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Balogun WO, Naylor R, Adedokun BO, Ogunniyi A, Olopade OI, Dagogo-Jack SE, Bell GI, Philipson LH. Implementing genetic testing in diabetes: Knowledge, perceptions of healthcare professionals, and barriers in a developing country. Popul Med 2024; 6:9. [PMID: 38681897 PMCID: PMC11052599 DOI: 10.18332/popmed/184210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is an unusual type of diabetes often missed in clinical practice, especially in Africa. Treatment decisions for MODY depend on a precise diagnosis, only made by genetic testing. We aimed to determine MODY knowledge among Nigerian healthcare professionals (HCPs), their perceptions, and barriers to the implementation of genetic testing in diabetes patients. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among doctors and nurses in three levels of public and private healthcare institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria, from December 2018 to June 2019. In all, 70% and 30% of a total 415 participants were recruited from public and private centers, respectively. HCPs were recruited in a 60:40% ratio, respectively. A 51-item instrument was used to assess MODY knowledge, perceptions of HCPs, and barriers to the implementation of genetic testing in diabetes patients. RESULTS In the survey, 43.4% self-rated their current MODY knowledge to be at least moderate. About 68%, 73% and 86%, respectively, correctly answered 3 of 5 questions on basic genetics' knowledge. However, only 1 of 7 MODY-specific questions was answered correctly by 72.7% of the respondents. The mean basic genetics and MODY-specific knowledge scores were 2.6/5 (SD=1.0) and 1.8/9 (SD=1.3), respectively. Multiple linear regression showed higher mean scores among those aged 30-49 years, those with degrees and fellowships (except PhD), and general practitioners; 360 (80.0%) perceived that genetic testing plays a central role in diabetes care. Barriers to genetic testing were lack of access to testing facilities, guidance on the use of and updates/educational materials on genetic testing (82.7%, 62.1% and 50.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The level of MODY awareness and knowledge among Nigerian HCPs is unacceptably low with a lack of access to genetic testing facilities. These can hinder the implementation of precision diabetes medicine. Increased awareness, provision of decision support aids, and genetic testing facilities are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams O. Balogun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Rochelle Naylor
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Babatunde O. Adedokun
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health and Section of Haematology Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Samuel E. Dagogo-Jack
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Loui H. Philipson
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Bowden TL, Letourneau-Freiberg LR, Kandasamy B, Sanyoura M, Tian P, Harris AG, Bell GI, Philipson LH, Naylor RN, Greeley SAW. Insight on Diagnosis and Treatment From Over a Decade of Research Through the University of Chicago Monogenic Diabetes Registry. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc 2021; 2:735548. [PMID: 36330312 PMCID: PMC9629510 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2021.735548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic diabetes is a category of diabetes mellitus caused by a single gene mutation or chromosomal abnormality, usually sub-classified as either neonatal diabetes or maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Although monogenic diabetes affects up to 3.5% of all patients with diabetes diagnosed before age 30, misdiagnosis and/or improper treatment occurs frequently. The University of Chicago Monogenic Diabetes Registry, established in 2008, offers insight into the diagnosis, treatment, and natural history of individuals known or suspected to have monogenic diabetes. Those interested in participating in the Registry begin by completing a secure web-based registration form found on our website (http://monogenicdiabetes.uchicago.edu/registry/). Participants are then screened for eligibility and consented either by phone, video call, or in person. Relevant medical and family history is collected at baseline and then annually via surveys through our secure Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) database. The University of Chicago Monogenic Diabetes Registry has enrolled over 3800 participants from over 2000 families. Participants represent all 50 states and more than 20 different countries. To date, over 1100 participants have a known genetic cause of diabetes. While many Registry participants reported being referred through their diabetes care provider (54%), a large portion also learned about the Registry through web searching (24%), friends/family (18%), or other sources (13%). Around two-thirds of those with a known genetic cause had research-based genetic testing completed rather than clinical testing due to insurance coverage difficulties. Of those who were found to have monogenic diabetes, significant delays in diagnosis were identified, which highlights the need for increased access to clinical genetic testing covered by insurance companies specifically within the United States. Among genes that cause a MODY phenotype, GCK mutations were the most common (59%) followed by HNF1A mutations (28%), while mutations in KCNJ11 were the most common among genes that cause neonatal diabetes (35%) followed by INS (16%). Over the last decade, improvements in data collection for the University of Chicago Monogenic Diabetes Registry have resulted in increased knowledge of the natural history of monogenic diabetes, as well as a better understanding of the most effective treatments. The University of Chicago Monogenic Diabetes Registry serves as a valuable resource that will continue to provide evidence to support improved clinical care and patient outcomes in monogenic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana L. Bowden
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lisa R. Letourneau-Freiberg
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Balamurugan Kandasamy
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - May Sanyoura
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Persephone Tian
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anastasia G. Harris
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Louis H. Philipson
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rochelle N. Naylor
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Siri Atma W. Greeley
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Støy J, De Franco E, Ye H, Park SY, Bell GI, Hattersley AT. In celebration of a century with insulin - Update of insulin gene mutations in diabetes. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101280. [PMID: 34174481 PMCID: PMC8513141 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While insulin has been central to the pathophysiology and treatment of patients with diabetes for the last 100 years, it has only been since 2007 that genetic variation in the INS gene has been recognised as a major cause of monogenic diabetes. Both dominant and recessive mutations in the INS gene are now recognised as important causes of neonatal diabetes and offer important insights into both the structure and function of insulin. It is also recognised that in rare cases, mutations in the INS gene can be found in patients with diabetes diagnosed outside the first year of life. Scope of Review This review examines the genetics and clinical features of monogenic diabetes resulting from INS gene mutations from the first description in 2007 and includes information from 389 patients from 292 families diagnosed in Exeter with INS gene mutations. We discuss the implications for diagnosing and treating this subtype of monogenic diabetes. Major Conclusions The dominant mutations in the INS gene typically affect the secondary structure of the insulin protein, usually by disrupting the 3 disulfide bonds in mature insulin. The resulting misfolded protein results in ER stress and beta-cell destruction. In contrast, recessive INS gene mutations typically result in no functional protein being produced due to reduced insulin biosynthesis or loss-of-function mutations in the insulin protein. There are clinical differences between the two genetic aetiologies, between the specific mutations, and within patients with identical mutations. Dominant and recessive mutations in the insulin (INS) gene are important causes of neonatal diabetes. Associated phenotypes are variable in terms of age at diabetes onset, birth weight and treatment requirements. Dominant mutations affect the secondary structure of the insulin protein, resulting in beta-cell ER stress and destruction. Recessive mutations result in reduced insulin biosynthesis or loss-of-function mutations of the insulin protein. The studies of these forms of diabetes offer important insights into the structure, biosynthesis and secretion of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Støy
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Honggang Ye
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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4
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Petty LE, Highland HM, Gamazon ER, Hu H, Karhade M, Chen HH, de Vries PS, Grove ML, Aguilar D, Bell GI, Huff CD, Hanis CL, Doddapaneni H, Munzy DM, Gibbs RA, Ma J, Parra EJ, Cruz M, Valladares-Salgado A, Arking DE, Barbeira A, Im HK, Morrison AC, Boerwinkle E, Below JE. Functionally oriented analysis of cardiometabolic traits in a trans-ethnic sample. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1212-1224. [PMID: 30624610 PMCID: PMC6423424 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of genetic association results is difficult because signals often lack biological context. To generate hypotheses of the functional genetic etiology of complex cardiometabolic traits, we estimated the genetically determined component of gene expression from common variants using PrediXcan (1) and determined genes with differential predicted expression by trait. PrediXcan imputes tissue-specific expression levels from genetic variation using variant-level effect on gene expression in transcriptome data. To explore the value of imputed genetically regulated gene expression (GReX) models across different ancestral populations, we evaluated imputed expression levels for predictive accuracy genome-wide in RNA sequence data in samples drawn from European-ancestry and African-ancestry populations and identified substantial predictive power using European-derived models in a non-European target population. We then tested the association of GReX on 15 cardiometabolic traits including blood lipid levels, body mass index, height, blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin, RR interval, fibrinogen level, factor VII level and white blood cell and platelet counts in 15 755 individuals across three ancestry groups, resulting in 20 novel gene-phenotype associations reaching experiment-wide significance across ancestries. In addition, we identified 18 significant novel gene-phenotype associations in our ancestry-specific analyses. Top associations were assessed for additional support via query of S-PrediXcan (2) results derived from publicly available genome-wide association studies summary data. Collectively, these findings illustrate the utility of transcriptome-based imputation models for discovery of cardiometabolic effect genes in a diverse dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Petty
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heather M Highland
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mandar Karhade
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hung-Hsin Chen
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Aguilar
- Department of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Donna M Munzy
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Esteban J Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adan Valladares-Salgado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alvaro Barbeira
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Flannick J, Mercader JM, Fuchsberger C, Udler MS, Mahajan A, Wessel J, Teslovich TM, Caulkins L, Koesterer R, Barajas-Olmos F, Blackwell TW, Boerwinkle E, Brody JA, Centeno-Cruz F, Chen L, Chen S, Contreras-Cubas C, Córdova E, Correa A, Cortes M, DeFronzo RA, Dolan L, Drews KL, Elliott A, Floyd JS, Gabriel S, Garay-Sevilla ME, García-Ortiz H, Gross M, Han S, Heard-Costa NL, Jackson AU, Jørgensen ME, Kang HM, Kelsey M, Kim BJ, Koistinen HA, Kuusisto J, Leader JB, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Liu J, Lyssenko V, Manning AK, Marcketta A, Malacara-Hernandez JM, Martínez-Hernández A, Matsuo K, Mayer-Davis E, Mendoza-Caamal E, Mohlke KL, Morrison AC, Ndungu A, Ng MCY, O'Dushlaine C, Payne AJ, Pihoker C, Post WS, Preuss M, Psaty BM, Vasan RS, Rayner NW, Reiner AP, Revilla-Monsalve C, Robertson NR, Santoro N, Schurmann C, So WY, Soberón X, Stringham HM, Strom TM, Tam CHT, Thameem F, Tomlinson B, Torres JM, Tracy RP, van Dam RM, Vujkovic M, Wang S, Welch RP, Witte DR, Wong TY, Atzmon G, Barzilai N, Blangero J, Bonnycastle LL, Bowden DW, Chambers JC, Chan E, Cheng CY, Cho YS, Collins FS, de Vries PS, Duggirala R, Glaser B, Gonzalez C, Gonzalez ME, Groop L, Kooner JS, Kwak SH, Laakso M, Lehman DM, Nilsson P, Spector TD, Tai ES, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Wilson JG, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Bottinger E, Burke B, Carey DJ, Chan JCN, Dupuis J, Frossard P, Heckbert SR, Hwang MY, Kim YJ, Kirchner HL, Lee JY, Lee J, Loos RJF, Ma RCW, Morris AD, O'Donnell CJ, Palmer CNA, Pankow J, Park KS, Rasheed A, Saleheen D, Sim X, Small KS, Teo YY, Haiman C, Hanis CL, Henderson BE, Orozco L, Tusié-Luna T, Dewey FE, Baras A, Gieger C, Meitinger T, Strauch K, Lange L, Grarup N, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Zeitler P, Dabelea D, Abecasis G, Bell GI, Cox NJ, Seielstad M, Sladek R, Meigs JB, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Altshuler D, Burtt NP, Scott LJ, Morris AP, Florez JC, McCarthy MI, Boehnke M. Exome sequencing of 20,791 cases of type 2 diabetes and 24,440 controls. Nature 2019; 570:71-76. [PMID: 31118516 PMCID: PMC6699738 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein-coding genetic variants that strongly affect disease risk can yield relevant clues to disease pathogenesis. Here we report exome-sequencing analyses of 20,791 individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 24,440 non-diabetic control participants from 5 ancestries. We identify gene-level associations of rare variants (with minor allele frequencies of less than 0.5%) in 4 genes at exome-wide significance, including a series of more than 30 SLC30A8 alleles that conveys protection against T2D, and in 12 gene sets, including those corresponding to T2D drug targets (P = 6.1 × 10-3) and candidate genes from knockout mice (P = 5.2 × 10-3). Within our study, the strongest T2D gene-level signals for rare variants explain at most 25% of the heritability of the strongest common single-variant signals, and the gene-level effect sizes of the rare variants that we observed in established T2D drug targets will require 75,000-185,000 sequenced cases to achieve exome-wide significance. We propose a method to interpret these modest rare-variant associations and to incorporate these associations into future target or gene prioritization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Flannick
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Miriam S Udler
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Diabetes Translational Research Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tanya M Teslovich
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Lizz Caulkins
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Koesterer
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Blackwell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ling Chen
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siying Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Emilio Córdova
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Maria Cortes
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence Dolan
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly L Drews
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Elliott
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James S Floyd
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Maria Eugenia Garay-Sevilla
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Myron Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sohee Han
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Megan Kelsey
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicin, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Marcketta
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Malacara-Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Karen Matsuo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne Ndungu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Colm O'Dushlaine
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Anthony J Payne
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Preuss
- Charles R. Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology, Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Charles R. Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xavier Soberón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia H T Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Farook Thameem
- Health Science Center, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason M Torres
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Robert Larner M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, The Robert Larner M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan P Welch
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edmund Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Francis S Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Clicerio Gonzalez
- Unidad de Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Genetics Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal Singh Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Soo Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicin, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Donna M Lehman
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Genetics Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), University Hospital LaPaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Erwin Bottinger
- Charles R. Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Burke
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mi Yeong Hwang
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | | | - Jong-Young Lee
- Department of Business Data Convergence, Chungbuk National University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Lee
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles R. Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Insititute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Intramural Administration Management Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - James Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Frederick E Dewey
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leslie Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Zeitler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rob Sladek
