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Giovenzana A, Bezzecchi E, Bichisecchi A, Cardellini S, Ragogna F, Pedica F, Invernizzi F, Di Filippo L, Tomajer V, Aleotti F, Scotti GM, Socci C, Cesana G, Olmi S, Morelli MJ, Falconi M, Giustina A, Bonini C, Piemonti L, Ruggiero E, Petrelli A. Fat-to-blood recirculation of partially dysfunctional PD-1 +CD4 Tconv cells is associated with dysglycemia in human obesity. iScience 2024; 27:109032. [PMID: 38380252 PMCID: PMC10877684 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of T cells in insulin-sensitive tissues, including the visceral adipose tissue (VAT), that can interfere with the insulin signaling pathway eventually leading to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. Here, we found that PD-1+CD4 conventional T (Tconv) cells, endowed with a transcriptomic and functional profile of partially dysfunctional cells, are diminished in VAT of obese patients with dysglycemia (OB-Dys), without a concomitant increase in apoptosis. These cells showed enhanced capacity to recirculate into the bloodstream and had a non-restricted TCRβ repertoire divergent from that of normoglycemic obese and lean individuals. PD-1+CD4 Tconv were reduced in the circulation of OB-Dys, exhibited an altered migration potential, and were detected in the liver of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The findings suggest a potential role for partially dysfunctional PD-1+CD4 Tconv cells as inter-organ mediators of IR in obese patients with dysglycemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Olmi
- San Marco Hospital GSD, Zingonia, Bergamo, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Falconi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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2
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Szyrzisko W, Grzesiak M. Periovarian Adipose Tissue - an Impact on Ovarian Functions. Physiol Res 2024; 73:1-8. [PMID: 38466000 PMCID: PMC11019623 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Periovarian adipose tissue (POAT) is a type of gonadal white adipose tissue that surrounds the ovary. POAT is a source of various bioactive molecules, such as adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and hormones. Thereby it could influence crucial ovarian functions. Recent findings showed that removal of POAT affects folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovary. Furthermore, changes in the morphology and function of POAT were observed in women during menopause or polycystic ovary syndrome. Although the relationship between the body's energy status and fertility in females is generally well known, the contribution of POAT remains still elusive. Therefore, the objective of this review is summarizing the actual state of knowledge about POAT function in physiological and pathological processes within the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Szyrzisko
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Republic of Poland.
| | - M Grzesiak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Republic of Poland.
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3
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Teixeira L, Whitmire JK, Bourgeois C. Editorial: The role of adipose tissue and resident immune cells in infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360262. [PMID: 38464526 PMCID: PMC10920208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Teixeira
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jason K. Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- Université Paris-Saclay, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), UMR1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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4
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Nigro E, D’Agnano V, Quarcio G, Mariniello DF, Bianco A, Daniele A, Perrotta F. Exploring the Network between Adipocytokines and Inflammatory Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3806. [PMID: 37686837 PMCID: PMC10490077 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is actually regarded as an endocrine organ, rather than as an organ that merely stores energy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, obesity has undoubtedly emerged as one of the most important risk factors for disease severity and poor outcomes related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aberrant production of cytokine-like hormones, called adipokines, may contribute to alterations in metabolism, dysfunction in vascular endothelium and the creation of a state of general chronic inflammation. Moreover, chronic, low-grade inflammation linked to obesity predisposes the host to immunosuppression and excessive cytokine activation. In this respect, understanding the mechanisms that link obesity with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection could represent a real game changer in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Our review therefore examines the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, the implications with visceral adipose tissue and the influences of the adipose tissue and its adipokines on the clinical behavior of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl “Franco Salvatore”, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy; (E.N.); (A.D.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Vito D’Agnano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.Q.); (D.F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Gianluca Quarcio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.Q.); (D.F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Domenica Francesca Mariniello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.Q.); (D.F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.Q.); (D.F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Aurora Daniele
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl “Franco Salvatore”, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy; (E.N.); (A.D.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrotta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (G.Q.); (D.F.M.); (A.B.)
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5
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Lin YC, Hou YC, Wang HC, Shan YS. New insights into the role of adipocytes in pancreatic cancer progression: paving the way towards novel therapeutic targets. Theranostics 2023; 13:3925-3942. [PMID: 37554282 PMCID: PMC10405844 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies across the world, which is due to delayed diagnosis and resistance to current therapies. The interactions between pancreatic tumor cells and their tumor microenvironment (TME) allow cancer cells to escape from anti-cancer therapies, leading to difficulties in treating PC. With endocrine function and lipid storage capacity, adipose tissue can maintain energy homeostasis. Direct or indirect interaction between adipocytes and PC cells leads to adipocyte dysfunction characterized by morphological change, fat loss, abnormal adipokine secretion, and fibroblast-like transformation. Various adipokines released from dysfunctional adipocytes have been reported to promote proliferation, invasion, metastasis, stemness, and chemoresistance of PC cells via different mechanisms. Additional lipid outflow from adipocytes can be taken into the TME and thus alter the metabolism in PC cells and surrounding stromal cells. Besides, the trans-differentiation potential enables adipocytes to turn into various cell types, which may give rise to an inflammatory response as well as extracellular matrix reorganization to modulate tumor burden. Understanding the molecular basis behind the protumor functions of adipocytes in PC may offer new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Hou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chen Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Medical Imaging Center, Innovation Headquarter, National Cheng Kung University; Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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6
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Oliveira MF, Pankow A, Vollbrecht T, Kumar NM, Cabalero G, Ignacio C, Zhao M, Vitomirov A, Gouaux B, Nakawawa M, Murrell B, Ellis RJ, Gianella S. Evaluation of Archival HIV DNA in Brain and Lymphoid Tissues. J Virol 2023; 97:e0054323. [PMID: 37184401 PMCID: PMC10308944 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00543-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV reservoirs persist in anatomic compartments despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Characterizing archival HIV DNA in the central nervous system (CNS) and other tissues is crucial to inform cure strategies. We evaluated paired autopsy brain-frontal cortex (FC), occipital cortex (OCC), and basal ganglia (BG)-and peripheral lymphoid tissues from 63 people with HIV. Participants passed away while virally suppressed on ART at the last visit and without evidence of CNS opportunistic disease. We quantified total HIV DNA in all participants and obtained full-length HIV-envelope (FL HIV-env) sequences from a subset of 14 participants. We detected HIV DNA (gag) in most brain (65.1%) and all lymphoid tissues. Lymphoid tissues had higher HIV DNA levels than the brain (P < 0.01). Levels of HIV gag between BG and FC were similar (P > 0.2), while OCC had the lowest levels (P = 0.01). Females had higher HIV DNA levels in tissues than males (gag, P = 0.03; 2-LTR, P = 0.05), suggesting possible sex-associated mechanisms for HIV reservoir persistence. Most FL HIV-env sequences (n = 143) were intact, while 42 were defective. Clonal sequences were found in 8 out of 14 participants, and 1 participant had clonal defective sequences in the brain and spleen, suggestive of cell migration. From 10 donors with paired brain and lymphoid sequences, we observed evidence of compartmentalized sequences in 2 donors. Our data further the idea that the brain is a site for archival HIV DNA during ART where compartmentalized provirus may occur in a subset of people. Future studies assessing FL HIV-provirus and replication competence are needed to further evaluate the HIV reservoirs in tissues. IMPORTANCE HIV infection of the brain is associated with adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes, despite efficient antiretroviral treatment. HIV may persist in reservoirs in the brain and other tissues, which can seed virus replication if treatment is interrupted, representing a major challenge to cure HIV. We evaluated reservoirs and genetic features in postmortem brain and lymphoid tissues from people with HIV who passed away during suppressed HIV replication. We found a differential distribution of HIV reservoirs across brain regions which was lower than that in lymphoid tissues. We observed that most HIV reservoirs in tissues had intact envelope sequences, suggesting they could potentially generate replicative viruses. We found that women had higher HIV reservoir levels in brain and lymphoid tissues than men, suggesting possible sex-based mechanisms of maintenance of HIV reservoirs in tissues, warranting further investigation. Characterizing the archival HIV DNA in tissues is important to inform future HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelli F Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alec Pankow
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Vollbrecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nikesh M Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gemma Cabalero
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Caroline Ignacio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mitchell Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrej Vitomirov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ben Gouaux
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Masato Nakawawa
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Viscardi S, Marileo L, Delgado H, San Martín A, Hernández L, Garcés P, Guzmán-Oyarzo D, Boguen R, Medina G, Letelier P, Villano I, Guzmán N. Obesity Is Associated with Changes in Laboratory Biomarkers in Chilean Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103392. [PMID: 37240496 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is reported that patients with obesity are more frequently hospitalized for COVID-19, and evidence exists that obesity is a risk factor, regardless of other comorbidities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of obesity with changes in laboratory biomarkers in hospitalized Chilean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 202 hospitalized patients (71 with obesity and 131 without obesity) with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were included in the study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory (days 1, 3, 7, 15) data were obtained. We performed a statistical analysis, assuming significance with a value of p < 0.05. RESULTS Significant differences in chronic respiratory pathology are observed between patients with and without obesity. The inflammatory markers CPR, ferritin, NLR, and PLR are elevated during the evaluated period, while changes in leukocyte populations are present on day 1 (eosinophils) and day 3 (lymphocytes). Finally, a persistent elevation of D-dimer level is observed, presenting significant differences on day 7 between patients with and without obesity. Obesity had a positive correlation with admission to the critical patient unit, invasive mechanical ventilation, and length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION Patients with obesity hospitalized for COVID-19 present marked elevations of inflammatory and hemostasis parameters, with a correlation between obesity, changes in laboratory biomarkers, and the risk of adverse clinical outcomes also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Viscardi
