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Son SE, Koh JM, Im DS. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) activation attenuates obese asthma by suppressing adiposity and resolving metaflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116509. [PMID: 38574615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Obese asthma is recognized to have different asthma phenotypes. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have shown beneficial effects in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) is a receptor for n-3 PUFAs. In the present study, we investigated whether FFA4 activation ameliorates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese asthma. We investigated whether FFA4 activation ameliorates obese asthma using an FFA4 agonist, compound A (CpdA), in combination with FFA4 wild-type (WT) and knock-out (KO) mice. Administration of an FFA4 agonist, compound A (CpdA, 30 mg/kg), suppressed HFD-induced weight gain, adiposity, and airway hypersensitivity (AHR), and increased immune cell infiltration in an FFA4-dependent manner. Histological analysis revealed that CpdA treatment suppressed HFD-induced mucus hypersecretion, inflammation, and fibrosis in an FFA4-dependent manner. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed an HFD-induced increase in the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs and gonadal white adipose tissue, whereas CpdA inhibited this increase in an FFA4-dependent manner. In the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, HFD induced an increase in the lung innate lymphoid cells (ILC) ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3; however, CpdA reversed this increase. In addition, HFD induced an increase in the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage population and a decrease in the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage population in the lungs, whereas CpdA treatment reversed these changes. The present study suggests that FFA4 activation may have therapeutic potential in obese asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Eun Son
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Chávez-Ortega MP, Almanza-Pérez JC, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Hong E, Velázquez-Reyes E, Romero-Nava R, Villafaña-Rauda S, Pérez-Ontiveros A, Blancas-Flores G, Huang F. Effect of Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Metabolic Modulators in Skeletal Muscle of Rats with an Obesogenic High-Fat Diet. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:222. [PMID: 38399437 PMCID: PMC10892617 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies provided evidence of the benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) on the cardiovascular system and inflammation. However, its possible effect on skeletal muscle is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate whether ω-3 PUFA reverses the dysregulation of metabolic modulators in the skeletal muscle of rats on a high-fat obesogenic diet. For this purpose, an animal model was developed using male Wistar rats with a high-fat diet (HFD) and subsequently supplemented with ω-3 PUFA. Insulin resistance was assessed, and gene and protein expression of metabolism modulators in skeletal muscle was also calculated using PCR-RT and Western blot. Our results confirmed that in HFD rats, zoometric parameters and insulin resistance were increased compared to SD rats. Furthermore, we demonstrate reduced gene and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and insulin signaling molecules. After ω-3 PUFA supplementation, we observed that glucose (24.34%), triglycerides (35.78%), and HOMA-IR (40.10%) were reduced, and QUICKI (12.16%) increased compared to HFD rats. Furthermore, in skeletal muscle, we detected increased gene and protein expression of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (ISR-1), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4). These findings suggest that ω-3 PUFAs decrease insulin resistance of obese skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Patricia Chávez-Ortega
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Julio Cesar Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico; (J.C.A.-P.); (E.V.-R.)
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Enrique Hong
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - Elihu Velázquez-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico; (J.C.A.-P.); (E.V.-R.)
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (R.R.-N.); (S.V.-R.)
| | - Santiago Villafaña-Rauda
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (R.R.-N.); (S.V.-R.)
| | - Alfredo Pérez-Ontiveros
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Blancas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico; (J.C.A.-P.); (E.V.-R.)
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
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3
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Moonwiriyakit A, Yimnual C, Noitem R, Dinsuwannakol S, Sontikun J, Kaewin S, Worakajit N, Soontornniyomkij V, Muanprasat C. GPR120/FFAR4 stimulation attenuates airway remodeling and suppresses IL-4- and IL-13-induced airway epithelial injury via inhibition of STAT6 and Akt. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115774. [PMID: 37924784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway remodeling is associated with severity and treatment insensitivity in asthma. This study aimed to investigate the effects of G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) stimulation on alleviating allergic inflammation and remodeling of airway epithelium. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged BALB/c mice and type-2-cytokine (IL-4 and IL-13)-exposed 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells were treated with GSK137647A, a selective GPR120 agonist. Markers of allergic inflammation and airway remodeling were determined. RESULTS GSK137647A attenuated inflammation and mucus secretion in airway epithelium of OVA-challenged mice. Stimulation of GPR120 in 16HBE suppressed expression of asthma-associated cytokines and cytokine-induced expression of pathogenic mucin-MUC5AC. These effects were abolished by co-treatment with AH7614, a GPR120 antagonist. Moreover, GPR120 stimulation in 16HBE cells reduced expression of fibrotic markers including fibronectin protein and ACTA2 mRNA and inhibited epithelial barrier leakage induced by type-2 inflammation via rescuing expression of zonula occludens-1 protein. Furthermore, GPR120 stimulation prevented the cytokine-induced airway epithelial remodeling via suppression of STAT6 and Akt phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that GPR120 activation alleviates allergic inflammation and remodeling of airway epithelium partly through inhibition of STAT6 and Akt. GPR120 may represent a novel therapeutic target for diseases associated with remodeling of airway epithelium, including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkacha Moonwiriyakit
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Chantapol Yimnual
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Rattikarn Noitem
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand; Translational Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasiwimol Dinsuwannakol
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Jenjira Sontikun
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Suchada Kaewin
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nichakorn Worakajit
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand; Translational Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Virawudh Soontornniyomkij
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand.
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Duncan EM, Vita L, Dibnah B, Hudson BD. Metabolite-sensing GPCRs controlling interactions between adipose tissue and inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1197102. [PMID: 37484963 PMCID: PMC10357040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1197102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are a group of conditions characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation of metabolic tissues. There is now a growing appreciation that various metabolites released from adipose tissue serve as key signalling mediators, influencing this interaction with inflammation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of signal transduction proteins and most historically successful drug targets. The signalling pathways for several key adipose metabolites are mediated through GPCRs expressed both on the adipocytes themselves and on infiltrating macrophages. These include three main groups of GPCRs: the FFA4 receptor, which is activated by long chain free fatty acids; the HCA2 and HCA3 receptors, activated by hydroxy carboxylic acids; and the succinate receptor. Understanding the roles these metabolites and their receptors play in metabolic-immune interactions is critical to establishing how these GPCRs may be exploited for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Zhang N, Harsch B, Zhang MJ, Gyberg DJ, Stevens JA, Wagner BM, Mendelson J, Patterson MT, Orchard DA, Healy CL, Williams JW, Townsend D, Shearer GC, Murphy KA, O'Connell TD. FFAR4 regulates cardiac oxylipin balance to promote inflammation resolution in HFpEF secondary to metabolic syndrome. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100374. [PMID: 37075982 PMCID: PMC10209340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome, but a predominant subset of HFpEF patients has metabolic syndrome (MetS). Mechanistically, systemic, nonresolving inflammation associated with MetS might drive HFpEF remodeling. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4) is a GPCR for long-chain fatty acids that attenuates metabolic dysfunction and resolves inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that Ffar4 would attenuate remodeling in HFpEF secondary to MetS (HFpEF-MetS). To test this hypothesis, mice with systemic deletion of Ffar4 (Ffar4KO) were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet with L-NAME in their water to induce HFpEF-MetS. In male Ffar4KO mice, this HFpEF-MetS diet induced similar metabolic deficits but worsened diastolic function and microvascular rarefaction relative to WT mice. Conversely, in female Ffar4KO mice, the diet produced greater obesity but no worsened ventricular remodeling relative to WT mice. In Ffar4KO males, MetS altered the balance of inflammatory oxylipins systemically in HDL and in the heart, decreasing the eicosapentaenoic acid-derived, proresolving oxylipin 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), while increasing the arachidonic acid-derived, proinflammatory oxylipin 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). This increased 12-HETE/18-HEPE ratio reflected a more proinflammatory state both systemically and in the heart in male Ffar4KO mice and was associated with increased macrophage numbers in the heart, which in turn correlated with worsened ventricular remodeling. In summary, our data suggest that Ffar4 controls the proinflammatory/proresolving oxylipin balance systemically and in the heart to resolve inflammation and attenuate HFpEF remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brian Harsch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dylan J Gyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jackie A Stevens
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brandon M Wagner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jenna Mendelson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Devin A Orchard
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chastity L Healy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jesse W Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Katherine A Murphy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Timothy D O'Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Sveiven SN, Anesko K, Morgan J, Nair MG, Nordgren TM. Lipid-Sensing Receptor FFAR4 Modulates Pulmonary Epithelial Homeostasis following Immunogenic Exposures Independently of the FFAR4 Ligand Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087072. [PMID: 37108233 PMCID: PMC10138935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of pulmonary free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) is not fully elucidated and we aimed to clarify the impact of FFAR4 on the pulmonary immune response and return to homeostasis. We employed a known high-risk human pulmonary immunogenic exposure to extracts of dust from swine confinement facilities (DE). WT and Ffar4-null mice were repetitively exposed to DE via intranasal instillation and supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by oral gavage. We sought to understand if previous findings of DHA-mediated attenuation of the DE-induced inflammatory response are FFAR4-dependent. We identified that DHA mediates anti-inflammatory effects independent of FFAR4 expression, and that DE-exposed mice lacking FFAR4 had reduced immune cells in the airways, epithelial dysplasia, and impaired pulmonary barrier integrity. Analysis of transcripts using an immunology gene expression panel revealed a role for FFAR4 in lungs related to innate immune initiation of inflammation, cytoprotection, and immune cell migration. Ultimately, the presence of FFAR4 in the lung may regulate cell survival and repair following immune injury, suggestive of potential therapeutic directions for pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie N Sveiven
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kyle Anesko
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Joshua Morgan
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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7
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Immune regulation of poly unsaturated fatty acids and free fatty acid receptor 4. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 112:109222. [PMID: 36402250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism contributes to energy supply and plays an important role in regulating immunity. Free fatty acids (FFAs) bind to free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) on the cell surface and mediate effects through the intra-cellular FFAR signaling pathways. FFAR4, also known as G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), has been identified as the primary receptor of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs). FFAR4 is a promising target for treating metabolic and inflammatory disorders due to its immune regulatory functions and the discovery of highly selective and efficient agonists. This review summarizes the reported immune regulatory functions of ω-3 PUFAs and FFAR4 in immune cells and immune-related diseases. We also speculate possible involvements of ω-3 PUFAs and FFAR4 in other types of inflammatory disorders.
