensity led to a decrease of RBC lauric acid (C12:0) in the recovery period. These data suggest that despite significant hemodynamic effects, short-term maximal exercise is insufficient to alter RBC n-3 and other fatty-acid status, including the omega-3 quotient, in healthy individuals. RBC lauric acid deserves further scrutiny as a potential regulator of cardiovascular and metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC)A Joint Institution of the Charité Medical Faculty and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
- HELIOS Klinikum Berlin‐BuchBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC)A Joint Institution of the Charité Medical Faculty and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
| | - Friedrich C. Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC)A Joint Institution of the Charité Medical Faculty and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
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Jeremiah OJ, Cousins G, Leacy FP, Kirby BP, Ryan BK. Evaluation of the effect of insulin sensitivity-enhancing lifestyle- and dietary-related adjuncts on antidepressant treatment response: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2019; 8:62. [PMID: 30803432 PMCID: PMC6388470 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-0978-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide and is known to be associated with insulin resistance (IR). Insulin resistance worsens the symptoms of depression and reduces the effectiveness of antidepressant medications in some depressed patients. Many studies have assessed the effect of adjunctive exercise, vitamin D supplementation, zinc supplementation, magnesium, probiotics, unsaturated fatty acids, and hygienic-dietary recommendations (sleep hygiene, healthy diet, physical activity, and sunlight exposure, combined or singly used), individually, on antidepressant treatment response. However, despite the reported insulin sensitivity-enhancing potential of these adjuncts, no systematic review has collectively analysed their antidepressant effect with regards to insulin sensitivity. METHODS/DESIGN In this systematic review, we will analyse the effect of the above-stated adjuncts on antidepressant treatment response (primary outcome) in comparison with treatment as usual with or without adjunctive placebo after identifying the relevant trials from a systematic literature search. Randomised controlled trials involving clinically depressed patients with diagnosis of major depressive, dysthymic or bipolar disorder will be considered. Changes in insulin sensitivity parameters, following treatment, will also be analysed as the secondary outcome. Effect estimates of the included trials will be combined using random-effects meta-analysis, while addressing risk of bias issues. Any significant heterogeneity between studies will be explored using sensitivity and subgroup analyses. DISCUSSION The findings of this review will contribute to the evidence base regarding the utility of non-pharmacological insulin-sensitising treatments in enhancing conventional antidepressant treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan J Jeremiah
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gráinne Cousins
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Finbarr P Leacy
- Data Science Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brian P Kirby
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Benedict K Ryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Vasquez A, Pizzorno J. Concerns About The Integrity of The Scientific Research Process-Focus On Recent Negative Publications Regarding Nutrition, Multivitamins, Fish Oil And Cardiovascular Disease. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2019; 18:8-15. [PMID: 31341427 PMCID: PMC6601430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The next step in reestablishing credibility seams to us honesty and recognizing we all share a common goal of the health and wellness of the human community and the planet. Everyone agrees that the current healthcare system, despite its many incredible successes, is also showing its limitations and is no longer sustainable. We believe the solution starts with us the researchers and editors. A good first step might be formally recognizing the errors and showing how we can and intend to get better.
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Thota RN, Acharya SH, Garg ML. Curcumin and/or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation reduces insulin resistance and blood lipids in individuals with high risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:31. [PMID: 30684965 PMCID: PMC6347796 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lowering insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia may not only enhance glycaemic control but also preserve the β-cell function, reducing the overall risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). The current study was aimed to evaluate the effects of curcumin and/or long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) supplementation on glycaemic control and blood lipid levels in individuals at high risk of developing T2D. Methods This was a 2 × 2 factorial, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Participants were allocated to either double placebo (PL) or curcumin plus placebo matching for LCn-3PUFA (CC), or LCn-3PUFA plus placebo matching for curcumin (FO), or curcumin plus LCn-3PUFA (CC-FO) for twelve weeks. Primary outcome of the trial was glycaemic indices (HbA1C, fasting glucose and insulin). Insulin resistance and sensitivity is measured using homeostatic model assessment model. Results A total of sixty-four participants (PL, n = 16; CC, n = 15; FO, n = 17, CC-FO, n = 16) were included in the final analysis. Post-intervention, HbA1c and fasting glucose remained unchanged across all the groups. Insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in the CC supplemented group (32.7 ± 10.3%) compared to PL (P = 0.009). FO and CC-FO tended to improve insulin sensitivity by 14.6 ± 8.5% and 8.8 ± 7.7% respectively, but the difference did not reach significance. Triglyceride levels were further increased in the PL (26.9 ± 7.4%), however, CC and CC-FO supplementation reduced the triglycerides, FO resulted in the greatest reduction in triglycerides (− 16.4 ± 4.5%, P < 0.001). Conclusion Reduction in insulin resistance and triglycerides by curcumin and LCn-3PUFA appears to be attractive strategies for lowering the risk of developing T2D. However, this study failed to demonstrate complimentary benefits of curcumin and LCn-3PUFA on glycaemic control. Trail registration ACTRN12615000559516. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-0967-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith N Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, 305C Medical Science Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Shamasunder H Acharya
- Department of Diabetes, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Local Health District, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Manohar L Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, 305C Medical Science Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. .,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Ilag LL. Are Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids the Link between the Immune System and the Microbiome towards Modulating Cancer? MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E102. [PMID: 30201858 PMCID: PMC6163617 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three recent studies revealed synergy between immune-checkpoint inhibitors and the microbiome as a new approach in the treatment of cancer. Incidentally, there has been significant progress in understanding the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in modulating cancer and the immune system, as well as in regulating the microbiome. Inflammation seems to be the common denominator among these seemingly unrelated biological entities-immune system, the microbiome, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). This commentary presents a hypothesis proposing the existence of an optimal level of LC-PUFAs that nurtures the suitable gut microbiota preventing dysbiosis. This synergy between optimal LC-PUFAs and gut microbiota helps the immune system overcome the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment including enhancing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. A model on how LC-PUFAs (such as omega(n)-3 and n-6 fatty acids) forms a synergistic triad with the immune system and the microbiome in regulating inflammation to maintain homeostasis is presented. The principles underlying the hypothesis provide a basis in managing and even preventing cancer and other chronic diseases associated with inflammation.
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Baynes HW, Mideksa S, Ambachew S. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on the pancreatic β-cells and insulin action. Adipocyte 2018. [PMID: 29537934 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1443662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated Fatty acids have multiple effects in peripheral tissues and pancreatic beta cell function. The n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty acids prevent and reverse high-fat-diet induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Insulin secretion is stimulated by glucose, amino acids, and glucagon- like peptide-1 in tissue containing high levels of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty acids than lower level of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty acids. Also, n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty acids led to decreased production of prostaglandin, which in turn contributed to the elevation of insulin secretion. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent cytokine-induced cell death in pancreatic islets. Supplementation of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty acids for human subjects prevent beta cell destruction and insulin resistance. It also enhances insulin secretion, reduction in lipid profiles and glucose concentration particularly in type II diabetes patients. Therefore there should be a focus on the treatment mechanism of insulin related obesity and diabetes by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia
| | - Seifu Mideksa
- Clinical Chemistry laboratory, Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Northern, Ethiopia
| | - Sintayehu Ambachew
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia
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