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James B Meigs
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noël P Burtt
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Chen H, Cade BE, Gleason KJ, Bjonnes AC, Stilp AM, Sofer T, Conomos MP, Ancoli-Israel S, Arens R, Azarbarzin A, Bell GI, Below JE, Chun S, Evans DS, Ewert R, Frazier-Wood AC, Gharib SA, Haba-Rubio J, Hagen EW, Heinzer R, Hillman DR, Johnson WC, Kutalik Z, Lane JM, Larkin EK, Lee SK, Liang J, Loredo JS, Mukherjee S, Palmer LJ, Papanicolaou GJ, Penzel T, Peppard PE, Post WS, Ramos AR, Rice K, Rotter JI, Sands SA, Shah NA, Shin C, Stone KL, Stubbe B, Sul JH, Tafti M, Taylor KD, Teumer A, Thornton TA, Tranah GJ, Wang C, Wang H, Warby SC, Wellman DA, Zee PC, Hanis CL, Laurie CC, Gottlieb DJ, Patel SR, Zhu X, Sunyaev SR, Saxena R, Lin X, Redline S. Multiethnic Meta-Analysis Identifies RAI1 as a Possible Obstructive Sleep Apnea-related Quantitative Trait Locus in Men. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:391-401. [PMID: 29077507 PMCID: PMC5854957 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0237oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common heritable disorder displaying marked sexual dimorphism in disease prevalence and progression. Previous genetic association studies have identified a few genetic loci associated with OSA and related quantitative traits, but they have only focused on single ethnic groups, and a large proportion of the heritability remains unexplained. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is a commonly used quantitative measure characterizing OSA severity. Because OSA differs by sex, and the pathophysiology of obstructive events differ in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, we hypothesized that additional genetic association signals would be identified by analyzing the NREM/REM-specific AHI and by conducting sex-specific analyses in multiethnic samples. We performed genome-wide association tests for up to 19,733 participants of African, Asian, European, and Hispanic/Latino American ancestry in 7 studies. We identified rs12936587 on chromosome 17 as a possible quantitative trait locus for NREM AHI in men (N = 6,737; P = 1.7 × 10-8) but not in women (P = 0.77). The association with NREM AHI was replicated in a physiological research study (N = 67; P = 0.047). This locus overlapping the RAI1 gene and encompassing genes PEMT1, SREBF1, and RASD1 was previously reported to be associated with coronary artery disease, lipid metabolism, and implicated in Potocki-Lupski syndrome and Smith-Magenis syndrome, which are characterized by abnormal sleep phenotypes. We also identified gene-by-sex interactions in suggestive association regions, suggesting that genetic variants for AHI appear to vary by sex, consistent with the clinical observations of strong sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health and
- Center for Precision Health, School of Public Health & School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian E. Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin J. Gleason
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew C. Bjonnes
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Anesthesia, Pain, and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienne M. Stilp
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Matthew P. Conomos
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sonia Ancoli-Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Raanan Arens
- the Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Division of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ali Azarbarzin
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer E. Below
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health and
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sung Chun
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Ralf Ewert
- Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sina A. Gharib
- Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - José Haba-Rubio
- Center of Investigation and Research on Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erika W. Hagen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Raphael Heinzer
- Center of Investigation and Research on Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David R. Hillman
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - W. Craig Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline M. Lane
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Anesthesia, Pain, and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emma K. Larkin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Seung Ku Lee
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Jeokgum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jose S. Loredo
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Sutapa Mukherjee
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - George J. Papanicolaou
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas Penzel
- University Hospital Charité Berlin, Sleep Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul E. Peppard
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wendy S. Post
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alberto R. Ramos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ken Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics at Harbor–University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Scott A. Sands
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neomi A. Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Chol Shin
- Department of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Jeokgum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Katie L. Stone
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Beate Stubbe
- Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jae Hoon Sul
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mehdi Tafti
- Center of Investigation and Research on Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics at Harbor–University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Gregory J. Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Chaolong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heming Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Simon C. Warby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D. Andrew Wellman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Phyllis C. Zee
- Department of Neurology and Sleep Medicine Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health and
| | - Cathy C. Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel J. Gottlieb
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sanjay R. Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shamil R. Sunyaev
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Richa Saxena
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Anesthesia, Pain, and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Flannick J, Fuchsberger C, Mahajan A, Teslovich TM, Agarwala V, Gaulton KJ, Caulkins L, Koesterer R, Ma C, Moutsianas L, McCarthy DJ, Rivas MA, Perry JRB, Sim X, Blackwell TW, Robertson NR, Rayner NW, Cingolani P, Locke AE, Tajes JF, Highland HM, Dupuis J, Chines PS, Lindgren CM, Hartl C, Jackson AU, Chen H, Huyghe JR, van de Bunt M, Pearson RD, Kumar A, Müller-Nurasyid M, Grarup N, Stringham HM, Gamazon ER, Lee J, Chen Y, Scott RA, Below JE, Chen P, Huang J, Go MJ, Stitzel ML, Pasko D, Parker SCJ, Varga TV, Green T, Beer NL, Day-Williams AG, Ferreira T, Fingerlin T, Horikoshi M, Hu C, Huh I, Ikram MK, Kim BJ, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kwon MS, Lee J, Lee S, Lin KH, Maxwell TJ, Nagai Y, Wang X, Welch RP, Yoon J, Zhang W, Barzilai N, Voight BF, Han BG, Jenkinson CP, Kuulasmaa T, Kuusisto J, Manning A, Ng MCY, Palmer ND, Balkau B, Stančáková A, Abboud HE, Boeing H, Giedraitis V, Prabhakaran D, Gottesman O, Scott J, Carey J, Kwan P, Grant G, Smith JD, Neale BM, Purcell S, Butterworth AS, Howson JMM, Lee HM, Lu Y, Kwak SH, Zhao W, Danesh J, Lam VKL, Park KS, Saleheen D, So WY, Tam CHT, Afzal U, Aguilar D, Arya R, Aung T, Chan E, Navarro C, Cheng CY, Palli D, Correa A, Curran JE, Rybin D, Farook VS, Fowler SP, Freedman BI, Griswold M, Hale DE, Hicks PJ, Khor CC, Kumar S, Lehne B, Thuillier D, Lim WY, Liu J, Loh M, Musani SK, Puppala S, Scott WR, Yengo L, Tan ST, Taylor HA, Thameem F, Wilson G, Wong TY, Njølstad PR, Levy JC, Mangino M, Bonnycastle LL, Schwarzmayr T, Fadista J, Surdulescu GL, Herder C, Groves CJ, Wieland T, Bork-Jensen J, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Koistinen HA, Doney AS.F, Kinnunen L, Esko T, Farmer AJ, Hakaste L, Hodgkiss D, Kravic J, Lyssenko V, Hollensted M, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Ladenvall C, Justesen JM, Käräjämäki A, Kriebel J, Rathmann W, Lannfelt L, Lauritzen T, Narisu N, Linneberg A, Melander O, Milani L, Neville M, Orho-Melander M, Qi L, Qi Q, Roden M, Rolandsson O, Swift A, Rosengren AH, Stirrups K, Wood AR, Mihailov E, Blancher C, Carneiro MO, Maguire J, Poplin R, Shakir K, Fennell T, DePristo M, de Angelis MH, Deloukas P, Gjesing AP, Jun G, Nilsson P, Murphy J, Onofrio R, Thorand B, Hansen T, Meisinger C, Hu FB, Isomaa B, Karpe F, Liang L, Peters A, Huth C, O'Rahilly SP, Palmer CNA, Pedersen O, Rauramaa R, Tuomilehto J, Salomaa V, Watanabe RM, Syvänen AC, Bergman RN, Bharadwaj D, Bottinger EP, Cho YS, Chandak GR, Chan JCN, Chia KS, Daly MJ, Ebrahim SB, Langenberg C, Elliott P, Jablonski KA, Lehman DM, Jia W, Ma RCW, Pollin TI, Sandhu M, Tandon N, Froguel P, Barroso I, Teo YY, Zeggini E, Loos RJF, Small KS, Ried JS, DeFronzo RA, Grallert H, Glaser B, Metspalu A, Wareham NJ, Walker M, Banks E, Gieger C, Ingelsson E, Im HK, Illig T, Franks PW, Buck G, Trakalo J, Buck D, Prokopenko I, Mägi R, Lind L, Farjoun Y, Owen KR, Gloyn AL, Strauch K, Tuomi T, Kooner JS, Lee JY, Park T, Donnelly P, Morris AD, Hattersley AT, Bowden DW, Collins FS, Atzmon G, Chambers JC, Spector TD, Laakso M, Strom TM, Bell GI, Blangero J, Duggirala R, Tai ES, McVean G, Hanis CL, Wilson JG, Seielstad M, Frayling TM, Meigs JB, Cox NJ, Sladek R, Lander ES, Gabriel S, Mohlke KL, Meitinger T, Groop L, Abecasis G, Scott LJ, Morris AP, Kang HM, Altshuler D, Burtt NP, Florez JC, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI. Erratum: Sequence data and association statistics from 12,940 type 2 diabetes cases and controls. Sci Data 2018; 5:180002. [PMID: 29360107 PMCID: PMC5779067 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.179.
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8
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Jason F, Fuchsberger C, Mahajan A, Teslovich TM, Agarwala V, Gaulton KJ, Caulkins L, Koesterer R, Ma C, Moutsianas L, McCarthy DJ, Rivas MA, Perry JRB, Sim X, Blackwell TW, Robertson NR, Rayner NW, Cingolani P, Locke AE, Tajes JF, Highland HM, Dupuis J, Chines PS, Lindgren CM, Hartl C, Jackson AU, Chen H, Huyghe JR, van de Bunt M, Pearson RD, Kumar A, Müller-Nurasyid M, Grarup N, Stringham HM, Gamazon ER, Lee J, Chen Y, Scott RA, Below JE, Chen P, Huang J, Go MJ, Stitzel ML, Pasko D, Parker SCJ, Varga TV, Green T, Beer NL, Day-Williams AG, Ferreira T, Fingerlin T, Horikoshi M, Hu C, Huh I, Ikram MK, Kim BJ, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kwon MS, Lee J, Lee S, Lin KH, Maxwell TJ, Nagai Y, Wang X, Welch RP, Yoon J, Zhang W, Barzilai N, Voight BF, Han BG, Jenkinson CP, Kuulasmaa T, Kuusisto J, Manning A, Ng MCY, Palmer ND, Balkau B, Stančáková A, Abboud HE, Boeing H, Giedraitis V, Prabhakaran D, Gottesman O, Scott J, Carey J, Kwan P, Grant G, Smith JD, Neale BM, Purcell S, Butterworth AS, Howson JMM, Lee HM, Lu Y, Kwak SH, Zhao W, Danesh J, Lam VKL, Park KS, Saleheen D, So WY, Tam CHT, Afzal U, Aguilar D, Arya R, Aung T, Chan E, Navarro C, Cheng CY, Palli D, Correa A, Curran JE, Rybin D, Farook VS, Fowler SP, Freedman BI, Griswold M, Hale DE, Hicks PJ, Khor CC, Kumar S, Lehne B, Thuillier D, Lim WY, Liu J, Loh M, Musani SK, Puppala S, Scott WR, Yengo L, Tan ST, Taylor HA, Thameem F, Wilson G, Wong TY, Njølstad PR, Levy JC, Mangino M, Bonnycastle LL, Schwarzmayr T, Fadista J, Surdulescu GL, Herder C, Groves CJ, Wieland T, Bork-Jensen J, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Koistinen HA, Doney ASF, Kinnunen L, Esko T, Farmer AJ, Hakaste L, Hodgkiss D, Kravic J, Lyssenko V, Hollensted M, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Ladenvall C, Justesen JM, Käräjämäki A, Kriebel J, Rathmann W, Lannfelt L, Lauritzen T, Narisu N, Linneberg A, Melander O, Milani L, Neville M, Orho-Melander M, Qi L, Qi Q, Roden M, Rolandsson O, Swift A, Rosengren AH, Stirrups K, Wood AR, Mihailov E, Blancher C, Carneiro MO, Maguire J, Poplin R, Shakir K, Fennell T, DePristo M, de Angelis MH, Deloukas P, Gjesing AP, Jun G, Nilsson P, Murphy J, Onofrio R, Thorand B, Hansen T, Meisinger C, Hu FB, Isomaa B, Karpe F, Liang L, Peters A, Huth C, O'Rahilly SP, Palmer CNA, Pedersen O, Rauramaa R, Tuomilehto J, Salomaa V, Watanabe RM, Syvänen AC, Bergman RN, Bharadwaj D, Bottinger EP, Cho YS, Chandak GR, Chan JCN, Chia KS, Daly MJ, Ebrahim SB, Langenberg C, Elliott P, Jablonski KA, Lehman DM, Jia W, Ma RCW, Pollin TI, Sandhu M, Tandon N, Froguel P, Barroso I, Teo YY, Zeggini E, Loos RJF, Small KS, Ried JS, DeFronzo RA, Grallert H, Glaser B, Metspalu A, Wareham NJ, Walker M, Banks E, Gieger C, Ingelsson E, Im HK, Illig T, Franks PW, Buck G, Trakalo J, Buck D, Prokopenko I, Mägi R, Lind L, Farjoun Y, Owen KR, Gloyn AL, Strauch K, Tuomi T, Kooner JS, Lee JY, Park T, Donnelly P, Morris AD, Hattersley AT, Bowden DW, Collins FS, Atzmon G, Chambers JC, Spector TD, Laakso M, Strom TM, Bell GI, Blangero J, Duggirala R, Tai ES, McVean G, Hanis CL, Wilson JG, Seielstad M, Frayling TM, Meigs JB, Cox NJ, Sladek R, Lander ES, Gabriel S, Mohlke KL, Meitinger T, Groop L, Abecasis G, Scott LJ, Morris AP, Kang HM, Altshuler D, Burtt NP, Florez JC, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI. Sequence data and association statistics from 12,940 type 2 diabetes cases and controls. Sci Data 2017; 4:170179. [PMID: 29257133 PMCID: PMC5735917 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to high resolution, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia catalogued variation from whole-genome sequencing of 2,657 European individuals and exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals of multiple ancestries. Over 27M SNPs, indels, and structural variants were identified, including 99% of low-frequency (minor allele frequency [MAF] 0.1-5%) non-coding variants in the whole-genome sequenced individuals and 99.7% of low-frequency coding variants in the whole-exome sequenced individuals. Each variant was tested for association with T2D in the sequenced individuals, and, to increase power, most were tested in larger numbers of individuals (>80% of low-frequency coding variants in ~82 K Europeans via the exome chip, and ~90% of low-frequency non-coding variants in ~44 K Europeans via genotype imputation). The variants, genotypes, and association statistics from these analyses provide the largest reference to date of human genetic information relevant to T2D, for use in activities such as T2D-focused genotype imputation, functional characterization of variants or genes, and other novel analyses to detect associations between sequence variation and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flannick Jason
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,
J.F. ()
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vineeta Agarwala
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lizz Caulkins
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Koesterer
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clement Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Loukas Moutsianas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Davis J. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuel A. Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John R. B. Perry
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas W. Blackwell
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Neil R. Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam E. Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Fernandez Tajes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather M. Highland
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Josee Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher Hartl
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeroen R. Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard D. Pearson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer E. Below
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min Jin Go
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael L. Stitzel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen C. J. Parker
- Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tibor V. Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Todd Green
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicola L. Beer
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aaron G. Day-Williams
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tasha Fingerlin
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Iksoo Huh
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,The Eye Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkang Kim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Lee
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Selyeong Lee
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keng-Han Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Taylor J. Maxwell
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Nagai
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xu Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryan P. Welch
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joon Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK,Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania—Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania—Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher P. Jenkinson
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA,Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alisa Manning
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maggie C. Y. Ng
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholette D. Palmer
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Inserm U1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna E. Abboud
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - James Scott
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jason Carey
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Phoenix Kwan
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - George Grant
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua D. Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Adam S. Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanna M. M. Howson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Soo-Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent K. L. Lam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claudia H. T. Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Aguilar
- Cardiovascular Division, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rector Arya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,The Eye Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,The Eye Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio/University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Dennis Rybin
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vidya S. Farook
