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Ye S, Guan X, Xiu M, Wu F, Huang Y. Early efficacy of rTMS intervention at week 2 predicts subsequent responses at week 24 in schizophrenia in a randomized controlled trial. Neurotherapeutics 2024:e00392. [PMID: 38944636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique for modulating cortical activities and improving neural plasticity. Several studies investigated the effects of rTMS, etc., but the results are inconsistent. This study was designed to examine whether rTMS applied on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) showed an effect on improving cognitive deficits in SZ and whether the early efficacy could predict efficacy at subsequent follow-ups. Cognitive ability was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) scale at baseline, weeks 2, 6, and 24. We found a significant interaction between time (weeks 0, 2, 6, and 24) and intervention on immediate memory and RBANS total scores (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04), indicating that both 10-Hz and 20-Hz rTMS stimulations had a delayed beneficial effect on immediate memory in SZ. Moreover, we found that 20-Hz rTMS stimulation, but not 10-Hz rTMS improved immediate memory at week 6 compared to the sham group (p = 0.029). More importantly, improvements in immediate memory at week 2 were positively correlated with improvements at week 24 (β = 0.461, t = 3.322, p = 0.002). Our study suggests that active rTMS was beneficial for cognitive deficits in patients with SZ. Furthermore, efficacy at week 2 could predict the subsequent efficacy at 24-week follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoni Guan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Senol E, Mohammad H. Current perspectives on brain circuits involved in food addiction-like behaviors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:475-485. [PMID: 38216705 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
There is an emerging view that the increased availability of energy-dense foods in our society is contributing to excessive food consumption which could lead to food addiction-like behavior. Particularly, compulsive eating patterns are predominant in people suffering from eating disorders (binge-eating disorder, bulimia and anorexia nervosa) and obesity. Phenotypically, the behavioral pattern exhibits a close resemblance to individuals suffering from other forms of addiction (drug, sex, gambling). Growing body of evidence in neuroscience research is showing that excessive consumption of energy-dense foods alters the brain circuits implicated in reward, decision-making, control, habit formation, and emotions that are central to drug addiction. Here, we review the current understanding of the circuits of food addiction-like behaviors and highlight the future possibility of exploring those circuits to combat obesity and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Senol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hasan Mohammad
- Centre de Recherche en Biomédicine de Strasbourg (CRBS), L'Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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3
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Burger KS. Food reinforcement architecture: A framework for impulsive and compulsive overeating and food abuse. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1734-1744. [PMID: 37368515 PMCID: PMC10313138 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Few reward-based theories address key drivers of susceptibility to food cues and consumption beyond fullness. Decision-making and habit formation are governed by reinforcement-based learning processes that, when overstimulated, can drive unregulated hedonically motivated overeating. Here, a model food reinforcement architecture is proposed that uses fundamental concepts in reinforcement and decision-making to identify maladaptive eating habits that can lead to obesity. This model is unique in that it identifies metabolic drivers of reward and incorporates neuroscience, computational decision-making, and psychology to map overeating and obesity. Food reinforcement architecture identifies two paths to overeating: a propensity for hedonic targeting of food cues contributing to impulsive overeating and lack of satiation that contributes to compulsive overeating. A combination of those paths will result in a conscious and subconscious drive to overeat independent of negative consequences, leading to food abuse and/or obesity. Use of this model to identify aberrant reinforcement learning processes and decision-making systems that can serve as markers of overeating risk may provide an opportunity for early intervention in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Nelson TD, Stice E. Contextualizing the Neural Vulnerabilities Model of Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:2988. [PMID: 37447312 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, investigators have focused on neural vulnerability factors that increase the risk of unhealthy weight gain, which has provided a useful organizing structure for obesity neuroscience research. However, this framework, and much of the research it has informed, has given limited attention to contextual factors that may interact with key vulnerabilities to impact eating behaviors and weight gain. To fill this gap, we propose a Contextualized Neural Vulnerabilities Model of Obesity, extending the existing theory to more intentionally incorporate contextual factors that are hypothesized to interact with neural vulnerabilities in shaping eating behaviors and weight trajectories. We begin by providing an overview of the Neural Vulnerabilities Model of Obesity, and briefly review supporting evidence. Next, we suggest opportunities to add contextual considerations to the model, including incorporating environmental and developmental context, emphasizing how contextual factors may interact with neural vulnerabilities to impact eating and weight. We then synthesize earlier models and new extensions to describe a Contextualized Neural Vulnerabilities Model of Obesity with three interacting components-food reward sensitivity, top-down regulation, and environmental factors-all within a developmental framework that highlights adolescence as a key period. Finally, we propose critical research questions arising from the framework, as well as opportunities to inform novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Su X, Wang X, Pan X, Zhang X, Lu X, Zhao L, Chen Y, Shang Y, Zhu L, Lu S, Zhu X, Wu F, Xiu M. Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Inducing Weight Loss in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled 4-Week Study. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:417-423. [PMID: 35611778 PMCID: PMC10190142 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220524123315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is emerging evidence that high-frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may promote weight loss in individuals with obesity in the general population. However, no study has been conducted on patients with schizophrenia (SZ). This study evaluated the efficacy of 10Hz rTMS in reducing body weight in patients with chronic SZ. METHODS Forty-seven SZ patients were randomly assigned to two groups: 10Hz rTMS or sham stimulation over DLPFC (applied once daily) for 20 consecutive treatments. Body weight was assessed at baseline, at the end of week 1, week 2, week 3 and week 4. Clinical symptoms were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and at the end of week 4. RESULTS We found that compared with patients in the sham group, 10Hz rTMS treatment significantly reduced body weight in patients with chronic SZ after a period of 4 weeks of stimulation. Interestingly, further analysis found that from the first week (5 sessions) of treatment, there was a significant difference in body weight between active and sham groups after controlling for baseline weight. However, active rTMS treatment did not improve the psychotic symptoms compared to sham stimulation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that add-on HF rTMS could be an effective therapeutic strategy for body weight control in patients with chronic SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuru Su
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuling Pan
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Yingnan Chen
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Yujie Shang
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Shulan Lu
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Peking University HuiLong Guan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLong Guan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLong Guan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLong Guan Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xu X, Pu J, Shaw A, Jackson T. Neural responsiveness to Chinese versus Western food images: An functional magnetic resonance imaging study of Chinese young adults. Front Nutr 2022; 9:948039. [PMID: 36034899 PMCID: PMC9411937 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.948039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-cultural studies suggest that people typically prefer to eat familiar foods from their own culture rather than foreign foods from other cultures. On this basis, it is plausible that neural responsiveness elicited by palatable food images from one’s own culture differ from those elicited by food depictions from other cultures. Toward clarifying this issue, we examined neural activation and self-report responses to indigenous (Chinese) versus Western food images among young Chinese adults. Participants (33 women, 33 men) viewed Chinese food, Western food and furniture control images during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan and then rated the images on “liking,” “wanting,” and “difficult resisting.” Analyses indicated there were no significant differences in self-report ratings of Chinese versus Western food images. However, Chinese food images elicited stronger activation in regions linked to cravings, taste perception, attention, reward, and visual processing (i.e., cerebellum crus, superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, posterior insula, middle occipital gyrus; inferior occipital gyrus). Conversely, Western food images elicited stronger activation in areas involved in visual object recognition and visual processing (inferior temporal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, calcarine). These findings underscored culture as a potentially important influence on neural responses to visual food cues and raised concerns about the ecological validity of using “standard” Western food images in neuroimaging studies of non-Western samples. Results also provide foundations for designing culturally informed research and intervention approaches in non-Westerns contexts guided by the use of external food cues that are most salient to the cultural group under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiajia Pu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Amy Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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7
