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Massa A, Yang Z, Tamashiro R, Isik O, Landau R, Miles CH, Von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Whitehouse A, Li G, Pennell CE, Ing C. Mode of delivery and behavioral and neuropsychological outcomes in children at 10 years of age. J Perinat Med 2024:jpm-2024-0188. [PMID: 39378319 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2024-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have reported that mode of delivery, particularly cesarean delivery (CD), is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. This study evaluates behavioral and neuropsychological test scores in children based on mode of delivery. METHODS Children enrolled in the Raine Study from Western Australia, born between 1989 and 1992 by instrumental vaginal delivery (IVD), elective CD, and non-elective CD, were compared to those with spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD). The primary outcome was the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) administered at age 10. Secondary outcomes included evaluations of language, motor function, cognition, and autistic traits. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate score differences by mode of delivery adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and Poisson regression was used to evaluate for increased risk of clinical deficit. RESULTS Of 2,855 children, 1770 (62.0 %) were delivered via SVD, 480 (16.8 %) via IVD, 346 (12.1 %) via elective CD, and 259 (9.1 %) via non-elective CD. Non-elective CD was associated with higher (worse) CBCL Internalizing (+2.09; 95 % CI 0.49, 3.96; p=0.01) scores, and elective CD was associated with lower (worse) McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development (MAND) (-3.48; 95 % CI -5.61, -1.35; p=0.001) scores. Differences were not seen in other outcomes, and increased risk of clinical deficit was not observed with either the CBCL Internalizing or MAND scores. CONCLUSIONS Differences in behavior and motor function were observed in children delivered by CD, but given that score differences were not associated with increased incidence of clinical deficit, clinical significance may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Massa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhixin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Tamashiro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oliver Isik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Landau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caleb H Miles
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Britta S Von Ungern-Sternberg
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Team Perioperative Care Program, Perioperative Medicine Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew Whitehouse
- Kids Research Institute Australia, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Caleb Ing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Graham PL, Schofield DJ, Tait RJ, Bista S, Ivers RQ, Liu B, Lymer S, Marino JL, Sanci LA, Shrestha RN, Steinbeck K, Straker LM, Skinner SR. Adolescent risk behaviours are associated with educational attainment in early adulthood: results from the Raine Study cohort. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2728. [PMID: 39375701 PMCID: PMC11459980 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-20208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher educational attainment is important for economic wellbeing and associated with better health and longevity. Previous research focused on intelligence, socioeconomic status and mental health or individual risk behaviours as predictors of educational attainment, but the role of multiple domains of adolescent risk behaviours is less clear. This study examined the association between multiple domains of risk behaviour in adolescence and educational attainment by 22 years-of-age. METHODS Young people (Generation 2, Gen2) and their parents (Generation 1, Gen1) participating in the Raine Study completed questionnaires at years 1, 5, 8, 10 (Gen1 only), 14, 17 (both) and 22 (Gen2 only). The Raine Study is an ongoing longitudinal study initiated in Perth, Western Australia, between 1989 and 1991. The 1,102 Gen2 participants who responded to questions about highest educational attainment were included in this study. The association between Gen2 self-reported risk behaviours (including age at commencement of drinking alcohol, smoking, sexual intercourse and drug use) and educational attainment (defined as self-reported years of completed high school: ≤10, 11, 12 or tertiary education (> 12)) at year 22, after adjusting for mother's age and combined parental education level, participant sex, and family income, educational performance and adolescent mental health, was explored using ordinal regression models and presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Ordinal models suggested that never smoking or starting older than 18 compared with smoking before age 15 (OR 2.02, 95%CI: 1.28-2.14); first drinking alcohol between 15 and 17 years compared with younger than 15 (OR 1.52, 95%CI: 1.08-2.14); and, first sexual intercourse aged ≥ 18 years compared with under 15 (OR 1.67, 95%CI: 1.08-2.57) were associated with higher levels of educational attainment at 22-year follow-up. Additionally, lower ("better") behavioural scores increased the odds of higher levels of attainment. CONCLUSIONS Absence of health risk behaviours at a younger age or later commencement was associated with higher educational attainment. Evidence-based interventions that address the societal influences underpinning risk behaviours in adolescents may support longer school retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra L Graham
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Deborah J Schofield
- GenIMPACT: Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert J Tait
- Faculty of Health Sciences, National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sarita Bista
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bette Liu
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharyn Lymer
- Biostatistical consultant, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Marino
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lena A Sanci
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- GenIMPACT: Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharine Steinbeck
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Leon M Straker
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S Rachel Skinner
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Ong NJ, Mackey Ao DA, Hunter M, Lee SSY. Exploring the Effects of Age at Menarche and Pregnancy on Myopia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39241157 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2024.2379973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Associations between age at menarche and myopia have been observed in studies that included older women. Furthermore, pregnancy-related hormone surges in young women are associated with short-term changes in refractive error, although the long-term effects are less known. This study explored associations of age at menarche and parity with refractive error and ocular biometry in young women, and the relationship between age at menarche and refractive error in middle-aged adults for comparison. METHODS Community-based young women underwent eye examinations at 20 and 28 years old. Information on age at menarche and parity were collected prospectively. The older cohort underwent an eye examination and information on age at menarche was self-reported retrospectively. Cross-sectional associations between age at menarche and myopia were explored in both cohorts. Associations between parity and 8-year longitudinal change in refractive error measures were explored in the young cohort. RESULTS The cross-sectional analyses comprised 429 young (age 18-22) and 1,818 older (age 46-69) women. No associations were found between age at menarche and myopia or ocular biometry measures in either cohort. The longitudinal analysis (n = 269 women) revealed that for each pregnancy carried to full term, there rate of lens thickening increased by 0.004 mm/year (95% CI = 0.002-0.007). No other associations between parity and refractive error or ocular biometry were found. CONCLUSION There is no association between age at menarche and myopia or its related measures. While pregnancy was associated with thicker lens in the long term, there is no lasting effect on refractive error.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Mackey Ao
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael Hunter
- Busselton Health Study Centre, Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Lee SSY, Diaz-Torres S, He W, Yazar S, Chan E, Chong EW, Gharahkhani P, Macgregor S, Lingham G, Mackey DA. Polygenic Prediction of Keratoconus and its Measures: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses in Community-Based Young Adults. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 265:248-256. [PMID: 38740237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluates the performance of a multitrait polygenic risk score (PRS) in an independent cohort to predict incident or progression of keratoconus. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional and cohort study METHODS: Setting: Single-center; Study population: 1478 community-based young adults (18-30 years; 51% female), including 609 (52% female) who returned for an 8-year follow-up; Observation procedures: Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam, Oculus), genotyping and development of a multitrait PRS previously validated to predict keratoconus in older adults.; Main outcome measure: Belin/Ambrόsio enhanced ectasia display (BAD-D) score and keratoconus, defined as BAD-D ≥2.6, were each analyzed against the PRS using linear and logistic regression, respectively. RESULTS Prevalence of keratoconus was 2.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9-3.6) in the cross-sectional cohort. Each z-score increase in PRS was associated with worse BAD-D z-score by 0.13 (95%CI = 0.08-0.18) and 1.6 increased odds of keratoconus. The 8-year keratoconus incidence was 2.6% (95%CI = 1.3-4.0). Participants in the highest PRS decile were more likely to have incident keratoconus compared to the rest of the cohort (odds ratio = 3.85, 95%CI = 1.21-12.22). For each z-score increase in PRS, 8-year change in BAD-D z-score worsened by 0.11 (95%CI = 0.04-0.17). CONCLUSIONS A PRS for keratoconus could be useful in predicting incident keratoconus and progression, demonstrating its potential utility in clinical settings to identify patients at high risk of postsurgery ectasia or those who may benefit most from keratoconus intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- From the University of Western Australia (S.S.Y.L., S.Y., G.L., D.A.M.), Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Santiago Diaz-Torres
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (S.D.T., W.H., P.G., S.M.), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (S.D.T., W.H., P.G., S.M.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Weixiong He
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (S.D.T., W.H., P.G., S.M.), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (S.D.T., W.H., P.G., S.M.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- From the University of Western Australia (S.S.Y.L., S.Y., G.L., D.A.M.), Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, WA, Australia; Single Cell and Computational Genomics Laboratory (S.Y.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Elsie Chan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (E.C., E.W.C., D.A.M.), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elaine W Chong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (E.C., E.W.C., D.A.M.), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital (E.W.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (S.D.T., W.H., P.G., S.M.), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (S.D.T., W.H., P.G., S.M.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (P.G.), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stuart Macgregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (S.D.T., W.H., P.G., S.M.), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (S.D.T., W.H., P.G., S.M.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gareth Lingham
- From the University of Western Australia (S.S.Y.L., S.Y., G.L., D.A.M.), Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Ireland (G.L.), Environmental, Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A Mackey
- From the University of Western Australia (S.S.Y.L., S.Y., G.L., D.A.M.), Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia (E.C., E.W.C., D.A.M.), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania (D.A.M.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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5
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Perera D, Pirikahu S, Walter J, Cadby G, Darcey E, Lloyd R, Hickey M, Saunders C, Hackmann M, Sampson DD, Shepherd J, Lilge L, Stone J. The distribution of breast density in women aged 18 years and older. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 205:521-531. [PMID: 38498102 PMCID: PMC11101556 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Age and body mass index (BMI) are critical considerations when assessing individual breast cancer risk, particularly for women with dense breasts. However, age- and BMI-standardized estimates of breast density are not available for screen-aged women, and little is known about the distribution of breast density in women aged < 40. This cross-sectional study uses three different modalities: optical breast spectroscopy (OBS), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and mammography, to describe the distributions of breast density across categories of age and BMI. METHODS Breast density measures were estimated for 1,961 Australian women aged 18-97 years using OBS (%water and %water + %collagen). Of these, 935 women had DXA measures (percent and absolute fibroglandular dense volume, %FGV and FGV, respectively) and 354 had conventional mammographic measures (percent and absolute dense area). The distributions for each breast density measure were described across categories of age and BMI. RESULTS The mean age was 38 years (standard deviation = 15). Median breast density measures decreased with age and BMI for all three modalities, except for DXA-FGV, which increased with BMI and decreased after age 30. The variation in breast density measures was largest for younger women and decreased with increasing age and BMI. CONCLUSION This unique study describes the distribution of breast density measures for women aged 18-97 using alternative and conventional modalities of measurement. While this study is the largest of its kind, larger sample sizes are needed to provide clinically useful age-standardized measures to identify women with high breast density for their age or BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilukshi Perera
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway M431, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Sarah Pirikahu
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway M431, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jane Walter
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway M431, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ellie Darcey
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway M431, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Rachel Lloyd
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway M431, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne and the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christobel Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Hackmann
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Optical and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David D Sampson
- Surry Biophotonics, Advanced Technology Institute and School of Biosciences and Medicine, The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - John Shepherd
- Epidemiology and Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lothar Lilge
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Stone
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway M431, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Yuan H, Plekhanova T, Walmsley R, Reynolds AC, Maddison KJ, Bucan M, Gehrman P, Rowlands A, Ray DW, Bennett D, McVeigh J, Straker L, Eastwood P, Kyle SD, Doherty A. Self-supervised learning of accelerometer data provides new insights for sleep and its association with mortality. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7:86. [PMID: 38769347 PMCID: PMC11106264 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep is essential to life. Accurate measurement and classification of sleep/wake and sleep stages is important in clinical studies for sleep disorder diagnoses and in the interpretation of data from consumer devices for monitoring physical and mental well-being. Existing non-polysomnography sleep classification techniques mainly rely on heuristic methods developed in relatively small cohorts. Thus, we aimed to establish the accuracy of wrist-worn accelerometers for sleep stage classification and subsequently describe the association between sleep duration and efficiency (proportion of total time asleep when in bed) with mortality outcomes. We developed a self-supervised deep neural network for sleep stage classification using concurrent laboratory-based polysomnography and accelerometry. After exclusion, 1448 participant nights of data were used for training. The difference between polysomnography and the model classifications on the external validation was 34.7 min (95% limits of agreement (LoA): -37.8-107.2 min) for total sleep duration, 2.6 min for REM duration (95% LoA: -68.4-73.4 min) and 32.1 min (95% LoA: -54.4-118.5 min) for NREM duration. The sleep classifier was deployed in the UK Biobank with 100,000 participants to study the association of sleep duration and sleep efficiency with all-cause mortality. Among 66,214 UK Biobank participants, 1642 mortality events were observed. Short sleepers (<6 h) had a higher risk of mortality compared to participants with normal sleep duration of 6-7.9 h, regardless of whether they had low sleep efficiency (Hazard ratios (HRs): 1.58; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.19-2.11) or high sleep efficiency (HRs: 1.45; 95% CIs: 1.16-1.81). Deep-learning-based sleep classification using accelerometers has a fair to moderate agreement with polysomnography. Our findings suggest that having short overnight sleep confers mortality risk irrespective of sleep continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yuan
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rosemary Walmsley
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy C Reynolds
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kathleen J Maddison
- Centre of Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Physiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Maja Bucan
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex Rowlands
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David W Ray
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanne McVeigh
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Eastwood
- Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Simon D Kyle
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aiden Doherty
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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7
