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Gallagher A, Kar S. Unveiling first report on in silico modeling of aquatic toxicity of organic chemicals to Labeo rohita (Rohu) employing QSAR and q-RASAR. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140810. [PMID: 38029938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Labeo rohita, a fish species within the Carp family, holds significant dietary and aquacultural importance in South Asian countries. However, the habitats of L. rohita often face exposure to various harmful pesticides and organic compounds originating from industrial and agricultural runoff. It is challenging to individually investigate the effects of each potentially harmful compound. In such cases, in silico techniques like Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and quantitative Read-Across Structure-Activity Relationship (q-RASAR) can be employed to construct algorithmic models capable of simultaneously assessing the toxicity of numerous compounds. We utilized the US EPA's ToxValDB database to curate data regarding acute median lethal concentration (LC50) toxicity for L. rohita. The experimental variables included study type (mortality), study duration (ranging from 0.25 h to 4 h), exposure route (static, flowthrough, and renewal), exposure method (drinking water), and types of chemicals (industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals). Using this dataset, we developed regression-based QSAR and q-RASAR models to predict chemical toxicity to L. rohita based on chemical descriptors. The key descriptors for predicting the toxicity of L. rohita in the regression-based QSAR model include F05[S-Cl], SpMax_EA(ri), s4_relPathLength_2, and SpDiam_AEA(ed). These descriptors can be employed to estimate the toxicity of untested compounds and aid in the development of compounds with lower toxicity based on the presence or absence of these descriptors. Both the QSAR and q-RASAR models serve as valuable tools for understanding the chemicals' structural features responsible for toxicity and for filling gaps in aquatic toxicity data by predicting the toxicity of newly untested compounds in relation to L. rohita. Finally, the developed best model was employed to predict 297 external chemicals, the most toxic substances to L. rohita were identified as cyhalothrin, isobornyl thiocyanatoacetate, and paclobutrzol, while the least toxic ones included ethyl acetate, ethylthiourea, and n-butyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gallagher
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ, 07083, USA
| | - Supratik Kar
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ, 07083, USA.
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Yang S, Kar S. First report on chemometric modeling of tilapia fish aquatic toxicity to organic chemicals: Toxicity data gap filling. Sci Total Environ 2024; 907:167991. [PMID: 37898216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) mandates the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to document chemicals entering the US. Due to the vast range of toxicity endpoints, experimental toxicological study for all chemicals is impossible to conduct. To address this, in silico methods like QSAR and read-across are strategically used to prioritize testing for chemicals lacking ecotoxicity data. Aquatic toxicity is one of the most critical endpoints directly related to aquatic species, mainly fish, followed by direct to indirect effects on humans through drinking water and fish as food, respectively. Therefore, we have employed the ToxValDB database to curate acute LC50 toxicity data for three Tilapia species covering two different genera, an ideal species for aquatic toxicity testing. Employing the curated dataset, we have developed multiple robust and predictive QSAR and quantitative read-across structure-activity relationship (q-RASAR) models for Tilapia zillii, Oreochromis niloticus, and Oreochromis mossambicus which helped to understand the toxicological mode of action (MoA) of the modeled chemicals and predict the aquatic toxicity of new untested chemicals followed by toxicity data gap filling. The best three QSAR models showed encouraging statistical quality in terms of determination coefficient R2 (0.94, 0.74, and 0.77), cross-validated leave-one-out Q2 (0.90, 0.67 and 0.70), and predictive capability in terms of R2pred (0.95, 0.77, and 0.74) for T. zillii, O. niloticus, and O. mossambicus datasets, respectively. The developed best mathematical models were used for the prediction of aquatic toxicity in terms of pLC50 for 297 untested organic chemicals across three major Tilapia species ranging from 1.841 to 8.561 M in terms of environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Yang
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Supratik Kar
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083, USA.