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon P. Fowler
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Griswold
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Daniel Esten Hale
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela J. Hicks
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satish Kumar
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio/University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Wei Yen Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK,Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Solomon K. Musani
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sobha Puppala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Farook Thameem
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Gregory Wilson
- College of Public Services, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,The Eye Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pål Rasmus Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan C. Levy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - João Fadista
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Christian Herder
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Cramer Christensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland,Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex S. F. Doney
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J. Farmer
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liisa Hakaste
- Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dylan Hodgkiss
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jasmina Kravic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Valeri Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark,Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland,Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Lauritzen
- Department of Public Health, Section of General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Amy Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anders H. Rosengren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Christine Blancher
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mauricio O. Carneiro
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jared Maguire
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Poplin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Khalid Shakir
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy Fennell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark DePristo
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anette P. Gjesing
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jacquelyn Murphy
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Onofrio
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christa Meisinger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Huth
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephen P O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria,Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard M. Watanabe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Erwin P. Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Giriraj R. Chandak
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Juliana CN Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kee Seng Chia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kathleen A. Jablonski
- The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna M. Lehman
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronald C. W. Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Toni I. Pollin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Manjinder Sandhu
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France,Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK,Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Kerrin S. Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- The Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Eric Banks
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany,Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gemma Buck
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph Trakalo
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Buck
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yossi Farjoun
- Data Sciences and Data Engineering, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katharine R. Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal Singh Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK,The Usher Institute to the Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Donald W. Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA,Department of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK,Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tim M. Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio/University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | | | - E. Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gilean McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA,Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - James B. Meigs
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rob Sladek
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric S. Lander
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Altshuler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noël P. Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
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9
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Mercader JM, Liao RG, Bell AD, Dymek Z, Estrada K, Tukiainen T, Huerta-Chagoya A, Moreno-Macías H, Jablonski KA, Hanson RL, Walford GA, Moran I, Chen L, Agarwala V, Ordoñez-Sánchez ML, Rodríguez-Guillen R, Rodríguez-Torres M, Segura-Kato Y, García-Ortiz H, Centeno-Cruz F, Barajas-Olmos F, Caulkins L, Puppala S, Fontanillas P, Williams AL, Bonàs-Guarch S, Hartl C, Ripke S, Tooley K, Lane J, Zerrweck C, Martínez-Hernández A, Córdova EJ, Mendoza-Caamal E, Contreras-Cubas C, González-Villalpando ME, Cruz-Bautista I, Muñoz-Hernández L, Gómez-Velasco D, Alvirde U, Henderson BE, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Arellano-Campos O, Riba L, Harden M, Gabriel S, Abboud HE, Cortes ML, Revilla-Monsalve C, Islas-Andrade S, Soberon X, Curran JE, Jenkinson CP, DeFronzo RA, Lehman DM, Hanis CL, Bell GI, Boehnke M, Blangero J, Duggirala R, Saxena R, MacArthur D, Ferrer J, McCarroll SA, Torrents D, Knowler WC, Baier LJ, Burtt N, González-Villalpando C, Haiman CA, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Tusié-Luna T, Flannick J, Jacobs SBR, Orozco L, Altshuler D, Florez JC. A Loss-of-Function Splice Acceptor Variant in IGF2 Is Protective for Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:2903-2914. [PMID: 28838971 PMCID: PMC5652606 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects more than 415 million people worldwide, and its costs to the health care system continue to rise. To identify common or rare genetic variation with potential therapeutic implications for T2D, we analyzed and replicated genome-wide protein coding variation in a total of 8,227 individuals with T2D and 12,966 individuals without T2D of Latino descent. We identified a novel genetic variant in the IGF2 gene associated with ∼20% reduced risk for T2D. This variant, which has an allele frequency of 17% in the Mexican population but is rare in Europe, prevents splicing between IGF2 exons 1 and 2. We show in vitro and in human liver and adipose tissue that the variant is associated with a specific, allele-dosage-dependent reduction in the expression of IGF2 isoform 2. In individuals who do not carry the protective allele, expression of IGF2 isoform 2 in adipose is positively correlated with both incidence of T2D and increased plasma glycated hemoglobin in individuals without T2D, providing support that the protective effects are mediated by reductions in IGF2 isoform 2. Broad phenotypic examination of carriers of the protective variant revealed no association with other disease states or impaired reproductive health. These findings suggest that reducing IGF2 isoform 2 expression in relevant tissues has potential as a new therapeutic strategy for T2D, even beyond the Latin American population, with no major adverse effects on health or reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Mercader
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel G Liao
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Avery D Bell
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zachary Dymek
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Karol Estrada
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alicia Huerta-Chagoya
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hortensia Moreno-Macías
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Robert L Hanson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Geoffrey A Walford
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ignasi Moran
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Ling Chen
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vineeta Agarwala
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - María Luisa Ordoñez-Sánchez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Rodríguez-Guillen
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maribel Rodríguez-Torres
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yayoi Segura-Kato
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Lizz Caulkins
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sobha Puppala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Amy L Williams
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Sílvia Bonàs-Guarch
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chris Hartl
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katherine Tooley
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jacqueline Lane
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carlos Zerrweck
- Clínica Integral de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital General Tláhuac, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - María E González-Villalpando
- Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Liliana Muñoz-Hernández
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Donaji Gómez-Velasco
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ulises Alvirde
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - Olimpia Arellano-Campos
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Riba
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maegan Harden
- The Genomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | - Hanna E Abboud
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Cristina Revilla-Monsalve
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Islas-Andrade
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xavier Soberon
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | - Christopher P Jenkinson
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Donna M Lehman
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Richa Saxena
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Genomic Programming of Beta Cells and Diabetes, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - David Torrents
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William C Knowler
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Leslie J Baier
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Noel Burtt
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Clicerio González-Villalpando
- Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jason Flannick
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Suzanne B R Jacobs
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Altshuler
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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10
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Støy J, Olsen J, Park SY, Gregersen S, Hjørringgaard CU, Bell GI. In vivo measurement and biological characterisation of the diabetes-associated mutant insulin p.R46Q (GlnB22-insulin). Diabetologia 2017; 60:1423-1431. [PMID: 28478482 PMCID: PMC8785399 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Heterozygous mutations in the insulin gene that affect proinsulin biosynthesis and folding are associated with a spectrum of diabetes phenotypes, from permanent neonatal diabetes to MODY. In vivo studies of these mutations may lead to a better understanding of insulin mutation-associated diabetes and point to the best treatment strategy. We studied an 18-year-old woman with MODY heterozygous for the insulin mutation p.R46Q (GlnB22-insulin), measuring the secretion of mutant and wild-type insulin by LC-MS. The clinical study was combined with in vitro studies of the synthesis and secretion of p.R46Q-insulin in rat INS-1 insulinoma cells. METHODS We performed a standard 75 g OGTT in the 18-year-old woman and measured plasma glucose and serum insulin (wild-type insulin and GlnB22-insulin), C-peptide, proinsulin, glucagon and amylin. The affinity of GlnB22-insulin was tested on human insulin receptors expressed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. We also examined the subcellular localisation, secretion and impact on cellular stress markers of p.R46Q-insulin in INS-1 cells. RESULTS Plasma GlnB22-insulin concentrations were 1.5 times higher than wild-type insulin at all time points during the OGTT. The insulin-receptor affinity of GlnB22-insulin was 57% of that of wild-type insulin. Expression of p.R46Q-insulin in INS-1 cells was associated with decreased insulin secretion, but not induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results show that beta cells can process and secrete GlnB22-insulin both in vivo and in vitro. Our combined approach of immunoprecipitation and LC-MS to measure mutant and wild-type insulin may be useful for the study of other mutant insulin proteins. The ability to process and secrete a mutant protein may predict a more benign course of insulin mutation-related diabetes. Diabetes develops when the beta cell is stressed because of increased demand for insulin, as observed in individuals with other insulin mutations that affect the processing of proinsulin to insulin or mutations that reduce the affinity for the insulin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Støy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Søren Gregersen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Manning A, Highland HM, Gasser J, Sim X, Tukiainen T, Fontanillas P, Grarup N, Rivas MA, Mahajan A, Locke AE, Cingolani P, Pers TH, Viñuela A, Brown AA, Wu Y, Flannick J, Fuchsberger C, Gamazon ER, Gaulton KJ, Im HK, Teslovich TM, Blackwell TW, Bork-Jensen J, Burtt NP, Chen Y, Green T, Hartl C, Kang HM, Kumar A, Ladenvall C, Ma C, Moutsianas L, Pearson RD, Perry JR, Rayner NW, Robertson NR, Scott LJ, van de Bunt M, Eriksson JG, Jula A, Koskinen S, Lehtimäki T, Palotie A, Raitakari OT, Jacobs SB, Wessel J, Chu AY, Scott RA, Goodarzi MO, Blancher C, Buck G, Buck D, Chines PS, Gabriel S, Gjesing AP, Groves CJ, Hollensted M, Huyghe JR, Jackson AU, Jun G, Justesen JM, Mangino M, Murphy J, Neville M, Onofrio R, Small KS, Stringham HM, Trakalo J, Banks E, Carey J, Carneiro MO, DePristo M, Farjoun Y, Fennell T, Goldstein JI, Grant G, Hrabé de Angelis M, Maguire J, Neale BM, Poplin R, Purcell S, Schwarzmayr T, Shakir K, Smith JD, Strom TM, Wieland T, Lindstrom J, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Surdulescu GL, Lakka TA, Doney AS, Nilsson P, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C, Varga TV, Franks PW, Rolandsson O, Rosengren AH, Farook VS, Thameem F, Puppala S, Kumar S, Lehman DM, Jenkinson CP, Curran JE, Hale DE, Fowler SP, Arya R, DeFronzo RA, Abboud HE, Syvänen AC, Hicks PJ, Palmer ND, Ng MC, Bowden DW, Freedman BI, Esko T, Mägi R, Milani L, Mihailov E, Metspalu A, Narisu N, Kinnunen L, Bonnycastle LL, Swift A, Pasko D, Wood AR, Fadista J, Pollin TI, Barzilai N, Atzmon G, Glaser B, Thorand B, Strauch K, Peters A, Roden M, Müller-Nurasyid M, Liang L, Kriebel J, Illig T, Grallert H, Gieger C, Meisinger C, Lannfelt L, Musani SK, Griswold M, Taylor HA, Wilson G, Correa A, Oksa H, Scott WR, Afzal U, Tan ST, Loh M, Chambers JC, Sehmi J, Kooner JS, Lehne B, Cho YS, Lee JY, Han BG, Käräjämäki A, Qi Q, Qi L, Huang J, Hu FB, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Below JE, Aguilar D, Wong TY, Liu J, Khor CC, Chia KS, Lim WY, Cheng CY, Chan E, Tai ES, Aung T, Linneberg A, Isomaa B, Meitinger T, Tuomi T, Hakaste L, Kravic J, Jørgensen ME, Lauritzen T, Deloukas P, Stirrups KE, Owen KR, Farmer AJ, Frayling TM, O'Rahilly SP, Walker M, Levy JC, Hodgkiss D, Hattersley AT, Kuulasmaa T, Stančáková A, Barroso I, Bharadwaj D, Chan J, Chandak GR, Daly MJ, Donnelly PJ, Ebrahim SB, Elliott P, Fingerlin T, Froguel P, Hu C, Jia W, Ma RC, McVean G, Park T, Prabhakaran D, Sandhu M, Scott J, Sladek R, Tandon N, Teo YY, Zeggini E, Watanabe RM, Koistinen HA, Kesaniemi YA, Uusitupa M, Spector TD, Salomaa V, Rauramaa R, Palmer CN, Prokopenko I, Morris AD, Bergman RN, Collins FS, Lind L, Ingelsson E, Tuomilehto J, Karpe F, Groop L, Jørgensen T, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Kuusisto J, Abecasis G, Bell GI, Blangero J, Cox NJ, Duggirala R, Seielstad M, Wilson JG, Dupuis J, Ripatti S, Hanis CL, Florez JC, Mohlke KL, Meigs JB, Laakso M, Morris AP, Boehnke M, Altshuler D, McCarthy MI, Gloyn AL, Lindgren CM. A Low-Frequency Inactivating AKT2 Variant Enriched in the Finnish Population Is Associated With Fasting Insulin Levels and Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Diabetes 2017; 66:2019-2032. [PMID: 28341696 PMCID: PMC5482074 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To identify novel coding association signals and facilitate characterization of mechanisms influencing glycemic traits and type 2 diabetes risk, we analyzed 109,215 variants derived from exome array genotyping together with an additional 390,225 variants from exome sequence in up to 39,339 normoglycemic individuals from five ancestry groups. We identified a novel association between the coding variant (p.Pro50Thr) in AKT2 and fasting plasma insulin (FI), a gene in which rare fully penetrant mutations are causal for monogenic glycemic disorders. The low-frequency allele is associated with a 12% increase in FI levels. This variant is present at 1.1% frequency in Finns but virtually absent in individuals from other ancestries. Carriers of the FI-increasing allele had increased 2-h insulin values, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.05). In cellular studies, the AKT2-Thr50 protein exhibited a partial loss of function. We extend the allelic spectrum for coding variants in AKT2 associated with disorders of glucose homeostasis and demonstrate bidirectional effects of variants within the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Manning
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Heather M. Highland
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jessica Gasser
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- 23andMe, Mountain View, CA
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manuel A. Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Adam E. Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tune H. Pers
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Genomics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Viñuela
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew A. Brown
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Thomas W. Blackwell
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Noël P. Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Todd Green
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Christopher Hartl