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Barden A, Shinde S, Beilin LJ, Phillips M, Adams L, Bollmann S, Mori TA. Adiposity associates with lower plasma resolvin E1 (Rve1): a population study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:725-732. [PMID: 38347128 PMCID: PMC11058310 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate inflammation resolution may contribute to persistent low-grade inflammation that accompanies many chronic conditions. Resolution of inflammation is an active process driven by Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators (SPM) that derive from long chain n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. This study examined plasma SPM in relation to sex differences, lifestyle and a broad range cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in 978, 27-year olds from the Australian Raine Study. METHODS Plasma SPM pathway intermediates (18-HEPE, 17-HDHA and 14-HDHA), and SPM (E- and D-series resolvins, PD1, MaR1) and LTB4 were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS). Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses assessed relationships between SPM and CVD risk factors. Unpaired t-tests or ANOVA assessed the effect of sex, smoking, unhealthy alcohol consumption and obesity on SPM. RESULTS Women had higher 17-HDHA (p = 0.01) and lower RvE1 (p < 0.0001) and RvD1 (p = 0.05) levels compared with men. In univariate analysis, obesity associated with lower RvE1 (p = 0.002), whereas smoking (p < 0.001) and higher alcohol consumption (p < 0.001) associated with increased RvE1. In multiple regression analysis, plasma RvE1 was negatively associated with a range of measures of adiposity including BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, abdominal subcutaneous fat volume, and skinfold thicknesses in both men and women. CONCLUSION This population study suggests that a deficiency in plasma RvE1 may occur in response to increasing adiposity. This observation could be relevant to ongoing inflammation that associates with CVD and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Barden
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Sujata Shinde
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Phillips
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Leon Adams
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Steffen Bollmann
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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8
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Calder SD, Boyes M, Brennan‐Jones CG, Whitehouse AJO, Robinson M, Hill E. Do parent-reported early indicators predict later developmental language disorder? A Raine Study investigation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2024; 59:396-412. [PMID: 37743609 PMCID: PMC10952803 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental language disorder (DLD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental conditions. Due to variable rates of language growth in children under 5 years, the early identification of children with DLD is challenging. Early indicators are often outlined by speech pathology regulatory bodies and other developmental services as evidence to empower caregivers in the early identification of DLD. AIMS To test the predictive relationship between parent-reported early indicators and the likelihood of children meeting diagnostic criteria for DLD at 10 years of age as determined by standardized assessment measures in a population-based sample. METHODS Data were leveraged from the prospective Raine Study (n = 1626 second-generation children: n = 104 with DLD; n = 1522 without DLD). These data were transformed into 11 predictor variables that reflect well-established early indicators of DLD from birth to 3 years, including if the child does not smile or interact with others, does not babble, makes only a few sounds, does not understand what others say, says only a few words, says words that are not easily understood, and does not combine words or put words together to make sentences. Family history (mother and father) of speech and language difficulties were also included as variables. Regression analyses were planned to explore the predictive relationship between this set of early indicator variables and likelihood of meeting DLD diagnostic criteria at 10 years. RESULTS No single parent-reported indicator uniquely accounted for a significant proportion of children with DLD at 10 years of age. Further analyses, including bivariate analyses testing the predictive power of a cumulative risk index of combined predictors (odds ratio (OR) = 0.95, confidence interval (CI) = 0.85-1.09, p = 0.447) and the moderating effect of sex (OR = 0.89, CI = 0.59-1.32, p = 0.563) were also non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Parent reports of early indicators of DLD are well-intentioned and widely used. However, data from the Raine Study cohort suggest potential retrospective reporting bias in previous studies. We note that missing data for some indicators may have influenced the results. Implications for the impact of using early indicators as evidence to inform early identification of DLD are discussed. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject DLD is a relatively common childhood condition; however, children with DLD are under-identified and under-served. Individual variability in early childhood makes identification of children at risk of DLD challenging. A range of 'red flags' in communication development are promoted through speech pathology regulatory bodies and developmental services to assist parents to identify if their child should access services. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge No one parent-reported early indicator, family history or a cumulation of indicators predicted DLD at 10 years in the Raine study. Sex (specifically, being male) did not moderate an increased risk of DLD at 10 years in the Raine study. Previous studies reporting on clinical samples may be at risk of retrospective reporting bias. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The broad dissemination and use of 'red flags' is well-intentioned; however, demonstrating 'red flags' alone may not reliably identify those who are at later risk of DLD. Findings from the literature suggest that parent concern may be complemented with assessment of linguistic behaviours to increase the likelihood of identifying those who at risk of DLD. Approaches to identification and assessment should be considered alongside evaluation of functional impact to inform participation-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Calder
- Health Sciences, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaLauncestonTASAustralia
| | - Mark Boyes
- Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
- enAble InstituteCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
| | - Christopher G. Brennan‐Jones
- Telethon Kids InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia
| | | | - Monique Robinson
- Telethon Kids InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Elizabeth Hill
- enAble InstituteCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia
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9
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Keshawarz A, Joehanes R, Ma J, Lee GY, Costeira R, Tsai PC, Masachs OM, Bell JT, Wilson R, Thorand B, Winkelmann J, Peters A, Linseisen J, Waldenberger M, Lehtimäki T, Mishra PP, Kähönen M, Raitakari O, Helminen M, Wang CA, Melton PE, Huang RC, Pennell CE, O’Sullivan TA, Ochoa-Rosales C, Voortman T, van Meurs JB, Young KL, Graff M, Wang Y, Kiel DP, Smith CE, Jacques PF, Levy D. Dietary and supplemental intake of vitamins C and E is associated with altered DNA methylation in an epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2211361. [PMID: 37233989 PMCID: PMC10228397 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2211361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intake of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E protect against oxidative stress, and may also be associated with altered DNA methylation patterns. METHODS We meta-analysed epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) results from 11,866 participants across eight population-based cohorts to evaluate the association between self-reported dietary and supplemental intake of vitamins C and E with DNA methylation. EWAS were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, caloric intake, blood cell type proportion, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and technical covariates. Significant results of the meta-analysis were subsequently evaluated in gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and expression quantitative trait methylation (eQTM) analysis. RESULTS In meta-analysis, methylation at 4,656 CpG sites was significantly associated with vitamin C intake at FDR ≤ 0.05. The most significant CpG sites associated with vitamin C (at FDR ≤ 0.01) were enriched for pathways associated with systems development and cell signalling in GSEA, and were associated with downstream expression of genes enriched in the immune response in eQTM analysis. Furthermore, methylation at 160 CpG sites was significantly associated with vitamin E intake at FDR ≤ 0.05, but GSEA and eQTM analysis of the top most significant CpG sites associated with vitamin E did not identify significant enrichment of any biological pathways investigated. CONCLUSIONS We identified significant associations of many CpG sites with vitamin C and E intake, and our results suggest that vitamin C intake may be associated with systems development and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Framingham, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gha Young Lee
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo Costeira
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Olatz M. Masachs
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jordana T. Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rory Wilson
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), München Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- Chair of Epidemiology, University Augsburg at University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), München Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pashupati P. Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Helminen
- Tays Research Services, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Carol A. Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillip E. Melton
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Carolina Ochoa-Rosales
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centro de Vida Saludable, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce B.J. van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristin L. Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Hebrew Senior Life, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Hebrew Senior Life, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Hebrew Senior Life, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caren E. Smith
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul F. Jacques
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Hodgetts CJ, Jacques A, Daffin L, Learmonth YC. Testing the association between shoulder pain prevalence and occupational, physical activity, and mental health factors in two generations of Australian adults. Chiropr Man Therap 2023; 31:48. [PMID: 38012657 PMCID: PMC10683232 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-023-00520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoulder pain is common among the adult population, but it appears to reduce in prevalence around retirement age. Associations between shoulder pain and work-place exposures, physical activity, or mental health status are unclear and may change with age. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-reported shoulder pain in Australian adults across two generations and test the association with occupational factors, physical activity, and mental health. METHODS In this cross-sectional study we used data from a longitudinal Australian pregnancy cohort (the Raine Study). We analysed data from the children (Gen2) at the 22-year follow-up (N = 1128) and parents (Gen1) at the 26-year follow-up (N = 1098). Data were collected on self-reported shoulder pain, occupational factors (employment status and work description), physical activity, and mental health at the respective follow-ups. Prevalence rates were provided as percentages with 95% confidence intervals. Univariate analysis for group comparisons included chi squared for categorical comparisons. The association of predictor variables and shoulder pain was assessed using logistical regression. RESULTS In Gen1 31.4% of adults aged 40-80 reported the presence of shoulder pain in the last month, with no significant difference between females and males. Gen1 participants younger than 65 reported more shoulder pain (OR[95%CI] = 1.80 [1.04-3.09]). Gen2 females (14.7%) reported shoulder pain in either shoulder more frequently than males (7.7%) and bilateral shoulder pain (8.0%) more frequently than males (1.9%). Gen1 had increased odds of reporting shoulder pain if their work was "physical or heavy manual" compared to "sedentary" (OR [95% CI] = 1.659 [1.185-2.323]) and when categorised with depression (OR [95% CI] = 1.940 [1.386-2.715]) or anxiety (OR [95% CI] = 1.977 [1.368-2.857]). Gen2 participants with depression (OR [95% CI] = 2.356 [1.620-3.427]) or anxiety (OR [95% CI] = 2.003 [1.359-2.952]) reported more shoulder pain. CONCLUSION Overall, shoulder pain was more prevalent in young females than males and was more prevalent in those under the age of 65. Cross-sectional associations were established between some occupational factors in older adults and depression in all adults, and shoulder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hodgetts
- Discipline of Chiropractic, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Angela Jacques
- Discipline of Chiropractic, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Lee Daffin
- Discipline of Chiropractic, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Yvonne C Learmonth
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
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11
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Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Gucciardi DF, McVeigh JA, O'Sullivan TA, Dontje M, Stamatakis E, Eastwood PR, Straker L. Health behaviour profiles in young Australian adults in relation to physical and mental health: The Raine Study. Health Promot J Austr 2023. [PMID: 37968787 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUES ADDRESSED We aimed to identify latent health behaviour profiles of young adults and examine their associations with physical and mental health outcomes. We also characterised the profiles by socio-demographic characteristics. METHODS Data were collected between 2012 and 2014. Participants (N = 476) were young adults (M age [SD] = 22.1 [.57] years) from Generation 2 of the Raine Study longitudinal cohort. Health behaviours were measured via ActiGraph GT3X waist monitors (physical activity, sedentary behaviour) and questionnaires (diet quality, alcohol, smoking and sleep). Physical and mental health were measured using clinical health assessments, blood biomarkers, and questionnaires. Latent Profile Analysis using Mplus (8.2) was employed to identify profiles. RESULTS Four latent profiles were identified: 'heavy drinkers with moderately unhealthy eating habits' (high takeaway foods; n = 135), 'unhealthy food abstainers' (low takeaway foods; n = 138), 'moderately sedentary alcohol abstainers' (n = 139) and 'physically active drinkers with unhealthy eating habits' (high takeaway foods and sugary drinks; n = 64). 'Physically active drinkers with unhealthy eating habits' had the poorest (physical and mental) health outcomes, yet the lowest insulin resistance. 'Unhealthy food abstainers' had the most favourable health outcomes (adiposity, health perceptions, blood pressure). Sex differed among the profiles. CONCLUSIONS The profiles identified among young adults are different to profiles with general adult populations. A novel finding was that 'physically active drinkers with unhealthy eating habits' had low insulin resistance. The findings also suggest that future interventions may need to be sex specific. SO WHAT Our findings suggest that health behaviour interventions for young adults should be targeted to distinct profile characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Thøgersen-Ntoumani
- Danish Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Science, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel F Gucciardi
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne A McVeigh
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Movement Physiology Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Therese A O'Sullivan
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Manon Dontje
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science and Sports, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, and de Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter R Eastwood
- Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Marino JL, Lin A, Davies C, Kang M, Bista S, Skinner SR. Childhood and Adolescence Gender Role Nonconformity and Gender and Sexuality Diversity in Young Adulthood. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:1176-1186. [PMID: 37747725 PMCID: PMC10520839 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Importance Sexuality- and gender-diverse youth experience disproportionate health and social adversity. Accurate early-life indicators are important for development of supportive approaches. Objective To examine whether commonly used items measuring childhood conformity to gender roles are associated with sexual orientation in young adulthood. Design, Setting, and Participants This single-center, prospective cohort study (the Raine Study) assessed 2868 children of 2900 women who were recruited during pregnancy from August 1, 1989, to April 30, 1992, with follow-up ongoing. The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher Report Form, and Youth Self-Report tools were used to survey parents, teachers, and youths to examine gender diversity among the participating youths. Parents were followed up at years 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17, adolescents at years 14, 17, and 27, and teachers at years 10 and 14. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2020, to July 31, 2023. Exposures Parent and teacher report that a child "behaves like the opposite sex" (gender role behavior), and parent and self-report that a child "wishes to be the opposite sex" (gender role wish), in response to assessment items. Main Outcome Measures Year 27 self-reported sexual identity, attraction, and behavior. Results Of the 2868 children in the original birth cohort, 1154 (40.2%) participated in the year 27 follow-up, of whom 608 (52.7%) were recorded female at birth and 546 (47.3%) were recorded male at birth. Of these, 582 who were recorded female at birth continued to identify as female (cisgender) (95.7%), and 515 recorded male at birth continued to identify as male (cisgender) (94.3%); 47 (4.1%) did not complete the questionnaire. Of cisgender participants, 76 of 605 women (12.6%) and 52 of 540 men (9.6%) had a diverse sexual identity, 204 of 605 women (33.8%) and 77 of 540 men (14.3%) were same-gender attracted, and 100 of 605 women (18.6%) and 39 of 540 men (7.2%) had ever engaged in same-gender sexual behavior. Across all follow-ups, after adjusting for gender, nonconforming gender role behavior was consistently associated with diverse sexual identity and behavior (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for identity, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9-4.2; behavior aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.5). Self-reported gender role wish was consistently associated with diverse sexual orientation (identity aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4-3.8; attraction aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5; behavior aOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-2.9). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, ASEBA gender role nonconformity was associated with diverse sexual orientation, beginning in early childhood. Findings suggest that the ASEBA measures should not be used to infer sexual orientation or gender diversity in clinical or research settings; asking direct questions may provide more accurate data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Marino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cristyn Davies
