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Santos-Rebouças CB, Ferreira CDS, Nogueira JDS, Brustolini OJ, de Almeida LGP, Gerber AL, Guimarães APDC, Piergiorge RM, Struchiner CJ, Porto LC, de Vasconcelos ATR. Immune response stability to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine booster is influenced by differential splicing of HLA genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8982. [PMID: 38637586 PMCID: PMC11026523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Many molecular mechanisms that lead to the host antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines remain largely unknown. In this study, we used serum antibody detection combined with whole blood RNA-based transcriptome analysis to investigate variability in vaccine response in healthy recipients of a booster (third) dose schedule of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19. The cohort was divided into two groups: (1) low-stable individuals, with antibody concentration anti-SARS-CoV IgG S1 below 0.4 percentile at 180 days after boosting vaccination; and (2) high-stable individuals, with antibody values greater than 0.6 percentile of the range in the same period (median 9525 [185-80,000] AU/mL). Differential gene expression, expressed single nucleotide variants and insertions/deletions, differential splicing events, and allelic imbalance were explored to broaden our understanding of the immune response sustenance. Our analysis revealed a differential expression of genes with immunological functions in individuals with low antibody titers, compared to those with higher antibody titers, underscoring the fundamental importance of the innate immune response for boosting immunity. Our findings also provide new insights into the determinants of the immune response variability to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine booster, highlighting the significance of differential splicing regulatory mechanisms, mainly concerning HLA alleles, in delineating vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Barros Santos-Rebouças
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristina Dos Santos Ferreira
- Bioinformatics Laboratory-LABINFO, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25651‑075, Brazil
| | - Jeane de Souza Nogueira
- Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otávio José Brustolini
- Bioinformatics Laboratory-LABINFO, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25651‑075, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Paula de Almeida
- Bioinformatics Laboratory-LABINFO, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25651‑075, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Lehmkuhl Gerber
- Bioinformatics Laboratory-LABINFO, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25651‑075, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Campos Guimarães
- Bioinformatics Laboratory-LABINFO, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25651‑075, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mina Piergiorge
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio José Struchiner
- School of Applied Mathematics, Getúlio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Social Medicine Institute Hesio Cordeiro, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Cristóvão Porto
- Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos
- Bioinformatics Laboratory-LABINFO, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25651‑075, Brazil.
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Associations of HLA Polymorphisms with Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Japanese Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Vaccinated with BNT162b2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020404. [PMID: 36851281 PMCID: PMC9965868 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease 2019. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and neutralizing antibodies (Abs) are measured to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) may be associated with vaccine efficacy. Here, we investigated the association of HLA polymorphisms with the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S or neutralizing Abs in vaccinated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in Japan. Genotyping of DRB1 and DQB1 was conducted in 87 Japanese RA patients vaccinated with BNT162b2. Associations of allele or haplotype carrier frequencies with anti-SARS-CoV-2 S or neutralizing Abs were examined. DRB1*12:01 was significantly positively associated with the production of S Ab (p = 0.0225, odds ratio [OR] 6.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-28.03). The DQB1*03:01 allele carrier frequency tended to be higher in high responders of S Ab. Allele carrier frequencies of DRB1*15:01 (p = 0.0102, OR 9.26, 95% CI 1.65-52.01) and DQB1*06:02 (p = 0.0373, OR 7.00, 95% CI 1.18-41.36) were higher in responders of neutralizing Ab. Haplotype and two-locus analyses of DRB1 and DQB1 suggested that DRB1 alleles were the primary drivers of these associations. Logistic regression analysis showed associations of these alleles independent of clinical characteristics. Independent associations were found between HLA alleles and anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab production by vaccinated RA patients.
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The link between genetic variation and variability in vaccine responses: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Astbury S, Reynolds CJ, Butler DK, Muñoz‐Sandoval DC, Lin K, Pieper FP, Otter A, Kouraki A, Cusin L, Nightingale J, Vijay A, Craxford S, Aithal GP, Tighe PJ, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Joy G, Maini M, Chain B, Semper A, Brooks T, Ollivere BJ, McKnight Á, Noursadeghi M, Treibel TA, Manisty C, Moon JC, Valdes AM, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. HLA-DR polymorphism in SARS-CoV-2 infection and susceptibility to symptomatic COVID-19. Immunology 2022; 166:68-77. [PMID: 35156709 PMCID: PMC9111350 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection results in different outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to mild or severe disease and death. Reasons for this diversity of outcome include differences in challenge dose, age, gender, comorbidity and host genomic variation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms may influence immune response and disease outcome. We investigated the association of HLAII alleles with case definition symptomatic COVID-19, virus-specific antibody and T-cell immunity. A total of 1364 UK healthcare workers (HCWs) were recruited during the first UK SARS-CoV-2 wave and analysed longitudinally, encompassing regular PCR screening for infection, symptom reporting, imputation of HLAII genotype and analysis for antibody and T-cell responses to nucleoprotein (N) and spike (S). Of 272 (20%) HCW who seroconverted, the presence of HLA-DRB1*13:02 was associated with a 6·7-fold increased risk of case definition symptomatic COVID-19. In terms of immune responsiveness, HLA-DRB1*15:02 was associated with lower nucleocapsid T-cell responses. There was no association between DRB1 alleles and anti-spike antibody titres after two COVID vaccine doses. However, HLA DRB1*15:01 was associated with increased spike T-cell responses following both first and second dose vaccination. Trial registration: NCT04318314 and ISRCTN15677965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - David K. Butler
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Kai‐Min Lin
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Ashley Otter
- National Infection ServicePublic Health EnglandPorton DownUK
| | - Afroditi Kouraki
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Lola Cusin
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jessica Nightingale
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Amrita Vijay
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Simon Craxford
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - Joseph M. Gibbons
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - George Joy
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Mala Maini
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Amanda Semper
- National Infection ServicePublic Health EnglandPorton DownUK
| | - Timothy Brooks
- National Infection ServicePublic Health EnglandPorton DownUK
| | - Benjamin J. Ollivere
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Thomas A. Treibel
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - James C. Moon
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ana M. Valdes
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Lung DivisionRoyal Brompton and Harefield HospitalsGuy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Kalyanaraman N. In silico prediction of potential vaccine candidates on capsid protein of human bocavirus 1. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:193-205. [PMID: 29207326 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a newly identified parvovirus that causes serious respiratory infection among children across the globe. Aim of the present study was to predict immunogenic residues located on the VP2 protein of HBoV1 towards development of epitope based vaccines. Several computational tools were employed to predict epitopes (bothT and B cell restricted) with stringent regulation for the improvement of confidence. After meticulous analysis, the peptide "TTPWTYFNFNQY" was identified as potential candidate for development of preventive vaccine. Of note, the epitope "TTPWTYFNFNQY" was found to be recognized by fifteen different alleles belonging to seven HLA supertypes (A1, A3, A24, A26, B7, B58 and B62). Further, mutational variability analysis pointed that most of the amino acids were well conserved. Docking scores obtained from ClusPro and Autodock Vina for selected epitopes displayed energetically favorable and stable interaction of peptide-HLA-I complexes. The core peptide "LLYQMPFFL" was found to recognize by wide range of HLA class II allele recognition thereby qualified as candidate for therapeutic vaccine. Five distinct linear peptides (withT cell epitope superimposition) belonging to B cells were identified in the VP2 protein. Further attention on the enlisted epitopes may shed light on the path for development of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive tools against HBoV1 infection. Additionally, the predicted epitopes may help us to address the original antigenic sin phenomena observed during consecutive HBoV2-4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Kalyanaraman
- Viral Research Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), Department of Microbiology, Govt Theni Medical College, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India.