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Honscha LC, Reis FO, Aikawa P, Coronas MV, Muccillo-Baisch AL, Baisch PRM, da Silva Júnior FMR. Human health risk assessment of air pollutants in the largest coal mining area in Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:59499-59509. [PMID: 37010688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Candiota region, located in the extreme south of Brazil, has the largest mineral coal deposit in the country, and this activity is capable of releasing pollutants in which they are associated with the contamination of different matrices (soil, water, and air). The present study aimed to carry out a risk assessment to human health of atmospheric pollutants NO2 and SO2 and PM10-bound metal(loid)s in the municipality of Candiota, in addition to evaluating the correlation of meteorological parameters for the dynamics and potential risk of these pollutants. Pollutants were sampled from stations located almost 4 km from coal exploration activities, and the trace elements As, Cd, Se, Pb, and Ni, in addition to NO2 and SO2, were evaluated. Risk assessment was conducted taking into account the risk to adults via the inhalation route. During the sampling period, all pollutants presented values lower than national legislation or internationally accepted values, and Pb was the element that presented the highest values throughout the sampled period. The risk assessment showed no carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, even when considering the sum of the risk of all analyzed pollutants. It can be observed that the highest levels of Pb, As, and Se occurred in the winter season, while the levels of Ni and Cd were higher in the spring, and the meteorological parameters were correlated with the pollutants, even using a temporal lag of 5 days. Although the air pollutants evaluated did not present a risk to human health, continuous monitoring of regions with strong mineral exploration activity must be carried out with a view to maintaining the well-being of exposed populations, mainly because there are people living in areas closer to sources of coal pollution than distance to air quality monitoring stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiz Coutelle Honscha
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, S/N, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Reis
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, S/N, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203900, Brazil
| | - Priscila Aikawa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, S/N, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Vieira Coronas
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Cachoeira Do Sul, Rodovia Taufik Germano, 3013, Passo D'Areia, Cachoeira Do Sul, Rio Grande Do Sul, 96503-205, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Muccillo-Baisch
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, S/N, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Martins Baisch
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, S/N, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203900, Brazil
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Barnhart B, Flinders C, Johnson G, Wiegand P, Anderson P, Morrison E, Houck G. Ambient water quality criteria derived using probabilistic risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023; 19:501-512. [PMID: 36094007 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
National recommendations for numeric human health ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for toxic substances are derived by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) using a deterministic approach that combines point estimates for exposure, toxicity, and acceptable risk. In accordance with the Clean Water Act, states, territories, and authorized tribes must either adopt these recommendations or modify and replace them with criteria using an alternative, scientifically defensible method. Recent reports have criticized the deterministic approach, stating that it suffers from compounded conservatism by selecting upper percentiles or maximum values for multiple inputs and that it cannot directly determine what portion of the population a given criterion protects. As an alternative, probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) has been promoted as a more transparent and robust method for deriving AWQC. Probabilistic risk assessment offers several advantages over the deterministic approach. For example, PRA uses entire data distributions rather than upper-percentile point estimates to specify exposures, thereby reducing compounded conservatism. Additionally, because it links acceptable risk targets with specific segments of the exposed population, PRA-based AWQC demonstrably protects multiple subsets of the population. To date, no study has quantitatively compared deterministic and PRA approaches and resulting AWQC using national inputs consistent with USEPA guidance. This study introduces a PRA method for deriving AWQC and presents case studies to compare probabilistically derived AWQC with USEPA's 2015 recommendations. The methods and results of this work will help federal and state regulators, water quality managers, and stakeholders better understand available approaches to deriving AWQC and provide context to assumption- and method-specific differences between criteria. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:501-512. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Barnhart B, Flinders C. A review of regulatory modeling frameworks supporting numeric water quality criteria development in the United States. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023; 19:191-201. [PMID: 35719109 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has a long history of leveraging environmental models and integrated modeling frameworks to support the regulatory development of numeric ambient water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life and human health. Primary modeling types include conceptual, mechanistic, and data-driven empirical models; Bayesian and probabilistic models; and risk-based modeling frameworks. These models and modeling frameworks differ in their applicability to and suitability for various water quality criteria objectives. They require varying knowledge of system processes and stressor-response relationships, data availability, and expertise of stakeholders. In addition, models can be distinguished by their ability to characterize variability and uncertainty. In this work, we review USEPA recommendations for model use in existing regulatory frameworks, technical support documents, and peer-reviewed literature. We characterize key attributes, identify knowledge gaps and opportunities for future research, and highlight where renewed USEPA guidance is needed to promote the development and use of models in numeric criteria derivation. These outcomes then inform a decision-based framework for determining model suitability under particular scenarios of available knowledge, data, and access to technical resources. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:191-201. © 2022 SETAC.