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Kung PH, Soriano-Mas C, Steward T. The influence of the subcortex and brain stem on overeating: How advances in functional neuroimaging can be applied to expand neurobiological models to beyond the cortex. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:719-731. [PMID: 35380355 PMCID: PMC9307542 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging has become a widely used tool in obesity and eating disorder research to explore the alterations in neurobiology that underlie overeating and binge eating behaviors. Current and traditional neurobiological models underscore the importance of impairments in brain systems supporting reward, cognitive control, attention, and emotion regulation as primary drivers for overeating. Due to the technical limitations of standard field strength functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanners, human neuroimaging research to date has focused largely on cortical and basal ganglia effects on appetitive behaviors. The present review draws on animal and human research to highlight how neural signaling encoding energy regulation, reward-learning, and habit formation converge on hypothalamic, brainstem, thalamic, and striatal regions to contribute to overeating in humans. We also consider the role of regions such as the mediodorsal thalamus, ventral striatum, lateral hypothalamus and locus coeruleus in supporting habit formation, inhibitory control of food craving, and attentional biases. Through these discussions, we present proposals on how the neurobiology underlying these processes could be examined using functional neuroimaging and highlight how ultra-high field 7-Tesla (7 T) fMRI may be leveraged to elucidate the potential functional alterations in subcortical networks. Focus is given to how interactions of these regions with peripheral endocannabinoids and neuropeptides, such as orexin, could be explored. Technical and methodological aspects regarding the use of ultra-high field 7 T fMRI to study eating behaviors are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Kung
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Neuroscience Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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8
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The Reinforcing Natures of Hyper-Palatable Foods: Behavioral Evidence for Their Reinforcing Properties and the Role of the US Food Industry in Promoting Their Availability. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Kirson D, Spierling Bagsic SR, Murphy J, Chang H, Vlkolinsky R, Pucci SN, Prinzi J, Williams CA, Fang SY, Roberto M, Zorrilla EP. Decreased excitability of leptin-sensitive anterior insula pyramidal neurons in a rat model of compulsive food demand. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108980. [PMID: 35122838 PMCID: PMC9055870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Compulsive eating is an overlapping construct with binge eating that shares many characteristics with substance use disorders. Compulsive eating may impact millions of Americans; presenting in some cases of binge eating disorders, overweight/obesity, and among individuals who have not yet been diagnosed with a recognized eating disorder. To study the behavioral and neurobiological underpinnings of compulsive eating, we employ a published rodent model using cyclic intermittent access to a palatable diet to develop a self-imposed binge-withdrawal cycle. Here, we further validated this model of compulsive eating in female Wistar rats, through the lens of behavioral economic analyses and observed heightened demand intensity, inelasticity and essential value as well as increased food-seeking during extinction. Using electrophysiological recordings in the anterior insular cortex, a region previously implicated in modulating compulsive-like eating in intermittent access models, we observed functional adaptations of pyramidal neurons. Within the same neurons, application of leptin led to further functional adaptations, suggesting a previously understudied, extrahypothalamic role of leptin in modulating feeding-related cortical circuits. Collectively, the findings suggest that leptin may modulate food-related motivation or decision-making via a plastic cortical circuit that is influenced by intermittent access to a preferred diet. These findings warrant further study of whether behavioral economics analysis of compulsive eating can impact disordered eating outcomes in humans and of the translational relevance of a leptin-sensitive anterior insular circuit implicated in these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Kirson
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, 71 S Manassas, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Samantha R Spierling Bagsic
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Scripps Health, Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute, 10140 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jiayuan Murphy
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hang Chang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Roman Vlkolinsky
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sarah N Pucci
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Julia Prinzi
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Casey A Williams
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Savannah Y Fang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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10
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Rasmussen JM, Thompson PM, Entringer S, Buss C, Wadhwa PD. Fetal programming of human energy homeostasis brain networks: Issues and considerations. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13392. [PMID: 34845821 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a transdisciplinary framework and testable hypotheses regarding the process of fetal programming of energy homeostasis brain circuitry. Our model proposes that key aspects of energy homeostasis brain circuitry already are functional by the time of birth (with substantial interindividual variation); that this phenotypic variation at birth is an important determinant of subsequent susceptibility for energy imbalance and childhood obesity risk; and that this brain circuitry exhibits developmental plasticity, in that it is influenced by conditions during intrauterine life, particularly maternal-placental-fetal endocrine, immune/inflammatory, and metabolic processes and their upstream determinants. We review evidence that supports the scientific premise for each element of this formulation, identify future research directions, particularly recent advances that may facilitate a better quantification of the ontogeny of energy homeostasis brain networks, highlight animal and in vitro-based approaches that may better address the determinants of interindividual variation in energy homeostasis brain networks, and discuss the implications of this formulation for the development of strategies targeted towards the primary prevention of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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11
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Su X, Zhao L, Shang Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang X, Xiu M, Yu H, Liu L. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for psychiatric symptoms in long-term hospitalized veterans with schizophrenia: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:873057. [PMID: 36213928 PMCID: PMC9537384 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.873057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that high-frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may improve clinical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the efficacy of HF-rTMS on psychiatric symptoms remains unknown in veterans with SCZ. This study aimed to investigate whether HF-rTMS was beneficial in alleviating the clinical symptoms in veterans with SCZ. Forty-seven long-term hospitalized veterans with SCZ were randomly allocated to receive neuronavigated 10 Hz rTMS or sham stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex once daily for four consecutive weeks. Symptoms were assessed by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale at baseline and at the end of week 4. We also collected easily available routine biochemical markers including blood sugar, lipid profiles, hormone, and blood cell counts, considering that these markers may potentially be used to predict the outcomes of rTMS treatment. We found that there was a significant interaction effect of time and group on the positive symptoms. Compared with the sham group, the positive factor score of veterans with SCZ was significantly decreased after treatment in the real rTMS group. Interestingly, the improvement of positive symptoms from baseline to 4-week follow-up was significantly associated with the whole white blood cells (WBC) counts at baseline in the real rTMS group, and baseline WBC counts were predictive of the symptom improvement after rTMS treatment. Our findings indicate that add-on 10 Hz rTMS is beneficial for clinical symptoms in veterans with SCZ. In addition, the baseline WBC counts were predictive of the outcomes after treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT03774927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuru Su
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Yujie Shang
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Yingnan Chen
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huijing Yu
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
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12
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Neuroimaging and modulation in obesity and diabetes research: 10th anniversary meeting. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:718-725. [PMID: 34934178 PMCID: PMC8960390 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Better living through understanding the insula: Why subregions can make all the difference. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108765. [PMID: 34461066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insula function is considered critical for many motivated behaviors, with proposed functions ranging from attention, behavioral control, emotional regulation, goal-directed and aversion-resistant responding. Further, the insula is implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions including substance abuse. More recently, multiple insula subregions have been distinguished based on anatomy, connectivity, and functional contributions. Generally, posterior insula is thought to encode more somatosensory inputs, which integrate with limbic/emotional information in middle insula, that in turn integrate with cognitive processes in anterior insula. Together, these regions provide rapid interoceptive information about the current or predicted situation, facilitating autonomic recruitment and quick, flexible action. Here, we seek to create a robust foundation from which to understand potential subregion differences, and provide direction for future studies. We address subregion differences across humans and rodents, so that the latter's mechanistic interventions can best mesh with clinical relevance of human conditions. We first consider the insula's suggested roles in humans, then compare subregional studies, and finally describe rodent work. One primary goal is to encourage precision in describing insula subregions, since imprecision (e.g. including both posterior and anterior studies when describing insula work) does a disservice to a larger understanding of insula contributions. Additionally, we note that specific task details can greatly impact recruitment of various subregions, requiring care and nuance in design and interpretation of studies. Nonetheless, the central ethological importance of the insula makes continued research to uncover mechanistic, mood, and behavioral contributions of paramount importance and interest. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse'.
