51
|
Teixeira RA, Naghavi M, Guimarães MDC, Ishitani LH, França EB. Quality of cause-of-death data in Brazil: Garbage codes among registered deaths in 2000 and 2015. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2019; 22Suppl 3:e19002.supl.3. [PMID: 31800854 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720190002.supl.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION reliability of mortality data is essential for health assessment and planning. In Brazil, a high proportion of deaths is attributed to causes that should not be considered as underlying causes of deaths, named garbage codes (GC). To tackle this issue, in 2005, the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) implements the investigation of GC-R codes (codes from chapter 18 "Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified, ICD-10") to improve the quality of cause-of-death data. This study analyzes the GC cause of death, considered as the indicator of data quality, in Brazil, regions, states and municipalities in 2000 and 2015. METHODS death records from the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM) were used. Analysis was performed for two GC groups: R codes and non-R codes, such as J18.0-J18.9 (Pneumonia unspecified). Crude and age-standardized rates, number of deaths and proportions were considered. RESULTS an overall improvement in the quality of mortality data in 2015 was detected, with variations among regions, age groups and size of municipalities. The improvement in the quality of mortality data in the Northeastern and Northern regions for GC-R codes is emphasized. Higher GC rates were observed among the older adults (60+ years old). The differences among the areas observed in 2015 were smaller. CONCLUSION the efforts of the MoH in implementing the investigation of GC-R codes have contributed to the progress of data quality. Investment is still necessary to improve the quality of cause-of-death statistics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Azeredo Teixeira
- Public Health Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation - Seattle (WA), United States
| | - Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães
- Public Health Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Lenice Harumi Ishitani
- Epidemiology and Health Assessment Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Barboza França
- Public Health Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
The global burden of urinary bladder cancer: an update. World J Urol 2019; 38:1895-1904. [PMID: 31676912 PMCID: PMC7363726 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-02984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is among the top ten most common cancer types in the world, with approximately 550,000 new cases annually. The highest burden of bladder cancer is currently falling on most developed communities across the globe. But with an anticipated shift in world demographics with growing and aging populations mainly on the African continent, and important shifts in exposure to different risk factors across the world, this is likely to change over the next decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the current incidence, mortality, prevalence, survival, risk factors and costs of bladder cancer worldwide.
Collapse
|
53
|
Burstein R, Henry NJ, Collison ML, Marczak LB, Sligar A, Watson S, Marquez N, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M, Abbasi M, Abd-Allah F, Abdoli A, Abdollahi M, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abrigo MRM, Acharya D, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adham D, Afshari M, Aghaali M, Ahmadi K, Ahmadi M, Ahmadpour E, Ahmed R, Akal CG, Akinyemi JO, Alahdab F, Alam N, Alamene GM, Alene KA, Alijanzadeh M, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almalki MJ, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Amegah AK, Amini S, Amit AML, Anbari Z, Androudi S, Anjomshoa M, Ansari F, Antonio CAT, Arabloo J, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Armoon B, Arora A, Artaman A, Asadi A, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Assadi R, Ataeinia B, Atre SR, Quintanilla BPA, Ayanore MA, Azari S, Babaee E, Babazadeh A, Badawi A, Bagheri S, Bagherzadeh M, Baheiraei N, Balouchi A, Barac A, Bassat Q, Baune BT, Bayati M, Bedi N, Beghi E, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Belay YB, Bell B, Bell ML, Berbada DA, Bernstein RS, Bhattacharjee NV, Bhattarai S, Bhutta ZA, Bijani A, Bohlouli S, Breitborde NJK, Britton G, Browne AJ, Nagaraja SB, Busse R, Butt ZA, Car J, Cárdenas R, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Cerin E, Chanie WF, Chatterjee P, Chu DT, Cooper C, Costa VM, Dalal K, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daoud F, Daryani A, Das Gupta R, Davis I, Davis Weaver N, Davitoiu DV, De Neve JW, Demeke FM, Demoz GT, Deribe K, Desai R, Deshpande A, Desyibelew HD, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Diaz D, Doshmangir L, Duraes AR, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Earl L, Ebrahimi R, Ebrahimpour S, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, Ehsani-Chimeh E, El Sayed I, El Sayed Zaki M, El Tantawi M, El-Khatib Z, Emamian MH, Enany S, Eskandarieh S, Eyawo O, Ezalarab M, Faramarzi M, Fareed M, Faridnia R, Faro A, Fazaeli AA, Fazlzadeh M, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes JC, Filip I, Fischer F, Foigt NA, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Gallus S, Gebre DG, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebremeskel GG, Gessner BD, Geta B, Gething PW, Ghadimi R, Ghadiri K, Ghajarzadeh M, Ghashghaee A, Gill PS, Gill TK, Golding N, Gomes NGM, Gona PN, Gopalani SV, Gorini G, Goulart BNG, Graetz N, Greaves F, Green MS, Guo Y, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall BJ, Hamidi S, Haririan H, Haro JM, Hasankhani M, Hasanpoor E, Hasanzadeh A, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Hegazy MI, Hendrie D, Heydarpour F, Hird TR, Hoang CL, Hollerich G, Rad EH, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Hossain N, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Hsairi M, Ilesanmi OS, Imani-Nasab MH, Iqbal U, Irvani SSN, Islam N, Islam SMS, Jürisson M, Balalami NJ, Jalali A, Javidnia J, Jayatilleke AU, Jenabi E, Ji JS, Jobanputra YB, Johnson K, Jonas JB, Shushtari ZJ, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kahsay A, Kalani H, Kalhor R, Karami M, Karki S, Kasaeian A, Kassebaum NJ, Keiyoro PN, Kemp GR, Khabiri R, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khan EA, Khan J, Khan MS, Khang YH, Khatab K, Khater A, Khater MM, Khatony A, Khazaei M, Khazaei S, Khazaei-Pool M, Khubchandani J, Kianipour N, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kinyoki DK, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kolola T, Kosen S, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Kraemer MUG, Krishan K, Krohn KJ, Kugbey N, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumar P, Kuupiel D, Lacey B, Lad SD, Lami FH, Larsson AO, Lee PH, Leili M, Levine AJ, Li S, Lim LL, Listl S, Longbottom J, Lopez JCF, Lorkowski S, Magdeldin S, Abd El Razek HM, Abd El Razek MM, Majeed A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manafi N, Manda AL, Mansourian M, Martins-Melo FR, Masaka A, Massenburg BB, Maulik PK, Mayala BK, Mazidi M, McKee M, Mehrotra R, Mehta KM, Meles GG, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miller TR, Miller-Petrie MK, Mills EJ, Milne GJ, Mini GK, Mir SM, Mirjalali H, Mirrakhimov EM, Mohamadi E, Mohammad DK, Darwesh AM, Mezerji NMG, Mohammed AS, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Mosapour A, Mousavi SM, Mueller UO, Muluneh AG, Mustafa G, Nabavizadeh B, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Nahvijou A, Najafi F, Nangia V, Ndwandwe DE, Neamati N, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Ngunjiri JW, Thi Nguyen HL, Nguyen LH, Nguyen SH, Nielsen KR, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nixon MR, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Noroozi M, Nosratnejad S, Noubiap JJ, Motlagh SN, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Olagunju AT, Olfatifar M, Olum S, Olusanya BO, Oluwasanu MM, Onwujekwe OE, Oren E, Ortega-Altamirano DDV, Ortiz A, Osarenotor O, Osei FB, Osgood-Zimmerman AE, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, P A M, Pagheh AS, Pakhale S, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Park EK, Parsian H, Pashaei T, Patel SK, Pepito VCF, Pereira A, Perkins S, Pickering BV, Pilgrim T, Pirestani M, Piroozi B, Pirsaheb M, Plana-Ripoll O, Pourjafar H, Puri P, Qorbani M, Quintana H, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi Z, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahimzadeh S, Rajati F, Raju SB, Ramezankhani A, Ranabhat CL, Rasella D, Rashedi V, Rawal L, Reiner RC, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei S, Rezapour A, Riahi SM, Ribeiro AI, Roever L, Roro EM, Roser M, Roshandel G, Roshani D, Rostami A, Rubagotti E, Rubino S, Sabour S, Sadat N, Sadeghi E, Saeedi R, Safari Y, Safari-Faramani R, Safdarian M, Sahebkar A, Salahshoor MR, Salam N, Salamati P, Salehi F, Zahabi SS, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Salomon JA, Sambala EZ, Samy AM, Santric Milicevic MM, Jose BPS, Saraswathy SYI, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sartorius B, Sathian B, Saxena S, Sbarra AN, Schaeffer LE, Schwebel DC, Sepanlou SG, Seyedmousavi S, Shaahmadi F, Shaikh MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamshirian A, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi K, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sharifi H, Sharma J, Sharma R, Sheikh A, Shields C, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Shuval K, Siddiqi TJ, Silva JP, Singh JA, Sinha DN, Sisay MM, Sisay S, Sliwa K, Smith DL, Somayaji R, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Sreeramareddy CT, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Sylaja PN, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Tabuchi T, Taveira N, Temsah MH, Terkawi AS, Tessema ZT, Thankappan KR, Thirunavukkarasu S, To QG, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tran KB, Ullah I, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Vahedian-Azimi A, Valdez PR, van Boven JFM, Vasankari TJ, Vasseghian Y, Veisani Y, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Vos T, Vu GT, Vujcic IS, Waheed Y, Wakefield J, Wang H, Wang Y, Wang YP, Ward JL, Weintraub RG, Weldegwergs KG, Weldesamuel GT, Westerman R, Wiysonge CS, Wondafrash DZ, Woyczynski L, Wu AM, Xu G, Yadegar A, Yamada T, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yilgwan CS, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Lebni JY, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yousof HASA, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Zabeh E, Moghadam TZ, Bin Zaman S, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zangeneh A, Zerfu TA, Zhang Y, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Murray CJL, Hay SI. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017. Nature 2019; 574:353-358. [PMID: 31619795 PMCID: PMC6800389 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Burstein
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Collison
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurie B Marczak
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amber Sligar
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefanie Watson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neal Marquez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Abdollahpour
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Michael R M Abrigo
- Research Department, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, The Philippines
| | - Dilaram Acharya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal
| | | | | | - Davoud Adham
- School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghaali
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Keivan Ahmadi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Mehdi Ahmadi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rushdia Ahmed
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chalachew Genet Akal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Joshua O Akinyemi
- Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Noore Alam
- Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Cyrus Alinia
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Alipour
- Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed J Almalki
- Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
- Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | - Nelson Alvis-Guzman
- Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Saeed Amini
- Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Arianna Maever Loreche Amit
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zohreh Anbari
- Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Sofia Androudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Mina Anjomshoa
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ansari
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine-Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arefi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bahram Armoon
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Al Artaman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anvar Asadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Assadi
- Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sachin R Atre
- Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Samad Azari
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Babaee
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Soghra Bagheri
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Nafiseh Baheiraei
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Division, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Diseases, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Balouchi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Quique Bassat
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neeraj Bedi
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Meysam Behzadifar
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yared Belete Belay
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Brent Bell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Robert S Bernstein
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Suraj Bhattarai
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Nepal Academy of Science & Technology, Patan, Nepal
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- The Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Somayeh Bohlouli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nicholas J K Breitborde
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gabrielle Britton
- Neuroscience Department, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Annie J Browne
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Reinhard Busse
- Department for Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zahid A Butt
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Josip Car
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Global Ehealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Pranab Chatterjee
- Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Vera M Costa
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Koustuv Dalal
- Institute of Public Health Kalyani, Kalyani, India
- School of Health Science, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rajat Das Gupta
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ian Davis
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Davis Weaver
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dragos Virgil Davitoiu
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital St Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jan-Walter De Neve
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Deribe
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Aniruddha Deshpande
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Meghnath Dhimal
- Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Daniel Diaz
- Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
| | - Leila Doshmangir
- Department of Health Policy and Economy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Andre R Duraes
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Diretoria Médica, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Laura Dwyer-Lindgren
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucas Earl
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roya Ebrahimi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Andem Effiong
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Elham Ehsani-Chimeh
- National Institute for Health Researchers, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman El Sayed
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Maha El Tantawi
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Preventive Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Shymaa Enany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oghenowede Eyawo
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maha Ezalarab
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Fareed
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roghiyeh Faridnia
- Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Ali Akbar Fazaeli
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Netsanet Fentahun
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - João C Fernandes
- Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nataliya A Foigt
- Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Clinical Medicine and Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute (W.I.A.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nancy Fullman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Bradford D Gessner
- Vaccines Department, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA, USA
- Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Birhanu Geta
- Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Peter W Gething
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Reza Ghadimi
- Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Mahsa Ghajarzadeh
- Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghashghaee
- Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick Golding
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nelson G M Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Porto, Portugal
| | - Philimon N Gona
- Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sameer Vali Gopalani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Nicholas Graetz
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felix Greaves
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian James Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
| | - Milad Hasankhani
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Edris Hasanpoor
- Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Amir Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Heydarpour
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Thomas R Hird
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Gillian Hollerich
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Enayatollah Homaie Rad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Naznin Hossain
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Mihaela Hostiuc
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mowafa Househ
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Hsairi
- Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Usman Iqbal
- Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazrul Islam
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Amir Jalali
- Psychiatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ensiyeh Jenabi
- School of Midwifery, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - John S Ji
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | | | - Kimberly Johnson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amaha Kahsay
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Hamed Kalani
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rohollah Kalhor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Surendra Karki
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nicholas J Kassebaum
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Grant Rodgers Kemp
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Roghayeh Khabiri
- Tabriz Health Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Khan
- Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Young-Ho Khang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Khaled Khatab
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, USA
| | - Amir Khater
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M Khater
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mohammad Khazaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Khazaei-Pool
- Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Jagdish Khubchandani
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Neda Kianipour
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | | | - Damaris K Kinyoki
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adnan Kisa
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sezer Kisa
- Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tufa Kolola
- Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | | | - Parvaiz A Koul
- Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kris J Krohn
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Psychology and Health Promotion, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Desmond Kuupiel
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Nursing, St John of God Hospital, Duayaw Nkwanta, Ghana
| | - Ben Lacey
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford, UK
| | - Sheetal D Lad
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Anders O Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul H Lee
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aubrey J Levine
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lee-Ling Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Stefan Listl
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Section for Translational Health Economics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joshua Longbottom
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jaifred Christian F Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Quezon City, The Philippines
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Jena, Germany
| | - Sameh Magdeldin
- Physiology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Afshin Maleki
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Navid Manafi
- Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Morteza Mansourian
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anthony Masaka
- Faculty of Health and Education, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Pallab K Maulik
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
| | - Benjamin K Mayala
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Preventive Oncology Department, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Kala M Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - Molly K Miller-Petrie
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward J Mills
- Health, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - George J Milne
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G K Mini
- Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Seyed Mostafa Mir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dara K Mohammad
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Food Technology, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Information Technology Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | | | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Moradi
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradinazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Paula Moraga
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abbas Mosapour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
- Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ulrich Otto Mueller
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Atalay Goshu Muluneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Behnam Nabavizadeh
- Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Naderi
- Operating Room Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
- Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
| | - Azin Nahvijou
- Cancer Research Center of Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | | | - Nahid Neamati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ionut Negoi
- Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Irina Negoi
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, Cardio-aid, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Long Hoang Nguyen
- Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Son Hoang Nguyen
- Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Katie R Nielsen
- Global Health Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- State University of Semarang, Public Health Science Department, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Molly R Nixon
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chukwudi A Nnaji
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Public Health Science Department, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marzieh Nojomi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Noroozi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Nosratnejad
- Department of Health Economics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelechi E Oladimeji
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Center for the Aid Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) TB and HIV Pathogenesis Unit, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Olum
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
- Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Eyal Oren
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Ortiz
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Frank B Osei
- Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | | | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mayowa Ojo Owolabi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Tb & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tahereh Pashaei
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sangram Kishor Patel
- Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Alexandre Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha Perkins
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brandon V Pickering
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Pilgrim
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Parasitology and Entomology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bakhtiar Piroozi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Parul Puri
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hedley Quintana
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
- Medichem, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Rahimzadeh
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sree Bhushan Raju
- Department of Nephrology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Azra Ramezankhani
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
- Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Davide Rasella
- Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lal Rawal
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Social Science and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Satar Rezaei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Aziz Rezapour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Elias Merdassa Roro
- Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Max Roser
- Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Daem Roshani
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Enrico Rubagotti
- School of Biotechnology, Ikiam Amazon Regional University, Tena, Ecuador
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Siamak Sabour
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafis Sadat
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ehsan Sadeghi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yahya Safari
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roya Safari-Faramani
- Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Safdarian
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Nasir Salam
- Department of Pathology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farkhonde Salehi
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saleh Salehi Zahabi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Salimi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamideh Salimzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Bruno Piassi Sao Jose
- Post-graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy
- Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
- PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez
- Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alyssa N Sbarra
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren E Schaeffer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Amir Shamshirian
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Sharif
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jayendra Sharma
- Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chloe Shields
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivy Shiue
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Kerem Shuval
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tariq J Siddiqi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Malede Mequanent Sisay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Solomon Sisay
- Medical Division, German Leprosy and TB Relief Association Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David L Smith
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ranjani Somayaji
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Moslem Soofi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Agus Sudaryanto
- Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia
| | | | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P N Sylaja
- Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nuno Taveira
- University Institute 'Egas Moniz', Monte Da Caparica, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
- Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA), Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Quyen G To
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shariq Usman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Amir Vahedian-Azimi
- Department of Education and Health, Trauma Research Center, Tehran, Iran
- Critical and Intensive Care Department, Trauma Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Job F M van Boven
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yousef Veisani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov
- Department of Information Technologies and Management, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Giang Thu Vu
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Jon Wakefield
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haidong Wang
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Pang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph L Ward
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert G Weintraub
- Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Ronny Westerman
- Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Charles Shey Wiysonge
- Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lauren Woyczynski
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Zhejiang Spine Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gelin Xu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tomohide Yamada
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Christopher Sabo Yilgwan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Health Economics & Finance, Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Peking, China
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hasan Yusefzadeh
- Department of Health Management and Economics, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Zabeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Electrical Engineering, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Alireza Zangeneh
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Taddese Alemu Zerfu
- Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
- Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Lozano-Esparza S, López-Ridaura R, Ortiz-Panozo E, González-Villalpando C, Aguilar-Salinas C, Hernández-Ávila JE, Hernández-Ávila M, Lajous M. Diabetes is associated with a higher risk of mortality among women in a middle-income country: Results form the Mexican Teacher's cohort study. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2019; 46:304-310. [PMID: 31525457 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2019.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In Mexico City, the mortality rate among patients with diabetes appears to be four times that of people without diabetes. Our study aimed to refine analyses of the impact of diabetes on mortality in a large cohort of women from different areas in Mexico with healthcare insurance. METHODS Our study followed 111,299 women with comprehensive healthcare coverage from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort. After a median follow-up of 7.8years, 5514 (5%) prevalent self-reported diabetes cases and 4023 incident cases were identified, while deaths were identified through employers' databases and next-of-kin reports, with dates and causes of death for 1121 women obtained from mortality databases. Hazard ratios (HRs) for total and cause-specific mortality were estimated by Cox regression models, using follow-up time as the time scale and allowing for time-variable diabetes status after adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, use of health services, and anthropometric and lifestyle variables. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted models, the HR for all-cause mortality was 3.28 (95% CI: 2.86-3.75) in women with vs. without diabetes. The impact of diabetes on mortality was higher in rural vs. urban areas (HR: 4.72 vs. 2.98, respectively). HRs were 1.57 and 23.44 for cancer and renal disease mortality, respectively. CONCLUSION In women with healthcare coverage in Mexico, the magnitude of the association between diabetes and all-cause mortality was higher than that observed in high-income countries, but less than what has previously been reported for Mexico. Such elevated mortality suggests a lack of adequate access to quality diabetes care in the population despite comprehensive healthcare coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lozano-Esparza
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R López-Ridaura
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Ortiz-Panozo
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C González-Villalpando
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J E Hernández-Ávila
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Hernández-Ávila
- Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Avenue Paseo de la Reforma 476, Juárez, 06600 Ciudad de México, CDMX, México
| | - M Lajous
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Suthar AB, Khalifa A, Yin S, Wenz K, Ma Fat D, Mills SL, Nichols E, AbouZahr C, Mrkic S. Evaluation of approaches to strengthen civil registration and vital statistics systems: A systematic review and synthesis of policies in 25 countries. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002929. [PMID: 31560684 PMCID: PMC6764661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems play a key role in upholding human rights and generating data for health and good governance. They also can help monitor progress in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Although many countries have made substantial progress in strengthening their CRVS systems, most low- and middle-income countries still have underdeveloped systems. The objective of this systematic review is to identify national policies that can help countries strengthen their systems. METHODS AND FINDINGS The ABI/INFORM, Embase, JSTOR, PubMed, and WHO Index Medicus databases were systematically searched for policies to improve birth and/or death registration on 24 January 2017. Global stakeholders were also contacted for relevant grey literature. For the purposes of this review, policies were categorised as supply, demand, incentive, penalty, or combination (i.e., at least two of the preceding policy approaches). Quantitative results on changes in vital event registration rates were presented for individual comparative articles. Qualitative systematic review methodology, including meta-ethnography, was used for qualitative syntheses on operational considerations encompassing acceptability to recipients and staff, human resource requirements, information technology or infrastructure requirements, costs to the health system, unintended effects, facilitators, and barriers. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018085768. Thirty-five articles documenting experience in implementing policies to improve birth and/or death registration were identified. Although 25 countries representing all global regions (Africa, the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, Europe, and the Eastern Mediterranean) were reflected, there were limited countries from the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe regions. Twenty-four articles reported policy effects on birth and/or death registration. Twenty-one of the 24 articles found that the change in registration rate after the policy was positive, with two supply and one penalty articles being the exceptions. The qualitative syntheses identified 15 operational considerations across all policy categories. Human and financial resource requirements were not quantified. The primary limitation of this systematic review was the threat of publication bias wherein many countries may not have documented their experience; this threat is most concerning for policies that had neutral or negative effects. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review suggests that combination policy approaches, consisting of at least a supply and demand component, were consistently associated with improved registration rates in different geographical contexts. Operational considerations should be interpreted based on health system, governance, and sociocultural context. More evaluations and research are needed from the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe regions. Further research and evaluation are also needed to estimate the human and financial resource requirements required for different policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Bipin Suthar