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8
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Raj RR, Lofquist S, Lee MJ. Remodeling of Adipose Tissues by Fatty Acids: Mechanistic Update on Browning and Thermogenesis by n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Pharm Res 2023; 40:467-480. [PMID: 36050546 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing thermogenesis by increasing the amount and activity of brown and brite adipocytes is a potential therapeutic target for obesity and its associated diseases. Diet plays important roles in energy metabolism and a myriad of dietary components including lipids are known to regulate thermogenesis through recruitment and activation of brown and brite adipocytes. Depending on types of fatty acids (FAs), the major constituent in lipids, their health benefits differ. Long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), especially n-3 PUFAs remodel adipose tissues in a healthier manner with reduced inflammation and enhanced thermogenesis, while saturated FAs exhibit contrasting effects. Lipid mediators derived from FAs act as autocrine/paracrine as well as endocrine factors to regulate thermogenesis. We discuss lipid mediators that may contribute to the differential effects of FAs on adipose tissue remodeling and hence, cardiometabolic diseases. We also discuss current understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms through which n-3 PUFAs enhance thermogenesis. Elucidating molecular details of beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs on thermogenesis is expected to provide information that can be used for development of novel therapeutics for obesity and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Raman Raj
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East West Road, Honolulu, HI, 98622, USA
| | - Sydney Lofquist
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East West Road, Honolulu, HI, 98622, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East West Road, Honolulu, HI, 98622, USA.
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9
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Chronic docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves metabolic plasticity in subcutaneous adipose tissue of aged obese female mice. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 111:109153. [PMID: 36150680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the potential beneficial effects of chronic docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on restoring subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) plasticity in obese aged female mice. Two-month-old female C57BL/6J mice received a control (CT) or a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 months. Then, 6-month-old diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were distributed into the DIO and the DIOMEG group (fed with a DHA-enriched HFD) up to 18 months. In scWAT, the DHA-enriched diet reduced the mean adipocyte size and reversed the upregulation of lipogenic genes induced by the HFD, reaching values even lower than those observed in CT animals. DIO mice exhibited an up-regulation of lipolytic and fatty oxidation gene expressions that was reversed in DHA-supplemented mice except for Cpt1a mRNA levels, which were higher in DIOMEG as compared to CT mice. DHA restored the increase of proinflammatory genes observed in scWAT of DIO mice. While no changes were observed in total macrophage F4/80+/CD11b+ content, the DHA treatment switched scWAT macrophages profile by reducing the M1 marker Cd11c and increasing the M2 marker CD206. These events occurred alongside with a stimulation of beige adipocyte specific genes, the restoration of UCP1 and pAKT/AKT ratio, and a recovery of the HFD-induced Fgf21 upregulation. In summary, DHA supplementation induced a metabolic remodeling of scWAT to a healthier phenotype in aged obese mice by modulating genes controlling lipid accumulation in adipocytes, reducing the inflammatory status, and inducing beige adipocyte markers in obese aged mice.
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10
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Bichkaeva FA, Gretskaya TB. Pancreatic Hormones, the Composition of Saturated Fatty Acids, and Their Relationship with Glucose Levels, Depending on the Body Mass Index in Residents of the Arctic. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Abstract
The intimate association between obesity and type II diabetes urges for a deeper understanding of adipocyte function. We and others have previously delineated a role for the tumor suppressor p53 in adipocyte biology. Here, we show that mice haploinsufficient for MDM2, a key regulator of p53, in their adipose stores suffer from overt obesity, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis. These mice had decreased levels of circulating palmitoleic acid [non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) 16:1] concomitant with impaired visceral adipose tissue expression of Scd1 and Ffar4. A similar decrease in Scd and Ffar4 expression was found in in vitro differentiated adipocytes with perturbed MDM2 expression. Lowered MDM2 levels led to nuclear exclusion of the transcriptional cofactors, MORC2 and LIPIN1, and thereby possibly hampered adipocyte function by antagonizing LIPIN1-mediated PPARγ coactivation. Collectively, these data argue for a hitherto unknown interplay between MDM2 and MORC2/LIPIN1 involved in balancing adipocyte function.
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Berg M, Polyzos KA, Agardh H, Baumgartner R, Forteza MJ, Kareinen I, Gisterå A, Bottcher G, Hurt-Camejo E, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ. 3-Hydroxyanthralinic acid metabolism controls the hepatic SREBP/lipoprotein axis, inhibits inflammasome activation in macrophages, and decreases atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1948-1957. [PMID: 31589306 PMCID: PMC7519886 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease involving immunological and metabolic processes. Metabolism of tryptophan (Trp) via the kynurenine pathway has shown immunomodulatory properties and the ability to modulate atherosclerosis. We identified 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) as a key metabolite of Trp modulating vascular inflammation and lipid metabolism. The molecular mechanisms driven by 3-HAA in atherosclerosis have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether two major signalling pathways, activation of SREBPs and inflammasome, are associated with the 3-HAA-dependent regulation of lipoprotein synthesis and inflammation in the atherogenesis process. Moreover, we examined whether inhibition of endogenous 3-HAA degradation affects hyperlipidaemia and plaque formation. Methods and results In vitro, we showed that 3-HAA reduces SREBP-2 expression and nuclear translocation and apolipoprotein B secretion in HepG2 cell cultures, and inhibits inflammasome activation and IL-1β production by macrophages. Using Ldlr−/− mice, we showed that inhibition of 3-HAA 3,4-dioxygenase (HAAO), which increases the endogenous levels of 3-HAA, decreases plasma lipids and atherosclerosis. Notably, HAAO inhibition led to decreased hepatic SREBP-2 mRNA levels and lipid accumulation, and improved liver pathology scores. Conclusions We show that the activity of SREBP-2 and the inflammasome can be regulated by 3-HAA metabolism. Moreover, our study highlights that targeting HAAO is a promising strategy to prevent and treat hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos A Polyzos
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Agardh
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Baumgartner
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria J Forteza
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilona Kareinen
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Gisterå
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Bottcher
- Pathology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-43189 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-43183 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases that includes obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). FFAs serve as ligands for free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) that belong to the family of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are expressed throughout the body to maintain energy homeostasis under changing nutritional conditions. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 120, is a long-chain fatty acid receptor highly expressed in adipocytes, endothelial cells, and macrophages. Activation of FFAR4 helps maintain metabolic homeostasis by regulating adipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation. Furthermore, dysfunction of FFAR4 is associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and eccentric remodeling in both humans and mice, making FFAR4 an attractive therapeutic target for treating or preventing metabolic diseases. While much of the previous literature on FFAR4 has focused on its role in obesity and diabetes, recent studies have demonstrated that FFAR4 may also play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD. Most notably, FFAR4 activation reduces monocyte-endothelial cell interaction, enhances cholesterol efflux from macrophages, reduces lesion size in atherogenic mouse models, and stimulates oxylipin production in myocytes that functions in a feed-forward cardioprotective mechanism. This review will focus on the role of FFAR4 in metabolic diseases and highlights an underappreciated role of FFAR4 in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage M Stuttgen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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14
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Prihandoko R, Kaur D, Wiegman CH, Alvarez-Curto E, Donovan C, Chachi L, Ulven T, Tyas MR, Euston E, Dong Z, Alharbi AGM, Kim RY, Lowe JG, Hansbro PM, Chung KF, Brightling CE, Milligan G, Tobin AB. Pathophysiological regulation of lung function by the free fatty acid receptor FFA4. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/557/eaaw9009. [PMID: 32817367 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw9009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased prevalence of inflammatory airway diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) together with inadequate disease control by current frontline treatments means that there is a need to define therapeutic targets for these conditions. Here, we investigate a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, FFA4, that responds to free circulating fatty acids including dietary omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils. We show that FFA4, although usually associated with metabolic responses linked with food intake, is expressed in the lung where it is coupled to Gq/11 signaling. Activation of FFA4 by drug-like agonists produced relaxation of murine airway smooth muscle mediated at least in part by the release of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that subsequently acts on EP2 prostanoid receptors. In normal mice, activation of FFA4 resulted in a decrease in lung resistance. In acute and chronic ozone models of pollution-mediated inflammation and house dust mite and cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory disease, FFA4 agonists acted to reduce airway resistance, a response that was absent in mice lacking expression of FFA4. The expression profile of FFA4 in human lung was similar to that observed in mice, and the response to FFA4/FFA1 agonists similarly mediated human airway smooth muscle relaxation ex vivo. Our study provides evidence that pharmacological targeting of lung FFA4, and possibly combined activation of FFA4 and FFA1, has in vivo efficacy and might have therapeutic value in the treatment of bronchoconstriction associated with inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Prihandoko
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Davinder Kaur
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, LE3 9QP, Leicester, UK
| | - Coen H Wiegman
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Elisa Alvarez-Curto
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305 and The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2208, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Latifa Chachi
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, LE3 9QP, Leicester, UK
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martha R Tyas
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Eloise Euston
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Zhaoyang Dong
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Abdulrahman Ghali M Alharbi
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305 and The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2208, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jack G Lowe
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305 and The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2208, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, LE3 9QP, Leicester, UK.