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Ha OR, Bruce AS, Killian HJ, Davis AM, Lim SL. Shared Dynamics of Food Decision-Making in Mother-Child Dyads. Front Psychol 2021; 12:695388. [PMID: 34456810 PMCID: PMC8387796 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored risk parameters of obesity in food decision-making in mother-child dyads. We tested 45 children between 8–12 years and their biological mothers to measure the decision weights of food health attributes, the decision weights of food taste attributes, self-regulated food decisions, and self-reported self-control scores. Maternal body mass index (BMI), and children's BMI-percentiles-for-age were also measured. We found a positive correlation between children's and their mothers' decision weights of taste attributes in food decision-making. We also found a positive correlation between children's BMI %iles and their mothers' BMIs. Children with overweight/obesity demonstrated lower correlations between health and taste ratings and a lower percentage of self-regulated food decisions (i.e., resisting to eat tasty but unhealthy foods or choosing to eat not-tasty but healthy foods) than children with healthy weight. Our findings suggested that the decision weights of taste attributes and weight status shared similar patterns in mother-child dyads. Also, the findings suggested that establishing dynamics of unhealthy food-decision making may increase the risk of childhood obesity. Helping children to develop the dynamics of healthy food-decision making by increasing the importance of health while decreasing the importance of taste may promote resilience to susceptibility to unhealthy eating and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Ryeong Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Amanda S Bruce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Haley J Killian
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ann M Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Seung-Lark Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
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15
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Kidd C, Loxton NJ. A narrative review of reward sensitivity, rash impulsivity, and food addiction in adolescents. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109:110265. [PMID: 33545225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence represents a neurodevelopmental period characterised by heightened reward drive and weaker inhibitory control that may increase vulnerability to compulsive overconsumption of highly-palatable foods and food addiction. This narrative review aimed to summarise research investigating the presence of food addiction in adolescents and establish the role that impulsivity traits (i.e., reward sensitivity and rash impulsivity), previously linked to substance and behavioural addictions, play in contributing to food addiction in this cohort. It was found that the prevalence of food addiction was typically higher in studies that recruited adolescents who were overweight/obese or from clinical populations. Overall, impulsivity was found to be more consistently associated with food addiction, while the relationships between measures of reward sensitivity and food addiction were mixed. Findings of this review suggest trait impulsivity may contribute to food addiction in adolescents, however, further longitudinal and prospective research is recommended to confirm these findings and to investigate the potential interactive effects of reward sensitivity and rash impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Kidd
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie J Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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16
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The insulo-opercular cortex encodes food-specific content under controlled and naturalistic conditions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3609. [PMID: 34127675 PMCID: PMC8203663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulo-opercular network functions critically not only in encoding taste, but also in guiding behavior based on anticipated food availability. However, there remains no direct measurement of insulo-opercular activity when humans anticipate taste. Here, we collect direct, intracranial recordings during a food task that elicits anticipatory and consummatory taste responses, and during ad libitum consumption of meals. While cue-specific high-frequency broadband (70–170 Hz) activity predominant in the left posterior insula is selective for taste-neutral cues, sparse cue-specific regions in the anterior insula are selective for palatable cues. Latency analysis reveals this insular activity is preceded by non-discriminatory activity in the frontal operculum. During ad libitum meal consumption, time-locked high-frequency broadband activity at the time of food intake discriminates food types and is associated with cue-specific activity during the task. These findings reveal spatiotemporally-specific activity in the human insulo-opercular cortex that underlies anticipatory evaluation of food across both controlled and naturalistic settings. Animal studies have shown that insulo-opercular network function is critical in gustation and in behaviour based on anticipated food availability. The authors describe activities within the human insulo-opercular cortex which underlie anticipatory food evaluation in both controlled and naturalistic settings.
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17
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Luo S, Angelo BC, Chow T, Monterosso JR, Thompson PM, Xiang AH, Page KA. Associations Between Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus In Utero and Daily Energy Intake, Brain Responses to Food Cues, and Adiposity in Children. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:1185-1193. [PMID: 33827804 PMCID: PMC8132328 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or maternal obesity in utero have an increased propensity to develop obesity. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We aimed to examine relationships between exposure to GDM or maternal obesity and daily energy intake (EI), brain responses to food cues within reward regions, and adiposity in children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 159 children ages 7-11 years. Repeated 24-h recalls were conducted to assess mean daily EI. A subset of children (n = 102) completed a food cue task in the MRI scanner. A priori regions of interest included the orbital frontal cortex (OFC), insula, amygdala, ventral striatum, and dorsal striatum. Adiposity measurements, BMI z-scores, percent body fat, waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were assessed. RESULTS Exposure to GDM was associated with greater daily EI, and children exposed to GDM diagnosed before 26 weeks gestation had greater OFC food cue reactivity. Children exposed to GDM also had larger WHR. Results remained significant after adjusting for child's age and sex, maternal education and race/ethnicity, maternal prepregnancy BMI, and child's physical activity levels. Furthermore, children who consumed more daily calories had greater WHR, and the relationship between GDM exposure and WHR was attenuated after adjustment for daily EI. Prepregnancy BMI was not significantly related to daily EI or food cue reactivity in reward regions. However, prepregnancy BMI was significantly related to all adiposity measurements; results remained significant for BMI z-scores, WtHR, and WHR after controlling for child's age and sex, maternal education and race/ethnicity, maternal GDM exposure, and child's physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to GDM in utero, in particular before 26 weeks gestation, is associated with increased EI, enhanced OFC food cue reactivity, and increased WHR. Future study with longitudinal follow-up is merited to assess potential pathways of daily EI and food cue reactivity in reward regions on the associations between GDM exposure and childhood adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brendan C Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ting Chow
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John R Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA .,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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18
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Mallorquí-Bagué N, Lozano-Madrid M, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Forcano L, Díaz-López A, Galera A, Fernández-Carrión R, Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Corella D, Pintó X, Cuenca-Royo A, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J, de la Torre R, Fernández-Aranda F. Effects of a psychosocial intervention at one-year follow-up in a PREDIMED-plus sample with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9144. [PMID: 33911087 PMCID: PMC8080657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines if overweight/obesity are related to higher impulsivity, food addiction and depressive symptoms, and if these variables could be modified after 1 year of a multimodal intervention (diet, physical activity, psychosocial support). 342 adults (55-75 years) with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) from the PREDIMED-Plus Cognition study were randomized to the intervention or to the control group (lifestyle recommendations). Cognitive and psychopathological assessments were performed at baseline and after 1-year follow-up. At baseline, higher impulsivity was linked to higher food addiction and depressive symptoms, but not to body mass index (BMI). Food addiction not only predicted higher BMI and depressive symptoms, but also achieved a mediational role between impulsivity and BMI/depressive symptoms. After 1 year, patients in both groups reported significant decreases in BMI, food addiction and impulsivity. BMI reduction and impulsivity improvements were higher in the intervention group. Higher BMI decrease was achieved in individuals with lower impulsivity. Higher scores in food addiction were also related to greater post-treatment impulsivity. To conclude, overweight/obesity are related to higher impulsivity, food addiction and depressive symptoms in mid/old age individuals with MetS. Our results also highlight the modifiable nature of the studied variables and the interest of promoting multimodal interventions within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Addictive Behaviours Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga S/N, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga S/N, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga S/N, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Forcano
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguder 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Díaz-López
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Serra Hunter Fellow, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain
| | - Ana Galera
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Fernández-Carrión
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga S/N, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguder 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Bulló