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56, Campus San Francisco, Temuco 4813302, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco 4813302, Chile
- Biotechnology of Functional Foods Laboratory, Camino Sanquilco, Parcela 18, La Araucanía, Padre Las Casas 4850827, Chile
| | - Luis Marileo
- Biotechnology of Functional Foods Laboratory, Camino Sanquilco, Parcela 18, La Araucanía, Padre Las Casas 4850827, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 02950, La Araucanía, Temuco 4813302, Chile
| | - Hugo Delgado
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco 4813302, Chile
| | - Andrés San Martín
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco 4813302, Chile
| | - Loreto Hernández
- Complejo Asistencial Padre Las Casas, Padre Las Casas 4850827, Chile
| | | | - Dina Guzmán-Oyarzo
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián Sede Concepción, Concepción 4080871, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Boguen
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56, Campus San Francisco, Temuco 4813302, Chile
| | - Gustavo Medina
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56, Campus San Francisco, Temuco 4813302, Chile
| | - Pablo Letelier
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56, Campus San Francisco, Temuco 4813302, Chile
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Neftalí Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56, Campus San Francisco, Temuco 4813302, Chile
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8
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Kowalczuk A, Marycz K, Kornicka J, Groborz S, Meissner J, Mularczyk M. Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) Protects Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASC) against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Development and Reduces Inflammation during Adipogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087120. [PMID: 37108282 PMCID: PMC10138341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) fulfills essential duties in cell physiology, and impairment of this organelle's functions is associated with a wide number of metabolic diseases. When ER stress is generated in the adipose tissue, it is observed that the metabolism and energy homeostasis of the adipocytes are altered, leading to obesity-associated metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the present work, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV, a cannabinoid compound isolated from Cannabis sativa L.) against ER stress in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Our results show that pre-treatment with THCV prevents the subcellular alteration of cell components such as nuclei, F-actin, or mitochondria distribution, and restores cell migration, cell proliferation and colony-forming capacity upon ER stress. In addition, THCV partially reverts the effects that ER stress induces regarding the activation of apoptosis and the altered anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokine profile. This indicates the protective characteristics of this cannabinoid compound in the adipose tissue. Most importantly, our data demonstrate that THCV decreases the expression of genes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, which were upregulated upon induction of ER stress. Altogether, our study shows that the cannabinoid THCV is a promising compound that counters the harmful effects triggered by ER stress in the adipose tissue. This work paves the way for the development of new therapeutic means based on THCV and its regenerative properties to create a favorable environment for the development of healthy mature adipocyte tissue and to reduce the incidence and clinical outcome of metabolic diseases such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowalczuk
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114 Malin, Poland
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Kornicka
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sylwia Groborz
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114 Malin, Poland
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Meissner
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Malwina Mularczyk
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114 Malin, Poland
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Regional immunity of chicken adipose tissue responds to secondary immunity induced by Newcastle disease vaccine via promoting immune activation and weakening lipid metabolism. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102646. [PMID: 37031585 PMCID: PMC10105486 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is considered as a regional immune organ and plays an important role in the anti-infection immune response. However, the function and mechanism of chicken AT in response to secondary immune response remain poorly understood. Here, we used mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) sequencing technology to survey the transcriptomic landscape of chicken abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) during the first and second immunization with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine, and carried out bioinformatics analysis, such as Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and miRNA-mRNA integrated analysis. The results indicated that chicken AAT actively responded to the secondary immune response. DNA replication and cytoskeleton regulation as the regulatory functions of immune activation changed significantly, and weakened lipid metabolism was an effective strategy for the secondary immunity. Mechanically, the regulatory network between the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and their targeted differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as miR-206/miR-499-5p-nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3)/methylsterol monooxygenase 1 (MSMO1) pathway, was one of the potential key mechanisms by which AAT responded to the secondary immune response. In conclusion, regional immunity of chicken AT responds to secondary immunity by promoting immune activation and weakening lipid metabolism, and this study can instruct future research on antiviral strategy.
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10
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de Gea-Grela A, Moreno S. Controversies in the Design of Strategies for the Cure of HIV Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:322. [PMID: 36839593 PMCID: PMC9961067 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cure for chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections has been a goal pursued since the antiretroviral therapy that improved the clinical conditions of patients became available. However, the exclusive use of these drugs is not enough to achieve a cure, since the viral load rebounds when the treatment is discontinued, leading to disease progression. There are several theories and hypotheses about the biological foundations that prevent a cure. The main obstacle appears to be the existence of a latent viral reservoir that cannot be eliminated pharmacologically. This concept is the basis of the new strategies that seek a cure, known as kick and kill. However, there are other lines of study that recognize mechanisms of persistent viral replication in patients under effective treatment, and that would modify the current lines of research on the cure of HIV. Given the importance of these concepts, in this work, we propose to review the most recent evidence on these hypotheses, covering both the evidence that is positioned in favor and against, trying to expose what are some of the challenges that remain to be resolved in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Alcalá University, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Shiri Aghbash P, Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo H, Fathi H, Bahmani M, Chegini R, Bannazadeh Baghi H. Hepatic Disorders and COVID-19: From Pathophysiology to Treatment Strategy. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 2022:4291758. [PMID: 36531832 PMCID: PMC9754839 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4291758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and the subsequent development of the COVID-19 pandemic, organs such as the lungs, kidneys, liver, heart, and brain have been identified as priority organs. Liver diseases are considered a risk factor for high mortality from the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, liver damage has been demonstrated in a substantial proportion of patients with COVID-19, especially those with severe clinical symptoms. Furthermore, antiviral medications, immunosuppressive drugs after liver transplantation, pre-existing hepatic diseases, and chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis have also been implicated in SARS-CoV-2-induced liver injury. As a result, some precautions have been taken to prevent, monitor the virus, and avoid immunocompromised and susceptible individuals, such as liver and kidney transplant recipients, from being infected with SARS-CoV-2, thereby avoiding an increase in mortality. The purpose of this review was to examine the impairment caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of drugs used during the pandemic on the mortality range and therefore the possibility of preventive measures in patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hamidreza Fathi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Bahmani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rojin Chegini
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Abiri B, Ahmadi AR, Hejazi M, Amini S. Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolic Syndrome: Review in the Era of COVID-19. Clin Nutr Res 2022; 11:331-346. [PMID: 36381471 PMCID: PMC9633974 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2022.11.4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now at pandemic levels leading to considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the globe. Patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are mainly susceptible and more probably to get severe side effects when affected by this virus. The pathophysiologic mechanisms for these notions have not been completely known. The pro-inflammatory milieu observed in patients with metabolic disruption could lead to COVID-19-mediated host immune dysregulation, such as immune dysfunction, severe inflammation, microvascular dysfunction, and thrombosis. The present review expresses the current knowledge regarding the influence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and MetS on COVID-19 infection and severity, and their pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Abiri
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi
- Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hejazi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14166-34793, Iran
| | - Shirin Amini
- Department of Nutrition, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar 64517-73865, Iran
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13
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Prolonged Antiretroviral Treatment Induces Adipose Tissue Remodelling Associated with Mild Inflammation in SIV-Infected Macaques. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193104. [PMID: 36231066 PMCID: PMC9561982 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic SIV/HIV infection, adipose tissue (AT) is the target of both antiretroviral treatment (ART) and the virus. AT might subsequently contribute to the low-grade systemic inflammation observed in patients on ART. To evaluate the inflammatory profile of AT during chronic SIV/HIV infection, we assayed subcutaneous and visceral abdominal AT from non-infected (SIV−, control), ART-naïve SIV-infected (SIV+) and ART-controlled SIV-infected (SIV+ART+) cynomolgus macaques for the mRNA expression of genes coding for factors related to inflammation. Significant differences were observed only when comparing the SIV+ART+ group with the SIV+ and/or SIV− groups. ART-treated infection impacted the metabolic fraction (with elevated expression of PPARγ and CEBPα), the extracellular matrix (with elevated expression of COL1A2 and HIF-1α), and the inflammatory profile. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory signatures were detected in AT, with greater mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory markers (adiponectin and CD163) and markers associated with inflammation (TNF-α, Mx1, CCL5 and CX3CL1). There were no intergroup differences in other markers (IL-6 and MCP-1). In conclusion, we observed marked differences in the immune and metabolic profiles of AT in the context of an ART-treated, chronic SIV infection; these differences were related more to ART than to SIV infection per se.