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa Kang
- Specialty of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarita Bista
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S. Rachel Skinner
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Lee SSY, Lingham G, Wang CA, Diaz Torres S, Pennell CE, Hysi PG, Hammond CJ, Gharahkhani P, Clark R, Guggenheim JA, Mackey DA. Changes in Refractive Error During Young Adulthood: The Effects of Longitudinal Screen Time, Ocular Sun Exposure, and Genetic Predisposition. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:28. [PMID: 37982764 PMCID: PMC10668617 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Changes in refractive error during young adulthood is common yet risk factors at this age are largely unexplored. This study explored risk factors for these changes, including gene-environmental interactions. Methods Spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) for 624 community-based adults were measured at 20 (baseline) and 28 years old. Participants were genotyped and their polygenic scores (PGS) for refractive error calculated. Self-reported screen time (computer, television, and mobile devices) from 20 to 28 years old were collected prospectively and longitudinal trajectories were generated. Past sun exposure was quantified using conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) area. Results Median change in SER and AL were -0.023 diopters (D)/year (interquartile range [IQR] = -0.062 to -0.008) and +0.01 mm/year (IQR = 0.000 to 0.026), respectively. Sex, baseline myopia, parental myopia, screen time, CUVAF, and PGS were significantly associated with myopic shift. Collectively, these factors accounted for approximately 20% of the variance in refractive error change, with screen time, CUVAF, and PGS each explaining approximately 1% of the variance. Four trajectories for total screen time were found: "consistently low" (n = 148), "consistently high" (n = 250), "consistently very high" (n = 76), and "increasing" (n = 150). Myopic shift was faster in those with "consistently high" or "consistently very high" screen time compared to "consistently-low" (P ≤ 0.031). For each z-score increase in PGS, changes in SER and AL increased by -0.005 D/year and 0.002 mm/year (P ≤ 0.045). Of the three types of screen time, only computer time was associated with myopic shift (P ≤ 0.040). There was no two- or three-way interaction effect between PGS, CUVAF, or screen time (P ≥ 0.26). Conclusions Higher total or computer screen time, less sun exposure, and genetic predisposition are each independently associated with greater myopic shifts during young adulthood. Given that these factors explained only a small amount of the variance, there are likely other factors driving refractive error change during young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6635-1098
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-0733
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-3974
| | - Santiago Diaz Torres
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5442-9211
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0937-6165
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- King's College London, Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- King's College London, Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom
- https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-2510
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- King's College London, Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- King's College London, Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-2620
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4203-5952
| | - Rosie Clark
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1247-4636
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-340X
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7914-4709
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14
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Yuan H, Plekhanova T, Walmsley R, Reynolds AC, Maddison KJ, Bucan M, Gehrman P, Rowlands A, Ray DW, Bennett D, McVeigh J, Straker L, Eastwood P, Kyle SD, Doherty A. Self-supervised learning of accelerometer data provides new insights for sleep and its association with mortality. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.07.07.23292251. [PMID: 37461532 PMCID: PMC10350137 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.23292251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Sleep is essential to life. Accurate measurement and classification of sleep/wake and sleep stages is important in clinical studies for sleep disorder diagnoses and in the interpretation of data from consumer devices for monitoring physical and mental well-being. Existing non-polysomnography sleep classification techniques mainly rely on heuristic methods developed in relatively small cohorts. Thus, we aimed to establish the accuracy of wrist-worn accelerometers for sleep stage classification and subsequently describe the association between sleep duration and efficiency (proportion of total time asleep when in bed) with mortality outcomes. Methods We developed and validated a self-supervised deep neural network for sleep stage classification using concurrent laboratory-based polysomnography and accelerometry data from three countries (Australia, the UK, and the USA). The model was validated within-cohort using subject-wise five-fold cross-validation for sleep-wake classification and in a three-class setting for sleep stage classification wake, rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM), non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM) and by external validation. We assessed the face validity of our model for population inference by applying the model to the UK Biobank with 100,000 participants, each of whom wore a wristband for up to seven days. The derived sleep parameters were used in a Cox regression model to study the association of sleep duration and sleep efficiency with all-cause mortality. Findings After exclusion, 1,448 participant nights of data were used to train the sleep classifier. The difference between polysomnography and the model classifications on the external validation was 34.7 minutes (95% limits of agreement (LoA): -37.8 to 107.2 minutes) for total sleep duration, 2.6 minutes for REM duration (95% LoA: -68.4 to 73.4 minutes) and 32.1 minutes (95% LoA: -54.4 to 118.5 minutes) for NREM duration. The derived sleep architecture estimate in the UK Biobank sample showed good face validity. Among 66,214 UK Biobank participants, 1,642 mortality events were observed. Short sleepers (<6 hours) had a higher risk of mortality compared to participants with normal sleep duration (6 to 7.9 hours), regardless of whether they had low sleep efficiency (Hazard ratios (HRs): 1.69; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.28 to 2.24 ) or high sleep efficiency (HRs: 1.42; 95% CIs: 1.14 to 1.77). Interpretation Deep-learning-based sleep classification using accelerometers has a fair to moderate agreement with polysomnography. Our findings suggest that having short overnight sleep confers mortality risk irrespective of sleep continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yuan
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rosemary Walmsley
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Amy C Reynolds
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Kathleen J Maddison
- Centre of Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Australia
- West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Physiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Australia
| | - Maja Bucan
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Philip Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex Rowlands
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - David W Ray
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Joanne McVeigh
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Australia
| | | | - Simon D Kyle
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Aiden Doherty
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
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15
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Abbondanza F, Dale PS, Wang CA, Hayiou‐Thomas ME, Toseeb U, Koomar TS, Wigg KG, Feng Y, Price KM, Kerr EN, Guger SL, Lovett MW, Strug LJ, van Bergen E, Dolan CV, Tomblin JB, Moll K, Schulte‐Körne G, Neuhoff N, Warnke A, Fisher SE, Barr CL, Michaelson JJ, Boomsma DI, Snowling MJ, Hulme C, Whitehouse AJO, Pennell CE, Newbury DF, Stein J, Talcott JB, Bishop DVM, Paracchini S. Language and reading impairments are associated with increased prevalence of non-right-handedness. Child Dev 2023; 94:970-984. [PMID: 36780127 PMCID: PMC10330064 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Handedness has been studied for association with language-related disorders because of its link with language hemispheric dominance. No clear pattern has emerged, possibly because of small samples, publication bias, and heterogeneous criteria across studies. Non-right-handedness (NRH) frequency was assessed in N = 2503 cases with reading and/or language impairment and N = 4316 sex-matched controls identified from 10 distinct cohorts (age range 6-19 years old; European ethnicity) using a priori set criteria. A meta-analysis (Ncases = 1994) showed elevated NRH % in individuals with language/reading impairment compared with controls (OR = 1.21, CI = 1.06-1.39, p = .01). The association between reading/language impairments and NRH could result from shared pathways underlying brain lateralization, handedness, and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip S. Dale
- Department of Speech and Hearing SciencesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Carol A. Wang
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Umar Toseeb
- Department of EducationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - Karen G. Wigg
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Yu Feng
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Kaitlyn M. Price
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental HealthHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Elizabeth N. Kerr
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychologyHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Sharon L. Guger
- Department of PsychologyHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Maureen W. Lovett
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental HealthHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Lisa J. Strug
- Genetics and Genome BiologyHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Elsje van Bergen
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Conor V. Dolan
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Kristina Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsLudwig‐Maximilians‐University Hospital MunichMunchenGermany
| | - Gerd Schulte‐Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsLudwig‐Maximilians‐University Hospital MunichMunchenGermany
| | - Nina Neuhoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsLudwig‐Maximilians‐University Hospital MunichMunchenGermany
| | | | - Simon E. Fisher
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Cathy L. Barr
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental HealthHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Craig E. Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Dianne F. Newbury
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - John Stein
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Joel B. Talcott
- Aston Brain Center, School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamUK
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16
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Chen J, Tian R, Zou Z, Wu J, Zhao J, Chen Y, Peng L, Lyu W, Cheng Q, Cai Z, Chen X, Chen C. Longitudinal study of multidimensional factors influencing maternal and offspring health outcomes: a study protocol. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:466. [PMID: 37349692 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing preventable adverse maternal and offspring outcomes is a global priority. The causes of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes are complex with multidimensional influencing factors. In addition, the Covid-19 epidemic has had a significant psychological and physical impact on people. China is now stepping into the post-epidemic era. We are curious about the psychological and physical situation of maternity in China at this stage. Therefore, we plan to initiate a prospective longitudinal study to investigate the multidimensional influences and mechanisms that affect maternal and offspring health. METHOD We will recruit eligible pregnant women at Renmin Hospital of Hubei Province, China. The expected sample size is 1490. We will assess socio-demographics, Covid-19 related information, social capital, sleep, mental health and medical records, including clinical examination and biochemical tests. Eligible pregnant women will be enrolled in the study with less than 14 weeks of gestation. Participants will receive a total of nine follow-up visits between mid-pregnancy and one year postpartum. The offspring will be followed up at birth, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and one year. In addition, a qualitative study will be conducted to understand the underlying causes that affect maternal and offspring health outcomes. DISCUSSION This is the first longitudinal study of maternity in Wuhan, Hubei Province which integrates physical, psychological and social capital dimensions. Wuhan is the first city to be affected by Covid-19 in China. As China moves into the post-epidemic era, this study will provide us with a better understanding of the long-term impact of the epidemic on maternal and offspring health outcomes. We will implement a range of rigorous measures to enhance participants' retention rate and ensure the quality of data. The study will provide empirical results for maternal health in the post-epidemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Chen
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Located On No. 115, Donghu Road, , Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ruixue Tian
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Located On No. 115, Donghu Road, , Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhijie Zou
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Located On No. 115, Donghu Road, , Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Located On No. 115, Donghu Road, , Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Located On No. 115, Donghu Road, , Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Located On No. 115, Donghu Road, , Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Peng
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Located On No. 115, Donghu Road, , Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenyi Lyu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Outpatient Clinic, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Located On No.99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Qiuxia Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Located On No.99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongxiang Cai
- Department of Nursing, Located On No.99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuchang District, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Located On No. 115, Donghu Road, , Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Chunli Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Located On No.99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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17
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Ng PTT, Straker L, Tucker K, Izatt MT, Claus A. Advancing Use of DEXA Scans to Quantitatively and Qualitatively Evaluate Lateral Spinal Curves, for Preliminary Identification of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:656-665. [PMID: 36907926 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan is an emerging screening method for identifying likely adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Using DEXA in an unbiased population sample (the Raine Study), we aimed to report the inter-rater reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC95) for scoliosis curve angle measurement, identify likely AIS prevalence, and the concordance between reported AIS diagnosis and DEXA-identified likely AIS. Scoliosis curve angles were measured using the modified Ferguson method on DEXA scans (n = 1238) at age 20 years. For curve angle inter-rater reliability, two examiners measured angles (6-40°) on 41 scans. Likely, AIS was determined with quantitative and qualitative criteria (modified Ferguson angles ≥ 10° and expert review of spinal curves).The inter-rater reliability for scoliosis curve angle measurement was good-excellent (ICC: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.71-0.89; p < 0.001), and MDC95 was 6.2°. The prevalence of likely AIS was 2.1% (26/1238). Diagnosis of AIS was reported despite little or no scoliosis curve (< 3.8°) for 20 participants (1.6%), and diagnosis of AIS was not reported despite scoliosis curve ≥ 10° for 11 participants (0.9%). Results support the use of modified Ferguson method to measure scoliosis curve angles on DEXA. There is potential utility for using a combination of quantitative measurement and qualitative criteria to evaluate DEXA images, to identify likely AIS for reporting prevalence. Without formal school screening, the analysis of DEXA in this population sample suggested that relying on current health professional diagnosis alone could result in 2.5% of this cohort being at risk of false positive diagnosis or delay in necessary management due to non-diagnosis of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T T Ng
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Pain Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Physiotherapy Department, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - L Straker
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - K Tucker
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Pain Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M T Izatt
- Biomechanics and Spine Research Group, Queensland University of Technology at the Centre for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A Claus
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Tess Cramond Pain and Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Hart RJ, Wijs LA. The longer-term effects of IVF on offspring from childhood to adolescence. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 4:1045762. [PMID: 36570043 PMCID: PMC9773093 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2022.1045762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that there are increased pregnancy-related complications for a woman who conceives through assisted reproductive treatment (ART). Furthermore, it is known that the risk to the child born is greater, believed to be related to prematurity and growth restriction. Studies have also reported epigenetic changes in the DNA of offspring conceived through ART. In addition, it is believed that they have a greater risk of congenital malformations, although some of these risks may relate to underlying infertility, rather than the ART treatment per se. As a result, it may be expected that there is a greater risk to the longer-term health of the child who is born from ART; however, evidence about the long-term health of children conceived through ART is reassuring. Even though, it is recognised that many of the studies in this field come with limitations. Low numbers of participants is one of the major limitations, which makes subgroup analyses for diverse types of ART, or diverse types of infertility, not feasible. Furthermore, studies are often limited by short follow-up periods because of the difficulty and costs involved in longitudinal study designs. In addition, the rapid changes over time in ART limit the generalisability and significance of long-term findings. Well-designed studies investigating the long-term health outcomes of ART-conceived offspring and the potential influences of various aspects of the ART procedure, as well as studies of the potential underlying epigenetic mechanisms, are imperative. Furthermore, conclusions from childhood hospitalisation data from the United Kingdom, the long-term follow-up and quality of life study from researchers in Melbourne, and the data published from the Western Australian Growing Up Healthy Study will go a long way to help reassure current and prospective parents who may require ART to conceive.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Hart