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguder 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències, Experimentals i de la Salut Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga S/N, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Converging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108556. [PMID: 33862029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly palatable foods and substance of abuse have intersecting neurobiological, metabolic and behavioral effects relevant for understanding vulnerability to conditions related to food (e.g., obesity, binge eating disorder) and drug (e.g., substance use disorder) misuse. Here, we review data from animal models, clinical populations and epidemiological evidence in behavioral, genetic, pathophysiologic and therapeutic domains. Results suggest that consumption of highly palatable food and drugs of abuse both impact and conversely are regulated by metabolic hormones and metabolic status. Palatable foods high in fat and/or sugar can elicit adaptation in brain reward and withdrawal circuitry akin to substances of abuse. Intake of or withdrawal from palatable food can impact behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse and vice versa. A robust literature suggests common substrates and roles for negative reinforcement, negative affect, negative urgency, and impulse control deficits, with both highly palatable foods and substances of abuse. Candidate genetic risk loci shared by obesity and alcohol use disorders have been identified in molecules classically associated with both metabolic and motivational functions. Finally, certain drugs may have overlapping therapeutic potential to treat obesity, diabetes, binge-related eating disorders and substance use disorders. Taken together, data are consistent with the hypotheses that compulsive food and substance use share overlapping, interacting substrates at neurobiological and metabolic levels and that motivated behavior associated with feeding or substance use might constitute vulnerability factors for one another. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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20
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Yokum S, Bohon C, Berkman E, Stice E. Test-retest reliability of functional MRI food receipt, anticipated receipt, and picture tasks. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:764-779. [PMID: 33851199 PMCID: PMC8326039 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional MRI (fMRI) tasks are increasingly being used to advance knowledge of the etiology and maintenance of obesity and eating disorders. Thus, understanding the test-retest reliability of BOLD signal contrasts from these tasks is important. OBJECTIVES To evaluate test-retest reliability of responses in reward-related brain regions to food receipt paradigms (palatable tastes, anticipated palatable tastes), food picture paradigms (high-calorie food pictures), a monetary reward paradigm (winning money and anticipating winning money), and a thin female model picture paradigm (thin female model pictures). METHOD We conducted secondary univariate contrast-based analyses in data drawn from 4 repeated-measures fMRI studies. Participants (Study 1: N = 60, mean [M] age = 15.2 ± 1.1 y; Study 2: N = 109, M age = 15.1 ± 0.9 y; Study 3: N = 39, M age = 21.2 ± 3.7 y; Study 4: N = 62, M age = 29.7 ± 6.2 y) completed the same tasks over 3-wk to 3-y test-retest intervals. Studies 3 and 4 included participants with eating disorders and obesity, respectively. RESULTS Test-retest reliability of the food receipt and food picture paradigms was poor, with average ICC values ranging from 0.07 to 0.20. The monetary reward paradigm and the thin female model picture paradigm also showed poor test-retest reliability: average ICC values 0.21 and 0.12, respectively. Although several regions demonstrated moderate to good test-retest reliability, these results did not replicate across studies using similar paradigms. In Studies 3 and 4, but not Study 1, test-retest reliability in visual processing regions was moderate to good when contrasting single conditions with a low-level baseline. CONCLUSIONS Results underscore the importance of examining the temporal reliability of fMRI tasks and call for the development and use of well-validated standardized fMRI tasks in eating- and obesity-related studies that can provide more reliable measures of neural activation. The trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02084836, NCT01949636, NCT03261050, and NCT03375853.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cara Bohon
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elliot Berkman
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Yokum S, Gearhardt AN, Stice E. In Search of the Most Reproducible Neural Vulnerability Factors that Predict Future Weight Gain: Analyses of Data from Six Prospective Studies. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 18:nsab013. [PMID: 33515022 PMCID: PMC9910276 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested if we could replicate the main effect relations of elevated striatum and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) response to high-calorie food stimuli to weight gain reported in past papers in six prospective datasets that used similar fMRI paradigms. Participants in Study 1 (N = 37; M age = 15.5), Study 2 (N = 160; M age = 15.3), Study 3 (N = 130; M age = 15.0), Study 4 (N = 175; M age = 14.3), Study 5 (N = 45; M age = 20.8), and Study 6 (N = 49; M age = 31.1) completed fMRI scans at baseline and had their BMI and body fat (Studies 4 and 6 only) measured at baseline and over follow-ups. Elevated striatal response to palatable food images predicted BMI gain in Studies 1 and 6 and body fat gain in Study 6. Lateral OFC activation did not predict weight gain in any of the six studies. Results provide limited support for the hypothesis that elevated reward region responsivity to palatable food images predicts weight gain. Factors that make replication difficult are discussed and potential solutions considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the current paper is to review the literature on the neural and behavioral factors involved in food decision-making in youth. RECENT FINDINGS Recent neuroimaging studies that employ passive viewing paradigms have found that exposure to food-related cues activate reward, motor planning, and attentional salience signals in children. Greater activations of reward signals and/or lower activations of control signals are associated with overeating and weight gain. Neuroimaging studies with decision-making paradigms have found the reward network in the brain activates during food choices, while control network activates less strongly. Findings suggest that exposure to food cues activates reward/valuation network, but activation of control network tends to be relatively weaker in children. Hedonic aspects of foods are predominantly considered in children's food choices, and their dietary self-control is not matured yet. The increased activation in reward network and the decreased activation in control network are associated with risk of developing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Ryeong Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5030 Cherry St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Seung-Lark Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5030 Cherry St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Amanda S Bruce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition; Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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23
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Ha OR, Killian HJ, Davis AM, Lim SL, Bruce JM, Sotos JJ, Nelson SC, Bruce AS. Promoting Resilience to Food Commercials Decreases Susceptibility to Unhealthy Food Decision-Making. Front Psychol 2020; 11:599663. [PMID: 33343472 PMCID: PMC7738621 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.599663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Children are vulnerable to adverse effects of food advertising. Food commercials are known to increase hedonic, taste-oriented, and unhealthy food decisions. The current study examined how promoting resilience to food commercials impacted susceptibility to unhealthy food decision-making in children. To promote resilience to food commercials, we utilized the food advertising literacy intervention intended to enhance cognitive skepticism and critical thinking, and decrease positive attitudes toward commercials. Thirty-six children aged 8–12 years were randomly assigned to the food advertising literacy intervention or the control condition. Eighteen children received four brief intervention sessions via video over 1 week period. In each session, children watched six food commercials with interspersed embedded intervention narratives. While watching food commercials and narratives, children were encouraged to speak their thoughts out loud spontaneously (“think-aloud”), which provided children's attitudes toward commercials. Eighteen children in the control condition had four control sessions over 1 week, and watched the same food commercials without intervention narratives while thinking aloud. The first and last sessions were held in the laboratory, and the second and third sessions were held at the children's homes. Susceptibility to unhealthy food decision-making was indicated by the decision weights of taste attributes, taste perception, food choices, ad libitum snacking, and cognitive and affective attitudes toward food commercials. As hypothesized, the intervention successfully decreased susceptibility to unhealthy food decision-making evidenced by reduced decision weights of the taste in food decisions, decreased tasty perception of unhealthy foods, and increased cognitive skepticism and critical thinking toward food commercials. In addition, as children's opinions assimilated to intervention narratives, their cognitive skepticism and critical thinking toward commercials increased. The aforementioned results were not shown in the control condition. However, this brief intervention was not enough to change actual food choices or food consumption. Results of this study suggest that promoting resilience to food commercials by enhancing cognitive skepticism and critical thinking effectively reduced children's susceptibility to unhealthy food-decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Ryeong Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Haley J Killian
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ann M Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Seung-Lark Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Jared M Bruce
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Jarrod J Sotos
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Samuel C Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Amanda S Bruce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Morales I, Berridge KC. 'Liking' and 'wanting' in eating and food reward: Brain mechanisms and clinical implications. Physiol Behav 2020; 227:113152. [PMID: 32846152 PMCID: PMC7655589 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking' and 'wanting' components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance 'liking' include brain hedonic hotspots, which are specialized subregions that are uniquely able to causally amplify the hedonic impact of palatable tastes. Hedonic hotspots are found in nucleus accumbens medial shell, ventral pallidum, orbitofrontal cortex, insula cortex, and brainstem. In turn, a much larger mesocorticolimbic circuitry generates 'wanting' or incentive motivation to obtain and consume food rewards. Hedonic and motivational circuitry interact together and with hypothalamic homeostatic circuitry, allowing relevant physiological hunger and satiety states to modulate 'liking' and 'wanting' for food rewards. In some conditions such as drug addiction, 'wanting' is known to dramatically detach from 'liking' for the same reward, and this may also occur in over-eating disorders. Via incentive sensitization, 'wanting' selectively becomes higher, especially when triggered by reward cues when encountered in vulnerable states of stress, etc. Emerging evidence suggests that some cases of obesity and binge eating disorders may reflect an incentive-sensitization brain signature of cue hyper-reactivity, causing excessive 'wanting' to eat. Future findings on the neurobiological bases of 'liking' and 'wanting' can continue to improve understanding of both normal food reward and causes of clinical eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1043, United States.