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Belini VL, de Melo Nasser Fava N, Garcia LAT, da Cunha MJR, Sabogal-Paz LP. Label-free detection and enumeration of Giardia cysts in agitated suspensions using in situ microscopy. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 199:106509. [PMID: 35697187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory procedures performed in water treatment studies frequently require the characterization of (oo)cyst suspensions. Standard methods commonly used are laborious, expensive and time-consuming, besides requiring well-trained personnel to prepare samples with fluorescent staining and perform analysis under fluorescence microscopy. In this study, an easy cost-effective in situ microscope was assessed to acquire images of Giardia cysts directly from agitated suspensions without using any chemical labels or sample preparation steps. An image analysis algorithm analyzes the acquired images, and automatically enumerates and provides morphological information of cysts within 10 min. The proposed system was evaluated at different cyst concentrations, achieving a limit of detection of ~30 cysts/mL. The proposed system overcomes cost, time and labor demands by standard methods and has the potential to be an alternative technique for the characterization of Giardia cyst suspensions in resource-limited facilities, since it is independent of experts and free of consumables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdinei L Belini
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP CEP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Natália de Melo Nasser Fava
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ariel Totaro Garcia
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lyda Patrícia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil
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Yu D, Zhou J, Aikelamu A, Fan W, Zeng Y, Zhang J. Source analysis and health risk assessment of groundwater pollution based on multivariate statistical techniques in Kashgar Delta Area, Xinjiang, China. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:805. [PMID: 34779903 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 63 groundwater samples were collected in the Kashgar Delta Area in Xinjiang in 2016, and then, the samples were tested and the test results were analyzed. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to determine the sources of pollution, and the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) model was used to assess the long-term health risk of groundwater to adults and children in the study area. The concentrations of groundwater chemical Na+, Cl-, SO42-, NH4+-N, TDS, F-, I-, As, Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg, pH, TH, and CODMn, which exceed the permissible level in the study based on groundwater quality index and possibly pose a potential threat to the health of the residents in the area, which are mainly influenced by geological conditions. The source of the pollutants is the dissolution of minerals in the aquifer medium, which is greatly affected by the high-salinity groundwater environment, pH conditions, redox conditions, and evaporation and concentration effect. The values of the noncarcinogenic health risk index HQn follow the descending order of Cl- > F- > As > Fe > Mn > Pb > Hg > NH4+-N; There are eight nonarcinogens and one carcinogen in groundwater of which Cl- is the dominant noncarcinogenic factor, while As is the main carcinogenic pollutant in the study area. The health risk ratio results show that Cl- and As are the main pollutants that pose the greatest threat to both adults' and children's health, and they should be considered as the primary indicators for health risk management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yu
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi, 830052, China
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geological Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Jinlong Zhou
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Ailihamu Aikelamu
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Yanyan Zeng
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi, 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi, 830052, China
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Penteado JO, Brum RDL, Ramires PF, Garcia EM, Dos Santos M, da Silva Júnior FMR. Health risk assessment in urban parks soils contaminated by metals, Rio Grande city (Brazil) case study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111737. [PMID: 33396065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soils and artificial surfaces of urban parks can be contaminated by toxic substances and offer risk to the human health, especially to children. Rio Grande city, southern Brazil, is a peculiar site from the point of view of environmental contamination, since the current levels of contamination reflect an accumulation of different polluting sources started in the 18th century up to the urban and industrial sources of the present. The history of Hg contamination refers to the use of Hg salts in textile activities in the 18th century and the consequent use of contaminated sediments to land urban areas. The current contamination involves metals such as Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn is related to the high degree of urbanization in the city, as well as the petrochemical and fertilizer industry. The study aimed to achieve a human health risk assessment of urban parks soils, specifically for Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn. To carry out the risk assessment using the USEPA model, three urban parks with a history of contamination were studied, using different soil exposure pathways (oral, dermal and inhalation) in the carcinogenic (Ni and Pb) and non-carcinogenic (Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) scenarios for children and adults. The non-carcinogenic risk of Pb was found in the three urban parks studied, for children and Hg in two urban parks. Pb and Ni showed no carcinogenic risk. Even so, the high non-carcinogenic risk of Hg and Pb showed that the contamination of the past and the present are found in the urban parks of Rio Grande city, putting the health of children who use these collective spaces at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Oliveira Penteado
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Lima Brum
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Paula Florêncio Ramires
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Edariane Menestrino Garcia
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Marina Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil.
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Kumar A, Sankar TK, Sethi SS, Ambade B. Characteristics, toxicity, source identification and seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over East India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:678-690. [PMID: 31808094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed over urban and rural sites during January to December 2018. Total annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 74.41 ± 24.96 μg/m3 over urban and 52.03 ± 13.11 μg/m3 over rural site during study time. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 over urban and rural atmospheres were found approximately twice in urban and found also higher over rural site, with respect to National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standard of 40 μg/m3 for PM2.5 concentration. The annual concentration of PAHs was 750.80 ± 19.49 ng/m3 over urban, and, over rural, it was 559.59 ± 17.56 ng/m3. The seasonal variation of concentration of PAHs was in order of winter > post-monsoon > summer > monsoon. The most predominant PAHs were IcP (17.21%), B(ghi) P(15.22%), BkF (11.60%), DBahA (11.34%) and BbF (10.91%) to the total PAH concentration over urban site; over rural site, most predominant PAHs were IcP (16.02%), B(ghi)P, (15.63%), BkF (11.46%), DBahA (11.12%) and BbF (8.99%) of total PAHs. DBahA concentration was contributed approximately 46% carcinogenicity over both urban and rural sites, and BaP contributes 33.56% carcinogenicity over urban site and 34.62% carcinogenicity over rural site of total PAH samples. The Excess Life Time Cancer Risk (ELCR) values over urban were found at acceptable limit 10-6-10-4 given by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Over rural site, the ELCR value was found near about acceptable limit. Diagnostic ratio analysis demonstrated that major sources of PAHs were pyrogenic sources and vehicular emission over study. Air parcel through trajectories over study site also contributed in PAH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
| | | | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India.