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14
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Bhattacharya A, Chatterjee S, Bhaduri U, Singh AK, Vasudevan M, Sashidhara KV, Guha R, Nazir A, Rath SK, Natesh N, Kundu TK. Butyrylation Meets Adipogenesis-Probed by a p300-Catalyzed Acylation-Specific Small Molecule Inhibitor: Implication in Anti-obesity Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12273-12291. [PMID: 36074919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme p300, besides having acetyltransferase activity, can also catalyze other acylation modifications, whose physiological implications are still being investigated. Here, we report that the level of histone butyrylation increases globally as well as locally in the promoters of pro-adipogenic genes during adipogenesis. To delineate the role of p300-catalyzed butyrylation from acetylation in adipogenesis, we identified a semisynthetic derivative (LTK-14A) of garcinol, which specifically inhibited histone butyrylation without affecting acetylation. Treatment of 3T3L1 cells with LTK-14A abolished adipogenesis with downregulation of pro-adipogenic genes along with inhibition of H4K5 butyrylation. Administering LTK-14A to high-fat diet-fed and genetically obese db/db mice led to attenuation/decrease in their weight gain. The reduced obesity could be partially attributed to the inhibition of H4K5 butyrylation in adipocytes and liver. This report therefore not only, for the first time, causally links histone butyrylation with adipogenesis but also presents a probable candidate for anti-obesity therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhattacharya
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Sourav Chatterjee
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Utsa Bhaduri
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Akash Kumar Singh
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | | | - Koneni V Sashidhara
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Division of Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Nagashayana Natesh
- Central Government Health Scheme Wellness Centre Number 8, Domlur, Bangalore 560071, India
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India.,Division of Neuroscience and Aging Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
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15
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella's intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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16
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Yu L, Zhang X, Ye S, Lian H, Wang H, Ye J. Obesity and COVID-19: Mechanistic Insights From Adipose Tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1799-1811. [PMID: 35262698 PMCID: PMC8992328 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The risk is related to the cytokine storm, a major contributor to multiorgan failure and a pathological character of COVID-19 patients with obesity. While the exact cause of the cytokine storm remains elusive, disorders in energy metabolism has provided insights into the mechanism. Emerging data suggest that adipose tissue in obesity contributes to the disorders in several ways. First, adipose tissue restricts the pulmonary function by generation of mechanical pressures to promote systemic hypoxia. Second, adipose tissue supplies a base for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 entry by overexpression of viral receptors [angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and dipeptidyl peptidase 4]. Third, impaired antiviral responses of adipocytes and immune cells result in dysfunction of immunologic surveillance as well as the viral clearance systems. Fourth, chronic inflammation in obesity contributes to the cytokine storm by secreting more proinflammatory cytokines. Fifth, abnormal levels of adipokines increase the risk of a hyperimmune response to the virus in the lungs and other organs to enhance the cytokine storm. Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes, immune cells, and other cell types (endothelial cells and platelets, etc) is a common cellular mechanism for the development of cytokine storm, which leads to the progression of mild COVID-19 to severe cases with multiorgan failure and high mortality. Correction of energy surplus through various approaches is recommended in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in the obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Precision Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Sarah Ye
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hongkai Lian
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Center for Advanced Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Corresponding author:
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17
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex dynamic organ with whole-body immunometabolic influence. Much of the work into understanding the role of immune cells in adipose tissue has been in the context of obesity. These investigations have also uncovered a range of typical (immune) and non-typical functions exerted by adipose tissue leukocytes. Here we provide an overview of the adipose tissue immune system, including its role as an immune reservoir in the whole-body response to infection and as a site of parasitic and viral infections. We also describe the functional roles of specialized immunological structures found within adipose tissue. However, our main focus is on the recently discovered 'non-immune' functions of adipose tissue immune cells, which include the regulation of adipocyte homeostasis, as well as responses to changing nutrient status and body temperature. In doing so, we outline the therapeutic potential of the adipose tissue immune system in health and disease.
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18
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López-Ortega O, Moreno-Corona NC, Cruz-Holguin VJ, Garcia-Gonzalez LD, Helguera-Repetto AC, Romero-Valdovinos M, Arevalo-Romero H, Cedillo-Barron L, León-Juárez M. The Immune Response in Adipocytes and Their Susceptibility to Infection: A Possible Relationship with Infectobesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116154. [PMID: 35682832 PMCID: PMC9181511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current obesity pandemic has been expanding in both developing and developed countries. This suggests that the factors contributing to this condition need to be reconsidered since some new factors are arising as etiological causes of this disease. Moreover, recent clinical and experimental findings have shown an association between the progress of obesity and some infections, and the functions of adipose tissues, which involve cell metabolism and adipokine release, among others. Furthermore, it has recently been reported that adipocytes could either be reservoirs for these pathogens or play an active role in this process. In addition, there is abundant evidence indicating that during obesity, the immune system is exacerbated, suggesting an increased susceptibility of the patient to the development of several forms of illness or death. Thus, there could be a relationship between infection as a trigger for an increase in adipose cells and the impact on the metabolism that contributes to the development of obesity. In this review, we describe the findings concerning the role of adipose tissue as a mediator in the immune response as well as the possible role of adipocytes as infection targets, with both roles constituting a possible cause of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestes López-Ortega
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Nidia Carolina Moreno-Corona
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Victor Javier Cruz-Holguin
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Luis Didier Garcia-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - Addy Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - Mirza Romero-Valdovinos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Sección XVI, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Haruki Arevalo-Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Microbiología Molecular, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Jalpa de Méndez 86205, Mexico;
| | - Leticia Cedillo-Barron
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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20
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Liu E, Lee H, Lui B, White RS, Samuels JD. Respiratory and nonrespiratory COVID-19 complications in patients with obesity: recent developments. J Comp Eff Res 2022; 11:371-381. [PMID: 35023362 PMCID: PMC8757534 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2021-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review summarizes recent reports to provide an updated understanding of the multiorgan effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in obese individuals. A PubMed search of 528 primary articles was performed, with inclusion based on novelty, relevance and redundancy. Obesity confers an increased risk for hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, severe pneumonia, intubation and acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients. Obesity is also associated with higher levels of inflammatory and thrombotic markers. However, the associations between obesity and mortality or cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients remain unclear. Obesity is a risk factor for several respiratory and nonrespiratory COVID-19 complications. Future work is needed to further explore these relationships and optimize the management of obese COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Liu
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hudson Lee
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Briana Lui
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert S White
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, Box 124, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jon D Samuels
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, Box 124, New York, NY 10065, USA
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21
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Mendes B, Minori K, Consonni SR, Andrews NW, Miguel DC. Causative Agents of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Are Able to Infect 3T3-L1 Adipocytes In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824494. [PMID: 35186797 PMCID: PMC8855065 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although macrophages have long been considered key players in the course of Leishmania infections, other non-professional phagocytes have lately been shown to maintain low levels of the parasite in safe intracellular niches. Recently, it was demonstrated that the adipose tissue is capable of harboring Old World L. (L.) infantum in mice. However, there is no evidence of experimental adipocyte infection with New World Leishmania species so far. In addition, it was not known whether adipocytes would be permissive for formation of the unique, large and communal parasitophorous vacuoles that are typical of L. (L.) amazonensis in macrophages. Here we evaluated the ability of L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes and amastigotes to infect 3T3-L1 fibroblast-derived adipocytes (3T3-Ad) using light and transmission electron microscopy. Our results indicate that amastigotes and promastigotes of both species were capable of infecting and surviving inside pre- and fully differentiated 3T3-Ad for up to 144 h. Importantly, L. (L.) amazonensis amastigotes resided in large communal parasitophorous vacuoles in pre-adipocytes, which appeared to be compressed between large lipid droplets in mature adipocytes. In parallel, individual L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes were detected in single vacuoles 144 h post-infection. We conclude that 3T3-Ad may constitute an environment that supports low loads of viable parasites perhaps contributing to parasite maintenance, since amastigotes of both species recovered from these cells differentiated into replicative promastigotes. Our findings shed light on the potential of a new host cell model that can be relevant to the persistence of New World Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendes
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karen Minori
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Silvio R. Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Norma W. Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Danilo C. Miguel
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Danilo C. Miguel,
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22
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Mechanisms contributing to adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in obesity. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1155-1193. [PMID: 35084674 PMCID: PMC8793096 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A growing amount of epidemiological data from multiple countries indicate an increased prevalence of obesity, more importantly central obesity, among hospitalized subjects with COVID-19. This suggests that obesity is a major factor contributing to adverse outcome of the disease. As it is a metabolic disorder with dysregulated immune and endocrine function, it is logical that dysfunctional metabolism contributes to the mechanisms behind obesity being a risk factor for adverse outcome in COVID-19. Emerging data suggest that in obese subjects, (a) the molecular mechanisms of viral entry and spread mediated through ACE2 receptor, a multifunctional host cell protein which links to cellular homeostasis mechanisms, are affected. This includes perturbation of the physiological renin-angiotensin system pathway causing pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic challenges (b) existent metabolic overload and ER stress-induced UPR pathway make obese subjects vulnerable to severe COVID-19, (c) host cell response is altered involving reprogramming of metabolism and epigenetic mechanisms involving microRNAs in line with changes in obesity, and (d) adiposopathy with altered endocrine, adipokine, and cytokine profile contributes to altered immune cell metabolism, systemic inflammation, and vascular endothelial dysfunction, exacerbating COVID-19 pathology. In this review, we have examined the available literature on the underlying mechanisms contributing to obesity being a risk for adverse outcome in COVID-19.