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1043, United States
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25
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Stice E, Yokum S, Voelker P. Relation of FTO to BOLD response to receipt and anticipated receipt of food and monetary reward, food images, and weight gain in healthy weight adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1135-1144. [PMID: 31680145 PMCID: PMC7657457 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) correlates with elevated body mass, it is unclear how it contributes to overeating. We tested if individuals with the A allele show greater reward region responsivity to receipt and anticipated receipt of food and money and palatable food images. We also tested if these individuals show greater future weight gain. Initially healthy weight adolescents (Study 1, N = 162; Study 2, N = 135) completed different functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms and had their body mass measured annually over 3 years. Adolescents with the AA or AT genotypes showed less precuneus and superior parietal lobe response and greater cuneus and prefrontal cortex response to milkshake receipt and less putamen response to anticipated milkshake receipt than those with the TT genotype in separate analyses of each sample. Groups did not differ in response to palatable food images, and receipt and anticipated receipt of money, or in weight gain over 3-year follow-up. Results suggest that initially healthy weight adolescents with vs without the FTO A allele show differential responsivity to receipt and anticipated receipt of food but do not differ in neural response to palatable food images and monetary reward and do not show greater future weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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26
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Lowe CJ, Morton JB, Reichelt AC. Adolescent obesity and dietary decision making—a brain-health perspective. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:388-396. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Spierling S, de Guglielmo G, Kirson D, Kreisler A, Roberto M, George O, Zorrilla EP. Insula to ventral striatal projections mediate compulsive eating produced by intermittent access to palatable food. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:579-588. [PMID: 31593982 PMCID: PMC7021713 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive eating characterizes many binge-related eating disorders, yet its neurobiological basis is poorly understood. The insular cortex subserves visceral-emotional functions, including taste processing, and is implicated in drug craving and relapse. Here, via optoinhibition, we implicate projections from the anterior insular cortex to the nucleus accumbens as modulating highly compulsive-like food self-administration behaviors that result from intermittent access to a palatable, high-sucrose diet. We identified compulsive-like eating behavior in female rats through progressive ratio schedule self-administration and punishment-resistant responding, food reward tolerance and escalation of intake through 24-h energy intake and fixed-ratio operant self-administration sessions, and withdrawal-like irritability through the bottle brush test. We also identified an endocrine profile of heightened GLP-1 and PP but lower ghrelin that differentiated rats with the most compulsive-like eating behavior. Measures of compulsive eating severity also directly correlated to leptin, body weight and adiposity. Collectively, this novel model of compulsive-like eating symptoms demonstrates adaptations in insula-ventral striatal circuitry and metabolic regulatory hormones that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Spierling
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Dean Kirson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alison Kreisler
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Food cue recruits increased reward processing and decreased inhibitory control processing in the obese/overweight: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:127-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Osadnik K, Osadnik T, Lonnie M, Lejawa M, Reguła R, Fronczek M, Gawlita M, Wądołowska L, Gąsior M, Pawlas N. Metabolically healthy obese and metabolic syndrome of the lean: the importance of diet quality. Analysis of MAGNETIC cohort. Nutr J 2020; 19:19. [PMID: 32098622 PMCID: PMC7041188 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is considered as an indispensable component of metabolic health assessment and metabolic syndrome diagnosis. The associations between diet quality and metabolic health in lean, young adults have not been yet established whilst data addressing this issue in overweight and obese subjects is scarce. Our analysis aimed to establish the link between diet quality (measured with data-driven dietary patterns and diet quality scores) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in young adults, regardless of their adiposity status. METHODS A total of 797 participants aged 18-35 years old were included in the study. Participants were assigned into metabolic syndrome (MS) group if at least two abnormalities within the following parameters were present: blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, blood glucose. Participants with one or none abnormalities were considered as metabolically healthy subjects (MH), Diet quality was assessed with two approaches: 1) a posteriori by drawing dietary patterns (DPs) with principal component analysis (PCA) and 2) a priori by establishing diet quality scores and the adherence to pro-Healthy-Diet-Index (pHDI) and non-Healthy-Diet-Index (nHDI). Logistic regression with backward selection based on Akaike information criterion was carried out, to identify factors independently associated with metabolic health. RESULTS Within the MS group, 31% were of normal weight. Three PCA-driven DPs were identified, in total explaining 30.0% of the variance: "Western" (11.8%), "Prudent" (11.2%) and "Dairy, breakfast cereals & treats" (7.0%). In the multivariate models which included PCA-driven DPs, higher adherence to middle and upper tertiles of "Western" DP (Odds Ratios [OR] and 95% Confidence Intervals [95% CI]: 1.72, 1.07-2.79 and 1.74, 1.07-2.84, respectively), was associated with MS independently of clinical characteristics including BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Similar results were obtained in the multivariate model with diet quality scores - MS was independently associated with higher scores within nHDI (2.2, 0.92-5.28). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with MS were more likely to adhere to the western dietary pattern and have a poor diet quality in comparison to metabolically healthy peers, independently of BMI and WHR. It may imply that diet composition, as independent factor, plays a pivotal role in increasing metabolic risk. Professional dietary advice should be offered to all metabolically unhealthy patients, regardless of their body mass status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Osadnik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Osadnik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- 2nd Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marta Lonnie
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45f, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mateusz Lejawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Rafał Reguła
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Martyna Fronczek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marcin Gawlita
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Lidia Wądołowska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45f, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gąsior
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Natalia Pawlas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
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Yokum S, Stice E. Weight gain is associated with changes in neural response to palatable food tastes varying in sugar and fat and palatable food images: a repeated-measures fMRI study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1275-1286. [PMID: 31535135 PMCID: PMC6885480 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data suggest that weight gain is associated with changes in neural response to palatable food tastes and palatable food cues, which may serve to maintain overeating. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether weight gain is associated with neural changes in response to tastes of milkshakes varying in fat and sugar content and palatable food images. METHODS We compared changes in neural activity between initially healthy-weight adolescents who gained weight (n = 36) and those showing weight stability (n = 31) over 2-3 y. RESULTS Adolescents who gained weight compared with those who remained weight stable showed decreases in activation in the postcentral gyrus, prefrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, and increases in activation in the parietal lobe, posterior cingulate cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus in response to a high-fat/low-sugar compared with low-fat/low-sugar milkshake. Weight gainers also showed greater decreases in activation in the anterior insula and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in response to a high-fat/high-sugar compared with low-fat/low-sugar milkshake than those who remained weight stable. No group differences emerged in response to a low-fat/high-sugar compared with a low-fat/low-sugar milkshake. Weight gainers compared with those who remained weight stable showed greater decreases in activation in the middle temporal gyrus and increases in cuneus activation in response to appetizing compared with unappetizing food pictures. The significant interactions were partially driven by group differences in baseline responsivity and by opposite changes in neural activation in adolescents who remained weight stable. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that weight gain is associated with a decrease in responsivity of regions associated with taste and reward processing to palatable high-fat- and high-fat/high-sugar food tastes. Data also suggest that avoiding weight gain increases taste sensitivity, which may prevent future excessive weight gain.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01949636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA,Address correspondence to SY (e-mail: )
| | - Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
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van Meer F, van der Laan LN, Eiben G, Lissner L, Wolters M, Rach S, Herrmann M, Erhard P, Molnar D, Orsi G, Viergever MA, Adan RA, Smeets PA. Development and body mass inversely affect children’s brain activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during food choice. Neuroimage 2019; 201:116016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Shomaker LB, Berman Z, Burke M, Annameier SK, Pivarunas B, Sanchez N, Smith AD, Hendrich S, Riggs NR, Legget KT, Cornier MA, Melby C, Johnson SA, Lucas-Thompson R. Mindfulness-based group intervention in adolescents at-risk for excess weight gain: A randomized controlled pilot study. Appetite 2019; 140:213-222. [PMID: 31112737 PMCID: PMC6585452 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess feasibility/acceptability of a mindfulness-based approach to excess weight prevention in adolescents at-risk for excess weight gain. To pilot test efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for improving food reward sensitivity, stress-eating, executive function (EF), and BMI/adiposity. METHODS A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted with 12-17y adolescents at-risk for excess weight gain based on above-average weight (body mass index [BMI]≥70%ile) or parental history of obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2). Adolescents were randomized to a mindfulness-based (n = 29) or health education control group (n = 25) that met for six weekly one-hour sessions. Feasibility/acceptability were determined from attendance and acceptability survey ratings. At baseline, six-week and six-month follow-up, adolescents' perceived stress was measured with the Perceived Stress Scale, food reward sensitivity with a behavioral task, stress-eating during a laboratory test meal, and EF with the parent-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and NIH Toolbox. At the same intervals, BMI indices and body fat by air displacement plethysmography were assessed in a fasted state. RESULTS Median session attendance was 6:6 sessions in both conditions; program acceptability ratings were above-average. Compared to health education, adolescents in mindfulness had lower food reward sensitivity at six-months (Cohen's d = 0.64, p = .01). There were no between-condition differences in BMI (mindfulness vs. health educationΔsix-months 95%CI 0.20, 1.52 kg/m2 vs. 0.21, 1.62 kg/m2) or adiposity (-3.64, -0.61% vs. -4.31, -1.04%) changes. CONCLUSIONS A mindfulness-based group intervention is feasible/acceptable among adolescents at-risk for excess weight. In this pilot sample, mindfulness and health education were equivocal for BMI/adiposity outcomes. Future trials with a larger, adequately-powered sample and longer-term follow-up are necessary to test efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for food reward sensitivity, stress-eating, EF, and stabilizing growth trajectories in youth at-risk for adult obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Shomaker
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States; Community & Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States.