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Clement Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Loukas Moutsianas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Richard D. Pearson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - John R.B. Perry
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - N. William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
| | - Neil R. Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christine Blancher
- High-Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Gemma Buck
- High-Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - David Buck
- High-Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Peter S. Chines
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Anette P. Gjesing
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeroen R. Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Jacquelyn Murphy
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Robert Onofrio
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kerrin S. Small
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joseph Trakalo
- High-Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Eric Banks
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jason Carey
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Mark DePristo
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yossi Farjoun
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Timothy Fennell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jacqueline I. Goldstein
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - George Grant
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jared Maguire
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ryan Poplin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn Institute for Genomics & Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Khalid Shakir
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Joshua D. Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Tim M. Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jaana Lindstrom
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Cramer Christensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Timo A. Lakka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alex S.F. Doney
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Tibor V. Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, and Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, and Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders H. Rosengren
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vidya S. Farook
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Farook Thameem
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Sobha Puppala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Satish Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Donna M. Lehman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Christopher P. Jenkinson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
- Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Daniel Esten Hale
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Sharon P. Fowler
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Rector Arya
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Hanna E. Abboud
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pamela J. Hicks
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Nicholette D. Palmer
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Maggie C.Y. Ng
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Donald W. Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Section on Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amy Swift
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - João Fadista
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Toni I. Pollin
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barbara Thorand
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Solomon K. Musani
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Michael Griswold
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Gregory Wilson
- College of Public Services, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Heikki Oksa
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, U.K
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, U.K
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Jobanpreet Sehmi
- Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, U.K
| | - Jaspal Singh Kooner
- Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jinyan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Olle Melander
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease–Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E. Below
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - David Aguilar
- Cardiovascular Division, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Seng Chia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Yen Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jasmina Kravic
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Torsten Lauritzen
- Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
| | - Kathleen E. Stirrups
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Katharine R. Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Farmer
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Stephen P. O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, U.K
| | - Jonathan C. Levy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Dylan Hodgkiss
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | | | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Juliana Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Peter J. Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Tasha Fingerlin
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Genomics and Molecular Physiology, CNRS Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronald C.W. Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gilean McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Taesung Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Manjinder Sandhu
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - James Scott
- Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Rob Sladek
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
| | - Richard M. Watanabe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Diabetes & Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y. Antero Kesaniemi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Colin N.A. Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Division for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Leif Groop
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Mark Seielstad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Josee Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James B. Meigs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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12
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Cade BE, Chen H, Stilp AM, Gleason KJ, Sofer T, Ancoli-Israel S, Arens R, Bell GI, Below JE, Bjonnes AC, Chun S, Conomos MP, Evans DS, Johnson WC, Frazier-Wood AC, Lane JM, Larkin EK, Loredo JS, Post WS, Ramos AR, Rice K, Rotter JI, Shah NA, Stone KL, Taylor KD, Thornton TA, Tranah GJ, Wang C, Zee PC, Hanis CL, Sunyaev SR, Patel SR, Laurie CC, Zhu X, Saxena R, Lin X, Redline S. Genetic Associations with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194:886-897. [PMID: 26977737 PMCID: PMC5074655 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201512-2431oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and premature mortality. Although there is strong clinical and epidemiologic evidence supporting the importance of genetic factors in influencing obstructive sleep apnea, its genetic basis is still largely unknown. Prior genetic studies focused on traits defined using the apnea-hypopnea index, which contains limited information on potentially important genetically determined physiologic factors, such as propensity for hypoxemia and respiratory arousability. OBJECTIVES To define novel obstructive sleep apnea genetic risk loci for obstructive sleep apnea, we conducted genome-wide association studies of quantitative traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans from three cohorts. METHODS Genome-wide data from as many as 12,558 participants in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Starr County Health Studies population-based cohorts were metaanalyzed for association with the apnea-hypopnea index, average oxygen saturation during sleep, and average respiratory event duration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Two novel loci were identified at genome-level significance (rs11691765, GPR83, P = 1.90 × 10-8 for the apnea-hypopnea index, and rs35424364; C6ORF183/CCDC162P, P = 4.88 × 10-8 for respiratory event duration) and seven additional loci were identified with suggestive significance (P < 5 × 10-7). Secondary sex-stratified analyses also identified one significant and several suggestive associations. Multiple loci overlapped genes with biologic plausibility. CONCLUSIONS These are the first genome-level significant findings reported for obstructive sleep apnea-related physiologic traits in any population. These findings identify novel associations in inflammatory, hypoxia signaling, and sleep pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders and
- Division of Sleep Medicine and
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienne M. Stilp
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Tamar Sofer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sonia Ancoli-Israel
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, California
| | - Raanan Arens
- The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Division of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer E. Below
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew C. Bjonnes
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sung Chun
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew P. Conomos
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - W. Craig Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jacqueline M. Lane
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders and
- Division of Sleep Medicine and
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Pain, and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emma K. Larkin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jose S. Loredo
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Wendy S. Post
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alberto R. Ramos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ken Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Neomi A. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Katie L. Stone
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | - Gregory J. Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Chaolong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phyllis C. Zee
- Department of Neurology and Sleep Medicine Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Shamil R. Sunyaev
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sanjay R. Patel
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders and
- Division of Sleep Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Cathy C. Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Richa Saxena
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders and
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Pain, and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders and
- Division of Sleep Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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13
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Hanis CL, Redline S, Cade BE, Bell GI, Cox NJ, Below JE, Brown EL, Aguilar D. Beyond type 2 diabetes, obesity and hypertension: an axis including sleep apnea, left ventricular hypertrophy, endothelial dysfunction, and aortic stiffness among Mexican Americans in Starr County, Texas. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:86. [PMID: 27266869 PMCID: PMC4897940 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing appreciation for a series of less traditional risk factors that should not be ignored when considering type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. These include aortic stiffness, cardiac structure, impaired endothelial function and obstructive sleep apnea. They are associated to varying degrees with each disease categorization and with each other. It is not clear whether they represent additional complications, concomitants or antecedents of disease. Starr County, Texas, with its predominantly Mexican American population has been shown previously to bear a disproportionate burden of the major disease categories, but little is known about the distribution of these less traditional factors. METHODS Type 2 diabetes, obesity and hypertension frequencies were determined through a systematic survey of Starr County conducted from 2002 to 2006. Individuals from this examination and an enriched set with type 2 diabetes were re-examined from 2010 to 2014 including assessment of cardiac structure, sleep apnea, endothelial function and aortic stiffness. Individual and combined frequencies of these inter-related (i.e., axis) conditions were estimated and associations evaluated. RESULTS Household screening of 5230 individuals aged 20 years and above followed by direct physical assessment of 1610 identified 23.7 % of men and 26.7 % of women with type 2 diabetes, 46.2 and 49.5 % of men and women, respectively with obesity and 32.1 and 32.4 % with hypertension. Evaluation of pulse wave velocity, left ventricular mass, endothelial function and sleep apnea identified 22.3, 12.7, 48.6 and 45.2 % of men as having "at risk" values for each condition, respectively. Corresponding numbers in women were 16.0, 17.9, 23.6 and 28.8 %. Cumulatively, 88 % of the population has one or more of these while 50 % have three or more. CONCLUSIONS The full axis of conditions is high among Mexican Americans in Starr County, Texas. Individual and joint patterns suggest a genesis well before overt disease. Whether they are all mediated by common underlying factors or whether there exist multiple mechanisms remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77225, USA.
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
| | - Eric L Brown
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77225, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
| | - David Aguilar
- Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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14
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Horikoshi M, Pasquali L, Wiltshire S, Huyghe JR, Mahajan A, Asimit JL, Ferreira T, Locke AE, Robertson NR, Wang X, Sim X, Fujita H, Hara K, Young R, Zhang W, Choi S, Chen H, Kaur I, Takeuchi F, Fontanillas P, Thuillier D, Yengo L, Below JE, Tam CHT, Wu Y, Abecasis G, Altshuler D, Bell GI, Blangero J, Burtt NP, Duggirala R, Florez JC, Hanis CL, Seielstad M, Atzmon G, Chan JCN, Ma RCW, Froguel P, Wilson JG, Bharadwaj D, Dupuis J, Meigs JB, Cho YS, Park T, Kooner JS, Chambers JC, Saleheen D, Kadowaki T, Tai ES, Mohlke KL, Cox NJ, Ferrer J, Zeggini E, Kato N, Teo YY, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI, Morris AP. Transancestral fine-mapping of four type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci highlights potential causal regulatory mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2070-2081. [PMID: 26911676 PMCID: PMC5062576 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into potential regulatory mechanisms through which the effects of variants at four established type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility loci (CDKAL1, CDKN2A-B, IGF2BP2 and KCNQ1) are mediated, we undertook transancestral fine-mapping in 22 086 cases and 42 539 controls of East Asian, European, South Asian, African American and Mexican American descent. Through high-density imputation and conditional analyses, we identified seven distinct association signals at these four loci, each with allelic effects on T2D susceptibility that were homogenous across ancestry groups. By leveraging differences in the structure of linkage disequilibrium between diverse populations, and increased sample size, we localised the variants most likely to drive each distinct association signal. We demonstrated that integration of these genetic fine-mapping data with genomic annotation can highlight potential causal regulatory elements in T2D-relevant tissues. These analyses provide insight into the mechanisms through which T2D association signals are mediated, and suggest future routes to understanding the biology of specific disease susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorenzo Pasquali
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona, Spain, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven Wiltshire
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeroen R Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer L Asimit
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam E Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xu Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
| | - Hayato Fujita
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, JR Tokyo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and
| | - Robin Young
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | | | - Han Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ismeet Kaur
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dorothée Thuillier
- Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases CNRS UMR8199, Lille Institute of Biology, E.G.I.D - FR3508 European Genomics Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Loic Yengo
- Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases CNRS UMR8199, Lille Institute of Biology, E.G.I.D - FR3508 European Genomics Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noél P Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA, Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases CNRS UMR8199, Lille Institute of Biology, E.G.I.D - FR3508 European Genomics Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Josee Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics and Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK, National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, and
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, and
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of Integrated Molecular Science on Metabolic Diseases, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain, Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK and
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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15