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23
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Malgwi IH, Halas V, Grünvald P, Schiavon S, Jócsák I. Genes Related to Fat Metabolism in Pigs and Intramuscular Fat Content of Pork: A Focus on Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020150. [PMID: 35049772 PMCID: PMC8772548 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The intramuscular fat (IMF) or marbling is an essential pork sensory quality that influences the preference of the consumers and premiums for pork. IMF is the streak of visible fat intermixed with the lean within a muscle fibre and determines sensorial qualities of pork such as flavour, tenderness and juiciness. Fat metabolism and IMF development are controlled by dietary nutrients, genes, and their metabolic pathways in the pig. Nutrigenetics explains how the genetic make-up of an individual pig influences the pig’s response to dietary nutrient intake. Differently, nutrigenomics is the analysis of how the entire genome of an individual pig is affected by dietary nutrient intake. The knowledge of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, when harmonized, is a powerful tool in estimating nutrient requirements for swine and programming dietary nutrient supply according to an individual pig’s genetic make-up. The current paper aimed to highlight the roles of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of fat metabolism and IMF deposition in pigs. This knowledge is essential in redefining nutritional intervention for swine production and the improvement of some economically important traits such as growth performance, backfat thickness, IMF accretion, disease resistance etc., in animals. Abstract Fat metabolism and intramuscular fat (IMF) are qualitative traits in pigs whose development are influenced by several genes and metabolic pathways. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics offer prospects in estimating nutrients required by a pig. Application of these emerging fields in nutritional science provides an opportunity for matching nutrients based on the genetic make-up of the pig for trait improvements. Today, integration of high throughput “omics” technologies into nutritional genomic research has revealed many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the mutation(s) of key genes directly or indirectly involved in fat metabolism and IMF deposition in pigs. Nutrient–gene interaction and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in fatty acid synthesis and marbling in pigs is difficult to unravel. While existing knowledge on QTLs and SNPs of genes related to fat metabolism and IMF development is yet to be harmonized, the scientific explanations behind the nature of the existing correlation between the nutrients, the genes and the environment remain unclear, being inconclusive or lacking precision. This paper aimed to: (1) discuss nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenetic mechanisms controlling fat metabolism and IMF accretion in pigs; (2) highlight the potentials of these concepts in pig nutritional programming and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Hyeladi Malgwi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’ Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-33-17566768
| | - Veronika Halas
- Department of Farm Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Utca 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (V.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Petra Grünvald
- Department of Farm Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Utca 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (V.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’ Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Ildikó Jócsák
- Institute of Agronomy, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Utca 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
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Impact of prior bariatric surgery on risk and severity of COVID-19 infection: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Obes Res Clin Pract 2022; 16:439-446. [PMID: 36471505 PMCID: PMC9574468 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of prior bariatric surgery (BS) with infection rate and prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies to address this issue. METHODS We searched databases including MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL from inception to May, 2022. The primary outcome was risk of mortality, while secondary outcomes included risk of hospital/intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, acute kidney injury (AKI), and infection rate. RESULTS Eleven studies involving 151,475 patients were analyzed. Meta-analysis showed lower risks of mortality [odd ratio (OR)= 0.42, 95% CI: 0.27-0.65, p < 0.001, I2 = 67%; nine studies; 151,113 patients, certainty of evidence (COE):moderate], hospital admission (OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.36-0.85, p = 0.007, I2 =74.6%; seven studies; 17,810 patients; COE:low), ICU admission (OR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.37-0.67, p < 0.001, I2 =0%; six studies; 17,496 patients, COE:moderate), mechanical ventilation (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.37-0.72, p < 0.001, I2 =57.1%; seven studies; 137,992 patients, COE:moderate) in patients with prior BS (BS group) than those with obesity without surgical treatment (non-BS group). There was no difference in risk of AKI (OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.41-1.32, p = 0.304, I2 =83.6%; four studies; 129,562 patients, COE: very low) and infection rate (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.89-1.22, p = 0.572, I2 =0%; four studies; 12,633 patients, COE:low) between the two groups. Subgroup analysis from matched cohort studies demonstrated associations of prior BS with lower risks of mortality, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and AKI. CONCLUSION Our results showed a correlation between prior BS and less severe COVID-19, which warrants further investigations to verify.
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Abstract
The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 into a chronic, well-managed disease. However, these therapies do not eliminate all infected cells from the body despite suppressing viral load. Viral rebound is largely due to the presence of cellular reservoirs which support long-term persistence of HIV-1. A thorough understanding of the HIV-1 reservoir will facilitate the development of new strategies leading to its detection, reduction, and elimination, ultimately leading to curative therapies for HIV-1. Although immune cells derived from lymphoid and myeloid progenitors have been thoroughly studied as HIV-1 reservoirs, few studies have examined whether mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) can assume this function. In this review, we evaluate published studies which have assessed whether MSCs contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. MSCs have been found to express the receptors and co-receptors required for HIV-1 entry, albeit at levels of expression and receptor localisation that vary considerably between studies. Exposure to HIV-1 and HIV-1 proteins alters MSC properties in vitro, including their proliferation capacity and differentiation potential. However, in vitro and in vivo experiments investigating whether MSCs can become infected with and harbour latent integrated proviral DNA are lacking. In conclusion, MSCs appear to have the potential to contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. However, further studies are needed using techniques such as those used to prove that cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells constitute an HIV-1 reservoir before a reservoir function can definitively be ascribed to MSCs.
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Cenko E, Badimon L, Bugiardini R, Claeys MJ, De Luca G, de Wit C, Derumeaux G, Dorobantu M, Duncker DJ, Eringa EC, Gorog DA, Hassager C, Heinzel FR, Huber K, Manfrini O, Milicic D, Oikonomou E, Padro T, Trifunovic-Zamaklar D, Vasiljevic-Pokrajcic Z, Vavlukis M, Vilahur G, Tousoulis D. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19: a consensus paper from the ESC Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology & Microcirculation, ESC Working Group on Thrombosis and the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care (ACVC), in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2705-2729. [PMID: 34528075 PMCID: PMC8500019 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is significantly affected in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Microvascular injury, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombosis resulting from viral infection or indirectly related to the intense systemic inflammatory and immune responses are characteristic features of severe COVID-19. Pre-existing cardiovascular disease and viral load are linked to myocardial injury and worse outcomes. The vascular response to cytokine production and the interaction between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor may lead to a significant reduction in cardiac contractility and subsequent myocardial dysfunction. In addition, a considerable proportion of patients who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 do not fully recover and continue to experience a large number of symptoms and post-acute complications in the absence of a detectable viral infection. This conditions often referred to as 'post-acute COVID-19' may have multiple causes. Viral reservoirs or lingering fragments of viral RNA or proteins contribute to the condition. Systemic inflammatory response to COVID-19 has the potential to increase myocardial fibrosis which in turn may impair cardiac remodelling. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of cardiovascular injury and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. As the pandemic continues and new variants emerge, we can advance our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms only by integrating our understanding of the pathophysiology with the corresponding clinical findings. Identification of new biomarkers of cardiovascular complications, and development of effective treatments for COVID-19 infection are of crucial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Cenko
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti 9, 40134 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC-Research Institute Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, CiberCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raffaele Bugiardini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti 9, 40134 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marc J Claeys
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe De Luca
- Cardiovascular Department of Cardiology, Ospedale “Maggiore della Carità”, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Cor de Wit
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Geneviève Derumeaux
- IMRB U955, UPEC, Créteil, France
- Department of Physiology, AP-HP, Henri-Mondor Teaching Hospital, Créteil, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire « SENEC », Créteil, France
| | - Maria Dorobantu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana A Gorog
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Christian Hassager
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank R Heinzel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivia Manfrini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti 9, 40134 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davor Milicic
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- Department of Cardiology, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Teresa Padro
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC-Research Institute Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, CiberCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danijela Trifunovic-Zamaklar
- Cardiology Department, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Marija Vavlukis
- University Clinic of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Ss' Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC-Research Institute Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, CiberCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- Department of Cardiology, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Guarnotta V, Ferrigno R, Martino M, Barbot M, Isidori AM, Scaroni C, Ferrante A, Arnaldi G, Pivonello R, Giordano C. Glucocorticoid excess and COVID-19 disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:703-714. [PMID: 33025384 PMCID: PMC7538187 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is causing high and rapid morbidity and mortality. Immune system response plays a crucial role in controlling and resolving the viral infection. Exogenous or endogenous glucocorticoid excess is characterized by increased susceptibility to infections, due to impairment of the innate and adaptive immune system. In addition, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and thromboembolism are conditions overrepresented in patients with hypercortisolism. Thus patients with chronic glucocorticoid (GC) excess may be at high risk of developing COVID-19 infection with a severe clinical course. Care and control of all comorbidities should be one of the primary goals in patients with hypercortisolism requiring immediate and aggressive treatment. The European Society of Endocrinology (ESE), has recently commissioned an urgent clinical guidance document on management of Cushing's syndrome in a COVID-19 period. In this review, we aim to discuss and expand some clinical points related to GC excess that may have an impact on COVID-19 infection, in terms of both contagion risk and clinical outcome. This document is addressed to all specialists who approach patients with endogenous or exogenous GC excess and COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guarnotta
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", UOC di Malattie endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università degli studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Ferrigno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Martino
- Clinica di Endocrinologia e Malattie del Metabolismo, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mattia Barbot
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIME University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, COVID Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIME University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Ferrante
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", UO di Reumatologia, Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arnaldi
- Clinica di Endocrinologia e Malattie del Metabolismo, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carla Giordano
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", UOC di Malattie endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università degli studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
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28
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Todosenko N, Vulf M, Yurova K, Khaziakhmatova O, Mikhailova L, Litvinova L. Causal Links between Hypovitaminosis D and Dysregulation of the T Cell Connection of Immunity Associated with Obesity and Concomitant Pathologies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1750. [PMID: 34944566 PMCID: PMC8698424 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical inflammation in morbid obesity is associated with immune activation and the development of concomitant diseases. Impaired immune homeostasis and immune cell dysregulation in adipose tissue are associated with phenotypic and functional changes in the pool of T lymphocytes and the development of chronic hypovitaminosis D. Low vitamin D levels in obesity lead to the activation, proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory mediators by T cells. Hypovitaminosis D is the cause of a decrease in the functional potential of regulatory and anti-inflammatory lymphocytes and the maintenance of the inflammatory response. The exact molecular genetic mechanisms of the effect of vitamin D on T lymphocytes have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, uncovering the functional role of T cells and their relationship to vitamin D homeostasis in the context of obesity development may contribute to the development of new pathogenetic methods for clinical prediction of the risk of metabolic, oncologic, autoimmune and infectious complications. The review presents the molecular genetic mechanisms of the effect of vitamin D on adipose tissue resident T lymphocytes and the characteristics of vitamin D receptor expression, and analyzes the phenotypic and functional characteristics of potentially pathogenic T lymphocytes in relation to the development of obesity and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Todosenko
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (K.Y.); (O.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Maria Vulf
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (K.Y.); (O.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Kristina Yurova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (K.Y.); (O.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Olga Khaziakhmatova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (K.Y.); (O.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Larisa Mikhailova
- Department of Therapy Medical Institute, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia;
| | - Larisa Litvinova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (K.Y.); (O.K.); (L.L.)