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6
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Schaefer BA, Gruppo RA, Mullins ES, Tarango C. Subcutaneous diphtheria and tetanus vaccines in children with haemophilia: A pilot study and review of the literature. Haemophilia 2017; 23:904-909. [PMID: 28780770 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subcutaneous (SQ) vaccination has emerged as standard of care in children with severe bleeding disorders to reduce unnecessary factor exposure and avoid provoking an intramuscular bleed, but little is known about comparative immunogenicity to intramuscular (IM) vaccination. AIM To confirm immunogenicity of Diphtheria Tetanus acellular Pertussis (DTaP) vaccines administered SQ to individuals <6 years old with haemophilia. METHODS We performed a retrospective and prospective pilot study of tetanus and diphtheria antibody titres among patients evaluated at our Haemophilia Treatment Centre between 2015-2016. Children with haemophilia who had received three to four doses of DTaP containing vaccine administered SQ were eligible. RESULTS Eight children met inclusion criteria. The mean age at the time of diphtheria and tetanus antibody testing was 21.1±17.8 months. All children who received SQ diphtheria and tetanus developed a positive antibody titre to both antigens. There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of titre values. The average time between the last dose of vaccine and antibody testing was 6.6±3.9 months among SQ vaccinated subjects. Minor injection site reactions were common with SQ vaccines. CONCLUSION SQ administration of diphtheria and tetanus vaccination appears to be immunogenic in a pilot study of Haemophilia patients and supports this practice as the standard of care for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Schaefer
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R A Gruppo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - E S Mullins
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - C Tarango
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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7
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Swetha RG, Sandhya M, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A. Identification of CD4+ T-cell epitope and investigation of HLA distribution for the immunogenic proteins of Burkholderia pseudomallei using in silico approaches - A key vaccine development strategy for melioidosis. J Theor Biol 2016; 400:11-8. [PMID: 27086038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis is a serious infectious diseases affecting multi-organ system in humans with high mortality rate. The disease is caused by the bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei and it is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. Thus, there is an urgent need for protective vaccine against B. pseudomallei; which may reduce morbidity and mortality in endemic areas. The identification of peptides that bind to major histocompatibility complex II class helps in understanding the nature of immune response and identifying T-cell epitopes for the design of new vaccines. Previous studies indicate that, ompA, bipB, fliC and groEL proteins of B. pseudomallei stimulate CD4+ T-cell immune response and act as protective immunogens. However, the data for CD4+ T-cell epitopes of these immunogenic proteins are very limited. Hence, in this present study we attempted to identify CD4+ T-cell epitopes in B. pseudomallei immunogenic proteins using in silico approaches. We did population coverage analysis for these identified epitopic core sequences to identify individuals in endemic areas expected to respond to a given set of these epitopes on the basis of HLA genotype frequencies. We observed that eight epitopic core sequences, two from each immunogenic protein, were associated with the maximum number of HLA-DR binding alleles. These eight peptides are found to be immunogenic in more than 90% of population in endemic areas considered. Thus, these eight peptides containing epitopic core sequences may act as probable vaccine candidates and they may be considered for the development of epitope-based vaccines for melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayapadi G Swetha
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Madangopal Sandhya
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sudha Ramaiah
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India.
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8
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On vaccine's adjuvants and autoimmunity: Current evidence and future perspectives. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:880-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Pellegrino P, Falvella FS, Cheli S, Perrotta C, Clementi E, Radice S. The role of Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms in vaccine immune response. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:96-101. [PMID: 25823688 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that are deputed to recognise a range of molecular structures in pathogens. One of the most studied members of this family is the TLR4, which is essential for the signalling of lipopolysaccharide. The gene encoding for TLR4 is highly polymorphic and this genetic variability may explain in part the interindividual variability observed in several clinical setting, including the response to vaccination. Herein, we review and systematise the available scientific evidence about the effect of TLR4 polymorphisms on vaccine response, including approved prophylactic, new therapeutic cancer vaccines and recently approved vaccine adjuvants. Data reviewed in this analysis indicate that TLR4 polymorphisms significantly affect vaccine response. If these results are confirmed by further analyses, the use of these genetic biomarkers may become a useful tool to tailor vaccination in specific subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pellegrino
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F S Falvella
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Cheli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - C Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Clementi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Lecco, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Radice
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Geller G, Dvoskin R, Thio CL, Duggal P, Lewis MH, Bailey TC, Sutherland A, Salmon DA, Kahn JP. Genomics and infectious disease: a call to identify the ethical, legal and social implications for public health and clinical practice. Genome Med 2014; 6:106. [PMID: 25593592 PMCID: PMC4295297 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genomics are contributing to the development of more effective, personalized approaches to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Genetic sequencing technologies are furthering our understanding of how human and pathogen genomic factors - and their interactions - contribute to individual differences in immunologic responses to vaccines, infections and drug therapies. Such understanding will influence future policies and procedures for infectious disease management. With the potential for tailored interventions for particular individuals, populations or subpopulations, ethical, legal and social implications (ELSIs) may arise for public health and clinical practice. Potential considerations include balancing health-related benefits and harms between individuals and the larger community, minimizing threats to individual privacy and autonomy, and ensuring just distribution of scarce resources. In this Opinion, we consider the potential application of pathogen and host genomic information to particular viral infections that have large-scale public health consequences but differ in ELSI-relevant characteristics such as ease of transmission, chronicity, severity, preventability and treatability. We argue for the importance of anticipating these ELSI issues in advance of new scientific discoveries, and call for the development of strategies for identifying and exploring ethical questions that should be considered as clinical, public health and policy decisions are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Geller
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Rachel Dvoskin
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Chloe L Thio
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Michelle H Lewis
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Theodore C Bailey
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Andrea Sutherland
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jeffrey P Kahn
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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11