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Thiesing MA, Hayslip G, Vallette Y. Foreword to the USEPA's National Wetland Condition Assessment Topical Collection. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:321. [PMID: 31222514 PMCID: PMC6886694 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Aquatic Resources Survey (NARS) is a 5-year ongoing cycle of nationwide aquatic resource surveys which provide a report card on the condition of our nation's waters. The surveys are performed using a randomized, statistically valid design and provide statistically robust data which are used to develop the reports. These reports assess how well existing pollution prevention programs are protecting those waters, and how to better target future protection efforts. This presentation will focus on the results and uses of the 2011 National Wetland Condition Assessment (NWCA) outcomes. Some of the outcomes from the NWCA include (1) robust multi-metric indices used to evaluate condition across varying wetland types, streams, and ecoregions and (2) physical, chemical, and biological indicators of stress (risk factors) which identify the factors which contribute most to poor condition. (3) A wealth of quality-assured, statistically valid data which can be mined to pursue other questions within both regulatory and non-regulatory programs by providing a more robust look at wetland and stream condition. There are a variety of ways in which knowledge of condition can be used to better evaluate environmental states and inform decision-making. Knowledge of risk factors, for example, can be used to prioritize restoration efforts to improve the health of streams and wetlands in poor condition, as well as to identify practices to be avoided in reviewing permit applications for work in waters. The use of multi-metric plant condition indices could be useful in better identifying achieved "lift" in wetland mitigation banks, as well as providing a more robust measure of mitigation or restoration success. It is our hope to generate some seeds for future thought and discussion on ways in which the products of these NARS surveys can enhance the protection and restoration of these aquatic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Thiesing
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10 Office of Environmental Review and Assessment, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Gretchen Hayslip
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10 Office of Environmental Review and Assessment, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Yvonne Vallette
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10 Oregon Operations Office, Portland, OR, 97205, USA
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Alfredo KA, Seidel C, Ghosh A, Roberson JA. Using a relative health indicator (RHI) metric to estimate health risk reductions in drinking water. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:124. [PMID: 28238171 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When a new drinking water regulation is being developed, the USEPA conducts a health risk reduction and cost analysis to, in part, estimate quantifiable and non-quantifiable cost and benefits of the various regulatory alternatives. Numerous methodologies are available for cumulative risk assessment ranging from primarily qualitative to primarily quantitative. This research developed a summary metric of relative cumulative health impacts resulting from drinking water, the relative health indicator (RHI). An intermediate level of quantification and modeling was chosen, one which retains the concept of an aggregated metric of public health impact and hence allows for comparisons to be made across "cups of water," but avoids the need for development and use of complex models that are beyond the existing state of the science. Using the USEPA Six-Year Review data and available national occurrence surveys of drinking water contaminants, the metric is used to test risk reduction as it pertains to the implementation of the arsenic and uranium maximum contaminant levels and quantify "meaningful" risk reduction. Uranium represented the threshold risk reduction against which national non-compliance risk reduction was compared for arsenic, nitrate, and radium. Arsenic non-compliance is most significant and efforts focused on bringing those non-compliant utilities into compliance with the 10 μg/L maximum contaminant level would meet the threshold for meaningful risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Alfredo
- Columbia Water Center, Earth Institute, Columbia University, 500 W120 Street, Mudd 842, NY, New York, 10027, USA.