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Aleya Khalifa
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sherry Yin
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kristen Wenz
- Programme Division, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Doris Ma Fat
- Health Statistics and Informatics Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Lantei Mills
- Health, Nutrition, and Population Global Practice, World Bank Group, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Erin Nichols
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carla AbouZahr
- Bloomberg Data for Health Initiative, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Srdjan Mrkic
- Statistics Division, United Nations, New York City, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Van Der Wel KA, Östergren O, Lundberg O, Korhonen K, Martikainen P, Andersen AMN, Urhoj SK. A gold mine, but still no Klondike: Nordic register data in health inequalities research. Scand J Public Health 2019; 47:618-630. [PMID: 31291822 PMCID: PMC6745604 DOI: 10.1177/1403494819858046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Future research on health inequality relies on data that cover life-course exposure, different birth cohorts and variation in policy contexts. Nordic register data have long been celebrated as a 'gold mine' for research, and fulfil many of these criteria. However, access to and use of such data are hampered by a number of hurdles and bottlenecks. We present and discuss the experiences of an ongoing Nordic consortium from the process of acquiring register data on socio-economic conditions and health in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Methods: We compare experiences of data-acquisition processes from a researcher's perspective in the four countries and discuss the comparability of register data and the modes of collaboration available to researchers, given the prevailing ethical and legal restrictions. Results: The application processes we experienced were time-consuming, and decision structures were often fragmented. We found substantial variation between the countries in terms of processing times, costs and the administrative burden of the researcher. Concerned agencies differed in policy and practice which influenced both how and when data were delivered. These discrepancies present a challenge to comparative research. Conclusions: We conclude that there are few signs of harmonisation, as called for by previous policy documents and research papers. Ethical vetting needs to be centralised both within and between countries in order to improve data access. Institutional factors that seem to facilitate access to register data at the national level include single storage environments for health and social data, simplified ethical vetting and user guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil A. Van Der Wel
- Department of Social Work, Child Welfare
and Social Policy, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
| | - Olof Östergren
- Department of Public Health Sciences,
Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Olle Lundberg
- Department of Public Health Sciences,
Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Kaarina Korhonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Population
Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Population
Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Stine Kjaer Urhoj
- Department of Public Health, Section of
Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Mortality following first-time hospitalization with acute myocardial infarction in Norway, 2001-2014: Time trends, underlying causes and place of death. Int J Cardiol 2019; 294:6-12. [PMID: 31387821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trends on cause-specific mortality following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are poorly described and no studies have analyzed where do AMI patients die. We analyzed trends in 28-day and one-year mortality following an incident AMI with focus on changes over time in the underlying cause and place of death. METHODS We identified in the 'Cardiovascular Disease in Norway' Project all patients 25+ years, hospitalized with an incident AMI in Norway, 2001-2014. Information on date, underlying cause and place of death was obtained from the Cause of Death Registry. RESULTS Of 144,473 patients included in the study, 11.4% died within first 28 days. The adjusted 28-day mortality declined by 5.2% per year (ptrend < 0.001). Of 118,881 patients surviving first 28 days, 10.1% died within one year. The adjusted one-year CVD mortality declined by 6.2% per year (ptrend < 0.001) while non-CVD mortality increased by 1.4% per year (ptrend < 0.001), mainly influenced by increased risk of dying from neoplasms. We observed a shift over time in the underlying cause of death toward more non-CVD deaths, and in the place of death toward more deaths occurring in nursing homes. CONCLUSIONS We observed a decline in 28-day mortality following an incident AMI hospitalization. One-year CVD mortality declined while one-year risk of dying from non-CVD conditions increased. The resulting shift toward more non-CVD deaths and deaths occurring outside a hospital need to be considered when formulating priorities in treating and preventing adverse events among AMI survivors.
Collapse
|
58
|
Masquelier B, Pison G, Rakotonirina J, Rasoanomenjanahary A. Estimating cause-specific mortality in Madagascar: an evaluation of death notification data from the capital city. Popul Health Metr 2019; 17:8. [PMID: 31357994 PMCID: PMC6664726 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-019-0190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trends in cause-specific mortality in most African countries are currently estimated from epidemiological models because the coverage of the civil registration system is low and national statistics on causes of death are unreliable at the national level. We aim to evaluate the performance of the death notification system in Antananarivo, the capital city of Madagascar, to inform cause-of-death statistics. Methods Information on the sex of the deceased, dates of birth and death, and underlying cause of death were transcribed from death registers maintained in Antananarivo. Causes of death were coded in ICD-9 and mapped to cause categories from the Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD). The performance of the notification system was assessed based on the Vital Statistics Performance Index, including six dimensions: completeness of death registration, quality of cause of death reporting, quality of age and sex reporting, internal consistency, level of cause-specific detail, and data availability and timeliness. We redistributed garbage codes and compared cause-specific mortality fractions in death records and estimates from the GBD with concordance correlation coefficients. Results The death notification system in Antananarivo performed well on most dimensions, although 31% of all deaths registered over the period 1976–2015 were assigned to ICD codes considered as “major garbage codes” in the GBD 2016. The completeness of death notification, estimated with indirect demographic techniques, was higher than 90% in the period 1975–1993, and recent under-five mortality rates were consistent with estimates from Demographic and Health Surveys referring to the capital city. After redistributing garbage codes, cause-specific mortality fractions derived from death notification data were consistent with GBD 2016 for the whole country in the 1990s, with concordance correlation coefficients higher than 90%. There were larger deviations in recent years, with concordance correlation coefficients in 2015 at 0.74 (95% CI 0.66–0.81) for men and 0.81 (95% CI 0.74–0.86) for women. Conclusions Death notification in Antananarivo is a low-cost data source allowing real-time mortality monitoring, with a potential to improve disease burden estimates. Further efforts should be directed towards evaluating data quality in urban centers in Madagascar and other African countries to fill important data gaps on causes of death. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12963-019-0190-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Masquelier
- Center for Demographic Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Place Montesquieu, 1, bte L2.08.03, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. .,Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133, boulevard Davout, 75020, Paris, France.
| | - Gilles Pison
- Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, 133, boulevard Davout, 75020, Paris, France.,Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116, Paris, France
| | - Julio Rakotonirina
- Département Santé Publique, Faculté de Médecine, BP. 375, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Anjarasoa Rasoanomenjanahary
- Bureau Municipal d'Hygiène de la Commune Urbaine d'Antananarivo, Madagascar, Rue Raketamanga, Isotry, Madagascar
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Analysis of causes of death using verbal autopsies and vital registration in Hidalgo, Mexico. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218438. [PMID: 31269042 PMCID: PMC6609012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Verbal autopsy (VA) is a useful tool for evaluating causes of death, especially in places with limited or no vital registration systems. The Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) developed a validated questionnaire and a set of automated methods to determine the cause of death from a VA. However, the application of these methods needs to be tested in a community environment. OBJECTIVE To estimate cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) using VAs and compare them against those obtained in the vital statistics of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. METHODS A random sample of deaths occurred in 2009 was selected from vital statistics in the state of Hidalgo. The full PHMRC validated VA instrument was applied to the relatives of the deceased, and the cause of death was determined using Tariff's automated method. The causes of death were grouped into 34 causes for adults, 21 for children and 6 for newborns. Results were compared with cause of death on death certificates for all deaths. RESULTS A total of 1,198 VAs were analyzed. The Tariff method was not able to assign a cause of death in only 9% of adults, 2% of children and 7% of neonatal deaths. The CSMFs obtained from the Tariff method were similar in some cases to those of vital statistics (e.g. cirrhosis), but different in others (e.g. sepsis). CONCLUSION The application of VAs in a community sample, analyzed with the Tariff method, allowed assigning a cause of death to most of the cases, with results similar to those of vital statistics for most conditions. This tool can be useful to strengthen the quality of vital statistics.