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Pellegrino P, Perrone V, Pozzi M, Carnovale C, Perrotta C, Clementi E, Radice S. The epidemiological profile of ASIA syndrome after HPV vaccination: an evaluation based on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting Systems. Immunol Res 2014; 61:90-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Gartland AJ, Li S, McNevin J, Tomaras GD, Gottardo R, Janes H, Fong Y, Morris D, Geraghty DE, Kijak GH, Edlefsen PT, Frahm N, Larsen BB, Tovanabutra S, Sanders-Buell E, deCamp AC, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Goodridge JP, Chen L, Konopa P, Nariya S, Stoddard JN, Wong K, Zhao H, Deng W, Maust BS, Bose M, Howell S, Bates A, Lazzaro M, O'Sullivan A, Lei E, Bradfield A, Ibitamuno G, Assawadarachai V, O'Connell RJ, deSouza MS, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Sidney J, Sette A, Zolla-Pazner S, Montefiori D, McElrath MJ, Mullins JI, Kim JH, Gilbert PB, Hertz T. Analysis of HLA A*02 association with vaccine efficacy in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial. J Virol 2014; 88:8242-55. [PMID: 24829343 PMCID: PMC4135964 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01164-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial demonstrated partial efficacy of 31% against HIV-1 infection. Studies into possible correlates of protection found that antibodies specific to the V1 and V2 (V1/V2) region of envelope correlated inversely with infection risk and that viruses isolated from trial participants contained genetic signatures of vaccine-induced pressure in the V1/V2 region. We explored the hypothesis that the genetic signatures in V1 and V2 could be partly attributed to selection by vaccine-primed T cells. We performed a T-cell-based sieve analysis of breakthrough viruses in the RV144 trial and found evidence of predicted HLA binding escape that was greater in vaccine versus placebo recipients. The predicted escape depended on class I HLA A*02- and A*11-restricted epitopes in the MN strain rgp120 vaccine immunogen. Though we hypothesized that this was indicative of postacquisition selection pressure, we also found that vaccine efficacy (VE) was greater in A*02-positive (A*02(+)) participants than in A*02(-) participants (VE = 54% versus 3%, P = 0.05). Vaccine efficacy against viruses with a lysine residue at site 169, important to antibody binding and implicated in vaccine-induced immune pressure, was also greater in A*02(+) participants (VE = 74% versus 15%, P = 0.02). Additionally, a reanalysis of vaccine-induced immune responses that focused on those that were shown to correlate with infection risk suggested that the humoral responses may have differed in A*02(+) participants. These exploratory and hypothesis-generating analyses indicate there may be an association between a class I HLA allele and vaccine efficacy, highlighting the importance of considering HLA alleles and host immune genetics in HIV vaccine trials. IMPORTANCE The RV144 trial was the first to show efficacy against HIV-1 infection. Subsequently, much effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanisms of protection. Here, we conducted a T-cell-based sieve analysis, which compared the genetic sequences of viruses isolated from infected vaccine and placebo recipients. Though we hypothesized that the observed sieve effect indicated postacquisition T-cell selection, we also found that vaccine efficacy was greater for participants who expressed HLA A*02, an allele implicated in the sieve analysis. Though HLA alleles have been associated with disease progression and viral load in HIV-1 infection, these data are the first to suggest the association of a class I HLA allele and vaccine efficacy. While these statistical analyses do not provide mechanistic evidence of protection in RV144, they generate testable hypotheses for the HIV vaccine community and they highlight the importance of assessing the impact of host immune genetics in vaccine-induced immunity and protection. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00223080.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sue Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daryl Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gustavo H Kijak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Craig A Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lennie Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philip Konopa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Snehal Nariya
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia N Stoddard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kim Wong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brandon S Maust
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meera Bose
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shana Howell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Bates
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Lazzaro
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Esther Lei
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Bradfield
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Grace Ibitamuno
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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13
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Designing peptide-based HIV vaccine for Chinese. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:272950. [PMID: 25136573 PMCID: PMC4106118 DOI: 10.1155/2014/272950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are central to the induction and maintenance of CD8+ T cell and antibody-producing B cell responses, and the latter are essential for the protection against disease in subjects with HIV infection. How to elicit HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses in a given population using vaccines is one of the major areas of current HIV vaccine research. To design vaccine that targets specifically Chinese, we assembled a database that is comprised of sequences from 821 Chinese HIV isolates and 46 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR alleles identified in Chinese population. We then predicted 20 potential HIV epitopes using bioinformatics approaches. The combination of these 20 epitopes has a theoretical coverage of 98.1% of the population for both the prevalent HIV genotypes and also Chinese HLA-DR types. We suggest that testing this vaccine experimentally will facilitate the development of a CD4+ T cell vaccine especially catered for Chinese.
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14
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Lohia N, Baranwal M. Conserved peptides containing overlapping CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes in the H1N1 influenza virus: an immunoinformatics approach. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:225-34. [PMID: 24821387 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic threats of the H1N1 influenza virus have drawn attention to developing a universal vaccine against circulating and future strains of this virus. An immunoinformatics study was conducted to identify conserved peptides containing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes from all the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) protein sequences available until February 2013 to cover the seasonal as well as the pandemic strains of the H1N1 virus. In the present study, six different immunoinformatics prediction programs were used in order to define the epitopes. Five conserved peptides of HA and six of NA protein were obtained that contained overlapping CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes. These identified peptides have a binding affinity for a large number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles. WHGSNRPWVSF of NA protein is a new peptide whose T-cell response has not been previously reported. Population coverage studies have shown that these peptide fragments have the capacity to induce a potent immune response among individuals from different populations around the world. Hence, these HA and NA peptides may be considered as interesting candidates for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Lohia
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University , Patiala, India
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15
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Abstract
Vaccinology is a combinatorial science which studies the diversity of pathogens and the human immune system, and formulations that can modulate immune responses and prevent or cure disease. Huge amounts of data are produced by genomics and proteomics projects and large-scale screening of pathogen-host and antigen-host interactions. Current developments in computational vaccinology mainly support the analysis of antigen processing and presentation and the characterization of targets of immune response. Future development will also include systemic models of vaccine responses. Immunomics, the large-scale screening of immune processes which includes powerful immunoinformatic tools, offers great promise for future translation of basic immunology research advances into successful vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Brusic
- Institute for Infocomm Research, 21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, 119613, Singapore.