| | - Chad Seidel
- Corona Environmental Consulting, LLC, 357 South McCaslin Blvd., Suite 200, Louisville, CO, 80027, USA
- DeRISK Center, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO, 80309-0428, USA
| | - Amlan Ghosh
- Corona Environmental Consulting, LLC, 1600 Shadywood Lane, Flower Mound, Texas, 75028, USA
| | - J Alan Roberson
- Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA), 1401 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, Virginia, USA
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12
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McCarty GW, Hapeman CJ, Rice CP, Hively WD, McConnell LL, Sadeghi AM, Lang MW, Whitall DR, Bialek K, Downey P. Metolachlor metabolite (MESA) reveals agricultural nitrate-N fate and transport in Choptank River watershed. Sci Total Environ 2014; 473-474:473-482. [PMID: 24388901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over 50% of streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have been rated as poor or very poor based on the index of biological integrity. The Choptank River estuary, a Bay tributary on the eastern shore, is one such waterway, where corn and soybean production in upland areas of the watershed contribute significant loads of nutrients and sediment to streams. We adopted a novel approach utilizing the relationship between the concentration of nitrate-N and the stable, water-soluble herbicide degradation product MESA {2-[2-ethyl-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)-6-methylanilino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid} to distinguish between dilution and denitrification effects on the stream concentration of nitrate-N in agricultural subwatersheds. The ratio of mean nitrate-N concentration/(mean MESA concentration * 1000) for 15 subwatersheds was examined as a function of percent cropland on hydric soil. This inverse relationship (R(2)=0.65, p<0.001) takes into consideration not only dilution and denitrification of nitrate-N, but also the stream sampling bias of the croplands caused by extensive drainage ditch networks. MESA was also used to track nitrate-N concentrations within the estuary of the Choptank River. The relationship between nitrate-N and MESA concentrations in samples collected over three years was linear (0.95 ≤ R(2) ≤ 0.99) for all eight sampling dates except one where R(2)=0.90. This very strong correlation indicates that nitrate-N was conserved in much of the Choptank River estuary, that dilution alone is responsible for the changes in nitrate-N and MESA concentrations, and more importantly nitrate-N loads are not reduced in the estuary prior to entering the Chesapeake Bay. Thus, a critical need exists to minimize nutrient export from agricultural production fields and to identify specific conservation practices to address the hydrologic conditions within each subwatershed. In well drained areas, removal of residual N within the cropland is most critical, and practices such as cover crops which sequester the residual N should be strongly encouraged. In poorly drained areas where denitrification can occur, wetland restoration and controlled drained structures that minimize ditch flow should be used to maximize denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W McCarty
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Clifford P Rice
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - W Dean Hively
- United States Geological Survey (USGS), Eastern Geographic Research Center, stationed at USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Ali M Sadeghi
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Megan W Lang
- USDA Forest Service (USFS), Northern Research Station, stationed at USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - David R Whitall
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Krystyna Bialek
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Peter Downey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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13
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Melnyk LJ, Xue J, Brown GG, McCombs M, Nishioka M, Michael LC. Dietary intakes of pesticides based on community duplicate diet samples. Sci Total Environ 2014; 468-469:785-790. [PMID: 24070872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The calculation of dietary intake of selected pesticides was accomplished using food samples collected from individual representatives of a defined demographic community using a community duplicate diet approach. A community of nine participants was identified in Apopka, FL from which intake assessments of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid pesticides were made. From these nine participants, sixty-seven individual samples were collected and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Measured concentrations were used to estimate dietary intakes for individuals and for the community. Individual intakes of total OP and pyrethroid pesticides ranged from 6.7 to 996 ng and 1.2 to 16,000 ng, respectively. The community intake was 256 ng for OPs and 3430 ng for pyrethroid pesticides. The most commonly detected pesticide was permethrin, but the highest overall intake was of bifenthrin followed by esfenvalerate. These data indicate that the community in Apopka, FL, as represented by the nine individuals, was potentially exposed to both OP and pyrethroid pesticides at levels consistent with a dietary model and other field studies in which standard duplicate diet samples were collected. Higher levels of pyrethroid pesticides were measured than OPs, which is consistent with decreased usage of OPs. The diversity of pyrethroid pesticides detected in food samples was greater than expected. Continually changing pesticide usage patterns need to be considered when determining analytes of interest for large scale epidemiology studies. The Community Duplicate Diet Methodology is a tool for researchers to meet emerging exposure measurement needs that will lead to more accurate assessments of intake which may enhance decisions for chemical regulation. Successfully determining the intake of pesticides through the dietary route will allow for accurate assessments of pesticide exposures to a community of individuals, thereby significantly enhancing the research benefit realized from epidemiological exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jo Melnyk
- USEPA, 26W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
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14
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Smith RW, Seymour CB, Mothersill CE. Short and long term bystander effect induction by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque, 1820) injected with environmentally relevant whole body doses of 226Ra. J Environ Radioact 2013; 126:133-136. [PMID: 23981564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bystander effect induction by fathead minnows injected with environmentally relevant doses of (226)Ra was investigated. Twenty four h and 6 months after injection with a single dose of 21, 210 or 2100 μBq, fin tissue samples emitted a pro-apoptotic signal, which reduced the clonogenic survival of an apoptosis sensitive reporter cell line. Twenty four h and 10 weeks after injection explants from non-injected bystander fish, swum with the injected fish, also emitted a pro-apoptotic signal. However 6 months after injection the bystander fish to 21 and 210 μBq injected fish emitted an anti-apoptotic signal. This demonstrates that extremely low dose irradiation can have effects outside of the irradiated fish. This has implications for population and ecosystem responses to contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smith