| | - Zoe Berman
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Morgan Burke
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Shelly K Annameier
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Bernadette Pivarunas
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Natalia Sanchez
- Community & Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Amy D Smith
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Silas Hendrich
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Nathaniel R Riggs
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Kristina T Legget
- Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher Melby
- Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 1571 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 1571 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Rachel Lucas-Thompson
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
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Al-Zubaidi A, Mertins A, Heldmann M, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Machine Learning Based Classification of Resting-State fMRI Features Exemplified by Metabolic State (Hunger/Satiety). Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:164. [PMID: 31191274 PMCID: PMC6546854 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has become an essential measure to investigate the human brain's spontaneous activity and intrinsic functional connectivity. Several studies including our own previous work have shown that the brain controls the regulation of energy expenditure and food intake behavior. Accordingly, we expected different metabolic states to influence connectivity and activity patterns in neuronal networks. METHODS The influence of hunger and satiety on rs-fMRI was investigated using three connectivity models (local connectivity, global connectivity and amplitude rs-fMRI signals). After extracting the connectivity parameters of 90 brain regions for each model, we used sequential forward floating selection strategy in conjunction with a linear support vector machine classifier and permutation tests to reveal which connectivity model differentiates best between metabolic states (hunger vs. satiety). RESULTS We found that the amplitude of rs-fMRI signals is slightly more precise than local and global connectivity models in order to detect resting brain changes during hunger and satiety with a classification accuracy of 81%. CONCLUSION The amplitude of rs-fMRI signals serves as a suitable basis for machine learning based classification of brain activity. This opens up the possibility to apply this combination of algorithms to similar research questions, such as the characterization of brain states (e.g., sleep stages) or disease conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, minimal cognitive impairment).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfred Mertins
- Institute for Signal Processing, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kamila Jauch-Chara
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kiel University - Christian-Albrechts, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Hermann P, Gál V, Kóbor I, Kirwan CB, Kovács P, Kitka T, Lengyel Z, Bálint E, Varga B, Csekő C, Vidnyánszky Z. Efficacy of weight loss intervention can be predicted based on early alterations of fMRI food cue reactivity in the striatum. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101803. [PMID: 30991304 PMCID: PMC6463125 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased fMRI food cue reactivity in obesity, i.e. higher responses to high- vs. low-calorie food images, is a promising marker of the dysregulated brain reward system underlying enhanced susceptibility to obesogenic environmental cues. Recently, it has also been shown that weight loss interventions might affect fMRI food cue reactivity and that there is a close association between the alteration of cue reactivity and the outcome of the intervention. Here we tested whether fMRI food cue reactivity could be used as a marker of diet-induced early changes of neural processing in the striatum that are predictive of the outcome of the weight loss intervention. To this end we investigated the relationship between food cue reactivity in the striatum measured one month after the onset of the weight loss program and weight changes obtained at the end of the six-month intervention. We observed a significant correlation between BMI change measured after six months and early alterations of fMRI food cue reactivity in the striatum, including the bilateral putamen, right pallidum, and left caudate. Our findings provide evidence for diet-induced early alterations of fMRI food cue reactivity in the striatum that can predict the outcome of the weight loss intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hermann
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Viktor Gál
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - István Kóbor
- MR Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Péter Kovács
- Obesity Research Group, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kitka
- Obesity Research Group, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Lengyel
- Obesity Research Group, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Eszter Bálint
- Department of General Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Balázs Varga
- Department of General Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Csongor Csekő
- Department of General Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Vidnyánszky
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
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Smeets PAM, Dagher A, Hare TA, Kullmann S, van der Laan LN, Poldrack RA, Preissl H, Small D, Stice E, Veldhuizen MG. Good practice in food-related neuroimaging. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:491-503. [PMID: 30834431 PMCID: PMC7945961 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of neuroimaging tools, especially functional magnetic resonance imaging, in nutritional research has increased substantially over the past 2 decades. Neuroimaging is a research tool with great potential impact on the field of nutrition, but to achieve that potential, appropriate use of techniques and interpretation of neuroimaging results is necessary. In this article, we present guidelines for good methodological practice in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies and flag specific limitations in the hope of helping researchers to make the most of neuroimaging tools and avoid potential pitfalls. We highlight specific considerations for food-related studies, such as how to adjust statistically for common confounders, like, for example, hunger state, menstrual phase, and BMI, as well as how to optimally match different types of food stimuli. Finally, we summarize current research needs and future directions, such as the use of prospective designs and more realistic paradigms for studying eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A M Smeets
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, NL,Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Address correspondence to PAMS (e-mail: )
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Todd A Hare
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura N van der Laan
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dana Small
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Stice E, Burger K. Neural vulnerability factors for obesity. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 68:38-53. [PMID: 30587407 PMCID: PMC6397091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple theories identify neural vulnerability factors that may increase risk for overeating and weight gain. Early cross-sectional neuroimaging studies were unable to determine whether aberrant neural responsivity was a risk factor for or a consequence of overeating. More recent obesity risk, prospective, repeated-measures, and experimental neuroimaging studies with humans have advanced knowledge of etiologic processes and neural plasticity resulting from overeating. Herein, we review evidence from these more rigorous human neuroimaging studies, in conjunction with behavioral measures reflecting neural function, as well as experiments with animals that investigated neural vulnerability theories for overeating. Findings provide support for the reward surfeit theory that posits that individuals at risk for obesity initially show hyper-responsivity of reward circuitry to high-calorie food tastes, which theoretically drives elevated intake of such foods. However, findings provide little support for the reward deficit theory that postulates that individuals at risk for obesity show an initial hypo-responsivity of reward circuitry that motives overeating. Further, results provide support for the incentive sensitization and dynamic vulnerability theories that propose that overconsumption of high-calorie foods results in increased reward and attention region responsivity to cues that are associated with hedonic reward from intake of these high-calorie foods via conditioning, as well as a simultaneous decrease in reward region responsivity to high-calorie food tastes. However, there is little evidence that this induced reduction in reward region response to high-calorie food tastes drives an escalation in overeating. Finally, results provide support for the theory that an initial deficit in inhibitory control and a bias for immediate reward contribute to overconsumption of high-calorie foods. Findings imply that interventions that reduce reward and attention region responsivity to food cues and increase inhibitory control should reduce overeating and excessive weight gain, an intervention theory that is receiving support in randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Kyle Burger
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Fletcher PC, Kenny PJ. Food addiction: a valid concept? Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2506-2513. [PMID: 30188514 PMCID: PMC6224546 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Can food be addictive? What does it mean to be a food addict? Do common underlying neurobiological mechanisms contribute to drug and food addiction? These vexing questions have been the subject of considerable interest and debate in recent years, driven in large part by the major health concerns associated with dramatically increasing body weights and rates of obesity in the United States, Europe, and other regions with developed economies. No clear consensus has yet emerged on the validity of the concept of food addiction and whether some individuals who struggle to control their food intake can be considered food addicts. Some, including Fletcher, have argued that the concept of food addiction is unsupported, as many of the defining features of drug addiction are not seen in the context of feeding behaviors. Others, Kenny included, have argued that food and drug addiction share similar features that may reflect common underlying neural mechanisms. Here, Fletcher and Kenny argue the merits of these opposing positions on the concept of food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambrdge, CB21 5EF, UK.