Collapse
|
60
|
Lantos T, Nyári TA, McNally RJQ. Seasonal variation of mortality from external causes in Hungary between 1995 and 2014. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217979. [PMID: 31170243 PMCID: PMC6553771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze trends in external mortality in Hungary between 1995 and 2014 by sex. Methods Data on the numbers of deaths due to external causes were obtained from the published nationwide population register. Negative binomial regression was applied to investigate the yearly trends in external-cause mortality rates. Cyclic trends were investigated using the Walter-Elwood method. Results Suicide and accidents accounted for approximately 84% of the all-external-cause of deaths in Hungary. Annual suicide, unintentional falls and traffic accidents mortality declined significantly (p-value for annual trend: p < 0.001) from 30.5 (95% CI: 29.5–31.5) to 15.8 (15.1–16.5), from 31.2 (30.2–32.2) to 12.2 (11.7–12.8) and from 17.2 (16.4–18) to 5.4 (5–5.8) per 100 000 persons per year, respectively, during the study period. A significant declining trend in annual mortality was also found for assault, cold/heating-related accidents and accidents caused by electric current. However, the declining trend for drowning-related accidents was significant only for males. Significant winter-peak seasonality was found in the mortality rates from accidental falls, cold/heat-related accidents, other accidents caused by submersion/obstruction and other causes. Seasonal trends with a peak from June to July were observed in death rates from suicide/self-harm, accidental drowning/submersion and accidents caused by electric current. A significant seasonal variation with a peak in September was revealed in the mortality due to traffic accidents. Conclusions This Hungarian study suggests that there was a significant seasonal effect on almost all kinds of deaths from external causes between 1995 and 2014. Environmental effects are involved in the aetiology of suicide and accidents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Lantos
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor András Nyári
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard J. Q. McNally
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, England, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Heiberg IH, Jacobsen BK, Balteskard L, Bramness JG, Næss Ø, Ystrom E, Reichborn‐Kjennerud T, Hultman CM, Nesvåg R, Høye A. Undiagnosed cardiovascular disease prior to cardiovascular death in individuals with severe mental illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139:558-571. [PMID: 30844079 PMCID: PMC6619029 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar disorder (BD) had equal likelihood of not being diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD) prior to cardiovascular death, compared to individuals without SCZ or BD. METHODS Multivariate logistic regression analysis including nationwide data of 72 451 cardiovascular deaths in the years 2011-2016. Of these, 814 had a SCZ diagnosis and 673 a BD diagnosis in primary or specialist health care. RESULTS Individuals with SCZ were 66% more likely (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.39-1.98), women with BD were 38% more likely (adjusted OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.04-1.82), and men with BD were equally likely (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.63-1.24) not to be diagnosed with CVD prior to cardiovascular death, compared to individuals without SMI. Almost all (98%) individuals with SMI and undiagnosed CVD had visited primary or specialized somatic health care prior to death, compared to 88% among the other individuals who died of CVD. CONCLUSION Individuals with SCZ and women with BD are more likely to die due to undiagnosed CVD, despite increased risk of CVD and many contacts with primary and specialized somatic care. Strengthened efforts to prevent, recognize, and treat CVD in individuals with SMI from young age are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I. H. Heiberg
- Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE)TromsøNorway
| | - B. K. Jacobsen
- Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE)TromsøNorway,Department of Community MedicineUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway,Centre for Sami Health ResearchDepartment of Community MedicineUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - L. Balteskard
- Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE)TromsøNorway
| | - J. G. Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health DisordersInnlandet Hospital TrustHamarNorway,Department of Clinical MedicineUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Ø. Næss
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Institute of Health and SocietyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - E. Ystrom
- Department of Mental DisordersNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway,Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research GroupSchool of PharmacyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - T. Reichborn‐Kjennerud
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Mental DisordersNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway
| | - C. M. Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,Icahn School of MedicineMt Sinai HospitalNew YorkNYUSA
| | - R. Nesvåg
- Department of Clinical MedicineUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway,Norwegian Medical AssociationOsloNorway
| | - A. Høye
- Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE)TromsøNorway,Department of Clinical MedicineUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway,Division of Mental Health and Substance AbuseUniversity Hospitalof North NorwayTromsøNorway
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Oung MT, Richter K, Prasartkul P, Aung Y, Soe KT, Tin TC, Tangcharoensathien V. Reliable mortality statistics in Myanmar: a qualitative assessment of challenges in two townships. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:356. [PMID: 30925875 PMCID: PMC6441185 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The vital registration system is universally recognized as the main source of mortality data which is essential for policy formulation, proper interventions and resource allocation to address priority health challenges. To improve availability and quality of mortality statistics by strengthening the vital registration system, understanding the current vital registration system is essential. This study identified challenges in generating reliable mortality statistics in the vital registration system of Myanmar. Methods Qualitative methods were used to collect data in two selected townships of Mandalay Region. Grey literature related to the management of mortality registration was reviewed; in-depth interviews of sixteen key informants and fourteen focus group discussions were conducted with those involved in death registration at the local level, such as healthcare providers, local administrators and knowledgeable adults in households where deaths occurred during the past three years. Thematic analysis was performed to identify system barriers in the death registration process. Results Weaknesses in the death registration system are classified in three areas: a) administrative which includes the lack of enforcement of mandatory death registration, limited issuance of death certificates and no formal mandatory notification of death events by households and; b) technical which includes absence of proper and regular on-the-job trainings, ineffective cause-of-death certification practice for deaths in the communities and the absence of routine data plausibility checks at the local level; and c) societal which includes poor community awareness and inadequate participation in death registration. Conclusion The study highlighted challenges in the death registration system at the operational level, which undermines the achievement of a satisfactory level of completeness and accuracy of mortality data. We recommend establishing a strong legal framework, improving technical capacities and raising public awareness and cooperation to strengthen the system that can generate reliable mortality statistics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6671-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myitzu Tin Oung
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar.