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Hara M, Fowler JL, Bell GI, Philipson LH. Resting beta-cells - A functional reserve? Diabetes Metab 2016; 42:157-61. [PMID: 26827115 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells play a pivotal role to synthesize and secrete insulin, as the solo source of the body. Physical as well as functional loss of beta-cells over a certain threshold result in diabetes. While the mechanisms underlying beta-cell loss in various types of diabetes have been extensively studied, less is known about residual beta-cells, found even in autoimmune type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes with a substantial amount. Why have these beta-cells been spared? Some patients with neonatal diabetes have demonstrated the life-changing restoration of functional beta-cells that were inactive for decades but awakened in several weeks following specific treatment. The recent striking outcomes of bariatric surgery in many obese diabetic patients indicate that their beta-cells are likely "preserved" rather than irreversibly lost even in the multifactorial polygenic state that is type 2 diabetes. Collectively, the preservation of residual beta-cells in various diabetic conditions challenges us regarding our understanding of beta-cell death and survival, where their sustenance may stem from the existence of resting beta-cells under physiological conditions. We posit that beta-cells rest and that studies of this normal feature of beta-cells could lead to new approaches for potentially reactivating and preserving beta-cell mass in order to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hara
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841, South Maryland avenue, MC1027, 60637 Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - J L Fowler
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841, South Maryland avenue, MC1027, 60637 Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G I Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841, South Maryland avenue, MC1027, 60637 Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L H Philipson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841, South Maryland avenue, MC1027, 60637 Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Carmody D, Park SY, Ye H, Perrone ME, Alkorta-Aranburu G, Highland HM, Hanis CL, Philipson LH, Bell GI, Greeley SAW. Continued lessons from the INS gene: an intronic mutation causing diabetes through a novel mechanism. J Med Genet 2015; 52:612-6. [PMID: 26101329 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes in neonates usually has a monogenic aetiology; however, the cause remains unknown in 20-30%. Heterozygous INS mutations represent one of the most common gene causes of neonatal diabetes mellitus. METHODS Clinical and functional characterisation of a novel homozygous intronic mutation (c.187+241G>A) in the insulin gene in a child identified through the Monogenic Diabetes Registry (http://monogenicdiabetes.uchicago.edu). RESULTS The proband had insulin-requiring diabetes from birth. Ultrasonography revealed a structurally normal pancreas and C-peptide was undetectable despite readily detectable amylin, suggesting the presence of dysfunctional β cells. Whole-exome sequencing revealed the novel mutation. In silico analysis predicted a mutant mRNA product resulting from preferential recognition of a newly created splice site. Wild-type and mutant human insulin gene constructs were derived and transiently expressed in INS-1 cells. We confirmed the predicted transcript and found an additional transcript created via an ectopic splice acceptor site. CONCLUSIONS Dominant INS mutations cause diabetes via a mutated translational product causing endoplasmic reticulum stress. We describe a novel mechanism of diabetes, without β cell death, due to creation of two unstable mutant transcripts predicted to undergo nonsense and non-stop-mediated decay, respectively. Our discovery may have broader implications for those with insulin deficiency later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Carmody
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Honggang Ye
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marie E Perrone
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G Alkorta-Aranburu
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather M Highland
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Louis H Philipson
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Siri Atma W Greeley
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Fahrmann J, Grapov D, Yang J, Hammock B, Fiehn O, Bell GI, Hara M. Systemic alterations in the metabolome of diabetic NOD mice delineate increased oxidative stress accompanied by reduced inflammation and hypertriglyceremia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E978-89. [PMID: 25852003 PMCID: PMC4451288 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00019.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are a commonly used model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, not all animals will develop overt diabetes despite undergoing similar autoimmune insult. In this study, a comprehensive metabolomic approach, consisting of gas chromatography time-of-flight (GC-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-accurate mass quadruple time-of-flight (UHPLC-qTOF) MS and targeted UHPLC-tandem mass spectrometry-based methodologies, was used to capture metabolic alterations in the metabolome and lipidome of plasma from NOD mice progressing or not progressing to T1D. Using this multi-platform approach, we identified >1,000 circulating lipids and metabolites in male and female progressor and nonprogressor animals (n = 71). Statistical and multivariate analyses were used to identify age- and sex-independent metabolic markers, which best differentiated metabolic profiles of progressors and nonprogressors. Key T1D-associated perturbations were related with 1) increases in oxidation products glucono-δ-lactone and galactonic acid and reductions in cysteine, methionine and threonic acid, suggesting increased oxidative stress; 2) reductions in circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid signaling mediators, most notably arachidonic acid (AA) and AA-derived eicosanoids, implying impaired states of systemic inflammation; 3) elevations in circulating triacylglyercides reflective of hypertriglyceridemia; and 4) reductions in major structural lipids, most notably lysophosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylcholines. Taken together, our results highlight the systemic perturbations that accompany a loss of glycemic control and development of overt T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fahrmann
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Dmitry Grapov
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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18
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Mahajan A, Sim X, Ng HJ, Manning A, Rivas MA, Highland HM, Locke AE, Grarup N, Im HK, Cingolani P, Flannick J, Fontanillas P, Fuchsberger C, Gaulton KJ, Teslovich TM, Rayner NW, Robertson NR, Beer NL, Rundle JK, Bork-Jensen J, Ladenvall C, Blancher C, Buck D, Buck G, Burtt NP, Gabriel S, Gjesing AP, Groves CJ, Hollensted M, Huyghe JR, Jackson AU, Jun G, Justesen JM, Mangino M, Murphy J, Neville M, Onofrio R, Small KS, Stringham HM, Syvänen AC, Trakalo J, Abecasis G, Bell GI, Blangero J, Cox NJ, Duggirala R, Hanis CL, Seielstad M, Wilson JG, Christensen C, Brandslund I, Rauramaa R, Surdulescu GL, Doney ASF, Lannfelt L, Linneberg A, Isomaa B, Tuomi T, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Kuusisto J, Uusitupa M, Salomaa V, Spector TD, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Collins FS, Mohlke KL, Bergman RN, Ingelsson E, Lind L, Tuomilehto J, Hansen T, Watanabe RM, Prokopenko I, Dupuis J, Karpe F, Groop L, Laakso M, Pedersen O, Florez JC, Morris AP, Altshuler D, Meigs JB, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI, Lindgren CM, Gloyn AL. Identification and functional characterization of G6PC2 coding variants influencing glycemic traits define an effector transcript at the G6PC2-ABCB11 locus. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004876. [PMID: 25625282 PMCID: PMC4307976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) for fasting glucose (FG) and insulin (FI) have identified common variant signals which explain 4.8% and 1.2% of trait variance, respectively. It is hypothesized that low-frequency and rare variants could contribute substantially to unexplained genetic variance. To test this, we analyzed exome-array data from up to 33,231 non-diabetic individuals of European ancestry. We found exome-wide significant (P<5×10-7) evidence for two loci not previously highlighted by common variant GWAS: GLP1R (p.Ala316Thr, minor allele frequency (MAF)=1.5%) influencing FG levels, and URB2 (p.Glu594Val, MAF = 0.1%) influencing FI levels. Coding variant associations can highlight potential effector genes at (non-coding) GWAS signals. At the G6PC2/ABCB11 locus, we identified multiple coding variants in G6PC2 (p.Val219Leu, p.His177Tyr, and p.Tyr207Ser) influencing FG levels, conditionally independent of each other and the non-coding GWAS signal. In vitro assays demonstrate that these associated coding alleles result in reduced protein abundance via proteasomal degradation, establishing G6PC2 as an effector gene at this locus. Reconciliation of single-variant associations and functional effects was only possible when haplotype phase was considered. In contrast to earlier reports suggesting that, paradoxically, glucose-raising alleles at this locus are protective against type 2 diabetes (T2D), the p.Val219Leu G6PC2 variant displayed a modest but directionally consistent association with T2D risk. Coding variant associations for glycemic traits in GWAS signals highlight PCSK1, RREB1, and ZHX3 as likely effector transcripts. These coding variant association signals do not have a major impact on the trait variance explained, but they do provide valuable biological insights. Understanding how FI and FG levels are regulated is important because their derangement is a feature of T2D. Despite recent success from GWAS in identifying regions of the genome influencing glycemic traits, collectively these loci explain only a small proportion of trait variance. Unlocking the biological mechanisms driving these associations has been challenging because the vast majority of variants map to non-coding sequence, and the genes through which they exert their impact are largely unknown. In the current study, we sought to increase our understanding of the physiological pathways influencing both traits using exome-array genotyping in up to 33,231 non-diabetic individuals to identify coding variants and consequently genes associated with either FG or FI levels. We identified novel association signals for both traits including the receptor for GLP-1 agonists which are a widely used therapy for T2D. Furthermore, we identified coding variants at several GWAS loci which point to the genes underlying these association signals. Importantly, we found that multiple coding variants in G6PC2 result in a loss of protein function and lower fasting glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hui Jin Ng
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alisa Manning
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manuel A. Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Highland
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adam E. Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Department of Health Studies, Biostatistics Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - N. William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola L. Beer
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jana K. Rundle
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christine Blancher
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Buck
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Buck
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Noël P. Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anette P. Gjesing
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeroen R. Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacquelyn Murphy
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Onofrio
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kerrin S. Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph Trakalo
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Cramer Christensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gabriela L. Surdulescu
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S. F. Doney
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), University Hospital LaPaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard M. Watanabe
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josee Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Markku Laakso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James B. Meigs
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CML); (ALG)
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CML); (ALG)
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Bailey KA, Savic D, Zielinski M, Park SY, Wang LJ, Witkowski P, Brady M, Hara M, Bell GI, Nobrega MA. Evidence of non-pancreatic beta cell-dependent roles of Tcf7l2 in the regulation of glucose metabolism in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1646-54. [PMID: 25398947 PMCID: PMC4381752 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding variation within TCF7L2 remains the strongest genetic determinant of type 2 diabetes risk in humans. A considerable effort has been placed in understanding the functional roles of TCF7L2 in pancreatic beta cells, despite evidence of TCF7L2 expression in various peripheral tissues important in glucose homeostasis. Here, we use a humanized mouse model overexpressing Tcf7l2, resulting in glucose intolerance, to infer the contribution of Tcf7l2 overexpression in beta cells and in other tissues to the metabolic phenotypes displayed by these mice. Restoring Tcf7l2 expression specifically in beta cells to endogenous levels, in face of its overexpression elsewhere, results in impaired insulin secretion, reduced beta cell number and islet area, corroborating data obtained in humans showing similar phenotypes as a result of manipulations leading to Tcf7l2 loss of function. Interestingly, the persistent overexpression of Tcf7l2 in non-pancreatic tissues results in a significant worsening in glucose tolerance in vivo, indicating that Tcf7l2 overexpression in beta cells does not account for the glucose intolerance in the Tcf7l2 overexpression mouse model. Collectively, these data posit that Tcf7l2 plays key roles in glucose metabolism through actions beyond pancreatic beta cells, and further points to functionally opposing cell-type specific effects for Tcf7l2 on the maintenance of balanced glucose metabolism, thereby urging a careful examination of its role in non-pancreatic tissues as well as its composite metabolic effects across distinct tissues. Uncovering these roles may lead to new therapeutic targets for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Brady
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine
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20
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Abstract
Mutations in pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX1) are associated with diabetes in humans. Pdx1-haploinsufficient mice develop diabetes due to an increase in β-cell death leading to reduced β-cell mass. For definition of the molecular link between Pdx1 deficiency and β-cell death, Pdx1-haploinsufficient mice in which the genes for the BH3-only molecules Bim and Puma had been ablated were studied on a high-fat diet. Compared with Pdx1(+/-) mice, animals haploinsufficient for both Pdx1 and Bim or Puma genes showed improved glucose tolerance, enhanced β-cell mass, and reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive cells in islets. These results suggest that Bim and Puma ablation improves β-cell survival in Pdx1(+/-) mice. For exploration of the mechanisms responsible for these findings, Pdx1 gene expression was knocked down in mouse MIN6 insulinoma cells resulting in apoptotic cell death that was found to be associated with increased expression of BH3-only molecules Bim and Puma. If the upregulation of Bim and Puma that occurs during Pdx1 suppression was prevented, apoptotic β-cell death was reduced in vitro. These results suggest that Bim and Puma play an important role in β-cell apoptosis in Pdx1-deficient diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Ren
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Juan Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Honggang Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Liqun Mao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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21
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Estrada K, Aukrust I, Bjørkhaug L, Burtt NP, Mercader JM, García-Ortiz H, Huerta-Chagoya A, Moreno-Macías H, Walford G, Flannick J, Williams AL, Gómez-Vázquez MJ, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Martínez-Hernández A, Jiménez-Morales S, Centeno-Cruz F, Mendoza-Caamal E, Revilla-Monsalve C, Islas-Andrade S, Córdova EJ, Soberón X, González-Villalpando ME, Henderson E, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Arellano-Campos O, Ordóñez-Sánchez ML, Rodríguez-Torres M, Rodríguez-Guillén R, Riba L, Najmi LA, Jacobs SBR, Fennell T, Gabriel S, Fontanillas P, Hanis CL, Lehman DM, Jenkinson CP, Abboud HE, Bell GI, Cortes ML, Boehnke M, González-Villalpando C, Orozco L, Haiman CA, Tusié-Luna T, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Altshuler D, Njølstad PR, Florez JC, MacArthur DG. Association of a low-frequency variant in HNF1A with type 2 diabetes in a Latino population. JAMA 2014; 311:2305-14. [PMID: 24915262 PMCID: PMC4425850 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Latino populations have one of the highest prevalences of type 2 diabetes worldwide. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between rare protein-coding genetic variants and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in a large Latino population and to explore potential molecular and physiological mechanisms for the observed relationships. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Whole-exome sequencing was performed on DNA samples from 3756 Mexican and US Latino individuals (1794 with type 2 diabetes and 1962 without diabetes) recruited from 1993 to 2013. One variant was further tested for allele frequency and association with type 2 diabetes in large multiethnic data sets of 14,276 participants and characterized in experimental assays. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES Prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Secondary outcomes included age of onset, body mass index, and effect on protein function. RESULTS A single rare missense variant (c.1522G>A [p.E508K]) was associated with type 2 diabetes prevalence (odds ratio [OR], 5.48; 95% CI, 2.83-10.61; P = 4.4 × 10(-7)) in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-α (HNF1A), the gene responsible for maturity onset diabetes of the young type 3 (MODY3). This variant was observed in 0.36% of participants without type 2 diabetes and 2.1% of participants with it. In multiethnic replication data sets, the p.E508K variant was seen only in Latino patients (n = 1443 with type 2 diabetes and 1673 without it) and was associated with type 2 diabetes (OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 1.75-9.92; P = .0013). In experimental assays, HNF-1A protein encoding the p.E508K mutant demonstrated reduced transactivation activity of its target promoter compared with a wild-type protein. In our data, carriers and noncarriers of the p.E508K mutation with type 2 diabetes had no significant differences in compared clinical characteristics, including age at onset. The mean (SD) age for carriers was 45.3 years (11.2) vs 47.5 years (11.5) for noncarriers (P = .49) and the mean (SD) BMI for carriers was 28.2 (5.5) vs 29.3 (5.3) for noncarriers (P = .19). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a single low-frequency variant in the MODY3-causing gene HNF1A that is associated with type 2 diabetes in Latino populations and may affect protein function. This finding may have implications for screening and therapeutic modification in this population, but additional studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol Estrada