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia,Fertility Specialists of Western Australia, Bethesda Hospital, Claremont, WA, Australia,City Fertility Clinic, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Correspondence: R. J. Hart
| | - L. A. Wijs
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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19
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Wan F, Pan F, Ayonrinde O, Adams LA, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, O'Sullivan TA, Olynyk JK, Oddy WH. Prospective dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake is associated with trajectories of fatty liver disease: an 8 year follow-up study from adolescence to young adulthood. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3987-4000. [PMID: 35780424 PMCID: PMC9596520 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Dietary fat intake has long been associated with fatty liver. Our study aimed to determine the effect of dietary fats on longitudinal fatty liver index (FLI) trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS Nine hundred eighty-five participants in the Raine Study, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, had cross-sectional assessments at ages 14, 17, 20 and 22 years, during which anthropometric measurements and blood tests were obtained. FLI trajectories were derived from the longitudinal FLI results. Dietary fat intake was measured with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at 14 years and log multinominal regression analyses were used to estimate relative risks. RESULTS Three FLI trajectories were identified and labelled as stable-low (79.1%, N = 782), low-to-high (13.9%, N = 132), and stable-high (7%, N = 71). The low-to-high group associated with an increased intake of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA, DPA and DHA (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10-1.48) relative to the stable-low group. Compared to the stable-low group, omega-6 and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in the stable-high group were associated with an increased relative risk of 1.34 (95% CI 1.02-1.76) and 1.10 (95% CI 1.03-1.16), respectively. CONCLUSION For those at high risk of fatty liver in early adolescence, high omega-6 fatty acid intake and a high ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids are associated with increased risk of fatty liver. There should be caution in assuming these associations are causal due to possible undetected and underestimated confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhen Wan
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Feng Pan
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Oyekoya Ayonrinde
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Leon A Adams
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Therese A O'Sullivan
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
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20
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Beales D, Asinelli R, Klokset M, O'Kane L, Urstad T, Wise E, Zabatiero J, Thompson J, Pontre J, Waller R. Association between pelvic pain bothersomeness and pain sensitivity: A community-based cross-sectional study of young adult females in the Raine Study. BJOG 2022; 129:1981-1991. [PMID: 35596698 PMCID: PMC9796573 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pelvic pain has been associated with augmented nociceptive processing, but large studies controlling for multiple potential confounding factors are lacking. This study investigated the association between pelvic pain bothersomeness and pain sensitivity in young adult women, accounting for potential confounding factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Community-dwelling sample. POPULATION The Raine Study Gen2-22 year follow-up (n = 475). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The experience of bothersomeness related to pelvic pain was determined from a question in the Urogenital Distress Inventory short form. Pain sensitivity was measured using pressure pain and cold pain thresholds. Potential confounding factors included ethnicity, marital status, highest level of education, income, waist-hip ratio, level of activity, sleep quality, smoking, comorbidity history, C-reactive protein level, musculoskeletal pain experience and psychological distress. RESULTS Three hundred and sixty-two women (76.2%) reported no pelvic pain bothersomeness, 74 (15.6%) reported mild pelvic pain bothersomeness and 39 (8.2%) reported moderate-severe pelvic pain bothersomeness. After adjusting for marital status (and test site), moderate-severe pelvic pain bothersomeness was associated with a lower pressure pain threshold (i.e. greater pressure pain sensitivity) (coefficient -51.46, 95% CI -98.06 to -4.86, p = 0.030). After adjusting for smoking, moderate-severe pelvic pain bothersomeness was also associated with a higher cold pain threshold (i.e. greater cold pain sensitivity) (coefficient 4.35, 95% CI 0.90-7.79, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests augmented nociceptive processing as a contributing factor in pelvic pain bothersomeness for some women. Thorough assessment of women who present clinically with pelvic pain should consider pain sensitivity as a potential contributing factor to their presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Beales
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Renata Asinelli
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Marit Klokset
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lindsay O'Kane
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Tonje Urstad
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Emma Wise
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Juliana Zabatiero
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia,The Raine StudyThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Judith Thompson
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jennifer Pontre
- King Edward Memorial HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Robert Waller
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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21
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Reynolds AC, Lechat B, Melaku YA, Sansom K, Brown BWJ, Crowther ME, Wanstall S, Maddison KJ, Walsh JH, Straker L, Adams RJT, McArdle N, Eastwood PR. Shift work, clinically significant sleep disorders and mental health in a representative, cross-sectional sample of young working adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16255. [PMID: 36171220 PMCID: PMC9519578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health conditions confer considerable global disease burden in young adults, who are also the highest demographic to work shifts, and of whom 20% meet criteria for a sleep disorder. We aimed to establish the relationship between the combined effect of shift work and sleep disorders, and mental health. The Raine Study is the only longitudinal, population-based birth cohort in the world with gold-standard, Level 1 measurement of sleep (polysomnography, PSG) collected in early adulthood. Participants (aged 22y) underwent in-laboratory PSG and completed detailed sleep questionnaires. Multivariable adjusted robust linear regression models were conducted to explore associations with anxiety (GAD7) and depression (PHQ9), adjusted for sex, health comorbidities, and work hours/week. Data were from 660 employed young adults (27.3% shift workers). At least one clinically significant sleep disorder was present in 18% of shift workers (day, evening and night shifts) and 21% of non-shift workers (p = 0.51); 80% were undiagnosed. Scores for anxiety and depression were not different between shift and non-shift workers (p = 0.29 and p = 0.82); but were higher in those with a sleep disorder than those without (Md(IQR) anxiety: 7.0(4.0-10.0) vs 4.0(1.0-6.0)), and depression: (9.0(5.0-13.0) vs 4.0(2.0-6.0)). Considering evening and night shift workers only (i.e. excluding day shift workers) revealed an interaction between shift work and sleep disorder status for anxiety (p = 0.021), but not depression (p = 0.96), with anxiety scores being highest in those shift workers with a sleep disorder (Md(IQR) 8.5(4.0-12.2). We have shown that clinical sleep disorders are common in young workers and are largely undiagnosed. Measures of mental health do not appear be different between shift and non-shift workers. These findings indicate that the identification and treatment of clinical sleep disorders should be prioritised for young workers as these sleep disorders, rather than shift work per se, are associated with poorer mental health. These negative mental health effects appear to be greatest in those who work evening and/or night shift and have a sleep disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Reynolds
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Mark Oliphant Building, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5039, Australia.
| | - Bastien Lechat
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Mark Oliphant Building, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5039, Australia
| | - Yohannes Adama Melaku
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Mark Oliphant Building, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5039, Australia
| | - Kelly Sansom
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, Centre for Sleep Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Brandon W J Brown
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Mark Oliphant Building, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5039, Australia
| | - Meagan E Crowther
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Mark Oliphant Building, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5039, Australia.,Appleton Institute, CQ University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sian Wanstall
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Mark Oliphant Building, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5039, Australia
| | - Kathleen J Maddison
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, Centre for Sleep Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Walsh
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, Centre for Sleep Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert J T Adams
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Mark Oliphant Building, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5039, Australia
| | - Nigel McArdle
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, Centre for Sleep Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter R Eastwood
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Mark Oliphant Building, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5039, Australia.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
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Relationships between intrauterine fetal growth trajectories and markers of adiposity and inflammation in young adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1925-1935. [PMID: 35978103 PMCID: PMC9492546 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is now good evidence that events during gestation significantly influence the developmental well-being of an individual in later life. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between intrauterine growth trajectories determined by serial ultrasound and subsequent markers of adiposity and inflammation in the 27-year-old adult offspring from the Raine Study, an Australian longitudinal pregnancy cohort. METHODS Ultrasound fetal biometric measurements including abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), and head circumference (HC) from 1333 mother-fetal pairs (Gen1-Gen2) in the Raine Study were used to develop fetal growth trajectories using group-based trajectory modeling. Linear mixed modeling investigated the relationship between adult body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) of Gen2 at 20 (n = 485), 22 (n = 421) and 27 (n = 437) years and the fetal growth trajectory groups, adjusting for age, sex, adult lifestyle factors, and maternal factors during pregnancy. RESULTS Seven AC, five FL and five HC growth trajectory groups were identified. Compared to the average-stable (reference) group, a lower adult BMI was observed in two falling AC trajectories: (β = -1.45 kg/m2, 95% CI: -2.43 to -0.46, P = 0.004) and (β = -1.01 kg/m2, 95% CI: -1.96 to -0.05, P = 0.038). Conversely, higher adult BMI (2.58 kg/m2, 95% CI: 0.98 to 4.18, P = 0.002) and hs-CRP (37%, 95% CI: 9-73%, P = 0.008) were observed in a rising FL trajectory compared to the reference group. A high-stable HC trajectory associated with 20% lower adult hs-CRP (95% CI: 5-33%, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of understanding causes of the unique patterns of intrauterine growth. Different fetal growth trajectories from early pregnancy associate with subsequent adult adiposity and inflammation, which predispose to the risk of diabetes and cardiometabolic disease.
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Lee SSY, Mackey DA. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Myopia in Young Adults: Review of Findings From the Raine Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:861044. [PMID: 35570945 PMCID: PMC9092372 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.861044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia tends to develop and progress fastest during childhood, and the age of stabilization has been reported to be 15-16 years old. Thus, most studies on myopia have centered on children. Data on the refractive error profile in young adulthood - a time in life when myopia is thought to have stabilized and refractive error is unaffected by age-related pathology such as cataract - are limited. The Raine Study has been following a community-based cohort of young adults representative of the general Western Australia population since their prenatal periods in 1989-1991, with eye examinations performed when participants were 20 and 28 years old. At 20 years old, prevalence of myopia in the cohort was 25.8%. Using long-term trajectory of serum vitamin D levels and conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) area to objectively quantify sun exposure, the Raine Study confirmed a negative relationship between time spent outdoors and myopia prevalence. However, prospective studies are required to determine the amount of CUVAF area or serum vitamin D levels associated with time duration. Combining data from the Raine Study and several other cohorts, Mendelian randomization studies have confirmed a link between myopia and a genetic predisposition toward higher education. Several novel potential associations of myopia or ocular biometry were investigated, including fetal growth trajectory, which was found to be significantly associated with corneal curvature at 20 years. By age 28, myopia prevalence had increased to 33.2%. Between 20 and 28 years old, myopia progressed and axial length elongated, on average, by -0.041D/year and 0.02 mm/year, respectively. Smaller CUVAF area at follow-up, female sex, and parental myopia were significant risk factors for myopia incidence and progression between 20 and 28 years. Given the limited research in young adults, further investigations are warranted to confirm the Raine Study findings, as well as identify novel genetic or environmental factors of myopia incidence and progression in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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24
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Rajula HSR, Manchia M, Agarwal K, Akingbuwa WA, Allegrini AG, Diemer E, Doering S, Haan E, Jami ES, Karhunen V, Leone M, Schellhas L, Thompson A, van den Berg SM, Bergen SE, Kuja-Halkola R, Hammerschlag AR, Järvelin MR, Leval A, Lichtenstein P, Lundstrom S, Mauri M, Munafò MR, Myers D, Plomin R, Rimfeld K, Tiemeier H, Ystrom E, Fanos V, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Overview of CAPICE-Childhood and Adolescence Psychopathology: unravelling the complex etiology by a large Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Europe-an EU Marie Skłodowska-Curie International Training Network. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:829-839. [PMID: 33474652 PMCID: PMC9142454 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The Roadmap for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research in Europe (ROAMER) identified child and adolescent mental illness as a priority area for research. CAPICE (Childhood and Adolescence Psychopathology: unravelling the complex etiology by a large Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Europe) is a European Union (EU) funded training network aimed at investigating the causes of individual differences in common childhood and adolescent psychopathology, especially depression, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. CAPICE brings together eight birth and childhood cohorts as well as other cohorts from the EArly Genetics and Life course Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortium, including twin cohorts, with unique longitudinal data on environmental exposures and mental health problems, and genetic data on participants. Here we describe the objectives, summarize the methodological approaches and initial results, and present the dissemination strategy of the CAPICE network. Besides identifying genetic and epigenetic variants associated with these phenotypes, analyses have been performed to shed light on the role of genetic factors and the interplay with the environment in influencing the persistence of symptoms across the lifespan. Data harmonization and building an advanced data catalogue are also part of the work plan. Findings will be disseminated to non-academic parties, in close collaboration with the Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks-Europe (GAMIAN-Europe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Sekhar Reddy Rajula
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kratika Agarwal
- Department of Learning, Data Analytics and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wonuola A Akingbuwa
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea G Allegrini
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Diemer
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Doering
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elis Haan
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eshim S Jami
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marica Leone
- Janssen Pharmaceutical, Global Commercial Strategy Organization, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Schellhas
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ashley Thompson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie M van den Berg
- Department of Learning, Data Analytics and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marjo Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulun yliopisto, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University , London, UK
| | - Amy Leval
- Janssen Pharmaceutical, Global Commercial Strategy Organization, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundstrom
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Myers
- Janssen Pharmaceutical, Global Commercial Strategy Organization, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kaili Rimfeld
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Child Health Research Centre, Level 6, Centre for Children's Health Research, University of Queensland, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia. .,Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.