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16
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Iankov ID, Penheiter AR, Griesmann GE, Carlson SK, Federspiel MJ, Galanis E. Neutralization capacity of measles virus H protein specific IgG determines the balance between antibody-enhanced infectivity and protection in microglial cells. Virus Res 2012; 172:15-23. [PMID: 23266401 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies directed against measles virus (MV) surface glycoproteins prevent viral attachment and entry through the natural receptors. H protein specific IgG can enhance MV infectivity in macrophages via Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-dependent mechanism. H-specific IgM, anti-F antibodies and complement cascade activation are protective against antibody-mediated enhancement of MV infection. However, protective role of anti-H IgG against antibody-enhanced infection is not well understood. Here we designed a set of experiments to test the protective effect of H-specific IgG against FcγR-mediated infection in microglial cells. Microglial cells are also potential target of the antibody-mediated enhancement and spread of MV infection in the central nervous system. A partially neutralizing IgG monoclonal antibody (MAb) CL55, specific for MV H protein, at 10 μg/ml enhanced MV infection in mouse microglial cells by 13-14-fold. Infection-enhancing antibody concentrations induced large multinucleated syncytia formation 48-72 h post-inoculation. We generated anti-H IgG MAb 20H6 with a strong neutralization capacity >1:80,000 at 1mg/ml concentration in MV plaque-reduction neutralization assay. In contrast to the partially protective MAb CL55, enhancement of MV infectivity by MAb 20H6 required dilutions below the 1:120 serum titer considered protective against measles infection in humans. At a concentration of 10 μg/ml MAb 20H6 exhibited a dominant protective effect and prevented MAb CL55-mediated enhancement of MV infection and virus-mediated fusion. These results indicate that neutralization capacity of the H-specific IgG determines the balance between antibody enhancement and protection against MV infection in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianko D Iankov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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17
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Ingram R, Baillie L. It's in the genes! Human genetic diversity and the response to anthrax vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:633-5. [PMID: 22873120 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Baynam G, Walters M, Claes P, Kung S, LeSouef P, Dawkins H, Gillett D, Goldblatt J. The facial evolution: looking backward and moving forward. Hum Mutat 2012; 34:14-22. [PMID: 23033261 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) facial analysis is ideal for high-resolution, nonionizing, noninvasive objective, high-throughput phenotypic, and phenomic studies. It is a natural complement to (epi)genetic technologies to facilitate advances in the understanding of rare and common diseases. The face is uniquely reflective of the primordial tissues, and there is evidence supporting the application of 3D facial analysis to the investigation of variation and disease including studies showing that the face can reflect systemic health, provides diagnostic clues to disorders, and that facial variation reflects biological pathways. In addition, facial variation has been related to evolutionary factors. The purpose of this review is to look backward to suggest that knowledge of human evolution supports, and may instruct, the application and interpretation of studies of facial morphology for documentation of human variation and investigation of its relationships with health and disease. Furthermore, in the context of advances of deep phenotyping and data integration, to look forward to suggest approaches to scalable implementation of facial analysis, and to suggest avenues for future research and clinical application of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Princess Margaret and King Edward Memorial Hospitals, Perth, Australia
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19
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Gupta SK, Srivastava M, Akhoon BA, Gupta SK, Grabe N. In silico accelerated identification of structurally conserved CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes in high-risk HPV types. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1513-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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3D facial analysis can investigate vaccine responses. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:497-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Misra N, Panda PK, Shah K, Sukla LB, Chaubey P. Population coverage analysis of T-Cell epitopes of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B from Iron acquisition proteins for vaccine design. Bioinformation 2011; 6:255-61. [PMID: 21738325 PMCID: PMC3124689 DOI: 10.6026/97320630006255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the concept of Reverse Vaccinology was first pioneered for sepsis and meningococcal meningitidis causing bacterium, Neisseria meningitides, no broadly effective vaccine against serogroup B meningococcal disease is yet available. In the present investigation, HLA distribution analysis was undertaken to select three most promiscuous T-cell epitopes out of ten computationally validated epitopes of Iron acquisition proteins from Neisseria MC58 by using the population coverage tool of Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). These epitopes have been determined on the basis of their binding ability with maximum number of HLA alleles along with highest population coverage rate values for all the geographical areas studied. The comparative population coverage analysis of moderately immunogenic and high immunogenic peptides suggests that the former may activate T-cell response in a fairly large proportion of people in most geographical areas, thus indicating their potential for development of epitope-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Misra
- Bioresources Engineering Department, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (formerly Regional Research Lab), CSIR, Bhubaneswar-751013, Orissa,India
| | - Prasanna Kumar Panda
- Bioresources Engineering Department, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (formerly Regional Research Lab), CSIR, Bhubaneswar-751013, Orissa,India
| | - Kavita Shah
- Environmental Biochemistry and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India
| | - Lala Bihari Sukla
- Bioresources Engineering Department, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (formerly Regional Research Lab), CSIR, Bhubaneswar-751013, Orissa,India
| | - Priyanka Chaubey
- Environmental Biochemistry and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India
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22
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Crowe SR, Garman L, Engler RJ, Farris AD, Ballard JD, Harley JB, James JA. Anthrax vaccination induced anti-lethal factor IgG: fine specificity and neutralizing capacity. Vaccine 2011; 29:3670-8. [PMID: 21420416 PMCID: PMC3233230 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy biomarker of the currently licensed anthrax vaccine (AVA) is based on quantity and neutralizing capacity of anti-protective antigen (anti-PA) antibodies. However, animal studies have demonstrated that antibodies to lethal factor (LF) can provide protection against in vivo bacterial spore challenges. Improved understanding of the fine specificities of humoral immune responses that provide optimum neutralization capacity may enhance the efficacy of future passive immune globulin preparations to treat and prevent inhalation anthrax morbidity and mortality. This study (n=1000) was designed to identify AVA vaccinated individuals who generate neutralizing antibodies and to determine what specificities correlate with protection. The number of vaccine doses, years post vaccination, and PA titer were associated with in vitro neutralization, reinforcing previous reports. In addition, African American individuals had lower serologic neutralizing activity than European Americans, suggesting a genetic role in the generation of these neutralizing antibodies. Of the vaccinated individuals, only 69 (6.9%) had moderate levels of anti-LF IgG compared to 244 (24.4%) with low and 687 (68.7%) with extremely low levels of IgG antibodies to LF. Using overlapping decapeptide analysis, we identified six common LF antigenic regions targeted by those individuals with moderate levels of antibodies to LF and high in vitro toxin neutralizing activity. Affinity purified antibodies directed against antigenic epitopes within the PA binding and ADP-ribotransferase-like domains of LF were able to protect mice against lethal toxin challenge. Findings from these studies have important implications for vaccine design and immunotherapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry R. Crowe
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13 Street, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A. 73104
| | - Lori Garman
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13 Street, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A. 73104
- Oklahoma University Health Science Center, 1100 N. Lindsay, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A. 73104
| | - Renata J.M. Engler
- Vaccine Healthcare Centers (VHC) Network, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Red Cross Building 41 Suite 021 PO Box 6900 Georgia Avenue, NW Washington, DC, U.S.A. 20012
| | - A. Darise Farris
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13 Street, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A. 73104