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts2Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ingvild Aukrust
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway6Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lise Bjørkhaug
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway5Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Noël P Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts7Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston8Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Prog
| | | | - Alicia Huerta-Chagoya
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, UNAM/INCMNSZ, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Geoffrey Walford
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts7Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts13Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy L Williams
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts14Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - María J Gómez-Vázquez
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Revilla-Monsalve
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Metabólicas, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City
| | - Sergio Islas-Andrade
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Metabólicas, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City
| | - Emilio J Córdova
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xavier Soberón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María E González-Villalpando
- Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu
| | - Olimpia Arellano-Campos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria L Ordóñez-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maribel Rodríguez-Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Rodríguez-Guillén
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Riba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, UNAM/INCMNSZ, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laeya A Najmi
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway23Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Suzanne B R Jacobs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy Fennell
- The Genomics Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- The Genomics Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Donna M Lehman
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | | | - Hanna E Abboud
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois28Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria L Cortes
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Clicerio González-Villalpando
- Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, UNAM/INCMNSZ, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico17Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts7Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit)
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway5Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts7Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit)
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts3Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Ogata M, Awaji T, Iwasaki N, Fujimaki R, Takizawa M, Maruyama K, Bell GI, Iwamoto Y, Uchigata Y. Localization of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α in the nucleolus and nucleus is regulated by its C-terminus. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 3:449-56. [PMID: 24843605 PMCID: PMC4019245 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2012.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction: Mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4α (HNF4α) lead to various diseases, among which C‐terminal deletions of HNF4α are exclusively responsible for maturity onset diabetes of the young 1 (MODY1). MODY is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by a primary defect in insulin response to glucose, suggesting that the C‐terminus of HNF4α is important for pancreatic β‐cell function. To clarify the role of the C‐terminus of HNF4α, changes in cellular localization and the binding ability to its regulator were examined, specifically in the region containing Q268, which deletion causes MODY1. Materials and Methods: Cellular localization of mutant HNF4α were examined in monkey kidney 7 (COS7), Chinese hamster ovary, rat insulinoma and mouse insulinoma cells, and their binding activity to other proteins were examined by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in COS7 cells. Results: Although wild‐type HNF4α was localized in the nucleoplasm in transfected cultured cells, Q268X‐HNF4α was located predominantly in the nucleolus. Deletion analysis of the C‐terminus of HNF4α showed that the S337X‐HNF4α mutant, and other mutants with shorter amino acid sequences (S337‐K194), were mostly localized in the nucleolus. HNF4α mutants with amino acid sequences shorter than the W192X‐HNF4α mutant gradually spread to the nucleoplasm in accordance with their lengths. The A250X‐HNF4α mutant was capable of causing the accumulation of HNF4α or the small heterodimer partner (SHP), one of the HNF4α regulators, in the nucleolus. However, the R154X‐HNF4α mutant did not have binding ability to wild‐type HNF4α or SHP, and thus was seen in the nucleus. Conclusions: The C‐terminus sites might play a key role in facilitating the nucleolar and subnucleolar localization of HNF4α. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00210.x, 2012)
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ogata
- Department of Medicine III and Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Takeo Awaji
- Department of Pharmacology, Saitama Medical University School of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwasaki
- Department of Medicine III and Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Risa Fujimaki
- Department of Medicine III and Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Miho Takizawa
- Department of Medicine III and Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Kei Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Saitama Medical University School of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Iwamoto
- Department of Medicine III and Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Yasuko Uchigata
- Department of Medicine III and Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo
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23
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Shalev SA, Tenenbaum-Rakover Y, Horovitz Y, Paz VP, Ye H, Carmody D, Highland HM, Boerwinkle E, Hanis CL, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Bell GI, Philipson LH, Greeley SAW. Microcephaly, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes due to compound heterozygous mutations in IER3IP1: insights into the natural history of a rare disorder. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15:252-6. [PMID: 24138066 PMCID: PMC3994177 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes mellitus is known to have over 20 different monogenic causes. A syndrome of permanent neonatal diabetes along with primary microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern associated with severe infantile epileptic encephalopathy was recently described in two independent reports in which disease-causing homozygous mutations were identified in the immediate early response-3 interacting protein-1 (IER3IP1) gene. We report here an affected male born to a non-consanguineous couple who was noted to have insulin-requiring permanent neonatal diabetes, microcephaly, and generalized seizures. He was also found to have cortical blindness, severe developmental delay and numerous dysmorphic features. He experienced a slow improvement but not abrogation of seizure frequency and severity on numerous anti-epileptic agents. His clinical course was further complicated by recurrent respiratory tract infections and he died at 8 years of age. Whole exome sequencing was performed on DNA from the proband and parents. He was found to be a compound heterozygote with two different mutations in IER3IP1: p.Val21Gly (V21G) and a novel frameshift mutation p.Phe27fsSer*25. IER3IP1 is a highly conserved protein with marked expression in the cerebral cortex and in beta cells. This is the first reported case of compound heterozygous mutations within IER3IP1 resulting in neonatal diabetes. The triad of microcephaly, generalized seizures, and permanent neonatal diabetes should prompt screening for mutations in IER3IP1. As mutations in genes such as NEUROD1 and PTF1A could cause a similar phenotype, next-generation sequencing approaches-such as exome sequencing reported here-may be an efficient means of uncovering a diagnosis in future cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavit A. Shalev
- The Genetic Institute, Emek Medical Center, Afula, and Rapapport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yardena Tenenbaum-Rakover
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Emek Medical Center, Afula, and Rapapport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoseph Horovitz
- Pediatric Department, Emek Medical Center, Afula, and Rapapport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Veronica P. Paz
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Honggang Ye
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - David Carmody
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Heather M. Highland
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, TX 77225
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, TX 77225,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, TX 77225
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Louis H. Philipson
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Siri Atma W. Greeley
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637
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24
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Mahajan A, Go MJ, Zhang W, Below JE, Gaulton KJ, Ferreira T, Horikoshi M, Johnson AD, Ng MCY, Prokopenko I, Saleheen D, Wang X, Zeggini E, Abecasis GR, Adair LS, Almgren P, Atalay M, Aung T, Baldassarre D, Balkau B, Bao Y, Barnett AH, Barroso I, Basit A, Been LF, Beilby J, Bell GI, Benediktsson R, Bergman RN, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle LL, Burtt N, Cai Q, Campbell H, Carey J, Cauchi S, Caulfield M, Chan JCN, Chang LC, Chang TJ, Chang YC, Charpentier G, Chen CH, Chen H, Chen YT, Chia KS, Chidambaram M, Chines PS, Cho NH, Cho YM, Chuang LM, Collins FS, Cornelis MC, Couper DJ, Crenshaw AT, van Dam RM, Danesh J, Das D, de Faire U, Dedoussis G, Deloukas P, Dimas AS, Dina C, Doney AS, Donnelly PJ, Dorkhan M, van Duijn C, Dupuis J, Edkins S, Elliott P, Emilsson V, Erbel R, Eriksson JG, Escobedo J, Esko T, Eury E, Florez JC, Fontanillas P, Forouhi NG, Forsen T, Fox C, Fraser RM, Frayling TM, Froguel P, Frossard P, Gao Y, Gertow K, Gieger C, Gigante B, Grallert H, Grant GB, Grrop LC, Groves CJ, Grundberg E, Guiducci C, Hamsten A, Han BG, Hara K, Hassanali N, Hattersley AT, Hayward C, Hedman AK, Herder C, Hofman A, Holmen OL, Hovingh K, Hreidarsson AB, Hu C, Hu FB, Hui J, Humphries SE, Hunt SE, Hunter DJ, Hveem K, Hydrie ZI, Ikegami H, Illig T, Ingelsson E, Islam M, Isomaa B, Jackson AU, Jafar T, James A, Jia W, Jöckel KH, Jonsson A, Jowett JBM, Kadowaki T, Kang HM, Kanoni S, Kao WHL, Kathiresan S, Kato N, Katulanda P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi KM, Kelly AM, Khan H, Khaw KT, Khor CC, Kim HL, Kim S, Kim YJ, Kinnunen L, Klopp N, Kong A, Korpi-Hyövälti E, Kowlessur S, Kraft P, Kravic J, Kristensen MM, Krithika S, Kumar A, Kumate J, Kuusisto J, Kwak SH, Laakso M, Lagou V, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Langford C, Lawrence R, Leander K, Lee JM, Lee NR, Li M, Li X, Li Y, Liang J, Liju S, Lim WY, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Lindholm E, Liu CT, Liu JJ, Lobbens S, Long J, Loos RJF, Lu W, Luan J, Lyssenko V, Ma RCW, Maeda S, Mägi R, Männisto S, Matthews DR, Meigs JB, Melander O, Metspalu A, Meyer J, Mirza G, Mihailov E, Moebus S, Mohan V, Mohlke KL, Morris AD, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Nurasyid M, Musk B, Nakamura J, Nakashima E, Navarro P, Ng PK, Nica AC, Nilsson PM, Njølstad I, Nöthen MM, Ohnaka K, Ong TH, Owen KR, Palmer CNA, Pankow JS, Park KS, Parkin M, Pechlivanis S, Pedersen NL, Peltonen L, Perry JRB, Peters A, Pinidiyapathirage JM, Platou CG, Potter S, Price JF, Qi L, Radha V, Rallidis L, Rasheed A, Rathman W, Rauramaa R, Raychaudhuri S, Rayner NW, Rees SD, Rehnberg E, Ripatti S, Robertson N, Roden M, Rossin EJ, Rudan I, Rybin D, Saaristo TE, Salomaa V, Saltevo J, Samuel M, Sanghera DK, Saramies J, Scott J, Scott LJ, Scott RA, Segrè AV, Sehmi J, Sennblad B, Shah N, Shah S, Shera AS, Shu XO, Shuldiner AR, Sigurđsson G, Sijbrands E, Silveira A, Sim X, Sivapalaratnam S, Small KS, So WY, Stančáková A, Stefansson K, Steinbach G, Steinthorsdottir V, Stirrups K, Strawbridge RJ, Stringham HM, Sun Q, Suo C, Syvänen AC, Takayanagi R, Takeuchi F, Tay WT, Teslovich TM, Thorand B, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tikkanen E, Trakalo J, Tremoli E, Trip MD, Tsai FJ, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Valladares-Salgado A, Vedantam S, Veglia F, Voight BF, Wang C, Wareham NJ, Wennauer R, Wickremasinghe AR, Wilsgaard T, Wilson JF, Wiltshire S, Winckler W, Wong TY, Wood AR, Wu JY, Wu Y, Yamamoto K, Yamauchi T, Yang M, Yengo L, Yokota M, Young R, Zabaneh D, Zhang F, Zhang R, Zheng W, Zimmet PZ, Altshuler D, Bowden DW, Cho YS, Cox NJ, Cruz M, Hanis CL, Kooner J, Lee JY, Seielstad M, Teo YY, Boehnke M, Parra EJ, Chambers JC, Tai ES, McCarthy MI, Morris AP. Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Nat Genet 2014; 46:234-44. [PMID: 24509480 PMCID: PMC3969612 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To further understanding of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility, we aggregated published meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) including 26,488 cases and 83,964 controls of European, East Asian, South Asian, and Mexican and Mexican American ancestry. We observed significant excess in directional consistency of T2D risk alleles across ancestry groups, even at SNPs demonstrating only weak evidence of association. By following up the strongest signals of association from the trans-ethnic meta-analysis in an additional 21,491 cases and 55,647 controls of European ancestry, we identified seven novel T2D susceptibility loci. Furthermore, we observed considerable improvements in fine-mapping resolution of common variant association signals at several T2D susceptibility loci. These observations highlight the benefits of trans-ethnic GWAS for the discovery and characterisation of complex trait loci, and emphasize an exciting opportunity to extend insight into the genetic architecture and pathogenesis of human diseases across populations of diverse ancestry.
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Naylor RN, John PM, Winn AN, Carmody D, Greeley SAW, Philipson LH, Bell GI, Huang ES. Cost-effectiveness of MODY genetic testing: translating genomic advances into practical health applications. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:202-9. [PMID: 24026547 PMCID: PMC3867988 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a genetic testing policy for HNF1A-, HNF4A-, and GCK-MODY in a hypothetical cohort of type 2 diabetic patients 25-40 years old with a MODY prevalence of 2%. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a simulation model of type 2 diabetes complications based on UK Prospective Diabetes Study data, modified to account for the natural history of disease by genetic subtype to compare a policy of genetic testing at diabetes diagnosis versus a policy of no testing. Under the screening policy, successful sulfonylurea treatment of HNF1A-MODY and HNF4A-MODY was modeled to produce a glycosylated hemoglobin reduction of -1.5% compared with usual care. GCK-MODY received no therapy. Main outcome measures were costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) based on lifetime risk of complications and treatments, expressed as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) (USD/QALY). RESULTS The testing policy yielded an average gain of 0.012 QALYs and resulted in an ICER of 205,000 USD. Sensitivity analysis showed that if the MODY prevalence was 6%, the ICER would be ~50,000 USD. If MODY prevalence was >30%, the testing policy was cost saving. Reducing genetic testing costs to 700 USD also resulted in an ICER of ~50,000 USD. CONCLUSIONS Our simulated model suggests that a policy of testing for MODY in selected populations is cost-effective for the U.S. based on contemporary ICER thresholds. Higher prevalence of MODY in the tested population or decreased testing costs would enhance cost-effectiveness. Our results make a compelling argument for routine coverage of genetic testing in patients with high clinical suspicion of MODY.
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Gillespie JR, Bush JR, Bell GI, Aubrey LA, Dupuis H, Ferron M, Kream B, DiMattia G, Patel S, Woodgett JR, Karsenty G, Hess DA, Beier F. GSK-3β function in bone regulates skeletal development, whole-body metabolism, and male life span. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3702-18. [PMID: 23904355 PMCID: PMC5053811 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK-3β) is an essential negative regulator or "brake" on many anabolic-signaling pathways including Wnt and insulin. Global deletion of GSK-3β results in perinatal lethality and various skeletal defects. The goal of our research was to determine GSK-3β cell-autonomous effects and postnatal roles in the skeleton. We used the 3.6-kb Col1a1 promoter to inactivate the Gsk3b gene (Col1a1-Gsk3b knockout) in skeletal cells. Mutant mice exhibit decreased body fat and postnatal bone growth, as well as delayed development of several skeletal elements. Surprisingly, the mutant mice display decreased circulating glucose and insulin levels despite normal expression of GSK-3β in metabolic tissues. We showed that these effects are due to an increase in global insulin sensitivity. Most of the male mutant mice died after weaning. Prior to death, blood glucose changed from low to high, suggesting a possible switch from insulin sensitivity to resistance. These male mice die with extremely large bladders that are preceded by damage to the urogenital tract, defects that are also seen type 2 diabetes. Our data suggest that skeletal-specific deletion of GSK-3β affects global metabolism and sensitizes male mice to developing type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Development
- Bone and Bones/enzymology
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Collagen Type I/genetics
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Energy Metabolism
- Female
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Male Urogenital Diseases/complications
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Sex Characteristics
- Survival Analysis
- Urogenital System/pathology
- Weaning
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gillespie
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; N6A 5C1.