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25
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Physical activity estimated by osteogenic potential and energy expenditure has differing associations with bone mass in young adults: the raine study. Arch Osteoporos 2022; 17:67. [PMID: 35434777 PMCID: PMC9013684 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-022-01100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ground impacts during physical activity may be important for peak bone mass. We found differences in how energy expenditure and impact scores estimated from a physical activity questionnaire related to bone health in young adults. Using both estimate types can improve our understanding of the skeletal benefits of physical activity. PURPOSE It is unclear whether mechanical loading during physical activity, estimated from physical activity questionnaires which assess metabolic equivalents of task (METs), is associated with skeletal health. This longitudinal study investigated how physical activity loading scores, assessed at ages 17 and 20 years, (a) compares with physical activity measured in METs, and (b) is associated with bone mass at age 20 years. METHODS A total of 826 participants from the Raine Study Gen2 were assessed for physical activity energy expenditure via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) at age 17 and 20 years. Loading scores (the product of peak force and application rate) per week were subsequently estimated from the IPAQ. Whole-body and appendicular bone mineral density (BMD) at age 20 years were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Bland-Altman minimal detectable difference for physical activity Z- scores at age 17 and 20 years were 1.59 standard deviations (SDs) and 1.33 SDs, respectively, greater than the a priori minimal clinically important change of 0.5 SDs. Loading score, but not IPAQ score, had significant positive associations with whole-body and leg BMD after adjustment for covariates (β = 0.008 and 0.012 g/cm2, respectively, for age 17 and 20 years loading scores). IPAQ score at age 20 years, but not loading score, had a significant positive association with arm BMD (β = 0.007 g/cm2). CONCLUSION This study revealed disagreement in associations of self-reported METs and loading score estimates with bone health in young adults. Coupling traditional energy expenditure questionnaire outcomes with bone-loading estimates may improve understanding of the location-specific skeletal benefits of physical activity in young adults.
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The effect of transverse ocular magnification adjustment on macular thickness profile in different refractive errors in community-based adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266909. [PMID: 35417477 PMCID: PMC9007368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Changes in retinal thickness are common in various ocular diseases. Transverse magnification due to differing ocular biometrics, in particular axial length, affects measurement of retinal thickness in different regions. This study evaluated the effect of axial length and refractive error on measured macular thickness in two community-based cohorts of healthy young adults. Methods A total of 2160 eyes of 1247 community-based participants (18–30 years; 23.4% myopes, mean axial length = 23.6mm) were included in this analysis. Macular thickness measurements were obtained using a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (which assumes an axial length of 24.385mm). Using a custom program, retinal thickness data were extracted at the 9 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) regions with and without correction for transverse magnificent effects, with the corrected measurements adjusting according to the participant’s axial length. Linear mixed models were used to analyse the effect of correction and its interaction with axial length or refractive group on retinal thickness. Results The raw measures (uncorrected for axial length) underestimated the true retinal thickness at the central macula, while overestimating at most non-central macular regions. There was an axial length by correction interaction effect in all but the nasal regions (all p<0.05). For each 1mm increase in axial length, the central macular thickness is overestimated by 2.7–2.9μm while thicknesses at other regions were underestimated by 0.2–4.1μm. Based on the raw thickness measurements, myopes have thinner retinas than non-myopes at most non-central macular. However, this difference was no longer significant when the corrected data was used. Conclusion In a community-based sample, the raw measurements underestimate the retinal thickness at the central macula and overestimate the retinal thickness at non-central regions of the ETDRS grid. The effect of axial length and refractive error on retinal thickness is reduced after correcting for transverse magnification effects resulting from axial length differences.
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Tait R, Ivers R, Marino JL, Doherty D, Graham PL, Cunich M, Sanci L, Steinbeck K, Straker L, Skinner SR. Mental health and behavioural factors involved in road traffic crashes by young adults: analysis of the Raine Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 76:556-562. [PMID: 34965969 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-218039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic crashes (RTC) are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young people. Severe mental health and behavioural conditions increase the likelihood of RTC, as do a range of driving-risk activities. METHOD We used data from the Raine Study, a prebirth cohort from Perth, Australia, to assess the relationship between measures of common mental health or behavioural conditions (Child Behavior Checklist Internalising and Externalising scores) at age 17 and subsequent RTC by 27 years, controlling for substance use and driving-risk activities. RESULTS By 27 years of age, of 937 participants, 386 (41.2%) reported zero crashes and 551 (58.8%) reported ≥1 crashes. In the baseline Poisson model, increased Externalising scores (eg, aggression and delinquency) were associated with increased RTC (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.02): increased Internalising scores (eg, anxiety and depression) were associated with fewer RTC (IRR=0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.00). In the fully adjusted model, the mental health measures were not significant (Externalising IRR=1.01, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.02: Internalising IRR=0.99, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.00). Risky driver activities, such as falling asleep while driving (IRR=1.34), more frequent use of a hands-free telephone (IRR=1.35) and more frequent hostility towards other drivers (IRR=1.30) increased the rate of RTC. CONCLUSION Measures of mental health scores at age 17 were not predictive of subsequent RTC, after adjusting for measures of driving-risk activities. We need to better understand the determinants of externalising and risky driving behaviours if we are to address the increased risk of RTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tait
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Marino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne & Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population Health and Global Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dorota Doherty
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Women and Infants Research Foundation, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Petra L Graham
- Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine (GenIMPACT) and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Cunich
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health (Central Clinical School), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Women, Children and their Families, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,The ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Health Economics Collaborative, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lena Sanci
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katharine Steinbeck
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S Rachel Skinner
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Hagemann E, Silva DT, Davis JA, Gibson LY, Prescott SL. Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD): The importance of life-course and transgenerational approaches. Paediatr Respir Rev 2021; 40:3-9. [PMID: 34148804 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With well-established evidence that early life conditions have a profound influence on lifespan and health-span, new interventional birth cohorts are examining ways to optimise health potential of individuals and communities. These are aimed at going beyond preventing disease, to the conditions that facilitate flourishing from an early age. Covering diverse domains, local community projects, such as The ORIGINS Project, are taking a broader approach to the protective and buffering factors that enhance resilience and reduce allostatic load, such as building nature relatedness, interpersonal relationships, mindfulness, and positive emotions. Such cohorts aim to address how 'upstream' approaches will have flow on effects to the 'historical' risk targets (such as poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and stress) by influencing these core behaviours through better relationships with self, community, and the environment. In addition to scientific pursuit, interventional cohorts can contribute to solutions ineverycommunity - nourishing individuals and communities towards positive change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hagemann
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands WA 6009, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia; Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Desiree T Silva
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands WA 6009, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia; The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Joondalup Health Campus, Suite 210 Specialist Centre, 60 Shenton Avenue, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia; Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Jacqueline A Davis
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands WA 6009, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia; The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lisa Y Gibson
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands WA 6009, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia; The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Susan L Prescott
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands WA 6009, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia; The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Joondalup Health Campus, Suite 210 Specialist Centre, 60 Shenton Avenue, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia; Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States
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Lingham G, Kugelman J, Charng J, Lee SS, Yazar S, McKnight CM, Coroneo MT, Lucas RM, Brown H, Stevenson LJ, Mackey DA, Alonso-Caneiro D. Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence area decreases with age and sunglasses use. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 107:614-620. [PMID: 34815236 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) is a method of detecting conjunctival damage related to ultraviolet radiation exposure. In cross-sectional studies, CUVAF area is positively associated with self-reported time spent outdoors and pterygium and negatively associated with myopia; however, longitudinal studies are scarce. AIMS To use a novel deep learning-based tool to assess 8-year change in CUVAF area in young adults, investigate factors associated with this change and identify the number of new onset pterygia. METHODS A deep learning-based CUVAF tool was developed to measure CUVAF area. CUVAF area and pterygium status were assessed at three study visits: baseline (participants were approximately 20 years old) and at 7-year and 8-year follow-ups. Participants self-reported sun protection behaviours and ocular history. RESULTS CUVAF data were available for 1497 participants from at least one study visit; 633 (43%) participants had complete CUVAF data. Mean CUVAF areas at baseline and the 7-year and 8-year follow-ups were 48.4, 39.3 and 37.7 mm2, respectively. There was a decrease in mean CUVAF area over time (change in total CUVAF area=-0.96 mm2 per year (95% CI: -1.07 to -0.86)). For participants who wore sunglasses ≥1/2 of the time, CUVAF area decreased by an additional -0.42 mm2 per year (95% CI: -0.72 to -0.12) on average. Fourteen (1.5%) participants developed a pterygium. CONCLUSIONS In this young adult cohort, CUVAF area declined over an 8-year period. Wearing sunglasses was associated with a faster reduction in CUVAF area. Deep learning-based models can assist in accurate and efficient measurement of CUVAF area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason Kugelman
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Charng
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha Sy Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charlotte M McKnight
- Ophthalmology, St John of God Health Care, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Minas T Coroneo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Holly Brown
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louis J Stevenson
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Han VX, Patel S, Jones HF, Dale RC. Maternal immune activation and neuroinflammation in human neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:564-579. [PMID: 34341569 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal health during pregnancy plays a major role in shaping health and disease risks in the offspring. The maternal immune activation hypothesis proposes that inflammatory perturbations in utero can affect fetal neurodevelopment, and evidence from human epidemiological studies supports an association between maternal inflammation during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Diverse maternal inflammatory factors, including obesity, asthma, autoimmune disease, infection and psychosocial stress, are associated with an increased risk of NDDs in the offspring. In addition to inflammation, epigenetic factors are increasingly recognized to operate at the gene-environment interface during NDD pathogenesis. For example, integrated brain transcriptome and epigenetic analyses of individuals with NDDs demonstrate convergent dysregulated immune pathways. In this Review, we focus on the emerging human evidence for an association between maternal immune activation and childhood NDDs, including autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Tourette syndrome. We refer to established pathophysiological concepts in animal models, including immune signalling across the placenta, epigenetic 'priming' of offspring microglia and postnatal immune-brain crosstalk. The increasing incidence of NDDs has created an urgent need to mitigate the risk and severity of these conditions through both preventive strategies in pregnancy and novel postnatal therapies targeting disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velda X Han
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shrujna Patel
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hannah F Jones
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neuroservices, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Russell C Dale