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
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15
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Bu Q, Wang B, Huang J, Deng S, Yu G. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the aquatic environment in China: a review. J Hazard Mater 2013; 262:189-211. [PMID: 24036145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been detected as contaminants of emerging concern ubiquitously in the aquatic environment in China and worldwide. A clear picture of PPCP contamination in the Chinese aquatic environment is needed to gain insight for both research and regulatory needs (e.g. monitoring, control and management). The occurrence data of 112 PPCPs in waters and sediments in China has been reviewed. In most cases, the detected concentration of these PPCPs in waters and sediments were at ng/L and ng/g levels, which were lower than or comparable to those reported worldwide. A screening level risk assessment (SLERA) identified six priority PPCPs in surface waters, namely erythromycin, roxithromycin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, salicylic acid and sulfamethoxazole. The results of SLERA also revealed that the hot spots for PPCP pollution were those river waters affected by the megacities with high density of population, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Shanghai. Limitations of current researches and implications for future research in China were discussed. Some regulatory issues were also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Bu
- School of Environment, THU-VEOLIA Joint Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Tsinghua University, State key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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16
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Chu YL, Chimeddulam D, Sheen LY, Wu KY. Probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to leucomalachite green residues from fish products. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:770-6. [PMID: 24140969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess the potential risk of human exposure to carcinogenic leucomalachite green (LMG) due to fish consumption, the probabilistic risk assessment was conducted for adolescent, adult and senior adult consumers in Taiwan. The residues of LMG with the mean concentration of 13.378±20.56 μg kg(-1) (BFDA, 2009) in fish was converted into dose, considering fish intake reported for three consumer groups by NAHSIT (1993-1996) and body weight of an average individual of the group. The lifetime average and high 95th percentile dietary intakes of LMG from fish consumption for Taiwanese consumers were estimated at up to 0.0135 and 0.0451 μg kg-bw(-1) day(-1), respectively. Human equivalent dose (HED) of 2.875 mg kg-bw(-1) day(-1) obtained from a lower-bound benchmark dose (BMDL10) in mice by interspecies extrapolation was linearly extrapolated to oral cancer slope factor (CSF) of 0.035 (mgkg-bw(-1)day(-1))(-1) for humans. Although, the assumptions and methods are different, the results of lifetime cancer risk varying from 3×10(-7) to 1.6×10(-6) were comparable to those of margin of exposures (MOEs) varying from 410,000 to 4,800,000. In conclusions, Taiwanese fish consumers with the 95th percentile LADD of LMG have greater risk of liver cancer and need to an action of risk management in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Lin Chu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Sugeng AJ, Beamer PI, Lutz EA, Rosales CB. Hazard-ranking of agricultural pesticides for chronic health effects in Yuma County, Arizona. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:35-41. [PMID: 23783270 PMCID: PMC3769516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With thousands of pesticides registered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, it not feasible to sample for all pesticides applied in agricultural communities. Hazard-ranking pesticides based on use, toxicity, and exposure potential can help prioritize community-specific pesticide hazards. This study applied hazard-ranking schemes for cancer, endocrine disruption, and reproductive/developmental toxicity in Yuma County, Arizona. An existing cancer hazard-ranking scheme was modified, and novel schemes for endocrine disruption and reproductive/developmental toxicity were developed to rank pesticide hazards. The hazard-ranking schemes accounted for pesticide use, toxicity, and exposure potential based on chemical properties of each pesticide. Pesticides were ranked as hazards with respect to each health effect, as well as overall chronic health effects. The highest hazard-ranked pesticides for overall chronic health effects were maneb, metam-sodium, trifluralin, pronamide, and bifenthrin. The relative pesticide rankings were unique for each health effect. The highest hazard-ranked pesticides differed from those most heavily applied, as well as from those previously detected in Yuma homes over a decade ago. The most hazardous pesticides for cancer in Yuma County, Arizona were also different from a previous hazard-ranking applied in California. Hazard-ranking schemes that take into account pesticide use, toxicity, and exposure potential can help prioritize pesticides of greatest health risk in agricultural communities. This study is the first to provide pesticide hazard-rankings for endocrine disruption and reproductive/developmental toxicity based on use, toxicity, and exposure potential. These hazard-ranking schemes can be applied to other agricultural communities for prioritizing community-specific pesticide hazards to target decreasing health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia J Sugeng
- Community, Environment and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1656 East Mabel Street Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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18