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29
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Goupil de Bouillé J, Vigouroux C, Plessis L, Ghislain M, Teglas JP, Boufassa F, Goujard C, Vignes D, Bouchaud O, Salmon D, Meyer L, Abgrall S. Factors Associated With Being Overweight and Obesity in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy: Socioclinical, Inflammation, and Metabolic Markers. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1570-1580. [PMID: 33740044 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the association between socioclinical, inflammatory, and metabolic markers and weight gain in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). METHODS Individuals from the COPANA cohort of normal weight (body mass index [BMI], 18.5-24.9 [ calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) at cART initiation who achieved virological suppression (viral load, <50 copies/mL) and maintained it through 36 months of treatment were selected. Clinical, immunovirological, and socioeconomic data and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, CXCL10, CXCL8, interleukin 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2, soluble CD14, and soluble CD16) and serum metabolic (glucose, insulin, lipid profile, adiponectin, and leptin) markers were assessed. Factors associated with becoming overweight (BMI, 25-29.9) or obese (BMI, ≥30) at 36 months were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS After 36 months of cART, 32 of 158 people with HIV (20%) became overweight or obese (21% female; 65% born in France and 23% born in sub-Saharan Africa; median BMI at cART initiation, 22 [interquartile range, 21-23]). After adjustment, higher BMI, originating from sub-Saharan Africa, living in a couple, and higher soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 and lower adiponectin concentrations at cART initiation were associated with becoming overweight or obese. CONCLUSION Weight gain on cART is multifactorial. Special attention should be given to migrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Monocyte activation and adipocyte dysfunction at cART initiation affect weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Goupil de Bouillé
- APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Corinne Vigouroux
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Rares de l'Insulino-Sécrétion et de l'Insulino-Sensibilité, Service d'Endocrinologie et Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Inserm U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Lorraine Plessis
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mathilde Ghislain
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Paul Teglas
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Dorothée Vignes
- AP-HP, Hôpital Béclère, Service de Médecine Interne, Clamart, France
| | - Olivier Bouchaud
- APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Bobigny, France.,Laboratoire Educations et Pratiques de Santé EA 3412, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Dominique Salmon
- AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Centre de Diagnostic et de Thérapeutique, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Santé Publique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sophie Abgrall
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Béclère, Service de Médecine Interne, Clamart, France
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30
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Alberti A, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Iser BPM, Traebert E, Freiberger V, Ventura L, Rezin GT, da Silva BB, Meneghetti Dallacosta F, Grigollo L, Dias P, Fin G, De Jesus JA, Pertille F, Rossoni C, Hur Soares B, Nodari Júnior RJ, Comim CM. Obesity in people with diabetes in COVID-19 times: Important considerations and precautions to be taken. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:5358-5371. [PMID: 34307590 PMCID: PMC8281433 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i20.5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new disease with pandemic potential appeared in China. It was a novel coronavirus called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Later, in the first quarter of 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of this disease a pandemic. Elderly people, people with comorbidities, and health care professionals are more vulnerable to COVID-19. Obesity has been growing exponentially worldwide, affecting several age groups. It is a morbidity that is associated with genetic, epigenetic, environment factors and/or interaction between them. Obesity is associated with the development of several diseases including diabetes mellitus, mainly type 2. Diabetes affects a significant portion of the global population. Obesity and diabetes are among the main risk factors for the development of severe symptoms of COVID-19, and individuals with these conditions constitute a risk group. Based on a literature review on obesity in people with diabetes in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study presents updated important considerations and care to be taken with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Alberti
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- Brazil Clinical Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, 88704 -900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Betine Pinto Moehlecke Iser
- Brazil Clinical Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, 88704 -900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eliane Traebert
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Viviane Freiberger
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ventura
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Brazil Clinical Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, 88704 -900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Becker da Silva
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Meneghetti Dallacosta
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leoberto Grigollo
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paula Dias
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gracielle Fin
- Department of Physical Education, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Josiane Aparecida De Jesus
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Pertille
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carina Rossoni
- Environmental Health Institute of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Lisboa, 1649-029, Portugal
| | - Ben Hur Soares
- Health Science, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, 99052-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa Martinelli Comim
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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31
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Yan T, Xiao R, Wang N, Shang R, Lin G. Obesity and severe coronavirus disease 2019: molecular mechanisms, paths forward, and therapeutic opportunities. Theranostics 2021; 11:8234-8253. [PMID: 34373739 PMCID: PMC8343994 DOI: 10.7150/thno.59293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appears to have higher pathogenicity among patients with obesity. Obesity, termed as body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2, has now been demonstrated to be important comorbidity for disease severity during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated with adverse events. Unraveling mechanisms behind this phenomenon can assist scientists, clinicians, and policymakers in responding appropriately to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we systemically delineated the potential mechanistic links between obesity and worsening COVID-19 from altered physiology, underlying diseases, metabolism, immunity, cytokine storm, and thrombosis. Problematic ventilation caused by obesity and preexisting medical disorders exacerbate organ dysfunction for patients with obesity. Chronic metabolic disorders, including dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, vitamin D deficiency, and polymorphisms of metabolism-related genes in obesity, probably aid SARS-CoV-2 intrusion and impair antiviral responses. Obesity-induced inadequate antiviral immunity (interferon, natural killer cells, invariant natural killer T cell, dendritic cell, T cells, B cell) at the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to delayed viral elimination, increased viral load, and expedited viral mutation. Cytokine storm, with the defective antiviral immunity, probably contributes to tissue damage and pathological progression, resulting in severe symptoms and poor prognosis. The prothrombotic state, driven in large part by endothelial dysfunction, platelet hyperactivation, hypercoagulability, and impaired fibrinolysis in obesity, also increases the risk of severe COVID-19. These mechanisms in the susceptibility to severe condition also open the possibility for host-directed therapies in population with obesity. By bridging work done in these fields, researchers can gain a holistic view of the paths forward and therapeutic opportunities to break the vicious cycle of obesity and its devastating complications in the next emerging pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Yan
- Military Burn Center, the 990th Hospital of People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Zhumadian, Henan, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Military Burn Center, the 990th Hospital of People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Zhumadian, Henan, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Military Burn Center, the 990th Hospital of People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Zhumadian, Henan, China
| | - Ruoyu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoan Lin
- Military Burn Center, the 990th Hospital of People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Zhumadian, Henan, China
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32
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Tarantino G, Citro V, Cataldi M. Findings from Studies Are Congruent with Obesity Having a Viral Origin, but What about Obesity-Related NAFLD? Viruses 2021; 13:1285. [PMID: 34372491 PMCID: PMC8310150 DOI: 10.3390/v13071285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection has recently started receiving greater attention as an unusual causative/inducing factor of obesity. Indeed, the biological plausibility of infectobesity includes direct roles of some viruses to reprogram host metabolism toward a more lipogenic and adipogenic status. Furthermore, the probability that humans may exchange microbiota components (virome/virobiota) points out that the altered response of IFN and other cytokines, which surfaces as a central mechanism for adipogenesis and obesity-associated immune suppression, is due to the fact that gut microbiota uphold intrinsic IFN signaling. Last but not least, the adaptation of both host immune and metabolic system under persistent viral infections play a central role in these phenomena. We hereby discuss the possible link between adenovirus and obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mechanisms of adenovirus-36 (Ad-36) involvement in hepatic steatosis/NAFLD consist in reducing leptin gene expression and insulin sensitivity, augmenting glucose uptake, activating the lipogenic and pro-inflammatory pathways in adipose tissue, and increasing the level of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, all of these ultimately leading to chronic inflammation and altered lipid metabolism. Moreover, by reducing leptin expression and secretion Ad-36 may have in turn an obesogenic effect through increased food intake or decreased energy expenditure via altered fat metabolism. Finally, Ad-36 is involved in upregulation of cAMP, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and p38 signaling pathways, downregulation of Wnt10b expression, increased expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 with consequential lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, “Umberto I” Hospital, Nocera Inferiore (Sa), 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy;