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Lingham G, Lee SSY, Charng J, Clark A, Chen FK, Yazar S, Mackey DA. Distribution and Classification of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Healthy Young Adults. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:3. [PMID: 34342609 PMCID: PMC8340659 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.9.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report the distribution of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in healthy young adults, investigate factors associated with RNFL thickness, and report the percentage of outside normal limits (ONL) and borderline (BL) RNFL thickness classifications based on the optical coherence tomography (OCT) manufacturer reference database. Methods Participants of the Raine Study Generation 2 cohort (aged 18–22 years) underwent spectral domain OCT imaging with an RNFL circle scan. Eyes with inadequate scans or optic nerve pathology were excluded. Linear mixed models were used to analyze associations. Results Data were available for 1288 participants (mean age, 20.0 years). Mean RNFL thicknesses in right and left eyes, respectively, were global = 100.5 µm, 100.3 µm (P = 0.03); temporal = 73.1 µm, 68.9 µm (P < 0.001); superotemporal = 140.6 µm, 136.3 µm (P < 0.001); superonasal = 104.9 µm, 115.1 µm (P < 0.001); nasal = 79.7 µm, 79.1 µm (P = 0.09); inferonasal = 109.8 µm, 111.5 µm (P < 0.001); and inferotemporal = 143.2 µm, 143.6 µm (P = 0.51). Longer axial length was associated with thinner RNFL globally, nasally, inferotemporally, superotemporally, superonasally, and inferonasally, as well as thicker RNFL temporally. The prevalence of ONL and BL classifications was generally higher than the expected rates of 1% and 4%, respectively, in temporal sectors and lower than expected in nasal sectors. The prevalence of global BL classifications was lower than expected (right eye, 2.3%; left eye, 2.6%). Conclusions Measured RNFL thickness differs with axial length and between right and left eyes. More reference data are needed to better define the normal limits of RNFL variation in different populations. Translational Relevance This study provides an improved understanding of normal variation in RNFL thickness in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-0733
| | - Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6635-1098
| | - Jason Charng
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5778-6310
| | - Antony Clark
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8393-9870
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2809-9930
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0994-6196
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-7210
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Borg D, Rae K, Fiveash C, Schagen J, James-McAlpine J, Friedlander F, Thurston C, Oliveri M, Harmey T, Cavanagh E, Edwards C, Fontanarosa D, Perkins T, de Zubicaray G, Moritz K, Kumar S, Clifton V. Queensland Family Cohort: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044463. [PMID: 34168023 PMCID: PMC8231060 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The perinatal-postnatal family environment is associated with childhood outcomes including impacts on physical and mental health and educational attainment. Family longitudinal cohort studies collect in-depth data that can capture the influence of an era on family lifestyle, mental health, chronic disease, education and financial stability to enable identification of gaps in society and provide the evidence for changes in government in policy and practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Queensland Family Cohort (QFC) is a prospective, observational, longitudinal study that will recruit 12 500 pregnant families across the state of Queensland (QLD), Australia and intends to follow-up families and children for three decades. To identify the immediate and future health requirements of the QLD population; pregnant participants and their partners will be enrolled by 24 weeks of gestation and followed up at 24, 28 and 36 weeks of gestation, during delivery, on-ward, 6 weeks postpartum and then every 12 months where questionnaires, biological samples and physical measures will be collected from parents and children. To examine the impact of environmental exposures on families, data related to environmental pollution, household pollution and employment exposures will be linked to pregnancy and health outcomes. Where feasible, data linkage of state and federal government databases will be used to follow the participants long term. Biological samples will be stored long term for future discoveries of biomarkers of health and disease. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been obtained from the Mater Research Ethics (HREC/16/MHS/113). Findings will be reported to (1) QFC participating families; (2) funding bodies, institutes and hospitals supporting the QFC; (3) federal, state and local governments to inform policy; (4) presented at local, national and international conferences and (5) disseminated by peer-review publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Borg
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Rae
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corrine Fiveash
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johanna Schagen
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janelle James-McAlpine
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frances Friedlander
- Maternity Unit, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire Thurston
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Oliveri
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Theresa Harmey
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erika Cavanagh
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Maternal Fetal Medicine, Mater Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Edwards
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Davide Fontanarosa
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tony Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University - Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Greig de Zubicaray
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen Moritz
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Child Health Research Centre, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sailesh Kumar
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicki Clifton
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Eastwood P, Gilani SZ, McArdle N, Hillman D, Walsh J, Maddison K, Goonewardene M, Mian A. Predicting sleep apnea from three-dimensional face photography. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 16:493-502. [PMID: 32003736 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Craniofacial anatomy is recognized as an important predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study used three-dimensional (3D) facial surface analysis of linear and geodesic (shortest line between points over a curved surface) distances to determine the combination of measurements that best predicts presence and severity of OSA. METHODS 3D face photographs were obtained in 100 adults without OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] < 5 events/h), 100 with mild OSA (AHI 5 to < 15 events/h), 100 with moderate OSA (AHI 15 to < 30 events/h), and 100 with severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30 events/h). Measurements of linear distances and angles, and geodesic distances were obtained between 24 anatomical landmarks from the 3D photographs. The accuracy with which different combinations of measurements could classify an individual as having OSA or not was assessed using linear discriminant analyses and receiver operating characteristic analyses. These analyses were repeated using different AHI thresholds to define presence of OSA. RESULTS Relative to linear measurements, geodesic measurements of craniofacial anatomy improved the ability to identify individuals with and without OSA (classification accuracy 86% and 89% respectively, P < .01). A maximum classification accuracy of 91% was achieved when linear and geodesic measurements were combined into a single predictive algorithm. Accuracy decreased when using AHI thresholds ≥ 10 events/h and ≥ 15 events/h to define OSA although greatest accuracy was always achieved using a combination of linear and geodesic distances. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that 3D photographs of the face have predictive value for OSA and that geodesic measurements enhance this capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Eastwood
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,West Australian Sleep Disorders Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Syed Zulqarnain Gilani
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel McArdle
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,West Australian Sleep Disorders Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Hillman
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,West Australian Sleep Disorders Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Walsh
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,West Australian Sleep Disorders Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kathleen Maddison
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,West Australian Sleep Disorders Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mithran Goonewardene
- Oral Development and Behavioural Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ajmal Mian
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Insight into the longitudinal relationship between chronic subclinical inflammation and obesity from adolescence to early adulthood: a dual trajectory analysis. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:799-809. [PMID: 34076706 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN This study aimed to understand the longitudinal relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and body mass index (BMI) from adolescence to early adulthood. METHODS CRP and BMI were collected from participants of the Raine Study Gen2 at 14-, 17-, 20- and 22-year follow-ups (n = 1312). A dual trajectory analysis was conducted to assess the association between CRP and BMI trajectories, providing conditional probabilities of membership of CRP trajectory membership given BMI trajectory membership. Best model fit was assessed by systematically fitting two to eight trajectory groups with linear and quadratic terms and comparing models according to the Bayesian Information Criterion statistic. RESULTS The three CRP trajectories were; "stable-low" (71.0%), "low-to-high" (13.8%) and "stable-high" (15.2%). Participants in a "high-increasing" BMI trajectory had a higher probability of being in the "stable-high" CRP trajectory (60.4% of participants). In contrast, individuals in the "medium-increasing" BMI trajectory did not have a significantly increased probability of being in the "stable-high" CRP trajectory. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that chronic sub-clinical inflammation is present through adolescence into early adulthood in some individuals. Targeting chronic sub-clinical inflammation though obesity prevention strategies may be important for improving future health outcomes.
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Duko B, Pereira G, Betts K, Tait RJ, Newnham J, Alati R. Prenatal exposure to maternal, but not paternal, tobacco smoking is associated with smoking in adolescence. Addict Behav 2021; 117:106871. [PMID: 33609811 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting epidemiological evidence suggests an association between prenatal tobacco exposure and an increased risk of tobacco smoking in offspring. However, it is uncertain whether the association is due to the intrauterine or shared environmental exposures. METHODS Study participants were from the Raine Study, a prospective birth cohort study based in Perth, Western Australia (N = 2730). Tobacco smoking in adolescents, at age 17 years, was measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) of tobacco smoking in offspring exposed to maternal prenatal tobacco use during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. We have also calculated the E-values to investigate the potential effect of unmeasured confounding. Paternal smoking during pregnancy was used as a negative control for comparison. RESULTS A total of 1210 mothers-offspring pairs were included in the final analysis. After controlling for potential confounders, we found increased risks of tobacco smoking in offspring exposed to maternal prenatal tobacco use during the first trimester [RR 1.50 (95% CI: 1.13-1.97)] (E-value for point estimate = 2.37) and during both trimesters of pregnancy [RR 1.41 (95% CI: 1.03-1.89)] (E-value for point estimate = 2.17). However, we found insufficient statistical evidence for an association between paternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of tobacco smoking in offspring [RR 1.18 (95% CI: 0.84-1.67)]. CONCLUSION Maternal prenatal tobacco exposure was associated with an increased risk of tobacco smoking in offspring at the age of 17 years. Tobacco smoking cessation at the early stages of gestation may reduce the risk of tobacco smoking in the next generation.
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Dyer KIC, Sanfilippo PG, White SW, Guggenheim JA, Hammond CJ, Newnham JP, Mackey DA, Yazar S. Associations Between Fetal Growth Trajectories and the Development of Myopia by 20 Years of Age. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:26. [PMID: 33355605 PMCID: PMC7774062 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the contribution of genetic and early life environmental factors, as reflected by fetal anthropometric growth trajectories, toward the development of myopia during childhood and adolescence. Methods This analysis included 498 singleton Caucasian participants from the Raine Study, a pregnancy cohort study based in Western Australia. Serial fetal biometric measurements of these participants were collected via ultrasound scans performed at 18, 24, 28, 34, and 38 weeks’ gestation. At a 20-year follow-up, the participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular biometry measurements. Using a group-based trajectory modeling approach, we identified groups of participants with similar growth trajectories based on measurements of fetal head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference, femur length (FL), and estimated fetal weight (EFW). Differences between trajectory groups with respect to prevalence of myopia, axial length (AL), and corneal radius of curvature measured at the 20-year follow-up were evaluated via logistic regression and analysis of variance. Results Prevalence of myopia was highest among participants with consistently short or consistently long FLs (P = 0.04). There was also a trend toward increased prevalence with larger HC in late gestation, although not at a statistically significant level. Trajectory groups reflecting faster HC, FL, or EFW growth correlated with significantly flatter corneas (P = 0.03, P = 0.04, and P = 0.01, respectively) and a general, but not statistically significant, increase in AL. Conclusions Environmental or genetic factors influencing intrauterine skeletal growth may concurrently affect ocular development, with effects persisting into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen I C Dyer
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul G Sanfilippo
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott W White
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Maternal Fetal Medicine Service, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John P Newnham
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Maternal Fetal Medicine Service, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Associations between Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Timing of Menarche and Growth and Adiposity into Adulthood: A Twenty-Years Birth Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094725. [PMID: 33946657 PMCID: PMC8125681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties and potentially obesogenic effects. We hypothesised that antenatal phthalate exposure may influence growth and adiposity patterns in girls through childhood into adolescence. Among 1342 Raine Study singleton females, 462 had maternal serum and at least one outcome available up to 20 years of age. Individuals’ maternal serum collected at 18 and 34 weeks gestation was pooled and analyzed for concentrations of 32 metabolites of 15 phthalate diesters. Cox regression and linear models were used to determine associations between maternal phthalate levels and age at menarche, change in height and weight z-scores between birth and two years, height from birth to 20 years, BMI from two to 20 years, deviation from mid-parental height at age 20 and DEXA scan measures at age 20. Weak negative associations were detected with some phthalate metabolites and change in height and weight z-score during infancy. Weak positive associations between some of the high molecular weight phthalate metabolites and height z-score were detected during childhood. While still within the normal range, age at menarche was slightly delayed in girls with higher prenatal exposure to the higher molecular weight phthalate metabolites. We derived some associations between prenatal phthalate exposure with early growth patterns and age at menarche.