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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15
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Croze ML, Guillaume A, Ethier M, Fergusson G, Tremblay C, Campbell SA, Maachi H, Ghislain J, Poitout V. Combined Deletion of Free Fatty-Acid Receptors 1 and 4 Minimally Impacts Glucose Homeostasis in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6128704. [PMID: 33543237 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The free fatty-acid receptors FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120) are implicated in the regulation of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, respectively. Although GPR120 and GPR40 share similar ligands, few studies have addressed possible interactions between these 2 receptors in the control of glucose homeostasis. Here we generated mice deficient in gpr120 (Gpr120KO) or gpr40 (Gpr40KO), alone or in combination (Gpr120/40KO), and metabolically phenotyped male and female mice fed a normal chow or high-fat diet. We assessed insulin secretion in isolated mouse islets exposed to selective GPR120 and GPR40 agonists singly or in combination. Following normal chow feeding, body weight and energy intake were unaffected by deletion of either receptor, although fat mass increased in Gpr120KO females. Fasting blood glucose levels were mildly increased in Gpr120/40KO mice and in a sex-dependent manner in Gpr120KO and Gpr40KO animals. Oral glucose tolerance was slightly reduced in male Gpr120/40KO mice and in Gpr120KO females, whereas insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were unaffected. In hyperglycemic clamps, the glucose infusion rate was lower in male Gpr120/40KO mice, but insulin and c-peptide levels were unaffected. No changes in glucose tolerance were observed in either single or double knock-out animals under high-fat feeding. In isolated islets from wild-type mice, the combination of selective GPR120 and GPR40 agonists additively increased insulin secretion. We conclude that while simultaneous activation of GPR120 and GPR40 enhances insulin secretion ex vivo, combined deletion of these 2 receptors only minimally affects glucose homeostasis in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine L Croze
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mélanie Ethier
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Grace Fergusson
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Hasna Maachi
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Ghislain
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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16
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Mladenovic Djordjevic AN, Kapetanou M, Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic N, Todorovic S, Athanasopoulou S, Jovic M, Prvulovic M, Taoufik E, Matsas R, Kanazir S, Gonos ES. Pharmacological intervention in a transgenic mouse model improves Alzheimer's-associated pathological phenotype: Involvement of proteasome activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:88-103. [PMID: 33279620 PMCID: PMC7889698 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide, characterized by a progressive decline in a variety of cognitive and non-cognitive functions. The amyloid beta protein cascade hypothesis places the formation of amyloid beta protein aggregates on the first position in the complex pathological cascade leading to neurodegeneration, and therefore AD might be considered to be a protein-misfolding disease. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS), being the primary protein degradation mechanism with a fundamental role in the maintenance of proteostasis, has been identified as a putative therapeutic target to delay and/or to decelerate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by accumulated/aggregated proteins. The purpose of this study was to test if the activation of proteasome in vivo can alleviate AD pathology. Specifically by using two compounds with complementary modes of proteasome activation and documented antioxidant and redox regulating properties in the 5xFAD transgenic mice model of AD, we ameliorated a number of AD related deficits. Shortly after proteasome activation we detected significantly reduced amyloid-beta load correlated with improved motor functions, reduced anxiety and frailty level. Essentially, to our knowledge this is the first report to demonstrate a dual activation of the proteasome and its downstream effects. In conclusion, these findings open up new directions for future therapeutic potential of proteasome-mediated proteolysis enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra N Mladenovic Djordjevic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Natasa Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Molecular Nutrition and Health Lab, CEDOC - Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Edifício CEDOC II, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, 1150-082, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sofia Athanasopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece; Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Milena Jovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prvulovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Era Taoufik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece.
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17
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Husted AS, Ekberg JH, Tripp E, Nissen TAD, Meijnikman S, O'Brien SL, Ulven T, Acherman Y, Bruin SC, Nieuwdorp M, Gerhart-Hines Z, Calebiro D, Dragsted LO, Schwartz TW. Autocrine negative feedback regulation of lipolysis through sensing of NEFAs by FFAR4/GPR120 in WAT. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101103. [PMID: 33091626 PMCID: PMC7683346 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) released from adipocytes inhibit lipolysis through an unclear mechanism. We hypothesized that the LCFA receptor, FFAR4 (GPR120), which is highly expressed in adipocytes, may be involved in this feedback regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of conditioned media from isoproterenol-stimulated primary cultures of murine and human adipocytes demonstrated that most of the released non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFAs) are known agonists for FFAR4. In agreement with this, conditioned medium from isoproterenol-treated adipocytes stimulated signaling strongly in FFAR4 transfected COS-7 cells as opposed to non-transfected control cells. In transfected 3T3-L1 cells, FFAR4 agonism stimulated Gi- and Go-mini G protein binding more strongly than Gq, effects which were blocked by the selective FFAR4 antagonist AH7614. In primary cultures of murine white adipocytes, the synthetic, selective FFAR4 agonist CpdA inhibited isoproterenol-induced intracellular cAMP accumulation in a manner similar to the antilipolytic control agent nicotinic acid acting through another receptor, HCAR2. In vivo, oral gavage with the synthetic, specific FFAR4 agonist CpdB decreased the level of circulating NEFAs in fasting lean mice to a similar degree as nicotinic acid. In agreement with the identified anti-lipolytic effect of FFAR4, plasma NEFAs and glycerol were increased in FFAR4-deficient mice as compared to littermate controls despite having elevated insulin levels, and cAMP accumulation in primary adipocyte cultures was augmented by treatment with the FFAR4 antagonist conceivably by blocking the stimulatory tone of endogenous NEFAs on FFAR4. CONCLUSIONS In white adipocytes, FFAR4 functions as an NEFA-activated, autocrine, negative feedback regulator of lipolysis by decreasing cAMP though Gi-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sofie Husted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jeppe H Ekberg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Emma Tripp
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Tinne A D Nissen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stijn Meijnikman
- Departments of Internal and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yair Acherman
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Hospital, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd C Bruin
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Hospital, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands.
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Departments of Internal and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Zach Gerhart-Hines
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Lars O Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Section of Preventive and Clinical Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark.
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Sáinz N, Fernández-Galilea M, Costa AGV, Prieto-Hontoria PL, Barraco GM, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate chemerin in cultured adipocytes: role of GPR120 and derived lipid mediators. Food Funct 2020; 11:9057-9066. [PMID: 33021612 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is a pro-inflammatory adipokine that is increased in obesity and associated with obesity-related comorbidities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA), on basal and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced chemerin production in 3T3-L1 and human subcutaneous cultured adipocytes. The potential involvement of G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), as well as the actions of DHA-derived specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs), resolvin D1 and D2 (RvD1 and RvD2) and maresin 1 (MaR1), were also evaluated. DHA significantly lowered both basal and TNF-α-stimulated chemerin production in 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes. EPA did not modify basal chemerin production, while it attenuated the induction of chemerin by TNF-α. Silencing of GPR120 using siRNA blocked the ability of DHA and EPA to reduce TNF-α-induced chemerin secretion. Interestingly, treatment with the DHA-derived SPMs RvD1, RvD2 and MaR1 also reversed the stimulatory effect of TNF-α on chemerin production in human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sáinz
- University of Navarra. Centre for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain. and University of Navarra. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Fernández-Galilea
- University of Navarra. Centre for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain. and University of Navarra. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - A G V Costa
- University of Navarra. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P L Prieto-Hontoria
- University of Navarra. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - G M Barraco
- University of Navarra. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M J Moreno-Aliaga
- University of Navarra. Centre for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain. and University of Navarra. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Kalupahana NS, Goonapienuwala BL, Moustaid-Moussa N. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Adipose Tissue: Inflammation and Browning. Annu Rev Nutr 2020; 40:25-49. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-122319-034142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are involved in whole-body energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation. Changes to mass and function of these tissues impact glucose homeostasis and whole-body energy balance during development of obesity, weight loss, and subsequent weight regain. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), which have known hypotriglyceridemic and cardioprotective effects, can also impact WAT and BAT function. In rodent models, these fatty acids alleviate obesity-associated WAT inflammation, improve energy metabolism, and increase thermogenic markers in BAT. Emerging evidence suggests that ω-3 PUFAs can also modulate gut microbiota impacting WAT function and adiposity. This review discusses molecular mechanisms, implications of these findings, translation to humans, and future work, especially with reference to the potential of these fatty acids in weight loss maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishan Sudheera Kalupahana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1270, USA;,