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Gray SC, Edwards SE, Miranda ML. Race, socioeconomic status, and air pollution exposure in North Carolina. Environ Res 2013; 126:152-8. [PMID: 23850144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies suggest that exposure to pollutants is associated with race/ethnicity and socio-economic status (SES), many studies are limited to the geographic regions where monitoring stations are located. OBJECTIVES This study uses modeled predictive surfaces to examine the relationship between air pollution exposure, race/ethnicity, and measures of SES across the entire State of North Carolina. METHODS The daily predictions of particulate matter <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) were determined using a spatial model that fused data from two sources: point air monitoring data and gridded numerical output. These daily predicted pollution levels for 2002 were linked with Census data. We examine the relationship between the census-tract level predicted concentration measures, SES, and racial composition. RESULTS SES and race/ethnicity were related to predicted concentrations of both PM2.5 and O3 for census tracts in North Carolina. Lower SES and higher proportion minority population were associated with higher levels of PM2.5. An interquartile range (IQR) increase of median household income reduced the predicted average PM2.5 level by 0.10 µg/m3. The opposite relationship was true for O3. An IQR increase of median household income increased the predicted average O3 measure by 0.11 ppb. CONCLUSIONS The analyses demonstrate that SES and race/ethnicity are related to predicted estimates of PM2.5 and O3 for census tracts in North Carolina. These findings offer a baseline for future exposure modeling work involving SES and air pollution for the entire state and not just among the populations residing near monitoring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Gray
- Children's Environmental Health Initiative, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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19
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Bernasinska J, Duchnowicz P, Koter-Michalak M, Koceva-Chyla A. Effect of safeners on damage of human erythrocytes treated with chloroacetamide herbicides. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 36:368-377. [PMID: 23732483 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroacetamides are used as pre-emergent substances for growth control of annual grasses and weeds. Since they can be harmful for crop plants, protective compounds (safeners) are used along with herbicides. So far, their effects on human blood cells have not been evaluated, and this study is the very first one devoted to this subject. We examined the harmful effects of chloroacetamides, their metabolites and safeners, used alone or in combination with herbicides, on human erythrocytes measuring the extent of hemolysis, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity. Higher impact of herbicides than their metabolites on all of the investigated parameters was found. Safeners alone did not produce any damage to erythrocytes and did not elicit any changes in oxidative stress parameters. Combination of safener with herbicide did not attenuate hemolysis of erythrocytes compared to the herbicide alone. Safeners reduced lipid peroxidation induced by herbicides, which suggest the role of safeners as antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bernasinska
- Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Duchnowicz
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Koter-Michalak
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Koceva-Chyla
- Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract
There is growing evidence that bisphenol A (BPA) may adversely affect humans. BPA is an endocrine disruptor that has been shown to be harmful in laboratory animal studies. Until recently, there were relatively few epidemiological studies examining the relationship between BPA and health effects in humans. However, in the last year, the number of these studies has more than doubled. A comprehensive literature search found 91 studies linking BPA to human health; 53 published within the last year. This review outlines this body of literature, showing associations between BPA exposure and adverse perinatal, childhood, and adult health outcomes, including reproductive and developmental effects, metabolic disease, and other health effects. These studies encompass both prenatal and postnatal exposures, and include several study designs and population types. While it is difficult to make causal links with epidemiological studies, the growing human literature correlating environmental BPA exposure to adverse effects in humans, along with laboratory studies in many species including primates, provides increasing support that environmental BPA exposure can be harmful to humans, especially in regards to behavioral and other effects in children.
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Key Words
- 17-beta estradiol
- 8-OHdG
- 8-hydoxydeoxyguanosine
- A European population representative sample (Chianti, Italy)
- AGD
- ANA
- BADGE
- BASC-2
- BMI
- BPA
- BRIEF-P
- Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool
- Behavioral Assessment System for Children
- Bisphenol A
- C-reactive protein
- CAD
- CBCL
- CHAMACOS
- CHD
- CMV
- CRP
- CVD
- Child Behavior Checklist
- DBP
- DHEAS
- Development
- E2
- ECN
- EFS
- EH
- EPIC-Norfolk Study
- ER
- Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
- Epidemiology
- FAI
- FDA
- FSH
- FT
- Food and Drug Administration
- HDL
- HOMES
- HRV
- HbA1c
- Human
- IL-6
- ISCI
- IVF
- InCHIANTI
- LDL
- LH
- MDA
- MGH
- MaGiCAD
- Massachusetts General Hospital (United States)
- Metabolic disease
- NECAT
- NHANES
- NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
- NNNS
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (United States)
- OHAT
- Office of Health Assessment and Translation
- PCOS
- PFOA
- PFOS
- PIVUS
- Reproduction
- SBP
- SCE
- SFF
- SHBG
- SRS
- Social Responsiveness Scale
- T
- T3
- T4
- TDI
- TSH
- The Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas, Salina, CA
- The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cohort Study, consisting of over 500,000 people (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom)
- The Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment Study (United States)
- The Metabolomics and Genomics in Coronary Artery Disease Study (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom)
- The New England Children's Amalgam Trial (United States)
- The Study for Future Families, USA
- The Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors Study (Uppsala, Sweden)
- Thyroid
- UCSF
- USEPA
- United Sates Environmental Protection Agency
- University of California, San Francisco
- VCL
- anogenital distance
- antinuclear antibodies
- bisGMA
- bisphenol A
- bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
- bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate
- body mass index
- cardiovascular disease
- coronary artery disease
- coronary heart disease
- curvilinear velocity (μm/s)
- cytomegalovirus
- dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
- diastolic blood pressure
- embryo cell number
- embryo fragmentation score
- endometrial hyperplasia
- estrogen receptor
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- free androgen index (total T divided by SHBG)
- free testosterone
- hCG
- heart rate variability
- hemoglobin A1c
- high-density lipoprotein
- human chorionic gonadotropin
- in vitro fertilization
- interleukin-6
- intracytoplasmic sperm injection
- low-density lipoprotein
- luteinizing hormone
- malondialdehyde
- perfluorooctane sulfonate
- perfluorooctanoic acid
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- rtPCR
- sex hormone binding globulin
- sister chromatid exchange
- systolic blood pressure
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- thyroxine
- tolerable daily intake
- total testosterone
- triidothyronine
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Rochester
- The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX), P.O. Box 1407, Paonia, CO 81428, United States.