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Lafontaine N, Campbell PJ, Castillo-Fernandez JE, Mullin S, Lim EM, Kendrew P, Lewer M, Brown SJ, Huang RC, Melton PE, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Dudbridge F, Spector TD, Wright MJ, Martin NG, McRae AF, Panicker V, Zhu G, Walsh JP, Bell JT, Wilson SG. Epigenome-Wide Association Study of Thyroid Function Traits Identifies Novel Associations of fT3 With KLF9 and DOT1L. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2191-e2202. [PMID: 33484127 PMCID: PMC8063248 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Circulating concentrations of free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyrotropin (TSH) are partly heritable traits. Recent studies have advanced knowledge of their genetic architecture. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), may be important in pituitary-thyroid axis regulation and action, but data are limited. OBJECTIVE To identify novel associations between fT3, fT4, and TSH and differentially methylated positions (DMPs) in the genome in subjects from 2 Australian cohorts. METHOD We performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of thyroid function parameters and DNAm using participants from: Brisbane Systems Genetics Study (median age 14.2 years, n = 563) and the Raine Study (median age 17.0 years, n = 863). Plasma fT3, fT4, and TSH were measured by immunoassay. DNAm levels in blood were assessed using Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip arrays. Analyses employed generalized linear mixed models to test association between DNAm and thyroid function parameters. Data from the 2 cohorts were meta-analyzed. RESULTS We identified 2 DMPs with epigenome-wide significant (P < 2.4E-7) associations with TSH and 6 with fT3, including cg00049440 in KLF9 (P = 2.88E-10) and cg04173586 in DOT1L (P = 2.09E-16), both genes known to be induced by fT3. All DMPs had a positive association between DNAm and TSH and a negative association between DNAm and fT3. There were no DMPs significantly associated with fT4. We identified 23 differentially methylated regions associated with fT3, fT4, or TSH. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated associations between blood-based DNAm and both fT3 and TSH. This may provide insight into mechanisms underlying thyroid hormone action and/or pituitary-thyroid axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lafontaine
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Correspondence: Nicole Lafontaine, MBBS, BMedSci, RACP, Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Level 1, Building C, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Purdey J Campbell
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Shelby Mullin
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ee Mun Lim
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Suzanne J Brown
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Phillip E Melton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vijay Panicker
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Yap CX, Alvares GA, Henders AK, Lin T, Wallace L, Farrelly A, McLaren T, Berry J, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Trzaskowski M, Zeng J, Yang Y, Cleary D, Grove R, Hafekost C, Harun A, Holdsworth H, Jellett R, Khan F, Lawson L, Leslie J, Levis Frenk M, Masi A, Mathew NE, Muniandy M, Nothard M, Visscher PM, Dawson PA, Dissanayake C, Eapen V, Heussler HS, Whitehouse AJO, Wray NR, Gratten J. Analysis of common genetic variation and rare CNVs in the Australian Autism Biobank. Mol Autism 2021; 12:12. [PMID: 33568206 PMCID: PMC7874616 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition whose biological basis is yet to be elucidated. The Australian Autism Biobank (AAB) is an initiative of the Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC) to establish an Australian resource of biospecimens, phenotypes and genomic data for research on autism. METHODS Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes were available for 2,477 individuals (after quality control) from 546 families (436 complete), including 886 participants aged 2 to 17 years with diagnosed (n = 871) or suspected (n = 15) ASD, 218 siblings without ASD, 1,256 parents, and 117 unrelated children without an ASD diagnosis. The genetic data were used to confirm familial relationships and assign ancestry, which was majority European (n = 1,964 European individuals). We generated polygenic scores (PGS) for ASD, IQ, chronotype and height in the subset of Europeans, and in 3,490 unrelated ancestry-matched participants from the UK Biobank. We tested for group differences for each PGS, and performed prediction analyses for related phenotypes in the AAB. We called copy-number variants (CNVs) in all participants, and intersected these with high-confidence ASD- and intellectual disability (ID)-associated CNVs and genes from the public domain. RESULTS The ASD (p = 6.1e-13), sibling (p = 4.9e-3) and unrelated (p = 3.0e-3) groups had significantly higher ASD PGS than UK Biobank controls, whereas this was not the case for height-a control trait. The IQ PGS was a significant predictor of measured IQ in undiagnosed children (r = 0.24, p = 2.1e-3) and parents (r = 0.17, p = 8.0e-7; 4.0% of variance), but not the ASD group. Chronotype PGS predicted sleep disturbances within the ASD group (r = 0.13, p = 1.9e-3; 1.3% of variance). In the CNV analysis, we identified 13 individuals with CNVs overlapping ASD/ID-associated CNVs, and 12 with CNVs overlapping ASD/ID/developmental delay-associated genes identified on the basis of de novo variants. LIMITATIONS This dataset is modest in size, and the publicly-available genome-wide-association-study (GWAS) summary statistics used to calculate PGS for ASD and other traits are relatively underpowered. CONCLUSIONS We report on common genetic variation and rare CNVs within the AAB. Prediction analyses using currently available GWAS summary statistics are largely consistent with expected relationships based on published studies. As the size of publicly-available GWAS summary statistics grows, the phenotypic depth of the AAB dataset will provide many opportunities for analyses of autism profiles and co-occurring conditions, including when integrated with other omics datasets generated from AAB biospecimens (blood, urine, stool, hair).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe X Yap
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gail A Alvares
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tian Lin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Leanne Wallace
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alaina Farrelly
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tiana McLaren
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jolene Berry
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Max Kelsen, Fortitude Valley, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yuanhao Yang
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dominique Cleary
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rachel Grove
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Hafekost
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alexis Harun
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Helen Holdsworth
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel Jellett
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Feroza Khan
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauren Lawson
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jodie Leslie
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mira Levis Frenk
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Masi
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nisha E Mathew
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Muniandy
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michaela Nothard
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Cheryl Dissanayake
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry South West Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen S Heussler
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child Development Program, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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40
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Tubbs JD, Hwang LD, Luong J, Evans DM, Sham PC. Modeling Parent-Specific Genetic Nurture in Families with Missing Parental Genotypes: Application to Birthweight and BMI. Behav Genet 2021; 51:289-300. [PMID: 33454873 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-020-10040-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Disaggregation and estimation of genetic effects from offspring and parents has long been of interest to statistical geneticists. Recently, technical and methodological advances have made the genome-wide and loci-specific estimation of direct offspring and parental genetic nurture effects more possible. However, unbiased estimation using these methods requires datasets where both parents and at least one child have been genotyped, which are relatively scarce. Our group has recently developed a method and accompanying software (IMPISH; Hwang et al. in PLoS Genet 16:e1009154, 2020) which is able to impute missing parental genotypes from observed data on sibships and estimate their effects on an offspring phenotype conditional on the effects of genetic transmission. However, this method is unable to disentangle maternal and paternal effects, which may differ in magnitude and direction. Here, we introduce an extension to the original IMPISH routine which takes advantage of all available nuclear families to impute parent-specific missing genotypes and obtain asymptotically unbiased estimates of genetic effects on offspring phenotypes. We apply this this method to data from related individuals in the UK Biobank, showing concordance with previous estimates of maternal genetic effects on offspring birthweight. We also conduct the first GWAS jointly estimating offspring-, maternal-, and paternal-specific genetic effects on body-mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Tubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin Luong
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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41
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Beynon AM, Hebert JJ, Beales DJ, Jacques A, Walker BF. Multi-trajectory analysis of C-reactive protein and low back pain from adolescence to early adulthood. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021; 30:1028-1034. [PMID: 33392755 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-020-06677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify low back pain (LBP) trajectories from early adolescence through to early adulthood and to investigate whether sustained levels of elevated subclinical C-reactive protein (CRP) are linked with these LBP trajectories. METHODS We analysed longitudinal data from 1513 participants who were enrolled in the Raine Study cohort. Data on LBP with impact on daily living and CRP were collected at the ages of 14, 17, 20, and 22. We constructed group-based trajectory models to identify discrete trajectories of LBP with impact. We then evaluated how the CRP trajectories and the LBP with impact trajectories evolved jointly over time using a multi-trajectory analysis. RESULTS The model identified three LBP trajectories. One subgroup included almost half the participants (46.1%) who had a consistently low probability of LBP. Another subgroup comprising 43.5% of participants had an increasing probability of LBP, while one in ten participants (10.4%) had a decreasing probability of LBP. There were no associations between elevated CRP and LBP trajectory subgroup membership. CONCLUSION Although young people follow distinct trajectories of LBP, CRP trajectories do not appear to be a distinguishing factor of the LBP trajectories. Previously reported associations between CRP and LBP may be explained by comorbidity or other factors. Future studies undertaking trajectory analysis should consider comorbidity clusters. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I Diagnostic: individual cross-sectional studies with the consistently applied reference standard and blinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Beynon
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health Engineering and Education, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey J Hebert
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health Engineering and Education, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Darren J Beales
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Angela Jacques
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Bruce F Walker
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health Engineering and Education, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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42
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van Leeuwen B, Smeets P, Bovet J, Nave G, Stieglitz J, Whitehouse A. Do sex hormones at birth predict later-life economic preferences? Evidence from a pregnancy birth cohort study. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201756. [PMID: 33352071 PMCID: PMC7779492 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic preferences may be shaped by exposure to sex hormones around birth. Prior studies of economic preferences and numerous other phenotypic characteristics use digit ratios (2D : 4D), a purported proxy for prenatal testosterone exposure, whose validity has recently been questioned. We use direct measures of neonatal sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen), measured from umbilical cord blood (n = 200) to investigate their association with later-life economic preferences (risk preferences, competitiveness, time preferences and social preferences) in an Australian cohort (Raine Study Gen2). We find no significant associations between testosterone at birth and preferences, except for competitiveness, where the effect runs opposite to the expected direction. Point estimates are between 0.05-0.09 percentage points (pp) and 0.003-0.14 s.d. We similarly find no significant associations between 2D : 4D and preferences (n = 533, point estimates 0.003-0.02 pp and 0.001-0.06 s.d.). Our sample size allows detecting effects larger than 0.11 pp or 0.22 s.d. for testosterone at birth, and 0.07 pp or 0.14 s.d. for 2D : 4D (α = 0.05 and power = 0.90). Equivalence tests show that most effects are unlikely to be larger than these bounds. Our results suggest a reinterpretation of prior findings relating 2D : 4D to economic preferences, and highlight the importance of future large-sample studies that permit detection of small effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris van Leeuwen
- Department of Economics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Smeets
- Department of Finance, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanne Bovet
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gideon Nave
- Department of Marketing, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Stieglitz
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, University of Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrew Whitehouse
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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43
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Tay CT, Hart RJ, Hickey M, Moran LJ, Earnest A, Doherty DA, Teede HJ, Joham AE. Updated adolescent diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: impact on prevalence and longitudinal body mass index trajectories from birth to adulthood. BMC Med 2020; 18:389. [PMID: 33302955 PMCID: PMC7731536 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is challenging to diagnose. While the 2003 Rotterdam criteria are widely used for adults, the 2018 international PCOS guideline recommended updated Rotterdam criteria with both hyperandrogenism and oligo-anovulation for adolescents based on evidence-informed expert consensus. This study compared the prevalence of PCOS using updated and original Rotterdam criteria in community-based adolescents and explored long-term body mass index (BMI) trajectories across different diagnostic phenotypes. METHODS Overall, 227 postmenarchal adolescent females from the prospective cohort Raine Study undertook comprehensive PCOS assessment at age 14-16 years. Detailed anthropometric measurements were collected from birth until age 22 years. Cross-sectional and longitudinal BMI were analyzed using t tests and generalized estimating equations. RESULTS PCOS was diagnosed in 66 (29.1%) participants using original criteria versus 37 (16.3%) participants using updated Rotterdam criteria. Using updated criteria, participants with PCOS had higher BMI than participants without PCOS from prepubertal. Only the phenotype meeting the updated criteria was significantly associated with higher long-term BMI gain whereas other PCOS phenotypes had similar BMI trajectories to participants without PCOS (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The use of the 2018 updated Rotterdam criteria reduces over-diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents and identifies those at the greatest risk of long-term weight gain, a key contributor to disease severity and long-term health implications. The BMI trajectories of females with PCOS on updated criteria diverge prepubertally compared to those without PCOS. This work supports targeting adolescents diagnosed with PCOS on the 2018 updated criteria for early lifestyle interventions to prevent long-term health complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Thien Tay
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger J Hart
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne and The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa J Moran
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arul Earnest
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dorota A Doherty
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helena J Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anju E Joham