- Oklahoma University Health Science Center, 1100 N. Lindsay, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A. 73104
| | - Jimmy D. Ballard
- Oklahoma University Health Science Center, 1100 N. Lindsay, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A. 73104
| | - John B. Harley
- Oklahoma University Health Science Center, 1100 N. Lindsay, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A. 73104
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet, ML 4010, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. 45229
| | - Judith A. James
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13 Street, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A. 73104
- Oklahoma University Health Science Center, 1100 N. Lindsay, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A. 73104
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23
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Miller EK, Dumitrescu L, Cupp C, Dorris S, Taylor S, Sparks R, Fawkes D, Frontiero V, Rezendes AM, Marchant C, Edwards KM, Crawford DC. Atopy history and the genomics of wheezing after influenza vaccination in children 6-59 months of age. Vaccine 2011; 29:3431-7. [PMID: 21396408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multinational clinical trial compared the safety and efficacy of intranasal trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) with intramuscular trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in very young children prior to the 2004-5 influenza season [1]. Wheezing was noted more often in recipients of LAIV and laboratory-confirmed influenza infection was noted more often in recipients of TIV. We sought to determine whether epidemiologic or genetic factors were associated with these outcomes. METHODS Atopy surveys and DNA collections were performed in trial participants at two United States sites, Nashville, TN and Boston, MA. DNA samples were genotyped on Illumina Infinium 610 or 660-Quad. Standard allelic tests of association were performed. RESULTS At the Nashville and Boston sites, a total of 99 children completed the trial, 6 (1 TIV, 5 LAIV) developed medically attended wheezing within 42 days following vaccination, and 8 (5 TIV, 3 LAIV) developed laboratory-confirmed influenza during the season. Eighty-one surveys and 70 DNA samples were collected. Family history of asthma (p=0.001) was associated with wheezing after vaccination. Of 468,458 single nucleotide polymorphisms tested in the genome-wide association study (GWAS), none achieved genome-wide significance for either wheezing after vaccination or laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. CONCLUSIONS Family history of asthma appears to be a risk factor for wheezing after influenza vaccination. Given the limitations of the sample size, our pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of performing a GWAS but was not able to determine genetic polymorphisms associated with wheezing after influenza immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kathryn Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, CCC-5323 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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24
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Gupta SK, Srivastava M, Akhoon BA, Smita S, Schmitz U, Wolkenhauer O, Vera J, Gupta SK. Identification of immunogenic consensus T-cell epitopes in globally distributed influenza-A H1N1 neuraminidase. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 11:308-19. [PMID: 21094280 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic drift is the ability of the swine influenza virus to undergo continuous and progressive changes in response to the host immune system. These changes dictate influenza vaccine updates annually to ensure inclusion of antigens of the most current strains. The identification of those peptides that stimulate T-cell responses, termed T-cell epitopes, is essential for the development of successful vaccines. In this study, the highly conserved and specific epitopes from neuraminidase of globally distributed H1N1 strains were predicted so that these potential vaccine candidates may escape with antigenic drift. A total of nine novel CD8(+) T-cell epitopes for MHC class-I and eight novel CD4(+) T-cell epitopes for MHC class-II alleles were proposed as novel epitope based vaccine candidates. Additionally, the epitope FSYKYGNGV was identified as a highly conserved, immunogenic and potential vaccine candidate, capable for generating both CD8(+) and CD4(+) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir K Gupta
- Society for Biological Research & Rural Development, Lucknow, UP, India.
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25
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Yoo KH, Agarwal K, Butterfield M, Jacobson RM, Poland GA, Juhn YJ. Assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine viruses among patients with asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 2010; 31:499-506. [PMID: 21708062 PMCID: PMC3941466 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2010.31.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the influence of asthma status on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine viruses. We compared the virus-specific IgG levels and lymphoproliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to MMR vaccine viruses between asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients. The study subjects included 342 healthy children aged 12-18 years who had received two doses of the MMR vaccine. We ascertained asthma status by applying predetermined criteria. Of the 342 subjects, 230 were available for this study of whom 25 were definite asthmatic patients (10.9%) and the rest of subjects were nonasthmatic patients. The mean of the log-transformed lymphoproliferative responses between definite asthma and nonasthma who had a family history of asthma were for measles, 0.92 ± 0.31 versus 1.54 ± 0.17 (p = 0.125); for mumps, 0.98 ± 0.64 versus 2.20 ± 0.21 (p = 0.035); and for rubella, 0.12 ± 0.37 versus 0.97 ± 0.16 (p = 0.008), respectively, adjusting for the duration between the first MMR vaccination and determination of the immune responses. There were no such differences among children without a family history of asthma. MMR virus-specific IgG levels were not different between study subjects with or without asthma. The study findings suggest asthmatic patients may have a suboptimal cell-mediated immune response to MMR vaccine viruses and a family history of asthma modifies this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ha Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, KonKuk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kanishtha Agarwal
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Butterfield
- The University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert M. Jacobson
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Young J. Juhn
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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26
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Gupta SK, Smita S, Sarangi AN, Srivastava M, Akhoon BA, Rahman Q, Gupta SK. In silico CD4+ T-cell epitope prediction and HLA distribution analysis for the potential proteins of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B—A clue for vaccine development. Vaccine 2010; 28:7092-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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The effect of anti-TNF treatment on the immunogenicity and safety of the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Vaccine 2010; 28:5109-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Thomas C, Moridani M. Interindividual variations in the efficacy and toxicity of vaccines. Toxicology 2009; 278:204-10. [PMID: 19837123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A number of currently available vaccines have shown significant differences in the magnitude of immune responses and toxicity in individuals undergoing vaccination. A number of factors may be involved in the variations in immune responses, which include age, gender, race, amount and quality of the antigen, the dose administered and to some extent the route of administration, and genetics of immune system. Hence, it becomes imperative that researchers have tools such as genomics and proteomics at their disposal to predict which set of population is more likely to be non-responsive or develop toxicity to vaccines. In this article, we briefly review the influence of pharmacogenomics biomarkers on the efficacy and toxicity of some of the most frequently reported vaccines that showed a high rate of variability in response and toxicity towards hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, and AIDS/HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
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29