| | - Kerry Richter
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pramote Prasartkul
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yadanar Aung
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Thu Soe
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Peralta A, Benach J, Borrell C, Espinel-Flores V, Cash-Gibson L, Queiroz BL, Marí-Dell'Olmo M. Evaluation of the mortality registry in Ecuador (2001-2013) - social and geographical inequalities in completeness and quality. Popul Health Metr 2019; 17:3. [PMID: 30922340 PMCID: PMC6437878 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-019-0183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality registries are an essential data source for public health surveillance and for planning and evaluating public policy. Nevertheless, there are still large inequalities in the completeness and quality of mortality registries between and within countries. In Ecuador, there have been few nationwide evaluations of the mortality registry and no evaluations of inequalities between provinces. This kind of analysis is fundamental for strengthening the vital statistics system. Methods Ecological study assessing the completeness, quality and internal consistency of mortality data in the provinces of Ecuador, using 13 years of mortality data (2001–2013). Completeness was assessed using three types of death distribution methods (DDMs), quality by estimating the percentages of garbage codes and deaths with unspecified age or sex in the registered deaths, and internal consistency by estimating the percentage of deaths with reported causes of deaths considered impossible in some age–sex combinations. Finally, we propose a classification of the mortality registry in the studied areas based on completeness and quality. Results Completeness estimates (mean of the three methods used) in the provinces ranged from 21 to 87% in women and from 35 to 89% in men. The percentage of garbage codes in the provinces ranged from 21 to 56% in women and from 25 to 52% in men. Garbage coding was higher in women and in older age groups. The percentage of deaths with unspecified age or sex, and the percentage of deaths with reported causes of deaths considered impossible in some age–sex combinations was low in all the studied areas. The mortality registry could only be classified as acceptable in one area for men and one area for women. Conclusions We found substantial inequalities by sex, geographical areas and age in the completeness and quality of the mortality registry of Ecuador. The findings of this study will be helpful to direct measures to improve Ecuador’s vital statistics system and to generate strategies to reduce bias when using mortality data to analyse health inequalities in the country. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12963-019-0183-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Peralta
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 1, 08023, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Health Inequalities Research Group, Employment Conditions Knowledge Network (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain. .,Johns Hopkins University, Pompeu Fabra University Public Policy Center, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Benach
- Health Inequalities Research Group, Employment Conditions Knowledge Network (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,Johns Hopkins University, Pompeu Fabra University Public Policy Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Transdisciplinary Research Group on Socioecological Transitions (GinTRANS2), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Borrell
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 1, 08023, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Verónica Espinel-Flores
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 1, 08023, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lucinda Cash-Gibson
- Health Inequalities Research Group, Employment Conditions Knowledge Network (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,Johns Hopkins University, Pompeu Fabra University Public Policy Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardo L Queiroz
- Department of Demography and Cedeplar, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas, FACE/UFMG, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marc Marí-Dell'Olmo
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 1, 08023, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Fadel SA, Boschi-Pinto C, Yu S, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Menon GR, Newcombe L, Strong KL, Wang Q, Jha P. Trends in cause-specific mortality among children aged 5-14 years from 2005 to 2016 in India, China, Brazil, and Mexico: an analysis of nationally representative mortality studies. Lancet 2019; 393:1119-1127. [PMID: 30876707 PMCID: PMC6418656 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With global survival increasing for children younger than 5 years of age, attention is required to reduce the approximately 1 million deaths of children aged 5-14 years occurring every year. Causes of death at these ages remain poorly documented. We aimed to explore trends in mortality by causes of death in India, China, Brazil, and Mexico, which are home to about 40% of the world's children aged 5-14 years and experience more than 200 000 deaths annually at these ages. METHODS We examined data on 244 401 deaths in children aged 5-14 years from four nationally representative data sources that obtained direct distributions of causes of death: the Indian Million Death Study, the Chinese Disease Surveillance Points, mortality data from the Mexican Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, and mortality data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. We present data on 12 main disease groups in all countries, with breakdown by communicable and nutritional diseases, non-communicable diseases, injuries, and ill-defined causes. To calculate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each cause, we applied the national cause of death distribution to the UN mortality envelopes for 2005-16 for each country. FINDINGS Unlike Brazil, China, and Mexico, communicable diseases still account for nearly half of deaths in India in children aged 5-14 years (73 920 [46·1%] of 160 330 estimated deaths in 2016). In 2016, India had the highest death rates in nearly every category, including from communicable diseases. Fast declines among girls in communicable disease mortality narrowed the gap by 2016 with boys in India (32·6 deaths per 100 000 girls vs 26·2 per 100 000 boys) and China (1·7 vs 1·5). In China, injuries accounted for the greatest proportions of deaths (20 970 [53·2%] of 39 430 estimated deaths, in which drowning was a leading cause). The homicide death rate at ages 10-14 years was higher for boys than for girls in Brazil, increasing annually by an average of 0·7% (0·3-1·1). In India and China, the suicide death rates were higher for girls than for boys at ages 10-14 years. By contrast, in Mexico it was higher for boys than for girls, increasing annually by an average of 2·8% (2·0-3·6). Deaths from transport injuries, drowning, and cancer are common in all four countries, with transport accidents among the top three causes of death for both sexes in all countries, except for Indian girls, and cancer in the top three causes for both sexes in Mexico, Brazil, and China. INTERPRETATION Most of the deaths that occurred between 2005 and 2016 in children aged 5-14 years in India, China, Brazil, and Mexico arose from preventable or treatable conditions. This age group is important for extending some of the global disease-specific targets developed for children younger than 5 years of age. Interventions to control non-communicable diseases and injuries and to strengthen cause of death reporting systems are also required. FUNDING WHO and the University of Toronto Connaught Global Challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaza A Fadel
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Shicheng Yu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | - Geetha R Menon
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Leslie Newcombe
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen L Strong
- Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health Department, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Prabhat Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Lucero M, Riley ID, Hazard RH, Sanvictores D, Tallo V, Dumaluan DGM, Ugpo JM, Lopez AD. Assessing the quality of medical death certification: a case study of concordance between national statistics and results from a medical record review in a regional hospital in the Philippines. Popul Health Metr 2018; 16:23. [PMID: 30594186 PMCID: PMC6311069 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-018-0178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical certificates of cause of death (MCCOD) issued by hospital physicians are a key input to vital registration systems. Deaths certified by hospital physicians have been implicitly considered to be of high quality, but recent evidence suggests otherwise. We conducted a medical record review (MRR) of hospital MCCOD in the Philippines and compared the cause of death concordance with certificates coded by the Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA). Methods MCCOD for adult deaths in Bohol Regional Hospital (BRH) in 2007–2008 and 2011 were collected and reviewed by a team of study physicians. Corresponding MCCOD coded by the PSA were linked by a hospital identifier. The study physicians wrote a new MCCOD using the patient medical record, noted the quality of the medical record to produce a cause of death, and indicated whether it was necessary to change the underlying cause of death (UCOD). Chance-corrected concordance, cause-specific mortality fraction (CSMF) accuracy, and chance-corrected CSMF were used to examine the concordance between the MRR and PSA. Results A total of 1052 adult deaths were linked between the MRR and PSA. Median chance-corrected concordance was 0.73, CSMF accuracy was 0.85, and chance-corrected CSMF accuracy was 0.58. 74.8% of medical records were deemed to be of high enough quality to assign a cause of death, yet study physicians indicated that it was necessary to change the UCOD in 41% of deaths, 82% of which required addition of a new UCOD. Conclusions Medical records were generally of sufficient quality to assign a cause of death and concordance between the PSA and MRR was reasonably high, suggesting that routine mortality statistics data are reasonably accurate for describing population level causes of death in Bohol. While overall agreement between the PSA and MRR in major cause groups was sufficient for public health purposes, improvements in death certification practices are recommended to help physicians differentiate between treatable (immediate) COD and COD that are important for public health surveillance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12963-018-0178-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilla Lucero