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Catford SR, Lewis S, Halliday J, Kennedy J, O'Bryan MK, McBain J, Amor DJ, Rombauts L, Saffery R, Hart RJ, McLachlan RI. Health and fertility of ICSI-conceived young men: study protocol. Hum Reprod Open 2020; 2020:hoaa042. [PMID: 33033755 PMCID: PMC7532549 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTIONS What are the long-term health and reproductive outcomes for young men conceived using ICSI whose fathers had spermatogenic failure (STF)? Are there epigenetic consequences of ICSI conception? WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Currently, little is known about the health of ICSI-conceived adults, and in particular the health and reproductive potential of ICSI-conceived men whose fathers had STF. Only one group to date has assessed semen parameters and reproductive hormones in ICSI-conceived men and suggested higher rates of impaired semen quality compared to spontaneously conceived (SC) peers. Metabolic parameters in this same cohort of men were mostly comparable. No study has yet evaluated other aspects of adult health. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION This cohort study aims to evaluate the general health and development (aim 1), fertility and metabolic parameters (aim 2) and epigenetic signatures (aim 3) of ICSI-conceived sons whose fathers had STF (ICSI study group). There are three age-matched control groups: ICSI-conceived sons whose fathers had obstructive azoospermia (OAZ) and who will be recruited in this study, as well as IVF sons and SC sons, recruited from other studies. Of 1112 ICSI parents including fathers with STF and OAZ, 78% (n = 867) of mothers and 74% (n = 823) of fathers were traced and contacted. Recruitment of ICSI sons started in March 2017 and will finish in July 2020. Based on preliminary participation rates, we estimate the following sample size will be achieved for the ICSI study group: mothers n = 275, fathers n = 225, sons n = 115. Per aim, the sample sizes of OAZ-ICSI (estimated), IVF and SC controls are: Aim 1-OAZ-ICSI: 28 (maternal surveys)/12 (son surveys), IVF: 352 (maternal surveys)/244 (son surveys), SC: 428 (maternal surveys)/255 (son surveys); Aim 2-OAZ-ICSI: 12, IVF: 72 (metabolic data), SC: 391 (metabolic data)/365 (reproductive data); Aim 3-OAZ-ICSI: 12, IVF: 71, SC: 292. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS Eligible parents are those who underwent ICSI at one of two major infertility treatment centres in Victoria, Australia and gave birth to one or more males between January 1994 and January 2000. Eligible sons are those aged 18 years or older, whose fathers had STF or OAZ, and whose parents allow researchers to approach sons. IVF and SC controls are age-matched men derived from previous studies, some from the same source population. Participating ICSI parents and sons complete a questionnaire, the latter also undergoing a clinical assessment. Outcome measures include validated survey questions, physical examination (testicular volumes, BMI and resting blood pressure), reproductive hormones (testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, FSH, LH), serum metabolic parameters (fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile, highly sensitive C-reactive protein) and semen analysis. For epigenetic and future genetic analyses, ICSI sons provide specimens of blood, saliva, sperm and seminal fluid while their parents provide a saliva sample. The primary outcomes of interest are the number of mother-reported hospitalisations of the son; son-reported quality of life; prevalence of moderate-severe oligozoospermia (sperm concentration <5 million/ml) and DNA methylation profile. For each outcome, differences between the ICSI study group and each control group will be investigated using multivariable linear and logistic regression for continuous and binary outcomes, respectively. Results will be presented as adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study is funded by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Partnership Grant (NHMRC APP1140706) and was partially funded by the Monash IVF Research and Education Foundation. L.R. is a minority shareholder and the Group Medical Director for Monash IVF Group, and reports personal fees from Monash IVF group and Ferring Australia, honoraria from Ferring Australia, and travel fees from Merck Serono, MSD and Guerbet; R.J.H. is the Medical Director of Fertility Specialists of Western Australia and has equity in Western IVF; R.I.M. is a consultant for and a shareholder of Monash IVF Group and S.R.C. reports personal fees from Besins Healthcare and non-financial support from Merck outside of the submitted work. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE Not applicable. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT’S ENROLMENT Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Catford
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - S Lewis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - J Halliday
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - J Kennedy
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - M K O'Bryan
- The School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia
| | - J McBain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne 3002, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - D J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - L Rombauts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia.,Monash IVF Group Pty Ltd, Melbourne 3121, Australia
| | - R Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - R J Hart
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia.,Fertility Specialists of Western Australia, Claremont 6010, Australia
| | - R I McLachlan
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia.,Monash IVF Group Pty Ltd, Melbourne 3121, Australia
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Justice AE, Chittoor G, Gondalia R, Melton PE, Lim E, Grove ML, Whitsel EA, Liu CT, Cupples LA, Fernandez-Rhodes L, Guan W, Bressler J, Fornage M, Boerwinkle E, Li Y, Demerath E, Heard-Costa N, Levy D, Stewart JD, Baccarelli A, Hou L, Conneely K, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Huang RC, Gordon-Larsen P, Howard AG, North KE. Methylome-wide association study of central adiposity implicates genes involved in immune and endocrine systems. Epigenomics 2020; 12:1483-1499. [PMID: 32901515 PMCID: PMC7923253 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We conducted a methylome-wide association study to examine associations between DNA methylation in whole blood and central adiposity and body fat distribution, measured as waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio adjusted for body mass index, in 2684 African-American adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Materials & methods: We validated significantly associated cytosine-phosphate-guanine methylation sites (CpGs) among adults using the Women's Health Initiative and Framingham Heart Study participants (combined n = 5743) and generalized associations in adolescents from The Raine Study (n = 820). Results & conclusion: We identified 11 CpGs that were robustly associated with one or more central adiposity trait in adults and two in adolescents, including CpG site associations near TXNIP, ADCY7, SREBF1 and RAP1GAP2 that had not previously been associated with obesity-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Justice
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Geetha Chittoor
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Rahul Gondalia
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Phillip E Melton
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, MRF Building, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health & Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TA, 7000 Australia
| | - Elise Lim
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Lindsay Fernandez-Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Center for Human Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ellen Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nancy Heard-Costa
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Dan Levy
- Population sciences branch, NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - James D Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences & Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Karen Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Annie Green Howard
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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Hyde NK, Brennan-Olsen SL, Wark JD, Hosking SM, Vuillermin PJ, Williams LJ, Pasco JA. The Vitamin D in Pregnancy Study: a prospective prebirth cohort in southern Australia. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036003. [PMID: 32792433 PMCID: PMC7430406 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Vitamin D in Pregnancy Study is a long-term ongoing cohort study. It was conceived to explore relationships between maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring growth and development, and has since diversified to include a wide range of physical and mental health exposures and outcomes. PARTICIPANTS Recruitment was from the University Hospital Geelong (Barwon Health) antenatal clinic, Geelong, Victoria, Australia, between 2002 and 2004. 475 women were initially recruited, which resulted in 400 eligible mother-child pairs at birth. FINDINGS TO DATE The cohort has been followed up twice in pregnancy, at birth, and 1 year, 6 years and 11 years post birth. The study has reported an association between vitamin D in pregnancy and musculoskeletal health and body composition in the children. FUTURE PLANS Subject to funding, there will be a prospective young adult follow-up. This profile aims to foster both cross-national and international collaborations with both existing and future data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Hyde
- Deakin University, IMPACT Institute, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon L Brennan-Olsen
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Health Transformation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D Wark
- Department of Medicine, Bone and Mineral Service, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah M Hosking
- Deakin University, IMPACT Institute, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Vuillermin
- Deakin University, IMPACT Institute, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lana J Williams
- Deakin University, IMPACT Institute, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- Deakin University, IMPACT Institute, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Costello L, Dare J, Dontje M, Straker L. Informing retention in longitudinal cohort studies through a social marketing lens: Raine Study Generation 2 participants' perspectives on benefits and barriers to participation. BMC Med Res Methodol 2020; 20:202. [PMID: 32727373 PMCID: PMC7389450 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-020-01074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Longitudinal cohort studies have made significant contributions to medical discoveries and provide the impetus for health interventions which reduce the risk of disease. Establishing and maintaining these cohorts is challenging and costly. While some attrition is unavoidable, maintaining a sufficient number of participants ensures that results remain representative and free from bias. Numerous studies have investigated ways to reduce attrition but few studies have sought to understand the experience of participants, and none have examined this through a social marketing framework. This first paper in a two part-series describes participants’ experiences according to: benefits, barriers, motivators and influencers. The second paper uses this understanding to address issues relating to the 4Ps (product, price, place, promotion) of social marketing. Methods Participants were recruited from the Raine Study, a pregnancy cohort study that has been running in Western Australia since 1989. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 29 active and inactive participants from the Generation 2 cohort, who were originally enrolled in the Raine Study at birth by their parents (Generation 1). ‘Active’ participants (n = 17) were defined as those who agreed to attend their 27 year follow-up, while ‘inactive’ (n = 12) participants were defined as those who had not attended either of the past two follow-ups (at 22 and 27 years). Results There were considerable differences between active and inactive participants, with active participants perceiving far more personal and collective benefits from their participation. Inactive participants described being constrained by structural barriers around work and life, whereas active participants were able to overcome them to attend follow-ups. Inactive participants also described the value of extrinsic incentives which might motivate their attendance, and active participants described the role of their parents as significant influencers in their propensity to remain in the study. Conclusions This paper provides rich descriptions of what participation in a long-running study means to participants. Use of a social marketing framework ensured that participants were constructed as ‘human consumers’ who are influenced by individual and broader social systems. Understanding participants in this way means that differentiated strategies can be tailored to enhance retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesa Costello
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Julie Dare
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Manon Dontje
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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48
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Chin J, Mori TA, Adams LA, Beilin LJ, Huang RC, Olynyk JK, Ayonrinde OT. Association between remnant lipoprotein cholesterol levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100150. [PMID: 32984791 PMCID: PMC7495103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP-C) is an atherogenic lipid profile associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). With increased rates of CVD seen in adults with NAFLD, RLP-C has the potential to identify individuals with NAFLD who are at increased risk of CVD. This study examined in adolescents sex-different associations among RLP-C, NAFLD, and cardiometabolic risk factors, and whether RLP-C is associated with NAFLD beyond traditional cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods Adolescents in the Raine Study had anthropometry, clinical, biochemistry and arterial stiffness measurements recorded at 17 years of age. Fatty liver, subcutaneous and visceral adipose thickness were assessed using abdominal ultrasound. Relationships among RLP-C, NAFLD, liver biochemistry, insulin resistance, adipokines, adiposity and arterial stiffness were assessed. Results NAFLD was diagnosed in 15.1% (19.6% females and 10.7% males) of adolescents. Increasing RLP-C levels were associated with increasing severity of hepatic steatosis and metabolic syndrome. Adolescents with NAFLD and serum RLP-C levels in the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile, had higher serum leptin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, subcutaneous and visceral adipose thickness, systolic blood pressure and arterial stiffness, but lower adiponectin and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Using multivariable logistic regression, RLP-C in the lowest quartile compared with the highest quartile was associated with 85% lower odds of NAFLD in males and 55% in females, after adjusting for waist circumference, leptin, ALT, adiponectin and HOMA-IR. Conclusions There is an association between RLP-C and NAFLD beyond traditional risk factors of adiposity and insulin resistance in adolescents. Although raised serum RLP-C levels were associated with the severity of hepatic steatosis and markers of cardiometabolic risk, lower serum RLP-C might reflect reduced cardiovascular risk. Lay summary Remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP-C) is a part of the blood cholesterol that is linked with heart disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adults. In the Raine Study, teenagers with high RLP-C levels had more severe fat accumulation in their liver. Thus, RLP-C might be the hidden link between NAFLD and future risk of heart disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and heart disease share risk factors. Serum remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP-C) is linked with severity of liver fat. Males with NAFLD have higher cardiometabolic risk. RLP-C may contribute to risk of cardiovascular disease in people with NAFLD.
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Key Words
- AIx, Aortic Augmentation Index
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Adiposity
- Arterial stiffness
- C-AGPH-HR75, Central Augmentation Pressure/Pulse Height Ratio at Heart Rate 75
- Cardiometabolic risk
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
- IDF, International Diabetes Federation
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Lipids
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- OR, odds ratio
- Q1, lowest (first) quartile
- Q2, second quartile
- Q3, third quartile
- Q4, top (fourth) quartile
- RLP-C, remnant lipoprotein cholesterol
- Raine study
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TG, triglycerides
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Leon A Adams
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Oyekoya T Ayonrinde
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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49
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Keglberg Hærvig K, Bonde JP, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Toft G, Hougaard KS, Specht IO, Giwercman A, Nybo Andersen AM, Olsen J, Lindh C, Bjerre Høyer B, Tøttenborg SS. Fetal Programming of Semen Quality (FEPOS) Cohort - A DNBC Male-Offspring Cohort. Clin Epidemiol 2020; 12:757-770. [PMID: 32765110 PMCID: PMC7373412 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s242631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposures may contribute to male infertility in adult life, but large-scale epidemiological evidence is still lacking. The Fetal Programming of Semen quality (FEPOS) cohort was founded to provide means to examine if fetal exposures can interfere with fetal reproductive development and ultimately lead to reduced semen quality and reproductive hormone imbalances in young adult men. METHODS Young adult men at least 18 years and 9 months of age born to women in the Danish National Birth Cohort living in relative proximity to Copenhagen or Aarhus and for whom a maternal blood sample and two maternal interviews during pregnancy were available were invited to FEPOS. Recruitment began in March 2017 and ended in December 2019. The participants answered a comprehensive questionnaire and underwent a physical examination where they delivered a semen, urine, and hair sample, measured their own testicular volume, and had blood drawn. RESULTS In total 21,623 sons fulfilled eligibility criteria of whom 5697 were invited and 1058 participated making the response rate 19%. Semen characteristics did not differ between sons from the Copenhagen and Aarhus clinics. When comparing the FEPOS semen parameters to similar cohorts, the median across all semen characteristics was slightly lower for FEPOS participants, although with smaller variation. CONCLUSION With its 1058 young adult men, the FEPOS cohort is the largest population-based male-offspring cohort worldwide specifically designed to investigate prenatal determinants of semen quality. Wide-ranging information on maternal health, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, occupation, and serum concentrations of potential reproductive toxicants during pregnancy combined with biological markers of fertility in their sons collected after puberty allow for in-depth investigations of the 'fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Keglberg Hærvig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gunnar Toft
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ina Olmer Specht
- The Parker Institute, Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Birgit Bjerre Høyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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50
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Ng FJ, Mackey DA, O'Sullivan TA, Oddy WH, Yazar S. Is Dietary Vitamin A Associated with Myopia from Adolescence to Young Adulthood? Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:29. [PMID: 32821526 PMCID: PMC7408804 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.6.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Potential links may exist between vitamin A intake and myopia via various pathways. In this study, we examined the association between dietary vitamin A intake during adolescence and myopia in early adulthood. Methods We performed a prospective analysis utilizing data collected from participants of the Raine Study Gen2. Dietary vitamin A intake, determined via food frequency questionnaires completed at ages 14, 17, and 20 years, was compared with ophthalmic measurements collected at year 20. Low vitamin A levels were defined as <600 µg/day. Regression models were used to adjust for ocular sun exposure level, educational level, and parental myopia as potential confounders. Results A total of 642 subjects were analyzed. Although those with adequate vitamin A intakes were less likely to be myopic (P = 0.03), this association became insignificant when adjusted for potential confounding factors in logistic regression modeling (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–2.52; P = 0.06). Conclusions There were no significant associations between total vitamin A intakes during adolescence and year 20 refractive errors after adjustment for confounders. Replication of this finding and further investigations are essential to rule out the suggestion that sufficient vitamin A intake during adolescence is associated with lower risk of myopia in early adulthood. Translational Relevance Our findings are not definitive that ingesting foods high in vitamin A during childhood and adolescence does not have a role for preventing myopia in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher J Ng
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Therese A O'Sullivan
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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