| | - Mauro Cataldi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
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Bourgeois C, Gorwood J, Olivo A, Le Pelletier L, Capeau J, Lambotte O, Béréziat V, Lagathu C. Contribution of Adipose Tissue to the Chronic Immune Activation and Inflammation Associated With HIV Infection and Its Treatment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670566. [PMID: 34220817 PMCID: PMC8250865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (AT) contributes significantly to inflammation – especially in the context of obesity. Several of AT’s intrinsic features favor its key role in local and systemic inflammation: (i) large distribution throughout the body, (ii) major endocrine activity, and (iii) presence of metabolic and immune cells in close proximity. In obesity, the concomitant pro-inflammatory signals produced by immune cells, adipocytes and adipose stem cells help to drive local inflammation in a vicious circle. Although the secretion of adipokines by AT is a prime contributor to systemic inflammation, the lipotoxicity associated with AT dysfunction might also be involved and could affect distant organs. In HIV-infected patients, the AT is targeted by both HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART). During the primary phase of infection, the virus targets AT directly (by infecting AT CD4 T cells) and indirectly (via viral protein release, inflammatory signals, and gut disruption). The initiation of ART drastically changes the picture: ART reduces viral load, restores (at least partially) the CD4 T cell count, and dampens inflammatory processes on the whole-body level but also within the AT. However, ART induces AT dysfunction and metabolic side effects, which are highly dependent on the individual molecules and the combination used. First generation thymidine reverse transcriptase inhibitors predominantly target mitochondrial DNA and induce oxidative stress and adipocyte death. Protease inhibitors predominantly affect metabolic pathways (affecting adipogenesis and adipocyte homeostasis) resulting in insulin resistance. Recently marketed integrase strand transfer inhibitors induce both adipocyte adipogenesis, hypertrophy and fibrosis. It is challenging to distinguish between the respective effects of viral persistence, persistent immune defects and ART toxicity on the inflammatory profile present in ART-controlled HIV-infected patients. The host metabolic status, the size of the pre-established viral reservoir, the quality of the immune restoration, and the natural ageing with associated comorbidities may mitigate and/or reinforce the contribution of antiretrovirals (ARVs) toxicity to the development of low-grade inflammation in HIV-infected patients. Protecting AT functions appears highly relevant in ART-controlled HIV-infected patients. It requires lifestyle habits improvement in the absence of effective anti-inflammatory treatment. Besides, reducing ART toxicities remains a crucial therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourgeois
- CEA - Université Paris Saclay - INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jennifer Gorwood
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
| | - Anaelle Olivo
- CEA - Université Paris Saclay - INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laura Le Pelletier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Capeau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA - Université Paris Saclay - INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Béréziat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
| | - Claire Lagathu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
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34
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Maurya R, Sebastian P, Namdeo M, Devender M, Gertler A. COVID-19 Severity in Obesity: Leptin and Inflammatory Cytokine Interplay in the Link Between High Morbidity and Mortality. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649359. [PMID: 34220807 PMCID: PMC8250137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the foremost risk factors in coronavirus infection resulting in severe illness and mortality as the pandemic progresses. Obesity is a well-known predisposed chronic inflammatory condition. The dynamics of obesity and its impacts on immunity may change the disease severity of pneumonia, especially in acute respiratory distress syndrome, a primary cause of death from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The adipocytes of adipose tissue secret leptin in proportion to individuals’ body fat mass. An increase in circulating plasma leptin is a typical characteristic of obesity and correlates with a leptin-resistant state. Leptin is considered a pleiotropic molecule regulating appetite and immunity. In immunity, leptin functions as a cytokine and coordinates the host’s innate and adaptive responses by promoting the Th1 type of immune response. Leptin induced the proliferation and functions of antigen-presenting cells, monocytes, and T helper cells, subsequently influencing the pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by these cells, such as TNF-α, IL-2, or IL-6. Leptin scarcity or resistance is linked with dysregulation of cytokine secretion leading to autoimmune disorders, inflammatory responses, and increased susceptibility towards infectious diseases. Therefore, leptin activity by leptin long-lasting super active antagonist’s dysregulation in patients with obesity might contribute to high mortality rates in these patients during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review systematically discusses the interplay mechanism between leptin and inflammatory cytokines and their contribution to the fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prince Sebastian
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Madhulika Namdeo
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Moodu Devender
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arieh Gertler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Ali FEM, Mohammedsaleh ZM, Ali MM, Ghogar OM. Impact of cytokine storm and systemic inflammation on liver impairment patients infected by SARS-CoV-2: Prospective therapeutic challenges. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1531-1552. [PMID: 33958841 PMCID: PMC8058655 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i15.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating worldwide pandemic infection caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome namely coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is associated with a high spreading and mortality rate. On the date this review was written, SARS-CoV-2 infected about 96 million people and killed about 2 million people. Several arguments disclosed the high mortality of COVID-19 due to acute respiratory distress syndrome or change in the amount of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expression or cytokine storm strength production. In a similar pattern, hepatic impairment patients co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited overexpression of ACE2 receptors and cytokine storm overwhelming, which worsens the hepatic impairment and increases the mortality rate. In this review, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hepatic impairment conditions we overviewed. Besides, we focused on the recent studies that indicated cytokine storm as well as ACE2 as the main factors for high COVID-19 spreading and mortality while hinting at the potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Zuhair M Mohammedsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M Ali
- Pre-graduated students, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Osama M Ghogar
- Pre-graduated students, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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36
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Lindsay SL, Barnett SC. Therapeutic Potential of Niche-Specific Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040901. [PMID: 33919910 PMCID: PMC8070966 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for transplant-mediated repair represents an important and promising therapeutic strategy after spinal cord injury (SCI). The appeal of MSCs has been fuelled by their ease of isolation, immunosuppressive properties, and low immunogenicity, alongside the large variety of available tissue sources. However, despite reported similarities in vitro, MSCs sourced from distinct tissues may not have comparable biological properties in vivo. There is accumulating evidence that stemness, plasticity, immunogenicity, and adaptability of stem cells is largely controlled by tissue niche. The extrinsic impact of cellular niche for MSC repair potential is therefore important, not least because of its impact on ex vivo expansion for therapeutic purposes. It is likely certain niche-targeted MSCs are more suited for SCI transplant-mediated repair due to their intrinsic capabilities, such as inherent neurogenic properties. In addition, the various MSC anatomical locations means that differences in harvest and culture procedures can make cross-comparison of pre-clinical data difficult. Since a clinical grade MSC product is inextricably linked with its manufacture, it is imperative that cells can be made relatively easily using appropriate materials. We discuss these issues and highlight the importance of identifying the appropriate niche-specific MSC type for SCI repair.
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Is the ZIKV Congenital Syndrome and Microcephaly Due to Syndemism with Latent Virus Coinfection? Viruses 2021; 13:v13040669. [PMID: 33924398 PMCID: PMC8069280 DOI: 10.3390/v13040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) mirrors its evolutionary nature and, thus, its ability to grow in diversity or complexity (i.e., related to genome, host response, environment changes, tropism, and pathogenicity), leading to it recently joining the circle of closed congenital pathogens. The causal relation of ZIKV to microcephaly is still a much-debated issue. The identification of outbreak foci being in certain endemic urban areas characterized by a high-density population emphasizes that mixed infections might spearhead the recent appearance of a wide range of diseases that were initially attributed to ZIKV. Globally, such coinfections may have both positive and negative effects on viral replication, tropism, host response, and the viral genome. In other words, the possibility of coinfection may necessitate revisiting what is considered to be known regarding the pathogenesis and epidemiology of ZIKV diseases. ZIKV viral coinfections are already being reported with other arboviruses (e.g., chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV)) as well as congenital pathogens (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (HCMV)). However, descriptions of human latent viruses and their impacts on ZIKV disease outcomes in hosts are currently lacking. This review proposes to select some interesting human latent viruses (i.e., herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human papillomavirus (HPV)), whose virological features and co-exposition with ZIKV may provide evidence of the syndemism process, shedding some light on the emergence of the ZIKV-induced global congenital syndrome in South America.