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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Blumenthal SA, Pratt WE. d-Fenfluramine and lorcaserin inhibit the binge-like feeding induced by μ-opioid receptor stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:43-48. [PMID: 30227154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple laboratories have shown that the stimulation of μ-opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) powerfully increases intake of palatable and high-fat diets. Separate studies have demonstrated that serotonin agonists advance satiety processes, and several serotonin-targeting agents have been prescribed to promote weight loss. However, it is unknown if serotonin signaling can modulate the increased feeding elicited by activation of NAcc μ-opioid receptors. These experiments assessed the effects of systemic treatments with the serotonin agonists d-fenfluramine and lorcaserin on the binge-like feeding induced by μ-opioid receptor stimulation of the NAcc in Sprague-Dawley rats. Consistent with previous reports, stimulation of NAcc μ-opioid receptors (with 0.025 μg/0.5 μl/side DAMGO) significantly increased consumption of high-fat vegetable shortening, and systemic treatment with d-fenfluramine and lorcaserin dose-dependently decreased intake. Interestingly, d-fenfluramine and lorcaserin reversed the binge-like feeding observed following stimulation of NAcc μ-opioid receptors. Both serotonergic drugs also attenuated the increases of ambulation observed following administration of DAMGO in the NAcc. These data demonstrate that serotonergic anorectics, in addition to their known role in advancing satiety processes during normal feeding, can also inhibit the binge-like feeding that is elicited by activation of μ-opioid receptors within the ventral striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne E Pratt
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, United States.
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Stanhope KL, Goran MI, Bosy-Westphal A, King JC, Schmidt LA, Schwarz JM, Stice E, Sylvetsky AC, Turnbaugh PJ, Bray GA, Gardner CD, Havel PJ, Malik V, Mason AE, Ravussin E, Rosenbaum M, Welsh JA, Allister-Price C, Sigala DM, Greenwood MRC, Astrup A, Krauss RM. Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1205-1235. [PMID: 29761610 PMCID: PMC6530989 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain. However, various dietary components or patterns may promote obesity and cardiometabolic disease by additional mechanisms that are not mediated solely by caloric content. Researchers explored this topic at the 2017 CrossFit Foundation Academic Conference 'Diet and Cardiometabolic Health - Beyond Calories', and this paper summarizes the presentations and follow-up discussions. Regarding the health effects of dietary fat, sugar and non-nutritive sweeteners, it is concluded that food-specific saturated fatty acids and sugar-sweetened beverages promote cardiometabolic diseases by mechanisms that are additional to their contribution of calories to positive energy balance and that aspartame does not promote weight gain. The challenges involved in conducting and interpreting clinical nutritional research, which preclude more extensive conclusions, are detailed. Emerging research is presented exploring the possibility that responses to certain dietary components/patterns are influenced by the metabolic status, developmental period or genotype of the individual; by the responsiveness of brain regions associated with reward to food cues; or by the microbiome. More research regarding these potential 'beyond calories' mechanisms may lead to new strategies for attenuating the obesity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M I Goran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - J C King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - L A Schmidt
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- California Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, History, and Social Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J-M Schwarz
- Touro University, Vallejo, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - A C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, G.W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - G A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - C D Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V Malik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A E Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Wellness Department, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Allister-Price
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D M Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M R C Greenwood
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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Alabduljader K, Cliffe M, Sartor F, Papini G, Cox WM, Kubis HP. Ecological momentary assessment of food perceptions and eating behavior using a novel phone application in adults with or without obesity. Eat Behav 2018; 30:35-41. [PMID: 29777968 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We developed a smart phone application to measure participants' food-reward perceptions and eating behavior in their naturalistic environment. Intensity ratings (0 - not at all to 10 - very strongly) of perceived anticipation of food (wanting) and food enjoyment at endpoint of intake (liking) were recorded as they occurred over a period of 14 days. Moreover, food craving trait, implicit and explicit attitude towards healthy food, and body composition were assessed. 53 participants provided complete data. Participants were classified by percentage of body fat; 33 participants with lower body fat (L-group) and 20 with higher body fat (H-group; ≥25% body fat for males and ≥32% for females). L-group participants reported 6.34 (2.00) food wanting events per day, whereas H-group participants recorded significantly fewer food wanting events (5.07 (1.42)); both groups resisted about the same percentage of wanting events (L-group: 29.2 (15.5)%; H-group 27.3 (12.8)%). Perceived intensity ratings were significantly different within the L-group in the order liking (7.65 (0.81)) > un-resisted wanting (leading to eating) (7.00 (1.01)) > resisted wanting (not leading to eating) (6.02 (1.72)) but not in the H-group. Liking scores (L-group: 7.65 (0.81); H-group: 7.14 (1.04)) were significantly higher in L-group than in H-group after controlling for age. Our results show that individuals with higher percentage of body fat show less food enjoyment after intake and reveal no differentiation in intensity ratings of perceived anticipatory and consummatory food reward. These results are consistent with a hypothesized reward deficiency among individuals with higher percentage of body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud Alabduljader
- College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK; Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Basic Education, The Public Authority of Applied Education, Kuwait
| | - Marion Cliffe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bangor, UK
| | - Francesco Sartor
- Department of Personal Health, Philips Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Papini
- Department of Personal Health, Philips Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - W Miles Cox
- College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Hans-Peter Kubis
- College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
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Lowe CJ, Staines WR, Manocchio F, Hall PA. The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying food cravings and snack food consumption. A combined continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) and EEG study. Neuroimage 2018; 177:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Miedl SF, Blechert J, Meule A, Richard A, Wilhelm FH. Suppressing images of desire: Neural correlates of chocolate-related thoughts in high and low trait chocolate cravers. Appetite 2018. [PMID: 29518469 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chocolate is the most often craved food in Western societies and many individuals try to resist its temptation due to weight concerns. Suppressing chocolate-related thoughts might, however, lead to paradoxical enhancements of these thoughts and this effect might be more pronounced in individuals with frequent chocolate cravings. In the current study, neural and cognitive correlates of chocolate thought suppression were investigated as a function of trait chocolate craving. Specifically, 20 high and 20 low trait chocolate cravers followed suppression vs. free thinking instructions after being exposed to chocolate and neutral images. Enhanced cue reactivity was evident in high trait chocolate cravers in that they reported more chocolate-related thoughts selectively after chocolate images compared to their low trait craving counterparts. This cue reactivity was mirrored neurally by higher activation in the ventral and dorsal striatum, demonstrating enhanced reward system activity. Unexpectedly, high trait chocolate cravers successfully reduced their elevated chocolate thoughts in the suppression condition. This lends support for the use of thought suppression as a means of regulating unwanted thoughts, cravings and imagery. Whether this thought manipulation is able to curb the elevated cue reactivity and the underlying reward sensitivity in chocolate cravers in applied settings remains to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F Miedl
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Richard
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
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Espel‐Huynh HM, Muratore AF, Lowe MR. A narrative review of the construct of hedonic hunger and its measurement by the Power of Food Scale. Obes Sci Pract 2018; 4:238-249. [PMID: 29951214 PMCID: PMC6009994 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The term 'hedonic hunger' refers to one's preoccupation with and desire to consume foods for the purposes of pleasure and in the absence of physical hunger. The Power of Food Scale (PFS) was developed as a quantitative measure of this construct in 2009. Since then, over 50 published studies have used the PFS to predict appetite-related outcomes including neural, cognitive, behavioural, anthropometric and clinical measures. OBJECTIVE This narrative review evaluates how closely the PFS captures the construct it was originally presumed to assess and to more clearly define hedonic hunger itself. METHODS The measure's relationship to four domains is reviewed and summarized: motivation to consume palatable foods; level of actual consumption of such foods; body mass; and subjective loss-of-control over one's eating behaviour. Findings are synthesized to generate a more accurate understanding of what the PFS measures and how it may relate to the broader definition of hedonic hunger. RESULTS Results suggest that the PFS is closely related to motivation to consume palatable foods and, in extreme cases, occurrence of loss-of-control eating episodes. PFS scores are not consistently predictive of amount of food consumed or body mass. CONCLUSIONS Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of behavioural health, and avenues for further inquiry are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. F. Muratore
- Department of PsychologyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - M. R. Lowe
- Department of PsychologyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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44
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Dietary influences on cognition. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:118-126. [PMID: 29501837 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a world-wide crisis with profound healthcare and socio-economic implications and it is now clear that the central nervous system (CNS) is a target for the complications of metabolic disorders like obesity. In addition to decreases in physical activity and sedentary lifestyles, diet is proposed to be an important contributor to the etiology and progression of obesity. Unfortunately, there are gaps in our knowledge base related to how dietary choices impact the structural and functional integrity of the CNS. For example, while chronic consumption of hypercaloric diets (increased sugars and fat) contribute to increases in body weight and adiposity characteristic of metabolic disorders, the mechanistic basis for neurocognitive deficits in obesity remains to be determined. In addition, studies indicate that acute consumption of hypercaloric diets impairs performance in a wide variety of cognitive domains, even in normal non-obese control subjects. These results from the clinical and basic science literature indicate that diet can have rapid, as well as long lasting effects on cognitive function. This review summarizes our symposium at the 2017 Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior (SSIB) meeting that discussed these effects of diet on cognition. Collectively, this review highlights the need for integrated and comprehensive approaches to more fully determine how diet impacts behavior and cognition under physiological conditions and in metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity.