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Vaccine immunogenetics: bedside to bench to population. Vaccine 2008; 26:6183-8. [PMID: 18598732 PMCID: PMC2614670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenetic basis for variations in immune response to vaccines in humans remains largely unknown. Many factors can contribute to the heterogeneity of vaccine-induced immune responses, including polymorphisms of immune response genes. It is important to identify those genes involved directly or indirectly in the generation of the immune response to vaccines. Our previous work with measles reveals the impact of immune response gene polymorphisms on measles vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses. We demonstrate associations between genetic variations (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) in HLA class I and class II genes, cytokine, cell surface receptor, and toll-like receptor genes and variations in immune responses to measles vaccine. Such information may provide further understanding of genetic restrictions that influence the generation of protective immune responses to vaccines, and eventually the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, The Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Isolation of measles virus in tissue culture by Enders and colleagues in the 1960s led to the development of the first measles vaccines. An inactivated vaccine provided only short-term protection and induced poor T cell responses and antibody that did not undergo affinity maturation. The response to this vaccine primed for atypical measles, a more severe form of measles, and was withdrawn. A live attenuated virus vaccine has been highly successful in protection from measles and in elimination of endemic measles virus transmission with the use of two doses. This vaccine is administered by injection between 9 and 15 months of age. Measles control would be facilitated if infants could be immunized at a younger age, if the vaccine were thermostable, and if delivery did not require a needle and syringe. To these ends, new vaccines are under development using macaques as an animal model and various combinations of the H, F, and N viral proteins. Promising studies have been reported using DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, and virus-vectored vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Griffin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St. Rm E5132 Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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31
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Sirugo G, Hennig BJ, Adeyemo AA, Matimba A, Newport MJ, Ibrahim ME, Ryckman KK, Tacconelli A, Mariani-Costantini R, Novelli G, Soodyall H, Rotimi CN, Ramesar RS, Tishkoff SA, Williams SM. Genetic studies of African populations: an overview on disease susceptibility and response to vaccines and therapeutics. Hum Genet 2008; 123:557-98. [PMID: 18512079 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Africa is the ultimate source of modern humans and as such harbors more genetic variation than any other continent. For this reason, studies of the patterns of genetic variation in African populations are crucial to understanding how genes affect phenotypic variation, including disease predisposition. In addition, the patterns of extant genetic variation in Africa are important for understanding how genetic variation affects infectious diseases that are a major problem in Africa, such as malaria, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and HIV/AIDS. Therefore, elucidating the role that genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases plays is critical to improving the health of people in Africa. It is also of note that recent and ongoing social and cultural changes in sub-Saharan Africa have increased the prevalence of non-communicable diseases that will also require genetic analyses to improve disease prevention and treatment. In this review we give special attention to many of the past and ongoing studies, emphasizing those in Sub-Saharan Africans that address the role of genetic variation in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Sirugo
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa.
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Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Dhiman N, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Human leukocyte antigen and cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms associated with heterogeneous immune responses to mumps viral vaccine. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e1091-9. [PMID: 18450852 PMCID: PMC2668976 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mumps outbreaks continue to occur throughout the world, including in highly vaccinated populations. Vaccination against mumps has been successful; however, humoral and cellular immune responses to mumps vaccines vary significantly from person to person. We set out to assess whether HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with variations in the immune response to mumps viral vaccine. METHODS To identify genetic factors that might contribute to variations in mumps vaccine-induced immune responses, we performed HLA genotyping in a group of 346 healthy schoolchildren (12-18 years of age) who previously received 2 doses of live mumps vaccine. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (minor allele frequency of >5%) in cytokine and cytokine receptor genes were genotyped for a subset of 118 children. RESULTS Median values for mumps-specific antibody titers and lymphoproliferative stimulation indices were 729 IU/mL and 4.8, respectively. Girls demonstrated significantly higher mumps antibody titers than boys, indicating gender-linked genetic differences in humoral immune response. Significant associations were found between the HLA-DQB1*0303 alleles and lower mumps-specific antibody titers. An interesting finding was the association of several HLA class II alleles with mumps-specific lymphoproliferation. Alleles of the DRB1 (*0101, *0301, *0801, *1001, *1201, and *1302), DQA1 (*0101, *0105, *0401, and *0501), and DQB1 (*0201, *0402, and *0501) loci were associated with significant variations in lymphoproliferative immune responses to mumps vaccine. Additional associations were observed with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin-10RA, interleukin-12RB1, and interleukin-12RB2 cytokine receptor genes. Minor alleles for 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms within interleukin-10RA and interleukin-12RB genes were associated with variations in humoral and cellular immune responses to mumps vaccination. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the important role of HLA and immunoregulatory cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms in explaining variations in mumps vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert M. Jacobson
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, Departments ofPediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Neelam Dhiman
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert A. Vierkant
- Departments ofHealth Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - V. Shane Pankratz
- Departments ofHealth Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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33
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Hennig BJ, Fielding K, Broxholme J, Diatta M, Mendy M, Moore C, Pollard AJ, Rayco-Solon P, Sirugo G, van der Sande MA, Waight P, Whittle HC, Zaman SM, Hill AV, Hall AJ. Host genetic factors and vaccine-induced immunity to hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1898. [PMID: 18365030 PMCID: PMC2268746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination against hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is safe and effective; however, vaccine-induced antibody level wanes over time. Peak vaccine-induced anti-HBs level is directly related to antibody decay, as well as risk of infection and persistent carriage despite vaccination. We investigated the role of host genetic factors in long-term immunity against HBV infection based on peak anti-HBs level and seroconversion to anti-HBc. Methods We analyzed 715 SNP across 133 candidate genes in 662 infant vaccinees from The Gambia, assessing peak vaccine-induced anti-HBs level and core antibody (anti-HBc) status, whilst adjusting for covariates. A replication study comprised 43 SNPs in a further 393 individuals. Results In our initial screen we found variation in IFNG, MAPK8, and IL10RA to affect peak anti-HBs level (GMTratio of <0.6 or >1.5 and P≤0.001) and lesser associations in other genes. Odds of core-conversion was associated with variation in CD163. A coding change in ITGAL (R719V) with likely functional relevance showed evidence of association with increased peak anti-HBs level in both screens (1st screen: s595_22 GMTratio 1.71, P = 0.013; 2nd screen: s595_22 GMTratio 2.15, P = 0.011). Conclusion This is to our knowledge the largest study to date assessing genetic determinants of HBV vaccine-induced immunity. We report on associations with anti-HBs level, which is directly related to durability of antibody level and predictive of vaccine efficacy long-term. A coding change in ITGAL, which plays a central role in immune cell interaction, was shown to exert beneficial effects on induction of peak antibody level in response to HBV vaccination. Variation in this gene does not appear to have been studied in relation to immune responses to viral or vaccine challenges previously. Our findings suggest that genetic variation in loci other than the HLA region affect immunity induced by HBV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branwen J Hennig
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The course of every infection is different. The same pathogen can lead to subclinical, mild, severe or lethal infections in individuals. But is this just chance or determined by individual differences--on the side of the host as well as on the side of the pathogen? If so, we might need to consider these variations for treatment decisions. Indeed, we now understand that genetic polymorphisms and health status represent inborn and acquired risk factors. Similarly, pathogens impress with an increasing number of already identified virulence factors and host response modifiers. The emerging, more complex, view of the factors determining course and outcome of infections promises to enable more tailored and thus, hopefully, more effective treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Hermann
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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35