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Cordy P, Veiga M, Crawford B, Garcia O, Gonzalez V, Moraga D, Roeser M, Wip D. Characterization, mapping, and mitigation of mercury vapour emissions from artisanal mining gold shops. Environ Res 2013; 125:82-91. [PMID: 23541941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Artisanal miners sell their gold to shops that are usually located in the urban core, where the mercury-gold amalgam is burned to evaporate the mercury that was added during ore processing. People living and working near these gold shops are exposed to intermittent and extreme concentrations of mercury vapour. In the urban centres of Segovia, Colombia, and Andacollo, Chile, the average concentrations measured by mobile mercury vapour analyzer transects taken repeatedly over several weeks were 1.26 and 0.338μgm(-3), respectively. By World Health Organization standards, these towns are exposed to significant health hazard, and globally, the millions of miners, as well as non-miners who live near gold shops, are at serious risk of neurological and renal deficits. Measurements taken in Suriname, Ecuador and Peru reveal this to be a widespread phenomenon with unique regional variations and myriad attempts at remediation. Maps of average mercury concentrations show the spatial distribution of the hazard in relation to residential buildings and schools. Measurements from towers show the temporal variability of mercury concentrations, and suggest that large quantities of mercury are available for long-range atmospheric transport. Mercury mapping in Segovia in 2011 suggest a 10% reduction in airborne mercury concentrations over 2010, despite a 30% increase in gold production. This is attributable to the adoption of retorts by miners and regulations banning new processing centres to the rural periphery. This is the first full description of artisanal mining gold shop practices and of the character, quantity, and remediation of mercury emissions within urban mining centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cordy
- N.B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Ginjupalli GK, Baldwin WS. The time- and age-dependent effects of the juvenile hormone analog pesticide, pyriproxyfen on Daphnia magna reproduction. Chemosphere 2013; 92:1260-6. [PMID: 23714148 PMCID: PMC3716864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyriproxyfen is an insecticidal juvenile hormone analog that perturbs insect and tick development. Pyriproxyfen also alters parthenogenic reproduction in non-target cladoceran species as it induces male production that can lead to a decrease in fecundity, a reduction in population density, and subsequent ecological effects. In this study, we investigate the impacts of pyriproxyfen on Daphnia magna reproduction using a series of male production screening assays. These assays demonstrate that pyriproxyfen increases male production in a concentration-dependent fashion with an EC50 of 156pM (50.24ngL(-1)); a concentration considered environmentally relevant. Furthermore, pyriproxyfen decreases overall fecundity at all ages tested (7, 14, 21-d old female parthenogenic daphnids). Juvenile (3-d old) and reproductively mature (10-d old) female daphnids were also exposed to 155pM pyriproxyfen for 2-12d and reproduction measured for 16d to compare the effects of short-term and prolonged exposures, and determine the potential for recovery. Results indicate that longer pyriproxyfen exposures (8-12d) extend male production and decrease reproduction; however, daphnids exposed for only 2-4d recover and produce a relatively normal abundance of neonates. In addition, juvenile daphnids are also very sensitive to pyriproxyfen, but the primary effect on juvenile daphnids is reduced reproduction and protracted development not male production. Taken together, continued use of pyriproxyfen around water bodies needs due caution because of its potential adverse effects with significant developmental delays and male production compounded by prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William S. Baldwin
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Khan K, Lu Y, Khan H, Ishtiaq M, Khan S, Waqas M, Wei L, Wang T. Heavy metals in agricultural soils and crops and their health risks in Swat District, northern Pakistan. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:449-58. [PMID: 23721688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in agricultural soils and crops (fruits, grains and vegetable) and their possible human health risk in Swat District, northern Pakistan. Cd concentration was found higher than the limit (0.05 mg/kg) set by world health organization in 95% fruit and 100% vegetable samples. Moreover, the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn in the soils were shown significant correlations with those in the crops. The metal transfer factor (MTF) was found highest for Cd followed by Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu>Mn, while the health risk assessment revealed that there was no health risk for most of the heavy metals except Cd, which showed a high level of health risk index (HRI⩾10E-1) that would pose a potential health risk to the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
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