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Leigh SJ, Lee F, Morris MJ. Hyperpalatability and the Generation of Obesity: Roles of Environment, Stress Exposure and Individual Difference. Curr Obes Rep 2018; 7:6-18. [PMID: 29435959 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review investigates how exposure to palatable food and its associated cues alters appetite regulation and feeding behaviour to drive overeating and weight gain. RECENT FINDINGS Both supraphysiological and physiological feeding systems are affected by exposure to palatable foods and its associated cues. Preclinical research, largely using rodents, has demonstrated that palatable food modulates feeding-related neural systems and food-seeking behaviour by recruiting the mesolimbic reward pathway. This is supported by studies in adolescents which have shown that mesolimbic activity in response to palatable food cues and consumption predicts future weight gain. Additionally, stress exposure, environmental factors and individual susceptibility have been shown to modulate the effects of highly palatable foods on behaviour. Further preclinical research using free-choice diets modelling the modern obesogenic environment is needed to identify how palatable foods drive overeating. Moreover, future clinical research would benefit from more appropriate quantification of palatability, making use of rating systems and surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Leigh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Frances Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Novelle MG, Diéguez C. Food Addiction and Binge Eating: Lessons Learned from Animal Models. Nutrients 2018; 10:E71. [PMID: 29324652 PMCID: PMC5793299 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The feeding process is required for basic life, influenced by environment cues and tightly regulated according to demands of the internal milieu by regulatory brain circuits. Although eating behaviour cannot be considered "addictive" under normal circumstances, people can become "addicted" to this behaviour, similarly to how some people are addicted to drugs. The symptoms, cravings and causes of "eating addiction" are remarkably similar to those experienced by drug addicts, and both drug-seeking behaviour as eating addiction share the same neural pathways. However, while the drug addiction process has been highly characterised, eating addiction is a nascent field. In fact, there is still a great controversy over the concept of "food addiction". This review aims to summarize the most relevant animal models of "eating addictive behaviour", emphasising binge eating disorder, that could help us to understand the neurobiological mechanisms hidden under this behaviour, and to improve the psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment in patients suffering from these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Novelle
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15786 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15786 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Brain substrates of unhealthy versus healthy food choices: influence of homeostatic status and body mass index. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:448-454. [PMID: 29064475 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Unhealthy dietary choices are a major contributor to harmful weight gain and obesity. This study interrogated the brain substrates of unhealthy versus healthy food choices in vivo, and evaluated the influence of hunger state and body mass index (BMI) on brain activation and connectivity. SUBJECTS/METHODS Thirty adults (BMI: 18-38 kg m-2) performed a food-choice task involving preference-based selection between beverage pairs consisting of high-calorie (unhealthy) or low-calorie (healthy) options, concurrent with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Selected food stimuli were delivered to participants using an MRI-compatible gustometer. fMRI scans were performed both after 10-h fasting and when sated. Brain activation and hypothalamic functional connectivity were assessed when selecting between unhealthy-healthy beverage pairings, relative to unhealthy-unhealthy and healthy-healthy options. Results were considered significant at cluster-based family-wise error corrected P<0.05. RESULTS Selecting between unhealthy and healthy foods elicited significant activation in the hypothalamus, the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, the anterior insula and the posterior cingulate. Hunger was associated with higher activation within the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, as well as lower connectivity between the hypothalamus and both the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. Critically, people with higher BMI showed lower activation of the hypothalamus-regardless of hunger state-and higher activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex when hungry. CONCLUSIONS People who are overweight and obese have weaker activation of brain regions involved in energy regulation and greater activation of reward valuation regions while making choices between unhealthy and healthy foods. These results provide evidence for a shift towards hedonic-based, and away from energy-based, food selection in obesity.
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48
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Winter SR, Yokum S, Stice E, Osipowicz K, Lowe MR. Elevated reward response to receipt of palatable food predicts future weight variability in healthy-weight adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:781-789. [PMID: 28228422 PMCID: PMC5366045 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.141143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Both an elevated brain-reward-region response to palatable food and elevated weight variability have been shown to predict future weight gain.Objective: We examined whether the brain-reward response to food is related to future weight variability.Design: A total of 162 healthy-weight adolescents, who were aged 14-18 y at baseline, were enrolled in the study and were assessed annually over a 3-y follow-up period with 127 participants completing the final 3-y follow-up assessment. With the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested whether the neural responses to a cue that signaled an impending milkshake receipt and the receipt of the milkshake predicted weight variability over the follow-up period. Weight variability was modeled with a root mean squared error method to reflect fluctuations in weight independent of the net weight change.Results: Elevated activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor area, cingulate gyrus, cuneus and occipital gyrus, and insula in response to milkshake receipt predicted greater weight variability. Greater activation in the precuneus and middle temporal gyrus predicted lower weight variability.Conclusions: From our study data, we suggest that the elevated activation of reward and emotional-regulation brain regions (medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and insula) and lower activation in self-reference regions (precuneus) in response to milkshake receipt predict weight variability over 3 y of follow-up. The fact that the reward response in the current study emerged in response to high-calorie palatable food receipt suggests that weight variability may be a measure of propensity periods of a positive energy balance and should be examined in addition to measures of the net weight change. With our collective results, we suggest that weight variability and its brain correlates should be added to other variables that are predictive of weight gain to inform the design of obesity-preventive programs in adolescents. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01807572.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karol Osipowicz
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Michael R Lowe
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; and
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Cerolini S, Pazzaglia M, Lombardo C. Commentary: Gain in Body Fat Is Associated with Increased Striatal Response to Palatable Food Cues, whereas Body Fat Stability Is Associated with Decreased Striatal Response. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:65. [PMID: 28261077 PMCID: PMC5306287 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerolini
- Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Silvia Cerolini
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
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