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Kimman TG, Vandebriel RJ, Hoebee B. Genetic variation in the response to vaccination. Public Health Genomics 2007; 10:201-17. [PMID: 17895626 DOI: 10.1159/000106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are the most powerful means to prevent and diminish the burden of infectious disease. However, there are limitations to their use: vaccines are not yet available for all infectious diseases (including human immunodeficiency virus and respiratory syncytial virus), they sometimes lack efficacy, the response to vaccination is limited by maternal antibodies in very young infants, and the response to vaccination is variable or may even be absent in some individuals. This review focuses on genetic factors that determine the variable response to vaccination. The highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen system, which is involved in antigen presentation, has been researched most in this aspect, and clearly affects the response to vaccination. Other, but less polymorphic pathways involved are the Toll-like receptor pathway, which is involved in antigen recognition and stimulation of the immune system, and the cytokine immunoregulatory network. The heritability, or the proportion of total variance that is due to additive genetic factors, appears to be particularly large for vaccine-induced antibody responses in young infants compared with cell-mediated responses and antibody responses in older, immunologically more mature individuals. Both antibody and cell-mediated responses are not only affected by loci within, but also strongly by loci outside the human leukocyte antigen system. Because most genes that are important in influencing immune responses to vaccination are still unknown, clearly more work is required. A better understanding of the factors that determine an effective response to vaccination may lead to the identification of specific genes and pathways as targets for the development of novel more uniformly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Kimman
- Laboratorie for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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36
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Smith DI. Heterogeneity in vaccine immune response: the role of immunogenetics and the emerging field of vaccinomics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:653-64. [PMID: 17971814 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the fields of immunology, genetics, molecular biology, bioinformatics, and the Human Genome Project have allowed for the emergence of the field of vaccinomics. Vaccinomics encompasses the fields of immunogenetics and immunogenomics as applied to understanding the mechanisms of heterogeneity in immune responses to vaccines. In this study, we examine the role of HLA genes, cytokine genes, and cell surface receptor genes as examples of how genetic polymorphism leads to individual and population variations in immune responses to vaccines. In turn, this data, in concert with new high-throughput technology, inform the immune-response network theory to vaccine response. Such information can be used in the directed and rational development of new vaccines, and this new golden age of vaccinology has been termed "predictive vaccinology", which will predict the likelihood of a vaccine response or an adverse response to a vaccine, the number of doses needed and even whether a vaccine is likely to be of benefit (i.e., is the individual at risk for the outcome for which the vaccine is being administered?).
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group and the Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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37
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Scharnagl NC, Klade CS. Experimental discovery of T-cell epitopes: combining the best of classical and contemporary approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:605-15. [PMID: 17669013 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.4.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
T cells specifically recognize antigens as peptide epitope-MHC complexes on the surface of target cells. The inherent complexities of antigen processing and presentation, the polygenic and polymorphic nature of MHC and the technical hurdles in working with T cells have made epitope discovery challenging. Here, we review significant experimental advances in recent years. These include new and sensitive assays and the availability of human cells and high numbers of synthetic peptides for screening, which have allowed for the first time comprehensive analysis of antigens and whole virus genomes. Such studies have provided important insights into the immunobiology of a number of diseases. The newly gathered detailed information on T-cell epitopes will aid vaccine design and immunological monitoring in clinical trials.
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38
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Baynam G, Khoo SK, Rowe J, Zhang G, Laing I, Hayden C, Kusel M, DeKlerk N, Sly P, Goldblatt J, Holt P, LeSouef P. Parental smoking impairs vaccine responses in children with atopic genotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:366-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Abstract
In this survey, we review published investigations and trials of vaccines among twins. We identified 29 original studies, dating back to 1979. The studies include determinations of the role of genetics and environment in the variation in immune response to vaccination, the investigation of adverse events in which vaccination was the suspected etiologic agent, and the occurrence of vaccine preventable diseases or their complications. Specific methods include case reports, cross-sectional surveys, prospective surveys, and double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over studies. We examine three of these studies in detail to illustrate important opportunities and limitations of twins studies in vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Jacobson
- Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905-0001, United States.
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40
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Khan AM, Heiny AT, Lee KX, Srinivasan KN, Tan TW, August JT, Brusic V. Large-scale analysis of antigenic diversity of T-cell epitopes in dengue virus. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7 Suppl 5:S4. [PMID: 17254309 PMCID: PMC1764481 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-s5-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antigenic diversity in dengue virus strains has been studied, but large-scale and detailed systematic analyses have not been reported. In this study, we report a bioinformatics method for analyzing viral antigenic diversity in the context of T-cell mediated immune responses. We applied this method to study the relationship between short-peptide antigenic diversity and protein sequence diversity of dengue virus. We also studied the effects of sequence determinants on viral antigenic diversity. Short peptides, principally 9-mers were studied because they represent the predominant length of binding cores of T-cell epitopes, which are important for formulation of vaccines. Results Our analysis showed that the number of unique protein sequences required to represent complete antigenic diversity of short peptides in dengue virus is significantly smaller than that required to represent complete protein sequence diversity. Short-peptide antigenic diversity shows an asymptotic relationship to the number of unique protein sequences, indicating that for large sequence sets (~200) the addition of new protein sequences has marginal effect to increasing antigenic diversity. A near-linear relationship was observed between the extent of antigenic diversity and the length of protein sequences, suggesting that, for the practical purpose of vaccine development, antigenic diversity of short peptides from dengue virus can be represented by short regions of sequences (~<100 aa) within viral antigens that are specific targets of immune responses (such as T-cell epitopes specific to particular human leukocyte antigen alleles). Conclusion This study provides evidence that there are limited numbers of antigenic combinations in protein sequence variants of a viral species and that short regions of the viral protein are sufficient to capture antigenic diversity of T-cell epitopes. The approach described herein has direct application to the analysis of other viruses, in particular those that show high diversity and/or rapid evolution, such as influenza A virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif M Khan
- The Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - AT Heiny
- The Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Kenneth X Lee
- The Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - KN Srinivasan
- The Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tin Wee Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - J Thomas August
- The Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vladimir Brusic
- Department of Microbiology, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- School of Land and Food Sciences, and Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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41