| | - Bimba Lakmini Goonapienuwala
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1270, USA;,
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1270, USA;,
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20
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Wawrzyniak P, Noureddine N, Wawrzyniak M, Lucchinetti E, Krämer SD, Rogler G, Zaugg M, Hersberger M. Nutritional Lipids and Mucosal Inflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e1901269. [PMID: 32780927 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation in the intestine. Given their role in regulation of inflammation, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) represent a potential supplementary therapeutic approach to current drug regimens used for IBD. Mechanistically, there is ample evidence for an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effect of long-chain n-3 PUFAs after they incorporate into cell membrane phospholipids. They disrupt membrane rafts and when released from the membrane suppress inflammatory signaling by activating PPAR-γ and free fatty acid receptor 4; furthermore, they shift the lipid mediator profile from pro-inflammatory eicosanoids to specialized pro-resolving mediators. The allocation of long-chain n-3 PUFAs also leads to a higher microbiome diversity in the gut, increases short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, and improves intestinal barrier function by sealing epithelial tight junctions. In line with these mechanistic studies, most epidemiological studies support a beneficial effect of long-chain n-3 PUFAs intake on reducing the incidence of IBD. However, the results from intervention trials on the prevention of relapse in IBD patients show no or only a marginal effect of long-chain n-3 PUFAs supplementation. In light of the current literature, international recommendations are supported that adequate diet-derived n-3 PUFAs might be beneficial in maintaining remission in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Nazek Noureddine
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Lucchinetti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zaugg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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21
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Khadge S, Sharp JG, Thiele GM, McGuire TR, Talmadge JE. Fatty Acid Mediators in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1259:125-153. [PMID: 32578175 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43093-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cancer frequently overexpress inflammatory cytokines with an associated neutrophilia both of which may be downregulated by diets with high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA). The anti-inflammatory activity of dietary ω-3 PUFA has been suggested to have anticancer properties and to improve survival of cancer patients. Currently, the majority of dietary research efforts do not differentiate between obesity and dietary fatty acid consumption as mediators of inflammatory cell expansion and tumor microenvironmental infiltration, initiation, and progression. In this chapter, we discuss the relationships between dietary lipids, inflammation, neoplasia and strategies to regulate these relationships. We posit that dietary composition, notably the ratio of ω-3 vs. ω-6 PUFA, regulates tumor initiation and progression and the frequency and sites of metastasis that, together, impact overall survival (OS). We focus on three broad topics: first, the role of dietary lipids in chronic inflammation and tumor initiation, progression, and regression; second, lipid mediators linking inflammation and cancer; and third, dietary lipid regulation of murine and human tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswoti Khadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John Graham Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy R McGuire
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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22
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Godea Lupei S, Ciubotariu D, Danciu M, Lupușoru RV, Ghiciuc CM, Cernescu I, Gheţu N, Lupei M, Lupușoru CE. Improvement in serum lipids and liver morphology after supplementation of the diet with fish oil is more evident under regular feeding conditions than under high-fat or mixed diets in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:162. [PMID: 32631338 PMCID: PMC7339424 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary n- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a role in preventing cardiovascular and hepatic diseases. However, their effects might differ significantly depending on individual dietary patterns. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with ω-3 fatty acids (FA), administered in different schedules, on hepatic and aortic histological structure, lipid profile, and body weight (BW) in male Wistar rats under standard (SD), high-fat diet (HFD) and mixed feeding conditions. METHODS PUFA treatment consisted of the administration of 50 mg/kg fish oil (FO) daily by oral gavage. HFD was obtained by adding a suspension of 4% cholesterol, thiouracil and cholic acid to the animals' drinking water. The rats were maintained on the diets for 6 weeks, and different schedules of PUFA administration were used. At 14, 28, and 42 days, the morphology of liver and aortic samples and the levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and triglycerides (TG) were assessed. RESULTS The HFD groups exhibited significant hyperlipidemia and aortic inflammation, with progression to atherogenesis after 6 weeks. Administration of PUFAs slightly attenuated the aortic changes in these groups and reduced the liver's tendency to steatosis. FO-induced metabolic improvement was more evident in SD than in HFD rats. For instance, after the first 2 weeks, SD animals that received PUFAs had significantly increased HDL levels vs. controls (62.375 ± 4.10 vs. 52.625 ± 8.38 mg/dL, P < 0.05), but HFD rats did not, and decreased TG levels were observed exclusively in the SD rats (57.6 ± 4.09 vs. 66 ± 4.69 mg/dL, P < 0.05). After 6 weeks of n- 3 PUFA administration, LDL was significantly lower in the SD rats than in controls (13.67 ± 4.13 vs. 30.83 ± 2.86 mg/dL, P < 0.001), but the decrease in the HFD rats, although significant (49.17 ± 5.85 mg/dL vs. 57.17 ± 4.96 g/dL, P < 0.05), was not as marked. In the mixed-diet groups, administration of 50 mg/kg/day FO for 14 days under SD conditions following 4 weeks of HFD slightly decreased TG (86.625 ± 11.67 vs. 73 ± 4.52 mg/dL, P < 0.05) and increased HDL (45.875 ± 5.28 vs. 56 ± 3.16 mg/dL). However, in these animals, n-3 PUFA administration had no effect on LDL or TC. Administration of half of the above dose failed to improve any biochemical parameters. FO protected against excessive weight gain mainly under SD conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results show that FO confers more protection against cardiovascular risk factors (increased LDL and TG, decreased HDL) and liver lipid accumulation when given to rats consuming regular diets than when given to rats consuming a high-fat diet. This argues that priority should be given to consumption of a healthy diet rather than to the use of supplements. The effectiveness of n-3 PUFAs might be reduced in the case of hyperlipidic intake or after consumption of a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Godea Lupei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Diana Ciubotariu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania.
| | - Mihai Danciu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania.
| | - Raoul Vasile Lupușoru
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Irina Cernescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Nicolae Gheţu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Regional Oncology Institute, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Mihai Lupei
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environment Protection, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Cătălina Elena Lupușoru
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
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23
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Bou M, Torgersen JS, Østbye TKK, Ruyter B, Wang X, Škugor S, Kristiansen IØ, Todorčević M. DHA Modulates Immune Response and Mitochondrial Function of Atlantic Salmon Adipocytes after LPS Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114101. [PMID: 32521827 PMCID: PMC7312884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes play a central role in overall energy homeostasis and are important contributors to the immune system. Fatty acids (FAs) act as signaling molecules capable to modulate adipocyte metabolism and functions. To identify the effects of two commonly used FAs in Atlantic salmon diets, primary adipocytes were cultured in the presence of oleic (OA) or docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid. DHA decreased adipocyte lipid droplet number and area compared to OA. The increase in lipid load in OA treated adipocytes was paralleled by an increase in iNOS activity and mitochondrial SOD2-GFP activity, which was probably directed to counteract increase in oxidative stress. Under lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, DHA had a greater anti-inflammatory effect than OA, as evidenced by the higher SOD2 activity and the transcriptional regulation of antioxidant enzymes and pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. In addition, DHA maintained a healthy mitochondrial structure under induced inflammation while OA led to elongated mitochondria with a thin thread like structures in adipocytes exposed to LPS. Overall, DHA possess anti-inflammatory properties and protects Atlantic salmon against oxidative stress and limits lipid deposition. Furthermore, DHA plays a key role in protecting mitochondria shape and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bou
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), 1432 Ås, Norway; (M.B.); (J.S.T.); (T.-K.K.Ø.); (B.R.); (X.W.); (S.Š.); (I.Ø.K.)
| | - Jacob Seilø Torgersen
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), 1432 Ås, Norway; (M.B.); (J.S.T.); (T.-K.K.Ø.); (B.R.); (X.W.); (S.Š.); (I.Ø.K.)
- AquaGen, P.O. Box 1240, N-7462 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), 1432 Ås, Norway; (M.B.); (J.S.T.); (T.-K.K.Ø.); (B.R.); (X.W.); (S.Š.); (I.Ø.K.)
| | - Bente Ruyter
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), 1432 Ås, Norway; (M.B.); (J.S.T.); (T.-K.K.Ø.); (B.R.); (X.W.); (S.Š.); (I.Ø.K.)
| | - Xinxia Wang
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), 1432 Ås, Norway; (M.B.); (J.S.T.); (T.-K.K.Ø.); (B.R.); (X.W.); (S.Š.); (I.Ø.K.)
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Stanko Škugor
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), 1432 Ås, Norway; (M.B.); (J.S.T.); (T.-K.K.Ø.); (B.R.); (X.W.); (S.Š.); (I.Ø.K.)
- Cargill Innovation Center, 0366 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Øien Kristiansen
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), 1432 Ås, Norway; (M.B.); (J.S.T.); (T.-K.K.Ø.); (B.R.); (X.W.); (S.Š.); (I.Ø.K.)
| | - Marijana Todorčević
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), 1432 Ås, Norway; (M.B.); (J.S.T.); (T.-K.K.Ø.); (B.R.); (X.W.); (S.Š.); (I.Ø.K.)