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38
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Guglielmi V, Colangeli L, D’Adamo M, Sbraccia P. Susceptibility and Severity of Viral Infections in Obesity: Lessons from Influenza to COVID-19. Does Leptin Play a Role? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063183. [PMID: 33804765 PMCID: PMC8003928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic Sars-CoV2 infection and studies on previous influenza epidemic have drawn attention to the association between the obesity and infectious diseases susceptibility and worse outcome. Metabolic complications, nutritional aspects, physical inactivity, and a chronic unbalance in the hormonal and adipocytokine microenvironment are major determinants in the severity of viral infections in obesity. By these pleiotropic mechanisms obesity impairs immune surveillance and the higher leptin concentrations produced by adipose tissue and that characterize obesity substantially contribute to such immune response dysregulation. Indeed, leptin not only controls energy balance and body weight, but also plays a regulatory role in the interplay between energy metabolism and immune system. Since leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system, leptin may exert effects on cells of both innate and adaptive immune system. Chronic inflammatory states due to metabolic (i.e., obesity) as well as infectious diseases increase leptin concentrations and consequently lead to leptin resistance further fueling inflammation. Multiple factors, including inflammation and ER stress, contribute to leptin resistance. Thus, if leptin is recognized as one of the adipokines responsible for the low grade inflammation found in obesity, on the other hand, impairments of leptin signaling due to leptin resistance appear to blunt the immunologic effects of leptin and possibly contribute to impaired vaccine-induced immune responses. However, many aspects concerning leptin interactions with inflammation and immune system as well as the therapeutical approaches to overcome leptin resistance and reduced vaccine effectiveness in obesity remain a challenge for future research.
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39
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Cai H, Yang L, Lu Y, Zhang S, Ye C, Zhang X, Yu G, Gu J, Lian J, Hao S, Hu J, Zhang Y, Jin C, Sheng J, Yang Y, Jia H. High body mass index is a significant risk factor for the progression and prognosis of imported COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:147. [PMID: 33546633 PMCID: PMC7863059 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) has spread worldwide. The present study aimed to characterize the clinical features and outcomes of imported COVID-19 patients with high body mass index (BMI) and the independent association of BMI with disease severity. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, 455 imported COVID-19 patients were admitted and discharged in Zhejiang province by February 28, 2020. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, treatment, and outcome data were collected, analyzed and compared between patients with BMI ≥ 24and < 24. RESULTS A total of 268 patients had BMI < 24, and 187 patients had BMI ≥ 24. Those with high BMI were mostly men, had a smoking history, fever, cough, and sputum than those with BMI < 24. A large number of patients with BMI ≥ 24 were diagnosed as severe/critical types. Some biochemical indicators were significantly elevated in patients with BMI ≥ 24. Also, acute liver injury was the most common complication in these patients. The median days from illness onset to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection, duration of hospitalization, and days from illness onset to discharge were significantly longer in patients with BMI ≥ 24 than those with BMI < 24. High BMI, exposure to Wuhan, any coexisting medical condition, high temperature, C-reactive protein (CRP), and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were independent risk factors for severe/critical COVID-19. After adjusting for age, sex and above factors, BMI was still independently associated with progression to severe/critical illness (P = 0.0040). Hemoglobin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), CRP, and serum creatinine (Scr) were independent risk factors associated with high BMI. CONCLUSIONS Contrasted with the imported COVID-19 patients with BMI < 24, high proportion of COVID-19 patients with BMI ≥ 24 in our study, especially those with elevated CRP and LDH, developed to severe type, with longer hospitalization duration and anti-virus course. Thus, high BMI is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of imported COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisha Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chanyuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jueqing Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangshan Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaorui Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ciliang Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jifang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yida Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hongyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd, Hangzhou, China.
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40
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Metawea MI, Yousif WI, Moheb I. COVID 19 and liver: An A-Z literature review. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53:146-152. [PMID: 32988758 PMCID: PMC7494329 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has changed the priorities of the whole medical society. During the clinical course of COVID-19, it has been observed that hepatic injury occurs in a significant proportion of patients, particularly in those with severe or critical illness. In this literature review, we summarize the most recent studies, which covered the pathophysiology of COVID-19 induced liver injury including; hepatic pathological findings, therapy related liver damage, and the effects of the viral infection on pre-existing liver diseasesin context of the most recent recommendations. Conclusions: This review sheds light on the impact of COVID-19 infection on the liver, as well as the prognostic effect of liver laboratory markers on disease outcome. Temporal variations in liver parameters during disease course as well as different patterns of derangement are depicted. More intensive surveillance and individualized therapeutic approaches should be tailored for immunocompromised patients with advanced liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplant patients. Despite the limited studies on COVID-19 infected patients with preexisting liver disease, this comprehensive overview provides a perspective on the management of liver disease during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Islam Moheb
- MD. Hepatology department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Mohammad S, Aziz R, Al Mahri S, Malik SS, Haji E, Khan AH, Khatlani TS, Bouchama A. Obesity and COVID-19: what makes obese host so vulnerable? IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33390183 PMCID: PMC7779330 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The disease (COVID-19) novel coronavirus pandemic has so far infected millions resulting in the death of over a million people as of Oct 2020. More than 90% of those infected with COVID-19 show mild or no symptoms but the rest of the infected cases show severe symptoms resulting in significant mortality. Age has emerged as a major factor to predict the severity of the disease and mortality rates are significantly higher in elderly patients. Besides, patients with underlying conditions like Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cancer have an increased risk of severe disease and death due to COVID-19 infection. Obesity has emerged as a novel risk factor for hospitalization and death due to COVID-19. Several independent studies have observed that people with obesity are at a greater risk of severe disease and death due to COVID-19. Here we review the published data related to obesity and overweight to assess the possible risk and outcome in Covid-19 patients based on their body weight. Besides, we explore how the obese host provides a unique microenvironment for disease pathogenesis, resulting in increased severity of the disease and poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Mohammad
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rafia Aziz
- Government Medical College Baramulla, Baramulla, Kashmir, India
| | - Saeed Al Mahri
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuja Shafi Malik
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esraa Haji
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Husain Khan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanvir Saleem Khatlani
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Stem Cells Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences--MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abderrezak Bouchama
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
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Ferrari F, Martins VM, Teixeira M, Santos RD, Stein R. COVID-19 and Thromboinflammation: Is There a Role for Statins? Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2518. [PMID: 33787678 PMCID: PMC7955154 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) showed increased morbidity and mortality rates and worse prognosis in individuals with underlying chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. There is also evidence of possible links among COVID-19, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Emerging evidence suggests a pro-inflammatory milieu and hypercoagulable state in patients with this infection. Despite anticoagulation, a large proportion of patients requiring intensive care may develop life-threatening thrombotic complications. Indeed, the levels of some markers of hemostatic activation, such as D-dimer, are commonly elevated in COVID-19, indicating potential risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism. In this review, we critically examine and discuss aspects of hypercoagulability and inflammation in COVID-19 and the possible benefits of statins in this scenario, with emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, we present recommendations on the use of antiviral drugs in combination with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ferrari
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cardiologia e Ciencias Cardiovasculares, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | | | - Marcelo Teixeira
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cardiologia e Ciencias Cardiovasculares, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | - Raul D. Santos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Unidade Clinica de Lipides, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Ricardo Stein
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cardiologia e Ciencias Cardiovasculares, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Obesity and Risk of COVID-19 Infection and Severity: Available Evidence and Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1321:97-107. [PMID: 33656716 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in worldwide research efforts to recognize people at greatest risk of developing critical illness and dying. Growing numbers of reports have connected obesity to more severe COVID-19 illness and death. Although the exact mechanism by which obesity may lead to severe COVID-19 outcomes has not yet been determined, the mechanisms appear to be multifactorial. These include mechanical changes of the airways and lung parenchyma, systemic and airway inflammation, and general metabolic dysfunction that adversely affect pulmonary function and/or response to treatment. As COVID-19 continues to spread worldwide, clinicians should carefully monitor and manage obese patients for prompt and targeted treatment.
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Nigro E, Polito R, Alfieri A, Mancini A, Imperlini E, Elce A, Krustrup P, Orrù S, Buono P, Daniele A. Molecular mechanisms involved in the positive effects of physical activity on coping with COVID-19. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020. [PMID: 32885275 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04484-5.pmid:32885275;pmcid:pmc7471545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity (PA) represents the first line of defence against diseases characterised by increased inflammation status, such as metabolic and infectious diseases. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle-associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders-negatively impacts on general health status, including susceptibility to infections. At a time of a pandemic SARS-CoV2 infection, and in the context of the multiorgan crosstalk (widely accepted as a mechanism participating in the pathophysiology of all organs and systems), we examine the complex interplay mediated by skeletal muscle contraction involving the immune system and how this contributes to control health status and to counteract viral infections. In so doing, we review the molecular mechanisms and expression of molecules modulated by PA, able to provide the proper molecular equipment against viral infections such as the current SARS-CoV2. METHODS A critical review of the literature was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and mediators induced by PA that potentially impact on viral infections such as SARS-CoV2. RESULTS We showed the effects mediated by regular moderate PA on viral adverse effects through the regulation of biological processes involving the crosstalk between skeletal muscle, the immune system and adipose tissue. Evidence was provided of the effects mediated by modulation of the expression of inflammation markers. CONCLUSION A tigth association between PA and reduction in inflammation status allows effective counteracting of SARS-CoV2 infection. It is therefore essential to persuade people to keep active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Andreina Alfieri
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ausilia Elce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Shanghai University of Sport (SUS), Shanghai, China
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stefania Orrù
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy.