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Khan AM, Miotto O, Heiny A, Salmon J, Srinivasan K, Nascimento E, Marques ET, Brusic V, Tan TW, August JT. A systematic bioinformatics approach for selection of epitope-based vaccine targets. Cell Immunol 2006; 244:141-7. [PMID: 17434154 PMCID: PMC2041846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epitope-based vaccines provide a new strategy for prophylactic and therapeutic application of pathogen-specific immunity. A critical requirement of this strategy is the identification and selection of T-cell epitopes that act as vaccine targets. This study describes current methodologies for the selection process, with dengue virus as a model system. A combination of publicly available bioinformatics algorithms and computational tools are used to screen and select antigen sequences as potential T-cell epitopes of supertype human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. The selected sequences are tested for biological function by their activation of T-cells of HLA transgenic mice and of pathogen infected subjects. This approach provides an experimental basis for the design of pathogen specific, T-cell epitope-based vaccines that are targeted to majority of the genetic variants of the pathogen, and are effective for a broad range of differences in human leukocyte antigens among the global human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif M. Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Systems Science, National University of Singapore, 25 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119615, Singapore
| | - A.T. Heiny
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jerome Salmon
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
| | - K.N. Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
- Product Evaluation & Registration Division, Centre for Drug Administration, Health Sciences Authority, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Eduardo Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
| | - Ernesto T. Marques
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Brusic
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- School of Land and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tin Wee Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - J. Thomas August
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
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Abstract
Measles remains a leading vaccine-preventable cause of child mortality worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where almost half of the estimated 454,000 measles deaths in 2004 occurred. However, great progress in measles control has been made in resource-poor countries through accelerated measles-control efforts. The global elimination of measles has been debated since measles vaccines were first licensed in the 1960's, and this debate is likely to be renewed if polio virus is eradicated. This review discusses the pathogenesis of measles and the likelihood of the worldwide elimination of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 Maryland USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 Maryland USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 Maryland USA
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Bridle BW, Wilkie BN, Jevnikar AM, Mallard BA. Rat genotype influences quantitative and qualitative aspects of xenogeneic immune response to pig blood mononuclear cells. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:299-307. [PMID: 16768723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation seeks to have cells with discordant genotypes co-exist. The hypothesis that host genotype modulates xenogeneic immune response (IR) was tested. METHODS Two inbred rat strains [Dark Agouti (DA) and Lewis (LEW)] representing diverse IR phenotypes were immunized with porcine blood mononuclear cells (BMC). Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), immunoglobulin (Ig), antibody (Ab) and isotype bias of Ab response were evaluated. RESULTS DTH to pig BMC was greater in DA than in LEW rats. Natural Ab was qualitatively different between strains (IgM and IgA predominated in DA, IgM and IgG(2a) predominated in LEW). Twice as much IgG was elicited from DA than LEW rats and DA utilized all isotypes whereas LEW did not use IgG(2a) or IgG(2c). IR bias was diametrically opposed; type 1 in DA but type 2 in LEW. Strains even differed in Ig profiles and dermal responses to saline injections and mitogen. The DA rats were the higher responders to pig BMC. CONCLUSIONS Recipient genotype had significant and broad effects on IR to porcine BMC and may influence xenograft rejection and xenotolerance induction. Moreover, this study suggests that caution should prevail when interpreting data derived from a single inbred strain, particularly given that humans, the target species, are genetically diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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44
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Ovsyannikova IG, Dhiman N, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Human leukocyte antigen polymorphisms: variable humoral immune responses to viral vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:33-43. [PMID: 16451106 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody formation in response to antigen stimulation remains the basis for measuring an individual's response and protection for most viral vaccines. A significant proportion of the variation in individual humoral immune response to vaccination appears to be genetic. The collection of genes found on chromosome 6 forming the human leukocyte antigen system provides one of the greatest sources of genetic variation in individuals with respect to their immunological responses. Recent research has demonstrated significant associations between vaccine response and human leukocyte antigen alleles. These associations not only explain why vaccine-induced humoral immune responses vary among individuals and between populations, but these variations may also hold the key to the development of future generations of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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45
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O'Neill RG, Woolliams JA, Glass EJ, Williams JL, Fitzpatrick JL. Quantitative evaluation of genetic and environmental parameters determining antibody response induced by vaccination against bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vaccine 2006; 24:4007-16. [PMID: 16513223 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The parameters controlling IgG antibody responses induced by vaccination against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were investigated in 463 Holstein-Charolais crossbred cattle. Pre- and post-vaccination sera were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for BRSV-specific IgG and IgG2. Year-of-birth, age, sex and pre-existing antibody were significant sources of variation for IgG responses. Pre-vaccination, progeny with a higher proportion of Holstein genes had higher total BRSV-IgG. By Day 35 post-vaccination, heritabilities peaked at 0.26 for total BRSV-IgG and 0.36 for BRSV-IgG1. There was no evidence for interbreed differences between Holstein and Charolais calves, post-vaccination. These results suggest that calf-sire has a major heritable influence on serum IgG levels following BRSV immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G O'Neill
- University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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47
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Ovsyannikova IG, Ryan JE, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Immunologic significance of HLA class I genes in measles virus-specific IFN-gamma and IL-4 cytokine immune responses. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:828-36. [PMID: 16331510 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The variability of immune responses modulated by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and secreted cytokines is a significant factor in the development of a protective effect of measles vaccine. We studied the association between type 1 helper T cells (Th1)- and Th2-like cytokine immune responses and HLA class I alleles among 339 schoolchildren who previously received two doses of the measles vaccine. Median values for measles-specific interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokines were 40.7 pg/ml [interquartile range (IQR) 8.1-176.7] and 9.7 pg/ml (IQR 2.8-24.3), respectively. Class I HLA-A (*0101 and *3101) and HLA-Cw (*0303 and *0501) alleles were significantly associated with measles-virus-induced IFN-gamma secretion. HLA-A*3101 and Cw*0303 were associated with a higher median IFN-gamma response, while A*0101 and Cw*0501 were associated with lower measles-specific IFN-gamma response. We found limited associations between HLA class I gene polymorphisms and Th2-like (IL-4) immune responses after measles vaccination, indicating that HLA class I molecules may have a limited effect on measles-vaccine-induced IL-4 secretion. Understanding the genetic factors that influence variations in cytokine secretion following measles vaccination will provide insight into the factors that influence both cell-mediated and humoral immunity to measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ivanova L, Russev V. Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine Response in Children 15–19 Years Old. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2005.10817267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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49
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Abstract
An improved understanding of the human immune system and the genetic make-up of pathogens, together with advances in instrumentation and bioinformatics, have provided new insights into the variation of immune responses to vaccines within the human population. Pathogen variation and the diversity of the immune system components within the human population make the design of universal vaccines difficult. New subunit vaccines that target immunologically similar subgroups of the human population and representative pathogen variants are emerging from research that combines immunomics, pathogen genomics, and high-throughput instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Brusic
- Institute for Infocomm Research, 21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119613.
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