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +447979715263
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24
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An T, Zhang X, Li H, Dou L, Huang X, Man Y, Zhang X, Shen T, Li G, Li J, Tang W. GPR120 facilitates cholesterol efflux in macrophages through activation of AMPK signaling pathway. FEBS J 2020; 287:5080-5095. [PMID: 32243091 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux from macrophages is the initial step of reverse cholesterol transport, an important process for high-density lipoprotein-mediated atheroprotection. G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 120, which functions as long-chain fatty acid receptor, is well known for its anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing function in macrophages. However, the role of GPR120 on macrophage foam cell formation, the hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques, has not been verified. In this study, we found for the first time that stimulation of GPR120 by its agonist GW9508 elevated the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC) A1 and ABCG1 in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells and Raw264.7 macrophages, and promoted ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux and reduced cellular cholesteryl ester (CE) content as well. In addition, GPR120 activation was accompanied with the stimulation of AMPK pathway in macrophages; however, the effect of GPR120 on macrophage cholesterol efflux was largely abolished by AMPK inhibition. Moreover, the AMPK activity and the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were markedly abrogated by knockdown of GPR120, or application of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, calcium chelator, or CaMKK inhibitor. Because only free cholesterol can be effluxed from macrophages, we found that activation of AMPK could lead to increase both neutral CEs hydrolysis by upregulation of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase expression and acid CEs hydrolysis by activation of ULK1. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that GPR120 facilitated ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux through activation of PLC/Ca2+ /CaMKK/AMPK signaling pathway, which induced CE hydrolysis and elevated the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong An
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Man
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoping Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqing Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Fernández-Galilea M, Félix-Soriano E, Colón-Mesa I, Escoté X, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Omega-3 fatty acids as regulators of brown/beige adipose tissue: from mechanisms to therapeutic potential. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:251-267. [PMID: 31853728 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction represents the hallmark of obesity. Brown/beige adipose tissues play a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis through non-shivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been inversely related to body fatness, suggesting that BAT activation is protective against obesity. BAT plays also a key role in the control of triglyceride clearance, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Therefore, BAT/beige activation has been proposed as a strategy to prevent or ameliorate obesity development and associated commorbidities. In the last few years, a variety of preclinical studies have proposed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) as novel inducers of BAT activity and white adipose tissue browning. Here, we review the in vitro and in vivo available evidences of the thermogenic properties of n-3 PUFAs, especially focusing on the molecular and cellular physiological mechanisms involved. Finally, we also discuss the challenges and future perspectives to better characterize the therapeutic potential of n-3 PUFAs as browning agents, especially in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández-Galilea
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain.,IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Félix-Soriano
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Colón-Mesa
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain.,Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Eurecat, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria J Moreno-Aliaga
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain. .,IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Baker MA, Nandivada P, Mitchell PD, Fell GL, Pan A, Cho BS, De La Flor DJ, Anez-Bustillos L, Dao DT, Nosé V, Puder M. Omega-3 fatty acids are protective in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in the absence of GPR120 signaling. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:2392-2397. [PMID: 31036368 PMCID: PMC6790164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single dose of IV fish oil (FO) before hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) increases hepatocyte proliferation and reduces necrosis in wild type (WT) mice. It has been suggested that the GPR120 receptor on Kupffer cells mediates FO's ability to reduce HIRI. The purpose of this study was to determine whether GPR120 is required for FO to reduce HIRI. METHODS Sixty-four (n = 8/group) adult male WT (C57BL/6) and GPR120 knockout (KO) mice received IV FO (1 g/kg) or saline 1 h prior to HIRI or sham operation. Mice were euthanized 24 h postoperatively for analysis of hepatic histology, NFκB activity, and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. RESULTS FO pretreated livers had less necrosis after HIRI than saline pretreated livers in both WT (mean ± SEM 25.9 ± 7.3% less, P = 0.007) and KO (36.6 ± 7.3% less, P < 0.0001) mice. There was no significant difference in percent necrosis between WT-FO and KO-FO groups. Sham groups demonstrated minimal necrosis (0-1.9%). Mean [95% CI] ALT after HIRI was significantly higher (P = 0.04) in WT-Saline mice (1604 U/L [751-3427]) compared to WT-FO (321 U/L [150-686]) but was not significantly higher in KO-Saline mice compared to KO-FO. There were no differences in ALT between WT-FO and KO-FO mice who underwent HIRI or between groups who underwent sham surgery. There were no differences in NFκB or IKKβ activation among groups as measured by Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS IV FO pretreatment was able to reduce HIRI in GPR120 KO mice, suggesting the hepatoprotective effects of FO are not mediated by GPR120 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. Baker
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Prathima Nandivada
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Paul D. Mitchell
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Gillian L. Fell
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Amy Pan
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Bennet S. Cho
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Denis J. De La Flor
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | | | - Duy T. Dao
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Vania Nosé
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital.
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27
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Daci A, Ozen G, Karaman EF, Teskin O, Caglayan M, Celik Z, Ozden S, Dashwood M, Uydes Dogan BS, Topal G. In Vitro Effects of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid on the Vascular Tone of a Human Saphenous Vein: Influence of Precontractile Agents. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 64:318-327. [PMID: 31634596 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been widely reported. However, there are limited studies concerning their effects on human blood vessels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the direct vascular effects of EPA and DHA on the human saphenous vein (SV) precontracted with either prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), or thromboxane A2 analogue (U46619), or norepinephrine (NE). Moreover, we aimed to investigate the protein expression of free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) in human SV. METHODS Pretreatment of human SV rings with EPA and DHA (100 μM, 30 min) was tested on vascular reactivity induced by PGF2α (10 nM to 5 μM), NE (10 nM to 100 μM), and U46619 (1 nM to 100 nM). In addition, direct relaxant effects of EPA/DHA (1-100 μM) were tested in human SV rings precontracted by PGF2α, NE, and U46619. Furthermore, the involvement of potassium channels on their vascular effects was investigated in the presence of the nonselective K+ channel inhibitor tetraethylammonium chloride. RESULTS Pretreatment with EPA and DHA resulted in a significant decrease in vascular reactivity induced by U46619 and PGF2α compared to NE. In the presence of TEA, the relaxant effects of EPA and DHA were significantly decreased in SV preparations precontracted by U46619 and PGF2α for DHA. Furthermore, FFAR-4 protein was expressed in tissue extracts of human SV. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that both EPA and DHA reduce the increased vascular tone elicited by contractile agents on the human SV and that the direct vasorelaxant effect is likely to involve potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armond Daci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsev Ozen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ecem Fatma Karaman
- Department of Pharmecutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onder Teskin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Caglayan
- Department of Pharmecutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Celik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ozden
- Department of Pharmecutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mick Dashwood
- Surgical and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - B Sonmez Uydes Dogan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokce Topal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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28
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Abstract
The cause of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not limited to impaired insulin signalling but also involves the complex interplay of multiple metabolic pathways. The analysis of large data sets generated by metabolomics and lipidomics has shed new light on the roles of metabolites such as lipids, amino acids and bile acids in modulating insulin sensitivity. Metabolites can regulate insulin sensitivity directly by modulating components of the insulin signalling pathway, such as insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and AKT, and indirectly by altering the flux of substrates through multiple metabolic pathways, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, protein synthesis and degradation and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the post-translational modification of proteins by metabolites and lipids, including acetylation and palmitoylation, can alter protein function. Furthermore, the role of the microbiota in regulating substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity is unfolding. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of metabolites in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic adaptations involved in insulin resistance may enable the identification of novel targets for improving insulin sensitivity and preventing, and treating, T2DM.
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Abstract
We provide an overview of studies on seafood intake in relation to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Overweight and obesity development is for most individuals the result of years of positive energy balance. Evidence from intervention trials and animal studies suggests that frequent intake of lean seafood, as compared with intake of terrestrial meats, reduces energy intake by 4–9 %, sufficient to prevent a positive energy balance and obesity. At equal energy intake, lean seafood reduces fasting and postprandial risk markers of insulin resistance, and improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant adults. Energy restriction combined with intake of lean and fatty seafood seems to increase weight loss. Marine n-3 PUFA are probably of importance through n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators such as endocannabinoids and oxylipins, but other constituents of seafood such as the fish protein per se, trace elements or vitamins also seem to play a largely neglected role. A high intake of fatty seafood increases circulating levels of the insulin-sensitising hormone adiponectin. As compared with a high meat intake, high intake of seafood has been reported to reduce plasma levels of the hepatic acute-phase protein C-reactive protein level in some, but not all studies. More studies are needed to confirm the dietary effects on energy intake, obesity and insulin resistance. Future studies should be designed to elucidate the potential contribution of trace elements, vitamins and undesirables present in seafood, and we argue that stratification into responders and non-responders in randomised controlled trials may improve the understanding of health effects from intake of seafood.
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30
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GPR120 protects lipotoxicity-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction through regulation of PDX1 expression and inhibition of islet inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:101-116. [PMID: 30523046 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) has been shown to act as an omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid sensor and is involved in insulin secretion. However, the underlying mechanism in pancreatic β cells remains unclear. To explore the potential link between GPR120 and β-cell function, its agonists docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and GSK137647A were used in palmitic acid (PA)-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, coupled with GPR120 knockdown (KD) in MIN6 cells and GPR120 knockout (KO) mice to identify the underlying signaling pathways. In vitro and ex vivo treatments of MIN6 cells and islets isolated from wild-type (WT) mice with DHA and GSK137647A restored pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX1) expression levels and β-cell function via inhibiting PA-induced elevation of proinflammatory chemokines and activation of nuclear factor κB, c-Jun amino (N)-terminal kinases1/2 and p38MAPK signaling pathways. On the contrary, these GPR120 agonism-mediated protective effects were abolished in GPR120 KD cells and islets isolated from GPR120 KO mice. Furthermore, GPR120 KO mice displayed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance relative to WT littermates, and β-cell functional related genes were decreased while inflammation was exacerbated in islets with increased macrophages in pancreas from GPR120 KO mice. DHA and GSK137647A supplementation ameliorated glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as improved Pdx1 expression and islet inflammation in diet-induced obese WT mice, but not in GPR120 KO mice. These findings indicate that GPR120 activation is protective against lipotoxicity-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, via the mediation of PDX1 expression and inhibition of islet inflammation, and that GPR120 activation may serve as a preventative and therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes.