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Yin H, Park SY, Wang XJ, Misawa R, Grossman EJ, Tao J, Zhong R, Witkowski P, Bell GI, Chong AS. Enhancing pancreatic Beta-cell regeneration in vivo with pioglitazone and alogliptin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65777. [PMID: 23762423 PMCID: PMC3675063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis Pancreatic beta-cells retain limited ability to regenerate and proliferate after various physiologic triggers. Identifying therapies that are able to enhance beta-cell regeneration may therefore be useful for the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Methods In this study we investigated endogenous and transplanted beta-cell regeneration by serially quantifying changes in bioluminescence from beta-cells from transgenic mice expressing firefly luciferase under the control of the mouse insulin I promoter. We tested the ability of pioglitazone and alogliptin, two drugs developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, to enhance beta-cell regeneration, and also defined the effect of the immunosuppression with rapamycin and tacrolimus on transplanted islet beta mass. Results Pioglitazone is a stimulator of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma while alogliptin is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. Pioglitazone alone, or in combination with alogliptin, enhanced endogenous beta-cell regeneration in streptozotocin-treated mice, while alogliptin alone had modest effects. In a model of syngeneic islet transplantation, immunosuppression with rapamycin and tacrolimus induced an early loss of beta-cell mass, while treatment with insulin implants to maintain normoglycemia and pioglitazone plus alogliptin was able to partially promote beta-cell mass recovery. Conclusions/Interpretation These data highlight the utility of bioluminescence for serially quantifying functional beta-cell mass in living mice. They also demonstrate the ability of pioglitazone, used either alone or in combination with alogliptin, to enhance regeneration of endogenous islet beta-cells as well as transplanted islets into recipients treated with rapamycin and tacrolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ryosuke Misawa
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Transplantation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Grossman
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jing Tao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Piotr Witkowski
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bell GI, Putman DM, Hughes-Large JM, Hess DA. Intrapancreatic delivery of human umbilical cord blood aldehyde dehydrogenase-producing cells promotes islet regeneration. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1755-60. [PMID: 22434536 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We sought to investigate the stimulation of islet regeneration by transplanted human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells purified according to high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity (ALDH(hi)), a conserved characteristic of multiple progenitor lineages. We hypothesised that direct intrapancreatic (iPan) delivery of ALDH(hi) progenitors would augment islet regeneration via timely and localised exposure to islet-regenerative stimuli. METHODS Cells were purified from UCB based on flow cytometry for low ALDH activity (ALDH(lo)) vs ALDH(hi). UCB ALDH(lo) or ALDH(hi) cells were compared for surface marker expression, as well as haematopoietic, endothelial and multipotent stromal progenitor content in vitro. UCB ALDH(lo) or ALDH(hi) cells were i.v. or iPan injected into streptozotocin-treated non-obese diabetic/severe combined immune-deficient mice temporally monitored for blood glucose, serum insulin and glucose tolerance. Human cell recruitment and survival in the pancreas, insulin content, islet-associated cell proliferation and islet vascularisation were documented in situ. RESULTS UCB-derived ALDH(hi) cells were highly enriched for haematopoietic and endothelial progenitor frequency, and showed increased expression of progenitor and myeloid cell surface markers. Although i.v. transplantation of ALDH(hi) cells demonstrated low pancreas engraftment and only transient blood glucose lowering capacity, iPan injected ALDH(hi) cells reversed established hyperglycaemia, increased serum insulin and improved the response to a glucose challenge. iPan injected ALDH(hi) cells surrounded damaged islets at early time points and increased islet-associated cell proliferation, resulting in the recovery of beta cell mass. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION iPan delivery of UCB ALDH(hi) cells potentiated islet-associated cell proliferation, insulin production and islet revascularisation, resulting in the recovery of host islet function. Elucidation of the progenitor-specific pathways stimulated during islet regeneration may provide new approaches to promote islet expansion during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Bell
- Program in Regenerative Medicine, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Vascular Biology Group, Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, PO Box 5015, 100 Perth Drive, London, ON, Canada N6A 5K8
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Johansson S, Irgens H, Chudasama KK, Molnes J, Aerts J, Roque FS, Jonassen I, Levy S, Lima K, Knappskog PM, Bell GI, Molven A, Njølstad PR. Exome sequencing and genetic testing for MODY. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38050. [PMID: 22662265 PMCID: PMC3360646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Genetic testing for monogenic diabetes is important for patient care. Given the extensive genetic and clinical heterogeneity of diabetes, exome sequencing might provide additional diagnostic potential when standard Sanger sequencing-based diagnostics is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the performance of exome sequencing for a molecular diagnosis of MODY in patients who have undergone conventional diagnostic sequencing of candidate genes with negative results. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed exome enrichment followed by high-throughput sequencing in nine patients with suspected MODY. They were Sanger sequencing-negative for mutations in the HNF1A, HNF4A, GCK, HNF1B and INS genes. We excluded common, non-coding and synonymous gene variants, and performed in-depth analysis on filtered sequence variants in a pre-defined set of 111 genes implicated in glucose metabolism. RESULTS On average, we obtained 45 X median coverage of the entire targeted exome and found 199 rare coding variants per individual. We identified 0-4 rare non-synonymous and nonsense variants per individual in our a priori list of 111 candidate genes. Three of the variants were considered pathogenic (in ABCC8, HNF4A and PPARG, respectively), thus exome sequencing led to a genetic diagnosis in at least three of the nine patients. Approximately 91% of known heterozygous SNPs in the target exomes were detected, but we also found low coverage in some key diabetes genes using our current exome sequencing approach. Novel variants in the genes ARAP1, GLIS3, MADD, NOTCH2 and WFS1 need further investigation to reveal their possible role in diabetes. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that exome sequencing can improve molecular diagnostics of MODY when used as a complement to Sanger sequencing. However, improvements will be needed, especially concerning coverage, before the full potential of exome sequencing can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Johansson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrik Irgens
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kishan K. Chudasama
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Janne Molnes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Aerts
- Faculty of Engineering – ESAT/SCD, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Inge Jonassen
- Computational Biology Unit, Uni Computing, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kari Lima
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Per M. Knappskog
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anders Molven
- Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R. Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Savic D, Bell GI, Nobrega MA. An in vivo cis-regulatory screen at the type 2 diabetes associated TCF7L2 locus identifies multiple tissue-specific enhancers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36501. [PMID: 22590553 PMCID: PMC3349716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have repeatedly shown an association between non-coding variants in the TCF7L2 locus and risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), implicating a role for cis-regulatory variation within this locus in disease etiology. Supporting this hypothesis, we previously localized complex regulatory activity to the TCF7L2 T2D-associated interval using an in vivo bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) enhancer-trapping reporter strategy. To follow-up on this broad initial survey of the TCF7L2 regulatory landscape, we performed a fine-mapping enhancer scan using in vivo mouse transgenic reporter assays. We functionally interrogated approximately 50% of the sequences within the T2D-associated interval, utilizing sequence conservation within this 92-kb interval to determine the regulatory potential of all evolutionary conserved sequences that exhibited conservation to the non-eutherian mammal opossum. Included in this study was a detailed functional interrogation of sequences spanning both protective and risk alleles of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7903146, which has exhibited allele-specific enhancer function in pancreatic beta cells. Using these assays, we identified nine segments regulating various aspects of the TCF7L2 expression profile and that constitute nearly 70% of the sequences tested. These results highlight the regulatory complexity of this interval and support the notion that a TCF7L2 cis-regulatory disruption leads to T2D predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Savic
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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Chong AS, Bell GI. Three Strikes and You're Cured. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:133fs12. [PMID: 22572878 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
New research shows that in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, it may be possible to abrogate autoimmunity and then exploit the ability of pancreatic β cells to regenerate, thereby restoring blood glucose regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Abstract
There has been major progress in recent years uncovering the genetic causes of diabetes presenting in the first year of life. Twenty genes have been identified to date. The most common causes accounting for the majority of cases are mutations in the genes encoding the two subunits of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP)), KCNJ11 and ABCC8, and the insulin gene (INS), as well as abnormalities in chromosome 6q24. Patients with activating mutations in KCNJ11 and ABCC8 can be treated with oral sulfonylureas in lieu of insulin injections. This compelling example of personalized genetic medicine leading to improved glucose regulation and quality of life may-with continued research-be repeated for other forms of neonatal diabetes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Atma W Greeley
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Boodram LG, Miyake K, Hayes MG, Bell GI, Cockburn BN. Association of the KCNJ11 variant E23K with type 2 diabetes in Indo-Trinidadians. W INDIAN MED J 2011; 60:604-607. [PMID: 22512215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of genetic variation in KCNJ11 on the risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Trinidadians. METHODS The coding and bordering intron-exon regions of the KCNJ11 gene were sequenced in 168 diabetic and 61 non-diabetic subjects who historically were thought to be of South Asian Indian ancestry as well as 66 diabetic and 59 non-diabetic subjects of African ancestry. Allele and haplotype frequency differences were calculated between cases and controls and linkage equilibrium was assessed across the KCNJ11 region. RESULTS We identified novel missense mutations in both subject groups including A94P and R369C in a diabetic Indo-Trinidadian subject, S113G in a non-diabetic Indo-Trinidadian subject, and S118L in a diabetic Afro-Trinidadian subject. It is unknown if these mutations are pathogenic as other family members were not available for study. Additionally, the common variant E23K was associated with Type 2 diabetes in the Indo-Trinidadian group (OR = 1.797 [1.148-2.814], p = 0.0098). CONCLUSIONS Rare variants in KCNJ11 are segregating in the Indo- and Afro-Trinidadian populations and further studies are needed to determine their contribution, if any, to the overall prevalence of diabetes in these groups. Common variants such as E23K may increase the risk in the Indo-Trinidadian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Boodram
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan S Fajans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universityof Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Savic D, Ye H, Aneas I, Park SY, Bell GI, Nobrega MA. Alterations in TCF7L2 expression define its role as a key regulator of glucose metabolism. Genome Res 2011; 21:1417-25. [PMID: 21673050 DOI: 10.1101/gr.123745.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have consistently implicated noncoding variation within the TCF7L2 locus with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. While this locus represents the strongest genetic determinant for T2D risk in humans, it remains unclear how these noncoding variants affect disease etiology. To test the hypothesis that the T2D-associated interval harbors cis-regulatory elements controlling TCF7L2 expression, we conducted in vivo transgenic reporter assays to characterize the TCF7L2 regulatory landscape. We found that the 92-kb genomic interval associated with T2D harbors long-range enhancers regulating various aspects of the spatial-temporal expression patterns of TCF7L2, including expression in tissues involved in the control of glucose homeostasis. By selectively deleting this interval, we establish a critical role for these enhancers in robust TCF7L2 expression. To further determine whether variation in Tcf7l2 expression may lead to diabetes, we developed a Tcf7l2 copy-number allelic series in mice. We show that a null Tcf7l2 allele leads, in a dose-dependent manner, to lower glycemic profiles. Tcf7l2 null mice also display enhanced glucose tolerance coupled to significantly lowered insulin levels, suggesting that these mice are protected against T2D. Confirming these observations, transgenic mice harboring multiple Tcf7l2 copies and overexpressing this gene display reciprocal phenotypes, including glucose intolerance. These results directly demonstrate that Tcf7l2 plays a role in regulating glucose tolerance, suggesting that overexpression of this gene is associated with increased risk of T2D. These data highlight the role of enhancer elements as mediators of T2D risk in humans, strengthening the evidence that variation in cis-regulatory elements may be a paradigm for genetic predispositions to common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Savic
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Abstract
Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is the term commonly used to describe diabetes with onset before 6 months-of-age. It occurs in approximately one out of every 100,000-300,000 live births. Although this term encompasses diabetes of any etiology, it is recognized that NDM diagnosed before 6 months-of-age is most often monogenic in nature. Clinically, NDM subgroups include transient (TNDM) and permanent NDM (PNDM), as well as syndromic cases of NDM. TNDM often develops within the first few weeks of life and remits by a few months of age. However, relapse occurs in 50% of cases, typically in adolescence or adulthood. TNDM is most frequently caused by abnormalities in the imprinted region of chromosome 6q24, leading to overexpression of paternally derived genes. Mutations in KCNJ11 and ABCC8, encoding the two subunits of the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel on the β-cell membrane, can cause TNDM, but more often result in PNDM. NDM as a result of mutations in KCNJ11 and ABCC8 often responds to sulfonylureas, allowing transition from insulin therapy. Mutations in other genes important to β-cell function and regulation, and in the insulin gene itself, also cause NDM. In 40% of NDM cases, the genetic cause remains unknown. Correctly identifying monogenic NDM has important implications for appropriate treatment, expected disease course and associated conditions, and genetic testing for at-risk family members. Early recognition of monogenic NDM allows for the implementation of appropriate therapy, leading to improved outcomes and potential societal cost savings. (J Diabetes Invest, doi:10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00106.x, 2011).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Graeme I Bell
- Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Louis H Philipson
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
AIM To understand the etiology of childhood-onset diabetes, we examined genetic risk markers, autoantibodies, and β-cell function in a mixed race group of young patients. METHODS One hundred and forty-five patients aged 0-17 at diagnosis (54% African American, 22% Caucasian, 16% Latino, 8% mixed-other) were studied at mean duration 6.9 ± 5.7 (range 0.1-28.5) yr, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1-DQB1 genotyping, stimulated C peptide (CP), glutamic acid decarboxylase, and insulinoma-associated antigen 2 antibodies (ABs). Based on no residual β-cell function (CP-) and islet autoantibodies (AB+), 111 patients were classified with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), 22 were CP+ and AB- and thus considered to have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and 12 patients had features of both T1DM and T2DM or mixed phenotype. RESULTS Based on the presence of two high-risk HLA-DQA1/B1 haplotypes, 39% of African Americans, 81% of Caucasians, 70% of Latinos, and 67% of mixed-others were at high genetic risk. In patients with T1DM, 41% of African Americans, 80% of Caucasians, 73% of Latinos, and 63% of mixed-others were genetically susceptible. Thirty-one percent of African Americans, including 29% of those with T1DM, could not be characterized because their haplotypes had unknown T1DM associations. These unusual haplotypes comprised 11% in T1DM, 14% in T2DM, and 8% in patients with mixed phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Fifty-nine percent of childhood-onset patients with T1DM were identified with high genetic risk based on known HLA-DQA1/B1 associations. Many non-Caucasian patients carry HLA-DQ alleles whose association with T1DM is undetermined. Genetic approaches can provide insights into the etiology and appropriate treatment of childhood-onset diabetes but only if sufficient data are available in diverse ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B. Lipton
- Departments of Pediatrics, Health Studies, and Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637,To whom reprint requests should be addressed. Rebecca B. Lipton, PhD, 5841 S. Maryland Ave. MC 5053, Chicago, IL 60637 phone:1-708-275-6355,
| | - Melinda Drum
- Departments of Pediatrics, Health Studies, and Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Siri Atma W. Greeley
- Departments of Pediatrics, Health Studies, and Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Kirstie K. Danielson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Health Studies, and Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Departments of Pediatrics, Health Studies, and Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
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Abstract
AIM To explore whether it is possible to predict a child's eventual diabetes phenotype using characteristics at initial presentation, we reassessed 111 young patients on average 7.8 ± 4.2 (2.2-19.7) [mean ± SD (range)] years after diagnosis. METHODS Medical records at diagnosis for 111 patients, aged 0-17, were compared with their follow-up characteristics including stimulated C-peptide (CP) and islet autoantibodies (AB). RESULTS Initially, 18 patients were obese; 9 displayed other type 2 diabetes (T2DM) features (polycystic ovary syndrome, acanthosis, diagnosed T2DM); the remaining 84 had a classic type 1 diabetes (T1DM) presentation. At follow-up, 83 patients (75%) with no measured CP were classified as T1DM; 17 (15%) were CP+ and AB- and thus considered T2DM. Eleven patients with both T1DM and T2DM features were classified as having mixed diabetes phenotype (MDM). One-fifth (22 subjects) changed presumed phenotype at follow-up. In multivariable models, T1DM patients were younger at diagnosis, had higher initial glucose values, were more likely to have experienced ketoacidosis, and less likely to be obese or of African American ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Ten percent of subjects had MDM and 15% had T2DM at ∼8 years' duration. Although no onset feature was completely reliable, ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia were more likely to predict T1DM; obesity and African American ethnicity made T2DM more likely. At diagnosis, features of T2DM in addition to obesity were strongly predictive of eventual T2DM phenotype. Given the significant percentage who changed or had mixed phenotype, careful tracking of all young people with diabetes is essential to correctly determine eventual disease type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B. Lipton