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Ian Douglas Riley
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Riley H Hazard
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Veronica Tallo
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | | | - Juanita M Ugpo
- Ramiro Community Hospital, Tagbilaran City, Philippines.,Holy Name University Medical Center, Bohol, Philippines
| | - Alan D Lopez
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
How useful are registered birth statistics for health and social policy? A global systematic assessment of the availability and quality of birth registration data. Popul Health Metr 2018; 16:21. [PMID: 30587201 PMCID: PMC6307230 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-018-0180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The registration and certification of births has a wide array of individual and societal benefits. While near-universal in some parts of the world, birth registration is less common in many low- and middle-income countries, and the quality of vital statistics vary. We assembled publicly available birth registration records for as many countries as possible into a novel global birth registration database, and we present a systematic assessment of available data. Methods We obtained 4918 country-years of data from 145 countries covering the period 1948–2015. We compared these to existing estimates of total births to assess completeness of public data and adapted existing methods to evaluate the quality and timeliness of the data. Results Since 1980, approximately one billion births were registered and shared in public databases. Compared to estimates of fertility, this represents only 40.0% of total births in the peak year, 2011. Approximately 74 million births (53.1%) per year occur in countries whose systems do not systematically register them and release the aggregate records. Considering data quality, timeliness, and completeness in country-years where data are available, only about 12 million births per year (8.6%) occur in countries with high-performing registration systems. Conclusions This analysis highlights the gaps in available data. Our objective and low-cost approach to assessing the performance of birth registration systems can be helpful to monitor country progress, and to help national and international policymakers set targets for strengthening birth registration systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12963-018-0180-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
67
|
Miki J, Rampatige R, Richards N, Adair T, Cortez-Escalante J, Vargas-Herrera J. Saving lives through certifying deaths: assessing the impact of two interventions to improve cause of death data in Perú. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1329. [PMID: 30509233 PMCID: PMC6276144 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality statistics derived from cause of death data are an important source of information for population health monitoring, priority setting and planning. In Perú, almost all death certificates are issued by doctors because it is a legal requirement. However, the quality of cause of death data is poor. In August 2016, the Ministry of Health of Perú decided to make two specific interventions to improve cause of death data: to introduce an online death certification system and to train doctors in standard death certification practices. Methods The study comprised a random sample of 300 pre-intervention death certificates, 900 death certificates that were part of the online intervention, and 900 death certificates that were part of both the online and training interventions. All the deaths had occurred between January and September 2017. We used the Assessing the quality of death certification tool from the University of Melbourne for the assessment. We examined the frequency of common errors in death certificates, the frequency of any error and the average error score for each category of: age group, sex, doctor’s seniority, doctor’s speciality, level of health facility and broad cause of death. Results The average error score declined by 38% due to the online intervention and by a further 26% due to the training intervention. Improved certification practices remained after controlling for potentially confounding factors. Main improvements were reductions in the absence of a time interval (66% of certificates), incorrect sequence of causes (22%), and ill-defined conditions (13%). Conclusions This study demonstrates how the two interventions introduced by the Ministry of Health in Perú improved the correctness of death certificates. The study also provides evidence on necessary changes to the training program to address the poor certification practices that have remained after implementation of the online system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6264-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Miki
- Civil Registration and Vital Statistics, Vital Strategies, Bloomberg Data for Health Initiative, Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru.
| | - Rasika Rampatige
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Richards
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Adair
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juan Cortez-Escalante
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javier Vargas-Herrera
- Civil Registration and Vital Statistics, Vital Strategies, Bloomberg Data for Health Initiative, Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Development and validation of a new method for indirect estimation of neonatal, infant, and child mortality trends using summary birth histories. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002687. [PMID: 30379812 PMCID: PMC6209133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The addition of neonatal (NN) mortality targets in the Sustainable Development Goals highlights the increased need for age-specific quantification of mortality trends, detail that is not provided by summary birth histories (SBHs). Several methods exist to indirectly estimate trends in under-5 mortality from SBHs; however, efforts to monitor mortality trends in important age groups such as the first month and first year of life have yet to utilize the vast amount of SBH data available from household surveys and censuses. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed 243 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 76 countries, which collected both complete and SBHs from 8.5 million children from 2.3 million mothers to develop a new empirically based method to indirectly estimate time trends in age-specific mortality. We used complete birth history (CBH) data to train a discrete hazards generalized additive model in order to predict individual hazard functions for children based on individual-, mother-, and country-year-level covariates. Individual-level predictions were aggregated over time by assigning probability weights to potential birth years from mothers from SBH data. Age-specific estimates were evaluated in three ways: using cross-validation, using an external database of an additional 243 non-DHS census and survey data sources, and comparing overall under-5 mortality to existing indirect methods. Our model was able to closely approximate trends in age-specific child mortality. Depending on age, the model was able to explain between 80% and 95% of the variation in the validation data. Bias was close to zero in every age, with median relative errors spanning from 0.96 to 1.09. For trends in all under-5s, performance was comparable to the methods used for the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and significantly better than the standard indirect (Brass) method, especially in the 5 years preceding a survey. For the 15 years preceding surveys, the new method and GBD methods could explain more than 95% of the variation in the validation data for under-5s, whereas the standard indirect variants tested could only explain up to 88%. External validation using census and survey data found close agreement with concurrent direct estimates of mortality in the NN and infant age groups. As a predictive method based on empirical data, one limitation is that potential issues in these training data could be reflected in the resulting application of the method out of sample. CONCLUSIONS This new method for estimating child mortality produces results that are comparable to current best methods for indirect estimation of under-5 mortality while additionally producing age-specific estimates. Use of such methods allows researchers to utilize a massive amount of SBH data for estimation of trends in NN and infant mortality. Systematic application of these methods could further improve the evidence base for monitoring of trends and inequalities in age-specific child mortality.
Collapse
|
69
|
Total and cause-specific standardized mortality ratios in patients with schizophrenia and/or substance use disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202028. [PMID: 30138449 PMCID: PMC6107156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia or substance use disorder have a substantially increased mortality compared to the general population. Despite a high and probably increasing prevalence of comorbid substance use disorder in people with schizophrenia, the mortality in the comorbid group has been less studied and with contrasting results. We performed a nationwide open cohort study from 2009 to 2015, including all Norwegians aged 20-79 with schizophrenia and/or substance use disorder registered in any specialized health care setting in Norway, a total of 125,744 individuals. There were 12,318 deaths in the cohort, and total, sex-, age- and cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated, comparing the number of deaths in patients with schizophrenia, schizophrenia only, substance use disorder only or a co-occurring diagnosis of schizophrenia and substance use disorder to the number expected if the patients had the age-, sex- and calendar-year specific death rates of the general population. The SMRs were 4.9 (95% CI 4.7-5.1) for all schizophrenia patients, 4.4 (95% CI 4.2-4.6) in patients with schizophrenia without substance use disorder, 6.6 (95% CI 6.5-6.8) in patients with substance use disorder only, and 7.4 (95% CI 7.0-8.2) in patients with both schizophrenia and substance use disorder. The SMRs were elevated in both genders, in all age groups and for all considered causes of death, and most so in the youngest. Approximately 27% of the excess mortality in all patients with schizophrenia was due to the raised mortality in the subgroup with comorbid SUD. The increased mortality in patients with schizophrenia and/or substance use disorder corresponded to more than 10,000 premature deaths, which constituted 84% of all deaths in the cohort. The persistent mortality gap highlights the importance of securing systematic screening and proper access to somatic health care, and a more effective prevention of premature death from external causes in this group.