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31
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van Elst K, Brouwers JF, Merkens JE, Broekhoven MH, Birtoli B, Helms JB, Kas MJH. Chronic dietary changes in n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios cause developmental delay and reduce social interest in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:16-31. [PMID: 30563719 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are one of the main cellular building blocks, and dietary changes in PUFA composition are proposed as a potential route to influence brain development. For example, initial studies indicated that there is a relation between blood omega-6(n-6)/omega-3(n-3) PUFA ratios and neurodevelopmental disease diagnosis. To study the consequences of dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio changes, we investigated the impact of a n-3 supplemented and n-3 deficient diet in developing BTBR T + Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) - a mouse inbred strain displaying Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-like symptomatology - and control C57BL/6J mice. This study showed that pre- and postnatal changed dietary n-6/n-3 ratio intake has a major impact on blood and brain PUFA composition, and led to delayed physical development and puberty onset in both strains. The PUFA induced developmental delay did not impact adult cognitive performance, but resulted in reduced social interest, a main ASD behavioral feature. Thus, both chronic dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation and depletion may not be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim van Elst
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica E Merkens
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H Broekhoven
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Reduced Number of Adipose Lineage and Endothelial Cells in Epididymal fat in Response to Omega-3 PUFA in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120515. [PMID: 30567329 PMCID: PMC6316446 DOI: 10.3390/md16120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We found previously that white adipose tissue (WAT) hyperplasia in obese mice was limited by dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA). Here we aimed to characterize the underlying mechanism. C57BL/6N mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented or not with omega-3 PUFA for one week or eight weeks; mice fed a standard chow diet were also used. In epididymal WAT (eWAT), DNA content was quantified, immunohistochemical analysis was used to reveal the size of adipocytes and macrophage content, and lipidomic analysis and a gene expression screen were performed to assess inflammatory status. The stromal-vascular fraction of eWAT, which contained most of the eWAT cells, except for adipocytes, was characterized using flow cytometry. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation limited the high-fat diet-induced increase in eWAT weight, cell number (DNA content), inflammation, and adipocyte growth. eWAT hyperplasia was compromised due to the limited increase in the number of preadipocytes and a decrease in the number of endothelial cells. The number of leukocytes and macrophages was unaffected, but a shift in macrophage polarization towards a less inflammatory phenotype was observed. Our results document that the counteraction of eWAT hyperplasia by omega-3 PUFA in dietary-obese mice reflects an effect on the number of adipose lineage and endothelial cells.
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Immune regulation and anti-cancer activity by lipid inflammatory mediators. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:580-592. [PMID: 30447537 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rodent and clinical studies have documented that myeloid cell infiltration of tumors is associated with poor outcomes, neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia. This contrasts with increased lymphocyte infiltration of tumors, which is correlated with improved outcomes. Lifestyle parameters, such as obesity and diets with high levels of saturated fat and/or omega (ω)-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), can influence these inflammatory parameters, including an increase in extramedullary myelopoiesis (EMM). While tumor secretion of growth factors (GFs) and chemokines regulate tumor-immune-cell crosstalk, lifestyle choices also contribute to inflammation, abnormal pathology and leukocyte infiltration of tumors. A relationship between obesity and high-fat diets (notably saturated fats in Western diets) and inflammation, tumor incidence, metastasis and poor outcomes is generally accepted. However, the mechanisms of dietary promotion of an inflammatory microenvironment and targeted drugs to inhibit the clinical sequelae are poorly understood. Thus, modifications of obesity and dietary fat may provide preventative or therapeutic approaches to control tumor-associated inflammation and disease progression. Currently, the majority of basic and clinical research does not differentiate between obesity and fatty acid consumption as mediators of inflammatory and neoplastic processes. In this review, we discuss the relationships between dietary PUFAs, inflammation and neoplasia and experimental strategies to improve our understanding of these relationships. We conclude that dietary composition, notably the ratio of ω-3 vs ω-6 PUFA regulates tumor growth and the frequency and sites of metastasis that together, impact overall survival (OS) in mice.
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Ferguson JF, Roberts-Lee K, Borcea C, Smith HM, Midgette Y, Shah R. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids attenuate inflammatory activation and alter differentiation in human adipocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 64:45-49. [PMID: 30428424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically the fish-oil-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been proposed as inflammation-resolving agents via their effects on adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE We proposed to determine the effects of EPA and DHA on human adipocyte differentiation and inflammatory activation in vitro. METHODS Primary human subcutaneous adipocytes from lean and obese subjects were treated with 100 μM EPA and/or DHA throughout differentiation (differentiation studies) or for 72 h postdifferentiation (inflammatory studies). THP-1 monocytes were added to adipocyte wells for co-culture experiments. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose explants from obese subjects were treated for 72 h with EPA and DHA. Oil Red O staining was performed on live cells. Cells were collected for mRNA analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and media were collected for protein quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Incubation with EPA and/or DHA attenuated inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and monocyte co-culture with reduction in post-LPS mRNA expression and protein levels of IL6, CCL2 and CX3CL1. Expression of inflammatory genes was also reduced in the endogenous inflammatory response in obese adipose. Both DHA and EPA reduced lipid droplet formation and lipogenic gene expression without alteration in expression of adipogenic genes or adiponectin secretion. CONCLUSIONS EPA and DHA attenuate inflammatory activation of in vitro human adipocytes and reduce lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kailey Roberts-Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cristina Borcea
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Holly M Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yasmeen Midgette
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachana Shah
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Regulation of Metabolic Disease-Associated Inflammation by Nutrient Sensors. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8261432. [PMID: 30116154 PMCID: PMC6079375 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8261432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral obesity is frequently associated with the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a highly prevalent chronic disease that features insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction as important hallmarks. Recent evidence indicates that the chronic, low-grade inflammation commonly associated with visceral obesity plays a major role connecting the excessive visceral fat deposition with the development of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Herein, we review the mechanisms by which nutrients modulate obesity-associated inflammation.
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Alquier T, Poitout V. Considerations and guidelines for mouse metabolic phenotyping in diabetes research. Diabetologia 2018; 61:526-538. [PMID: 29143855 PMCID: PMC5805661 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice are the most commonly used species in preclinical research on the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Although they are extremely useful for identifying pathways, mechanisms and genes regulating glucose and energy homeostasis, the specificities of the various mouse models and methodologies used to investigate a metabolic phenotype can have a profound impact on experimental results and their interpretation. This review aims to: (1) describe the most commonly used experimental tests to assess glucose and energy homeostasis in mice; (2) provide some guidelines regarding the design, analysis and interpretation of these tests, as well as for studies using genetic models; and (3) identify important caveats and confounding factors that must be taken into account in the interpretation of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Alquier
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Office R08-418, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Office R08-418, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Kuda O, Rossmeisl M, Kopecky J. Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue biology. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:147-160. [PMID: 29329795 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review provides evidence for the importance of white and brown adipose tissue (i.e. WAT and BAT) function for the maintenance of healthy metabolic phenotype and its preservation in response to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA), namely in the context of diseased states linked to aberrant accumulation of body fat, systemic low-grade inflammation, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. More specifically, the review deals with (i) the concept of immunometabolism, i.e. how adipose-resident immune cells and adipocytes affect each other and define the immune-metabolic interface; and (ii) the characteristic features of "healthy adipocytes" in WAT, which are relatively small fat cells endowed with a high capacity for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, triacylglycerol/fatty acid (TAG/FA) cycling and de novo lipogenesis (DNL). The intrinsic metabolic features of WAT and their flexible regulations, reflecting the presence of "healthy adipocytes", provide beneficial local and systemic effects, including (i) protection against in situ endoplasmic reticulum stress and related inflammatory response during activation of adipocyte lipolysis; (ii) prevention of ectopic fat accumulation and dyslipidemia caused by increased hepatic VLDL synthesis, as well as prevention of lipotoxic damage of insulin signaling in extra-adipose tissues; and also (iii) increased synthesis of anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing lipid mediators with pro-resolving properties, including the branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), also depending on the activity of DNL in WAT. The "healthy adipocytes" phenotype can be induced in WAT of obese mice in response to various stimuli including dietary omega-3 PUFA, especially when combined with moderate calorie restriction, and possibly also with other life style (e.g. physical activity) or pharmacological (e.g. thiazolidinediones) interventions. While omega-3 PUFA could exert beneficial systemic effects by improving immunometabolism of WAT without a concomitant induction of BAT, it is currently not clear whether the metabolic effects of the combined intervention using omega-3 PUFA and calorie restriction or thiazolidinediones depend also on the activation of BAT function and/or the induction of brite/beige adipocytes in WAT. It remains to be established why omega-3 PUFA intervention in type 2 diabetic subjects does not improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis despite inducing various anti-inflammatory mediators in WAT, including the recently discovered docosahexaenoyl esters of hydroxy linoleic acid, the lipokines from the FAHFA family, as well as several endocannabinoid-related anti-inflammatory lipids. To answer the question whether and to which extent omega-3 PUFA supplementation could promote the formation of "healthy adipocytes" in WAT of human subjects, namely in the obese insulin-resistant patients, represents a challenging task that is of great importance for the treatment of some serious non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1083 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1083 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1083 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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The acute glucose lowering effect of specific GPR120 activation in mice is mainly driven by glucagon-like peptide 1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189060. [PMID: 29206860 PMCID: PMC5716539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism behind the glucose lowering effect occurring after specific activation of GPR120 is not completely understood. In this study, a potent and selective GPR120 agonist was developed and its pharmacological properties were compared with the previously described GPR120 agonist Metabolex-36. Effects of both compounds on signaling pathways and GLP-1 secretion were investigated in vitro. The acute glucose lowering effect was studied in lean wild-type and GPR120 null mice following oral or intravenous glucose tolerance tests. In vitro, in GPR120 overexpressing cells, both agonists signaled through Gαq, Gαs and the β-arrestin pathway. However, in mouse islets the signaling pathway was different since the agonists reduced cAMP production. The GPR120 agonists stimulated GLP-1 secretion both in vitro in STC-1 cells and in vivo following oral administration. In vivo GPR120 activation induced significant glucose lowering and increased insulin secretion after intravenous glucose administration in lean mice, while the agonists had no effect in GPR120 null mice. Exendin 9–39, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist, abolished the GPR120 induced effects on glucose and insulin following an intravenous glucose challenge. In conclusion, GLP-1 secretion is an important mechanism behind the acute glucose lowering effect following specific GPR120 activation.