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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Malik P, Patel U, Patel K, Martin M, Shah C, Mehta D, Malik FA, Sharma A. Obesity a predictor of outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalized patients-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2020; 93:1188-1193. [PMID: 32975814 PMCID: PMC7537321 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health crisis. Very few studies have reported association between obesity and severity of COVID-19. In this meta-analysis, we assessed the association of obesity and outcomes in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Data from observational studies describing the obesity or body mass index and outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalized patients from December 1, 2019, to August 15, 2020, was extracted following PRISMA guidelines with a consensus of two independent reviewers. Adverse outcomes defined as intensive care units, oxygen saturation less than 90%, invasive mechanical ventilation, severe disease, and in-hospital mortality. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were obtained and forest plots were created using random-effects models. A total of 10 studies with 10,233 confirmed COVID-19 patients were included. The overall prevalence of obesity in our study was 33.9% (3473/10,233). In meta-analysis, COVID-19 patient with obesity had higher odds of poor outcomes compared with better outcomes with a pooled OR of 1.88 (95% CI: 1.25-2.80; p = 0.002), with 86% heterogeneity between studies (p < 0.00001). Our study suggests a significant association between obesity and COVID-19 severity and poor outcomes. Our results findings may have important suggestions for the clinical management and future research of obesity and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Malik
- Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Urvish Patel
- Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Karan Patel
- MS(1), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mehwish Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chail Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brooklyn Cancer Care, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deep Mehta
- Department of Clinical Research Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Faizan Ahmad Malik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Odessa, Texas, USA
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yuma Regional Medicine, Yuma, Arizona, USA
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Földi M, Farkas N, Kiss S, Zádori N, Váncsa S, Szakó L, Dembrovszky F, Solymár M, Bartalis E, Szakács Z, Hartmann P, Pár G, Erőss B, Molnár Z, Hegyi P, Szentesi A. Obesity is a risk factor for developing critical condition in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13095. [PMID: 32686331 PMCID: PMC7404429 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The disease course of COVID-19 varies from asymptomatic infection to critical condition leading to mortality. Identification of prognostic factors is important for prevention and early treatment. We aimed to examine whether obesity is a risk factor for the critical condition in COVID-19 patients by performing a meta-analysis. The review protocol was registered onto PROSPERO (CRD42020185980). A systematic search was performed in five scientific databases between 1 January and 11 May 2020. After selection, 24 retrospective cohort studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative analyses. We calculated pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in meta-analysis. Obesity was a significant risk factor for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in a homogenous dataset (OR = 1.21, CI: 1.002-1.46; I2 = 0.0%) as well as for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) (OR = 2.05, CI: 1.16-3.64; I2 = 34.86%) in COVID-19. Comparing body mass index (BMI) classes with each other, we found that a higher BMI always carries a higher risk. Obesity may serve as a clinical predictor for adverse outcomes; therefore, the inclusion of BMI in prognostic scores and improvement of guidelines for the intensive care of patients with elevated BMI are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Földi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
| | - Nelli Farkas
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Institute of BioanalysisMedical School, University of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Szabolcs Kiss
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
| | - Noémi Zádori
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Szilárd Váncsa
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Lajos Szakó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Fanni Dembrovszky
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Margit Solymár
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Eszter Bartalis
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu MuresTargu MuresRomania
| | - Zsolt Szakács
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Petra Hartmann
- Institute of Surgical ResearchUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
| | - Gabriella Pár
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Bálint Erőss
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Zsolt Molnár
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive TherapyPoznan University for Medical SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Andrea Szentesi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- First Department of MedicineUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
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Magdy Beshbishy A, Hetta HF, Hussein DE, Saati AA, C. Uba C, Rivero-Perez N, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Shah MA, Behl T, Batiha GES. Factors Associated with Increased Morbidity and Mortality of Obese and Overweight COVID-19 Patients. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E280. [PMID: 32916925 PMCID: PMC7564335 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are defined as an unnecessary accumulation of fat, which poses a risk to health. It is a well-identified risk factor for increased mortality due to heightened rates of heart disease, certain cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and bacterial, protozoan and viral infections. The increasing prevalence of obesity is of concern, as conventional pathogenesis may indeed be increased in obese hosts rather than healthy hosts, especially during this COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 is a new disease and we do not have the luxury of cumulative data. Obesity activates the development of gene induced hypoxia and adipogenesis in obese animals. Several factors can influence obesity, for example, stress can increase the body weight by allowing people to consume high amounts of food with a higher propensity to consume palatable food. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of immune-mediated and some inflammatory-mediated diseases, including atherosclerosis and psoriasis, leading to a dampened immune response to infectious agents, leading to weaker post-infection impacts. Moreover, the obese host creates a special microenvironment for disease pathogenesis, marked by persistent low-grade inflammation. Therefore, it is advisable to sustain healthy eating habits by increasing the consumption of various plant-based and low-fat foods to protect our bodies and decrease the risk of infectious diseases, especially COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Diaa E. Hussein
- Researcher, Department of Food Hygiene, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute, Port of Alexandria 26514, Egypt;
| | - Abdullah A. Saati
- Department of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Christian C. Uba
- Department of Microbiology, Paul University, Awka, Anambra State PMB 6074, Nigeria;
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo 43600, Hgo, Mexico; (N.R.-P.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo 43600, Hgo, Mexico; (N.R.-P.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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48
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Molecular mechanisms involved in the positive effects of physical activity on coping with COVID-19. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2569-2582. [PMID: 32885275 PMCID: PMC7471545 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity (PA) represents the first line of defence against diseases characterised by increased inflammation status, such as metabolic and infectious diseases. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle-associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders-negatively impacts on general health status, including susceptibility to infections. At a time of a pandemic SARS-CoV2 infection, and in the context of the multiorgan crosstalk (widely accepted as a mechanism participating in the pathophysiology of all organs and systems), we examine the complex interplay mediated by skeletal muscle contraction involving the immune system and how this contributes to control health status and to counteract viral infections. In so doing, we review the molecular mechanisms and expression of molecules modulated by PA, able to provide the proper molecular equipment against viral infections such as the current SARS-CoV2. METHODS A critical review of the literature was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and mediators induced by PA that potentially impact on viral infections such as SARS-CoV2. RESULTS We showed the effects mediated by regular moderate PA on viral adverse effects through the regulation of biological processes involving the crosstalk between skeletal muscle, the immune system and adipose tissue. Evidence was provided of the effects mediated by modulation of the expression of inflammation markers. CONCLUSION A tigth association between PA and reduction in inflammation status allows effective counteracting of SARS-CoV2 infection. It is therefore essential to persuade people to keep active.
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Jung CY, Park H, Kim DW, Lim H, Chang JH, Choi YJ, Kim SW, Chang TI. Association between Body Mass Index and Risk of COVID-19: A Nationwide Case-Control Study in South Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e1855-e1862. [PMID: 32841322 PMCID: PMC7499566 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased body mass index (BMI) has been associated with higher risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. However, whether obesity is a risk factor for contracting COVID-19 has been hardly investigated so far. Methods We examined the association between BMI level and the risk of COVID-19 infection in a nationwide case-control study comprised of 3,788 case patients confirmed with COVID-19 between January 24 and April 9, 2020 and 15,152 controls matched by age and sex, who were aged 20 years or more and underwent National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) health examinations between 2015−2017, using data from the Korean NHIS with linkage to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data. Our primary exposure of interest was BMI level categorized into four groups; &18.5 (underweight), 18.5-22.9 (normal weight), 23-24.9 (overweight), and ≥25 kg/m 2 (obese). Results Of the entire 18,940 study population, 11,755 (62.1%) were women, and the mean (SD) age of the study participants was 53.7 (13.8) years. In multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic, comorbidity, laboratory and medication data, there was a graded association between higher BMI levels and higher risk of COVID-19 infection; compared to normal weight individuals, the adjusted ORs in the overweight and obese individuals were 1.13 (95% CI, 1.03-1.25) and 1.26 (95% CI, 1.15-1.39), respectively. This association was robust across age and sex subgroups. Conclusions Higher BMI levels were associated with higher risk of contracting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Young Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyong Park
- Research and Analysis Team, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Big Data, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsun Lim
- Research and Analysis Team, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Choi
- Department of Pathology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woo Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ik Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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50
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Feenie
- Founder and CEO, College of Contemporary Health London UK
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