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author to whom reprint requests should be addressed. 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5053 Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Melinda L. Drum
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Graeme I. Bell
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL, USA
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Greeley SAW, John PM, Winn AN, Ornelas J, Lipton RB, Philipson LH, Bell GI, Huang ES. The cost-effectiveness of personalized genetic medicine: the case of genetic testing in neonatal diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:622-7. [PMID: 21273495 PMCID: PMC3041194 DOI: 10.2337/dc10-1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare form of diabetes diagnosed in infancy. Nearly half of patients with permanent neonatal diabetes have mutations in the genes for the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KCNJ11 and ABCC8) that allow switching from insulin to sulfonylurea therapy. Although treatment conversion has dramatic benefits, the cost-effectiveness of routine genetic testing is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a societal cost-utility analysis comparing a policy of routine genetic testing to no testing among children with permanent neonatal diabetes. We used a simulation model of type 1 diabetic complications, with the outcome of interest being the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER, $/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained) over 30 years of follow-up. RESULTS In the base case, the testing policy dominated the no-testing policy. The testing policy was projected to bring about quality-of-life benefits that enlarged over time (0.32 QALYs at 10 years, 0.70 at 30 years) and produced savings in total costs that were present as early as 10 years ($12,528 at 10 years, $30,437 at 30 years). Sensitivity analyses indicated that the testing policy would remain cost-saving as long as the prevalence of the genetic defects remained >3% and would retain an ICER <$200,000/QALY at prevalences between 0.7 and 3%. CONCLUSIONS Genetic testing in neonatal diabetes improves quality of life and lowers costs. This paradigmatic case study highlights the potential economic impact of applying the concepts of personalized genetic medicine to other disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Atma W Greeley
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Fu YP, Hallman DM, Gonzalez VH, Klein BEK, Klein R, Hayes MG, Cox NJ, Bell GI, Hanis CL. Identification of Diabetic Retinopathy Genes through a Genome-Wide Association Study among Mexican-Americans from Starr County, Texas. J Ophthalmol 2010; 2010:861291. [PMID: 20871662 PMCID: PMC2939442 DOI: 10.1155/2010/861291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genetic loci for severe diabetic retinopathy, 286 Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes from Starr County, Texas, completed physical examinations including fundus photography for diabetic retinopathy grading. Individuals with moderate-to-severe non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy were defined as cases. Direct genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 100 K Set, and SNPs passing quality control criteria were used to impute markers available in HapMap Phase III Mexican population (MXL) in Los Angeles, California. Two directly genotyped markers were associated with severe diabetic retinopathy at a P-value less than .0001: SNP rs2300782 (P = 6.04 × 10(-5)) mapped to an intron region of CAMK4 (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV) on chromosome 5, and SNP rs10519765 (P = 6.21 × 10(-5)) on chromosomal 15q13 in the FMN1 (formin 1) gene. Using well-imputed markers based on the HapMap III Mexican population, we identified an additional 32 SNPs located in 11 chromosomal regions with nominal association with severe diabetic retinopathy at P-value less than .0001. None of these markers were located in traditional candidate genes for diabetic retinopathy or diabetes itself. However, these signals implicate genes involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and cell adhesion for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Fu
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - D. Michael Hallman
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | | | - Barbara E. K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - M. Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, TX 77225, USA
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Abstract
Over the last decade our insight into the causes of neonatal diabetes has greatly expanded. Neonatal diabetes was once considered a variant of type 1 diabetes that presented early in life. Recent advances in our understanding of this disorder have established that neonatal diabetes is not an autoimmune disease, but rather is a monogenic form of diabetes resulting from mutations in a number of different genes encoding proteins that play a key role in the normal function of the pancreatic beta-cell. Moreover, a correct genetic diagnosis can affect treatment and clinical outcome. This is especially true for patients with mutations in the genes KCNJ11 or ABCC8 that encode the two protein subunits (Kir6.2 and SUR1, respectively) of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel. These patients can be treated with oral sulfonylurea drugs with better glycemic control and quality of life. Recently, mutations in the insulin gene (INS) itself have been identified as another cause of neonatal diabetes. In this article, we review the role of INS mutations in the pathophysiology of neonatal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Støy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Greeley SAW, Tucker SE, Naylor RN, Bell GI, Philipson LH. Neonatal diabetes mellitus: a model for personalized medicine. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:464-72. [PMID: 20434356 PMCID: PMC2914172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes mellitus occurs in approximately 1 out of every 100,000 live births. It can be either permanent or transient, and recent studies indicate that is likely to have an underlying genetic cause, particularly when diagnosed before 6 months of age. Permanent neonatal diabetes is most commonly due to activating mutations in either of the genes encoding the two subunits of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel. In most of these patients, switching from insulin to oral sulfonylurea therapy leads to improved metabolic control, as well as possible amelioration of occasional associated neurodevelopmental disabilities. It remains to be determined what is the most appropriate treatment of other causes. The diagnosis and treatment of neonatal diabetes, therefore, represents a model for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Atma W Greeley
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Cheverud JM, Fawcett GL, Jarvis JP, Norgard EA, Pavlicev M, Pletscher LS, Polonsky KS, Ye H, Bell GI, Semenkovich CF. Calpain-10 is a component of the obesity-related quantitative trait locus Adip1. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:907-13. [PMID: 20388922 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously mapped Adip1, an obesity quantitative trait locus (QTL), to the central portion of murine chromosome 1 containing the calpain-10 (Capn10) gene. Human studies have associated calpain-10 (CAPN10) variants with type 2 diabetes and various metabolic traits. We performed a quantitative hybrid complementation test (QHCT) to determine whether differences attributed to Adip1 are the result of variant Capn10 alleles in LG/J and SM/J mice. We crossed LG/J and SM/J to wild-type (C57BL/6J) and Capn10 knockout (Capn10(-/-)) mice to form four F(1) hybrid groups: LG/J by wild-type, LG/J by Capn10(-/-), SM/J by wild-type, and SM/J by Capn10(-/-). We performed a two-way ANOVA with the experimental strain, tester strain, and their interaction as the factors. Significant interaction indicates a quantitative failure to complement. We found failure to complement for fat, organ, and body weights, and leptin, female free fatty acid, and triglyceride levels. Capn10(-/-) resulted in heavier weights and higher serum levels in LG/J crosses but not in SM/J crosses. For glucose tolerance and insulin response tests, the Capn10(-/-) allele resulted in lower glucose levels in crosses with SM/J but had no effect in the LG/J crosses. Differences between the LG/J and SM/J Capn10 alleles are the likely source of some of the QTL effects mapped to Adip1 in the LG/J-by-SM/J cross. Capn10 plays an important role in regulating obesity and diabetes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Cheverud
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Fajans SS, Bell GI, Paz VP, Below JE, Cox NJ, Martin C, Thomas IH, Chen M. Obesity and hyperinsulinemia in a family with pancreatic agenesis and MODY caused by the IPF1 mutation Pro63fsX60. Transl Res 2010; 156:7-14. [PMID: 20621032 PMCID: PMC2904650 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the genetic and clinical features of diabetic subjects in a 5-generation Michigan-Kentucky pedigree ascertained through a proband with pancreatic agenesis and homozygous for the IPF1 mutation Pro63fsx60. Diabetic and nondiabetic family members were genotyped and phenotyped. We also carried out genetic studies to determine the history of the IPF1 mutation in the Michigan-Kentucky family and a Virginia family with the same mutation. We identified 110 individuals; 34 are currently being treated for diabetes and 10 of these are Pro63fsX60 carriers (ie, MODY4). Subjects with MODY as well as those with type 2 diabetes are characterized by obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Genetic studies suggest that the IPF1 mutation was inherited from an ancestor common to both the Michigan-Kentucky and Virginia families. MODY4 and type 2 diabetes in the Michigan-Kentucky pedigree are associated with obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Obesity and hyperinsulinemia have been observed occasionally in other subtypes of MODY, which suggests that hyperinsulinemia may be a general phenomenon when obesity occurs in MODY subjects. Hypoinsulinemia in nonobese MODY subjects seems to be caused by a functional defect in the beta cell. Genetic testing should be considered in multigenerational obese diabetic subjects, particularly when such families contain young diabetic members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan S Fajans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-9484, USA.
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Cheverud JM, Fawcett GL, Jarvis JP, Norgard EA, Pavlicev M, Pletscher LS, Polonsky KS, Ye H, Bell GI, Semenkovich CF. Calpain-10 is a component of the obesity-related quantitative trait locus Adip1. J Lipid Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900128-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rajan S, Eames SC, Park SY, Labno C, Bell GI, Prince VE, Philipson LH. In vitro processing and secretion of mutant insulin proteins that cause permanent neonatal diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E403-10. [PMID: 19952343 PMCID: PMC2838531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00592.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare form of insulin-requiring diabetes presenting within the first few weeks or months of life. Mutations in the insulin gene are the second most common cause of this form of diabetes. These mutations are located in critical regions of preproinsulin and are likely to prevent normal processing or folding of the preproinsulin/proinsulin molecule. To characterize these mutations, we transiently expressed proinsulin-GFP fusion proteins in MIN6 mouse insulinoma cells. Our study revealed three groups of mutant proteins: 1) mutations that result in retention of proinsulin in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and attenuation of secretion of cotransfected wild-type insulin: C43G, F48C, and C96Y; 2) mutations with partial ER retention, partial recruitment to granules, and attenuation of secretion of wild-type insulin: G32R, G32S, G47V, G90C, and Y108C; and 3) similar to (2) but with no significant attenuation of wild-type insulin secretion: A24D and R89C. The mutant insulin proteins do not prevent targeting of wild-type insulin to secretory granules, but most appear to lead to decreased secretion of wild-type insulin. Each of the mutants triggers the expression of the proapoptotic gene Chop, indicating the presence of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Rajan
- Department of Medicine, Univ. of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here we give context to new data on neonatal diabetes mellitus, a rare group of insulin-requiring monogenic forms of diabetes presenting at birth or shortly thereafter. Genetic studies are critical in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. The most common causes of neonatal diabetes are activating mutations in the two protein subunits of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel. These are responsible for about half of all cases of permanent neonatal diabetes and some cases of transient neonatal diabetes. Identification of these mutations allows patients treated with insulin to be transferred to sulfonylureas, but associated conditions and other causes must be considered. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data suggest that neonatal diabetes is more common than previously thought, with variable presentations. Continued studies provide further evidence for amelioration of developmental and neurological dysfunction exhibited by a significant proportion of patients. Abnormalities of chromosome 6q24 remain the most common cause of transient neonatal diabetes. Other causes of neonatal diabetes being studied include mutations in proinsulin, FOXP3 mutations in immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome, homozygous glucokinase mutations, and Wolcott-Rallinson/EIF2AK3 diabetes. SUMMARY We still have much to learn about the different forms of neonatal diabetes, their associated clinical features, and the optimization of therapy using a growing number of available therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Atma W Greeley
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Common variants in the gene TCF7L2 confer the largest effect on the risk of type 2 diabetes. The present study was undertaken to increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which this gene affects type 2 diabetes risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eight subjects with risk-conferring TCF7L2 genotypes (TT or TC at rs7903146) and 10 matched subjects with wild-type genotype (CC) underwent 5-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion, and graded glucose infusion (GGI). Mathematical modeling was used to quantify insulin-secretory profiles during OGTT and glucose infusion protocols. The incretin effect was assessed from ratios of the insulin secretory rates (ISR) during oral and isoglycemic glucose infusions. Dose-response curves relating insulin secretion to glucose concentrations were derived from the GGI. RESULTS beta-cell responsivity to oral glucose was 50% lower (47 +/- 4 vs. 95 +/- 15 x 10(9) min(-1); P = 0.01) in the group of subjects with risk-conferring TCF7L2 genotypes compared with control subjects. The incretin effect was also reduced by 30% (32 +/- 4 vs. 46 +/- 4%; P = 0.02) in the at-risk group. The lower incretin effect occurred despite similar glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses to oral glucose. The ISR response to intravenous glucose over a physiologic glucose concentration range (5-9 mmol/l) was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The TCF7L2 variant rs7903146 appears to affect risk of type 2 diabetes, at least in part, by modifying the effect of incretins on insulin secretion. This is not due to reduced secretion of GLP-1 and GIP but rather due to the effect of TCF7L2 on the sensitivity of the beta-cell to incretins. Treatments that increase incretin sensitivity may decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis T. Villareal
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Heather Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruce W. Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hung Tran
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Burton Wice
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kenneth S. Polonsky
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Corresponding author: Kenneth S. Polonsky,
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Grossman EJ, Lee DD, Tao J, Wilson RA, Park SY, Bell GI, Chong AS. Glycemic control promotes pancreatic beta-cell regeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8749. [PMID: 20090914 PMCID: PMC2807460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic beta-cells proliferate following administration of the beta-cell toxin streptozotocin. Defining the conditions that promote beta-cell proliferation could benefit patients with diabetes. We have investigated the effect of insulin treatment on pancreatic beta-cell regeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and, in addition, report on a new approach to quantify beta-cell regeneration in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic were treated with either syngeneic islets transplanted under the kidney capsule or subcutaneous insulin implants. After either 60 or 120 days of insulin treatment, the islet transplant or insulin implant were removed and blood glucose levels monitored for 30 days. The results showed that both islet transplants and insulin implants restored normoglycemia in the 60 and 120 day treated animals. However, only the 120-day islet and insulin implant groups maintained euglycemia (<200 mg/dl) following discontinuation of insulin treatment. The beta-cell was significantly increased in all the 120 day insulin-treated groups (insulin implant, 0.69+/-0.23 mg; and islet transplant, 0.91+/-0.23 mg) compared non-diabetic control mice (1.54+/-0.25 mg). We also show that we can use bioluminescent imaging to monitor beta-cell regeneration in living MIP-luc transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results show that insulin treatment can promote beta-cell regeneration. Moreover, the extent of restoration of beta-cell function and mass depend on the length of treatment period and overall level of glycemic control with better control being associated with improved recovery. Finally, real-time bioluminescent imaging can be used to monitor beta-cell recovery in living MIP-luc transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Grossman
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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Park SY, Ye H, Steiner DF, Bell GI. Mutant proinsulin proteins associated with neonatal diabetes are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and not efficiently secreted. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:1449-54. [PMID: 20034470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the preproinsulin protein that affect processing of preproinsulin to proinsulin or lead to misfolding of proinsulin are associated with diabetes. We examined the subcellular localization and secretion of 13 neonatal diabetes-associated human proinsulin proteins (A24D, G32R, G32S, L35P, C43G, G47V, F48C, G84R, R89C, G90C, C96Y, S101C and Y108C) in rat INS-1 insulinoma cells. These mutant proinsulin proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are poorly secreted except for G84R and in contrast to wild-type and hyperproinsulinemia-associated mutant proteins (H34D and R89H) which were sorted to secretory granules and efficiently secreted. We also examined the effect of C96Y mutant proinsulin on the synthesis and secretion of wild-type insulin and observed a dominant-negative effect of the mutant proinsulin on the synthesis and secretion of wild-type insulin due to induction of the unfolded protein response and resulting attenuation of overall translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Park
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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