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Im DS. FFA4 (GPR120) as a fatty acid sensor involved in appetite control, insulin sensitivity and inflammation regulation. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 64:92-108. [PMID: 28887275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids have been suggested to be beneficial in the context of cardiovascular disorders based in epidemiologic studies conducted in Greenland and Mediterranean. DHA and EPA are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are plentiful in fish oil, and oleic acid is an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid, rich in olive oil. Dietary intake of these unsaturated long-chain fatty acids have been associated with insulin sensitivity and weight loss, which contrasts with the impairment of insulin sensitivity and weight gain associated with high intakes of saturated long-chain fatty acids. The recent discovery that free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) acts as a sensor for unsaturated long-chain fatty acids started to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial functions played by these unsaturated long-chain fatty acids in various physiological processes, which include the secretions of gastrointestinal peptide hormones and glucose homeostasis. In this review, the physiological roles and therapeutic significance of FFA4 in appetite control, insulin sensitization, and inflammation reduction are discussed in relation to obesity and type 2 diabetes from pharmacological viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Milligan G, Alvarez-Curto E, Hudson BD, Prihandoko R, Tobin AB. FFA4/GPR120: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:809-821. [PMID: 28734639 PMCID: PMC5582618 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Free Fatty Acid receptor 4 (FFA4), also known as GPR120, is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) responsive to long-chain fatty acids that is attracting considerable attention as a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although no clinical studies have yet been initiated to assess efficacy in this indication, a significant number of primary publications and patents have highlighted the ability of agonists with potency at FFA4 to improve glucose disposition and enhance insulin sensitivity in animal models. However, the distribution pattern of the receptor suggests that targeting FFA4 may also be useful in other conditions, ranging from cancer to lung function. Here, we discuss and contextualise the basis for these ideas and the results to support these conclusions. Substantial focus on the therapeutic potential of FFA4/GPR120 is currently directed towards type 2 diabetes. Progress in the identification and characterisation of FFA4/GPR120 agonist ligands is apparent in both the primary scientific and patent literatures. In models of glucose handling, FFA4/GPR120 agonists appear highly effective. Recent indications provide support for consideration of FFA4/GPR120 ligands in areas of cancer treatment. High levels of expression of FFA4/GPR120 in the lung suggest utility in analysis of the potential therapeutic roles of FFA4/GPR120 ligands in both acute and chronic airway inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Elisa Alvarez-Curto
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rudi Prihandoko
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Loy SL, Ng MJH, Cheung YB, Godfrey KM, Calder PC, Lek N, Yap F, Müller-Riemenschneider F, Natarajan P, Chong YS, Tan KH, Shek LPC, Chong MFF, Chan JKY. Plasma ω-3 fatty acids in pregnancy are inversely associated with postpartum weight retention in a multiethnic Asian cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1158-1165. [PMID: 28330907 PMCID: PMC6057605 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.151258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have demonstrated associations between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and adiposity. It is unclear whether PUFAs in pregnancy have an effect on maternal weight retention after childbirth, which can contribute to long-term obesity.Objective: We examined the association of maternal plasma PUFAs in pregnancy with 18-mo postpartum weight retention (PPWR) in a multiethnic Asian cohort.Design: We studied pregnant women (n = 653) recruited between June 2009 and September 2010 from a prospective cohort. At 26-28 wk of gestation, plasma phosphatidylcholine PUFA concentrations were measured and determined as percentages of total fatty acids (FAs). PPWR was calculated based on the difference between measured weight at the first antenatal clinic visit and at 18 mo postpartum.Results: The median retained weight of women was 0.90 kg (IQR: -1.40, 3.25) at 18 mo postpartum. Of 653 women, 544 women (83.3%) had PPWR of <5 kg and 109 (16.7%) had PPWR of ≥5 kg. In adjusted linear regression models, higher plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total ω-3 (n-3) PUFA concentrations were associated with lower PPWR [EPA: β = -0.62 kg/1% increase of total FAs (95% CI: -1.18, -0.05); DHA: β = -0.24 kg/1% increase (95% CI: -0.45, -0.02); total ω-3 PUFAs: β = -0.20 kg/1% increase (95% CI: -0.36, -0.03)], whereas a higher ratio of plasma ω-6-to-ω-3 PUFAs was associated with a higher PPWR [β = 0.21 kg/unit increase (95% CI: 0.05, 0.36)].Conclusions: Higher plasma percentages of ω-3 PUFAs and a lower ratio of ω-6-to-ω-3 PUFAs in the late-second trimester of pregnancy are associated with less weight retention at 18 mo postpartum. This may offer an alternative strategy to assist postpartum weight reduction by increasing EPA and DHA status together with a decreased ratio of ω-6-to-ω-3 PUFA through diet or fish-oil supplementation during pregnancy. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Ling Loy
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Yin Bun Cheung
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, Singapore,Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom,Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom,Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ngee Lek
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Falk Müller-Riemenschneider
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charite University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Padmapriya Natarajan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Lynette Pei-Chi Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mary Foong-Fong Chong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore,Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Departments of Reproductive Medicine, .,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Abstract
In addition to their bioenergetic intracellular function, several classical metabolites act as extracellular signaling molecules activating cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), similar to hormones and neurotransmitters. "Signaling metabolites" generated from nutrients or by gut microbiota target primarily enteroendocrine, neuronal, and immune cells in the lamina propria of the gut mucosa and the liver and, through these tissues, the rest of the body. In contrast, metabolites from the intermediary metabolism act mainly as metabolic stress-induced autocrine and paracrine signals in adipose tissue, the liver, and the endocrine pancreas. Importantly, distinct metabolite GPCRs act as efficient pro- and anti-inflammatory regulators of key immune cells, and signaling metabolites may thus function as important drivers of the low-grade inflammation associated with insulin resistance and obesity. The concept of key metabolites as ligands for specific GPCRs has broadened our understanding of metabolic signaling significantly and provides a number of novel potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sofie Husted
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Trauelsen
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olga Rudenko
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siv A Hjorth
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Bellini L, Denom J, Oshima M, Fernandez N, Normandie-Levi P, Berney XP, Kassis N, Rouch C, Dairou J, Gorman T, Smith DM, Marley A, Liechti R, Kuznetsov D, Wigger L, Burdet F, Lefèvre AL, Wehrle I, Uphues I, Hildebrandt T, Rust W, Bernard C, Ktorza A, Rutter GA, Scharfmann R, Xenarios I, Le Stunff H, Thorens B, Magnan C, Ibberson M. Molecular phenotyping of multiple mouse strains under metabolic challenge uncovers a role for Elovl2 in glucose-induced insulin secretion. Mol Metab 2017; 6:340-351. [PMID: 28377873 PMCID: PMC5369210 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In type 2 diabetes (T2D), pancreatic β cells become progressively dysfunctional, leading to a decline in insulin secretion over time. In this study, we aimed to identify key genes involved in pancreatic beta cell dysfunction by analyzing multiple mouse strains in parallel under metabolic stress. METHODS Male mice from six commonly used non-diabetic mouse strains were fed a high fat or regular chow diet for three months. Pancreatic islets were extracted and phenotypic measurements were recorded at 2 days, 10 days, 30 days, and 90 days to assess diabetes progression. RNA-Seq was performed on islet tissue at each time-point and integrated with the phenotypic data in a network-based analysis. RESULTS A module of co-expressed genes was selected for further investigation as it showed the strongest correlation to insulin secretion and oral glucose tolerance phenotypes. One of the predicted network hub genes was Elovl2, encoding Elongase of very long chain fatty acids 2. Elovl2 silencing decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mouse and human β cell lines. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a role for Elovl2 in ensuring normal insulin secretory responses to glucose. Moreover, the large comprehensive dataset and integrative network-based approach provides a new resource to dissect the molecular etiology of β cell failure under metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cruciani-Guglielmacci
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Lara Bellini
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Denom
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Masaya Oshima
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Neïké Fernandez
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Priscilla Normandie-Levi
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Xavier P Berney
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Claude Rouch
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Tracy Gorman
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - David M Smith
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Anna Marley
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Robin Liechti
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Kuznetsov
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonore Wigger
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Burdet
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Lefèvre
- Recherche de Découverte, PIT Métabolisme, IdRS, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Isabelle Wehrle
- Recherche de Découverte, PIT Métabolisme, IdRS, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Ingo Uphues
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co, KG 88400 Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Werner Rust
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co, KG 88400 Biberach, Germany
| | - Catherine Bernard
- Recherche de Découverte, PIT Métabolisme, IdRS, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Alain Ktorza
- Recherche de Découverte, PIT Métabolisme, IdRS, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; I2BC - UMR 9198 Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Kuda O. Bioactive metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid. Biochimie 2017; 136:12-20. [PMID: 28087294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid that is recognized as a beneficial dietary constituent and as a source of the anti-inflammatory specialized proresolving mediators (SPM): resolvins, protectins and maresins. Apart from SPMs, other metabolites of DHA also exert potent biological effects. This article summarizes current knowledge on the metabolic pathways involved in generation of DHA metabolites. Over 70 biologically active metabolites have been described, but are often discussed separately within specific research areas. This review follows DHA metabolism and attempts to integrate the diverse DHA metabolites emphasizing those with identified biological effects. DHA metabolites could be divided into DHA-derived SPMs, DHA epoxides, electrophilic oxo-derivatives (EFOX) of DHA, neuroprostanes, ethanolamines, acylglycerols, docosahexaenoyl amides of amino acids or neurotransmitters, and branched DHA esters of hydroxy fatty acids. These bioactive metabolites have pleiotropic effects that include augmenting energy expenditure, stimulating lipid catabolism, modulating the immune response, helping to resolve inflammation, and promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration. As a result they have been shown to exert many beneficial actions: neuroprotection, anti-hypertension, anti-hyperalgesia, anti-arrhythmia, anti-tumorigenesis etc. Given the chemical structure of DHA, the number and geometry of double bonds, and the panel of enzymes metabolizing DHA, it is also likely that novel bioactive derivatives will be identified in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Khadge S, Sharp JG, McGuire TR, Thiele GM, Talmadge JE. Lipid Inflammatory Mediators in Cancer Progression and Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:145-156. [PMID: 29275470 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rodent and clinical studies have documented that myeloid cell infiltration of tumors is associated with neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia and poor patient outcomes. This contrasts with lymphocyte infiltration of tumors, which is associated with improved outcomes. Lifestyle parameters such as high fat diet s and omega (ω)-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake may influence these inflammatory parameters including extramedullary myelopoiesis that can contribute to a metastatic "niche". While, tumor secretion of growth factors (GFs) and chemokines regulate tumor-immune-cell crosstalk, in this chapter, we also emphasize how lifestyle choices, including, obesity, high-fat and high ω-6 PUFA dietary content, contribute to inflammation and myeloid cell infiltration of tumors. A relationship between obesity and high-fat diets (notably the saturated fats in Western diets) and tumor incidence, metastasis, and poor outcomes is generally accepted. However, the mechanisms of dietary promotion of inflammatory microenvironments and targeted drugs to inhibit the clinical sequel remain an unmet challenge. One approach, modification of dietary intake may have a preventative or therapeutic approach to regulate tumor-associated inflammation and remains an attractive, but little studied intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswoti Khadge
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - John Graham Sharp
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy R McGuire
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - James E Talmadge
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Suckow AT, Briscoe CP. Key Questions for Translation of FFA Receptors: From Pharmacology to Medicines. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 236:101-131. [PMID: 27873087 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of fatty acids as ligands for the G-protein coupled free fatty acid (FFA) receptor family over 10 years ago led to intensive chemistry efforts to find small-molecule ligands for this class of receptors. Identification of potent, selective modulators of the FFA receptors and their utility in medicine has proven challenging, in part due to their complex pharmacology. Nevertheless, ligands have been identified that are sufficient for exploring the therapeutic potential of this class of receptors in rodents and, in the case of FFA1, FFA2, FFA4, and GPR84, also in humans. Expression profiling, the phenotyping of FFA receptor knockout mice, and the results of studies exploring the effects of these ligands in rodents have uncovered a number of indications where engagement of one or a combination of FFA receptors might provide some clinical benefit in areas including diabetes, inflammatory bowel syndrome, Alzheimer's, pain, and cancer. In this chapter, we will review the clinical potential of modulating FFA receptors based on preclinical and in some cases clinical studies with synthetic ligands. In particular, key aspects and challenges associated with small-molecule ligand identification and FFA receptor pharmacology will be addressed with a view of the hurdles that need to be overcome to fully understand the potential of the receptors as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia P Briscoe
- Epigen Biosciences, 10225 Barnes Canyon Rd, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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Dain A, Repossi G, Diaz-Gerevini GT, Vanamala J, Das UN, Eynard AR. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) modulate metabolic and inflammatory markers in a spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus model (Stillman Salgado rats). Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:205. [PMID: 27884155 PMCID: PMC5123226 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease with alterations in metabolic and inflammatory markers. Stillman Salgado rats (eSS) spontaneously develop type 2 DM by middle age showing progressive impairment of glucose tolerance with hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia. We analyzed the effects of supplementation of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with or without nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) added, an antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitor, on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in eSS rats to evaluate whether they can delay development and/or prevent progression of DM. METHODS After weaning, eSS rats received, intraperitoneally, once a month ω-3 (EPA 35% and DHA 40%-6.25 mg/Kg) or ω-6 (90% arachidonic acid- 6. 25 mg/Kg) for twelve months. Two additional groups of rats received 1.9 mg/kg NDGA added to ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. Blood samples were collected at day 40, and at the end of the 6th month and 12th month of age to determine plasma triglycerides (TGs), total plasma fatty acids (FA), A1C hemoglobin (HbA1C), C-reactive protein (CRP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lipo and hydro peroxides, nitrites and IL-6 (in plasma and liver, kidney, and pancreas) and underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as well. Wistar and eSS rats that received saline solution were used as controls. RESULTS Plasma lipids profile, TG, fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels, and glycosylated HbA1C showed significant improvements in ω-3 and ω-3 + NDGA treated animals compared to eSS control group. ω-3 and ω-3 + NDGA groups showed an inverse correlation with fasting blood glucose and showed lower plasma levels of GGT, TG, and CRP. eSS rats treated with ω-3 LCPUFAs showed reduced level of inflammatory and oxidative indices in plasma and liver, kidney and pancreas tissues in comparison with eSS control (non-treated) and ω-6 treated groups. CONCLUSIONS eSS rats are a useful model to study type 2 DM pathophysiology and related inflammatory indices. ω-3 + NDGA supplementation, at the doses tested, ameliorated inflammatory, metabolic and oxidative stress markers studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dain
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gaston Repossi
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Histología, Embriología y Genética, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
- CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo T Diaz-Gerevini
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jairam Vanamala
- Department of Food Science, Penn State University, 326 Food Science Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2020 S 360th St, # K-202, Federal Way, WA, 98003, USA.
- BioScience Research Centre and Department of Medicine, GVP Hospital, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam, 530 048, India.
| | - Aldo R Eynard
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina.
- CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
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FFAR4 (GPR120) Signaling Is Not Required for Anti-Inflammatory and Insulin-Sensitizing Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1536047. [PMID: 27999451 PMCID: PMC5143742 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1536047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor-4 (FFAR4), also known as GPR120, has been reported to mediate the beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs) by inducing an anti-inflammatory immune response. Thus, activation of FFAR4 has been reported to ameliorate chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance accompanying obesity. However, conflicting reports on the role of FFAR4 in mediating the effects of ω3-PUFAs are emerging, suggesting that FFAR4 may not be the sole effector. Hence analyses of the importance of this receptor in relation to other signaling pathways and prominent effects of ω3-PUFAs remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we used Ffar4 knockouts (KO) and heterozygous (HET) mice fed either low fat, low sucrose reference diet; high fat, high sucrose ω3-PUFA; or high fat, high sucrose ω6-PUFA diet for 36 weeks. We demonstrate that both KO and HET mice fed ω3-PUFAs were protected against obesity, hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation, and whole-body insulin resistance. Moreover, ω3-PUFA fed mice had increased circulating protein levels of the anti-inflammatory adipokine, adiponectin, decreased fasting insulin levels, and decreased mRNA expression of several proinflammatory molecules within visceral adipose tissue. In conclusion, we find that FFAR4 signaling is not required for the reported anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects mediated by ω3-PUFAs.
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Shewale SV, Brown AL, Bi X, Boudyguina E, Sawyer JK, Alexander-Miller MA, Parks JS. In vivo activation of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 by PUFAs has minimal impact on atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:236-246. [PMID: 27811230 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m072769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)120/FFA receptor (FFAR)4 (GPR120/FFAR4) activation by n-3 PUFAs attenuates inflammation, but its impact on atherosclerosis is unknown. We determined whether in vivo activation of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 by n-3 versus n-6 PUFAs is atheroprotective. Leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 WT or KO mice in the LDL receptor KO background were generated by bone marrow transplantation. Mice were fed one of the four atherogenic diets containing 0.2% cholesterol and 10% calories as palm oil (PO) + 10% calories as: 1) PO, 2) fish oil (FO; 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 enriched), 3) echium oil (EO; 18:4 n-3 enriched), or 4) borage oil (BO; 18:3 n-6 enriched) for 16 weeks. Compared with PO, mice fed BO, EO, and FO had significantly reduced plasma cholesterol, TG, VLDL cholesterol, hepatic neutral lipid, and atherosclerosis that were equivalent for WT and KO mice. In BO-, EO-, and FO-fed mice, but not PO-fed mice, lack of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 resulted in neutrophilia, pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytosis, increased aortic root monocyte recruitment, and increased hepatic inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, leukocyte GPR120 expression has minimal effects on dietary PUFA-induced plasma lipid/lipoprotein reduction and atheroprotection, and there is no distinction between n-3 versus n-6 PUFAs in activating anti-inflammatory effects of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil V Shewale
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.,Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Xin Bi
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Elena Boudyguina
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Janet K Sawyer
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | | | - John S Parks
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 .,Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by fat deposition in hepatocytes, and a strong association with nutritional factors. Dietary fatty acids are classified according to their biochemical properties, which confer their bioactive roles. Monounsaturated fatty acids have a dual role in various human and murine models. In contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit antiobesity, anti steatosic and anti-inflammatory effects. The combination of these forms of fatty acids—according to dietary type, daily intake and the proportion of n-6 to n-3 fats—can compromise hepatic lipid metabolism. A chemosensory rather than a nutritional role makes bioactive fatty acids possible biomarkers for NAFLD. Bioactive fatty acids provide health benefits through modification of fatty acid composition and modulating the activity of liver cells during liver fibrosis. More and better evidence is necessary to elucidate the role of bioactive fatty acids in nutritional and clinical treatment strategies for patients with NAFLD.
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