Collapse
|
70
|
Wolf NG, Morgan C, Flanigan JS. Age-Standardized Mortality Rates in the Caribbean: One Source, Three Different Interpretations. J Glob Oncol 2018; 4:1-10. [PMID: 30084703 PMCID: PMC6223506 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.18.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A recent publication in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) provided the opportunity to calculate differences in published cancer mortality estimates for Caribbean jurisdictions from three organizations: MMWR, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. This comparison study serves to educate end users of these data. Methods We downloaded the publicly available cancer mortality estimates for 15 jurisdictions and the United States from the three organizations. We compared reported age-standardized mortality rates for each jurisdiction and calculated the range among estimates for each jurisdiction. We repeated this analysis after applying the same world population standard to all estimates. Results For males, the ranges of the Caribbean estimates were between 49% (Grenada and Trinidad) and 201% (US Virgin Islands) of the MMWR value, with an average of 88%. For females, the ranges were between 15% (Trinidad) and 171% (US Virgin Islands) of the MMWR value, with an average of 64%. After all estimates were compared using the same population standard, the ranges of the Caribbean estimates for males were between 6% (Grenada) and 111% (US Virgin Islands) of the MMWR value, with an average of 34%. For females, the ranges were between 7% (Grenada) and 97% (US Virgin Islands), with an average of 28%. Conclusion The use of different standard populations complicates comparisons across organizations. Data modeling does not completely compensate for quality of source data, as our analysis demonstrated by the differences in mortality rates despite the good quality of the vital registration in the Caribbean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Wolf
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Camille Morgan
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - John S Flanigan
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zaccardi F, Dhalwani NN, Webb DR, Davies MJ, Khunti K. Global burden of hypoglycaemia-related mortality in 109 countries, from 2000 to 2014: an analysis of death certificates. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1592-1602. [PMID: 29717336 PMCID: PMC6438613 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In the context of increasing prevalence of diabetes in elderly people with multimorbidity, intensive glucose control may increase the risk of severe hypoglycaemia, potentially leading to death. While rising trends of severe hypoglycaemia rates have been reported in some European, North American and Asian countries, the global burden of hypoglycaemia-related mortality is unknown. We aimed to investigate global differences and trends of hypoglycaemia-related mortality. METHODS We used the WHO mortality database to extract information on death certificates reporting hypoglycaemia or diabetes as the underlying cause of death, and the United Nations demographic database to obtain data on mid-year population estimates from 2000 to 2014. We calculated crude and age-standardised proportions (defined as number of hypoglycaemia-related deaths divided by total number of deaths from diabetes [i.e. the sum of hypoglycaemia- and diabetes-related deaths]) and rates (hypoglycaemia-related deaths divided by mid-year population) of hypoglycaemia-related mortality and compared estimates across countries and over time. RESULTS Data for proportions were extracted from 109 countries (31 had data from all years analysed [2000-2014] available). Combining all countries, the age-standardised proportion of hypoglycaemia-related deaths was 4.49 (95% CI 4.44, 4.55) per 1000 total diabetes deaths. Compared with the overall mean, most Central American, South American and (mainly) Caribbean countries reported higher proportions (five more age-standardised hypoglycaemia-related deaths per 1000 total diabetes deaths in Chile, six in Uruguay, 11 in Belize and 22 in Aruba), as well as Japan (11 more age-standardised hypoglycaemia-related deaths per 1000 total diabetes deaths). In comparison, lower proportions were noted in most European countries, the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. For countries with data available for all years analysed, trend analysis showed a 60% increase in hypoglycaemia-related deaths until 2010 and stable trends onwards. Rising trends were most evident for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the USA and Japan. Data for rates were available for 105 countries (30 had data for all years analysed [2000-2014] available). Combining all countries, the age-standardised hypoglycaemia-related death rate was 0.79 (95% CI 0.77, 0.80) per 1 million person-years. Most Central American, South American and Caribbean countries similarly reported higher rates of hypoglycaemia-related death, whilst virtually all European countries, the USA, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and Australia reported lower rates compared with the overall mean. Age-standardised rates were very low for most countries (lower than five per 1 million person-years in 89.5% of countries), resulting in small absolute differences among countries. As noted with the proportions analysis, trend analysis showed an overall 60% increase in hypoglycaemia-related deaths until 2010 and stable rate trends onwards; rising rates were particularly evident for Brazil, Chile and the USA. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Most countries in South America, Central America and the Caribbean showed the highest proportions of diabetes-related deaths attributable to hypoglycaemia and the highest rates of hypoglycaemia-related deaths. Between 2000 and 2014, rising trends were observed in Brazil, Chile and the USA for both rates and proportions of hypoglycaemia-related death, and in Argentina and Japan for proportions only. Further studies are required to unravel the contribution of clinical and socioeconomic factors, difference in diabetes prevalence and heterogeneity of death certification in determining lower rates and proportions of hypoglycaemia-related deaths in high-income countries in Europe, North America and Asia. DATA AVAILABILITY Data used for these analyses are available at https://doi.org/10.17632/ndp52fbz8r.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zaccardi
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK.
| | - Nafeesa N Dhalwani
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK
| | - David R Webb
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Sulo G, Igland J, Vollset SE, Ebbing M, Egeland GM, Ariansen I, Tell GS. Trends in incident acute myocardial infarction in Norway: An updated analysis to 2014 using national data from the CVDNOR project. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018; 25:1031-1039. [PMID: 29808757 DOI: 10.1177/2047487318780033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We updated the information on trends of incident acute myocardial infarction in Norway, focusing on whether the observed trends during 2001-2009 continued throughout 2014. Methods All incident (first) acute myocardial infarctions in Norwegian residents age 25 years and older were identified in the Cardiovascular Disease in Norway 1994-2014 project. We analysed overall and age group-specific (25-64 years, 65-84 years and 85 + years) trends by gender using Poisson regression analyses and report the average annual changes in rates with their 95% confidence intervals. Results During 2001-2014, 221,684 incident acute myocardial infarctions (59.4% men) were identified. Hospitalised cases accounted for 79.9% of all incident acute myocardial infarctions. Overall, incident acute myocardial infarction rates declined on average 2.6% per year (incidence rate ratio 0.974, 95% confidence interval 0.972-0.977) in men and 2.8% per year (incidence rate ratio 0.972, 95% confidence interval 0.971-0.974) in women, contributed by declining rates of hospitalisations (1.8% and 1.9% per year in men and women, respectively) and deaths (6.0% and 5.8% per year in men and women, respectively). Declining rates were observed in all three age groups. The overall acute myocardial infarction incidence rates continued to decline from 2009 onwards, with a steeper decline compared to 2001-2009. During 2009-2014, gender-adjusted acute myocardial infarction incidence among adults age 25-44 years declined 5.3% per year, contributed mostly by declines in hospitalisation rates (5.1% per year). Conclusion Acute myocardial infarction incidence rates continued to decline after 2009 in Norway in both men and women. The decline started to involve individuals aged 25-44 years, marking a turning point in the previously reported stagnation of rates during 2001-2009.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sulo
- 1 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jannicke Igland
- 1 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein Emil Vollset
- 1 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway.,2 Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Marta Ebbing
- 3 Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Grace M Egeland
- 1 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway.,3 Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Inger Ariansen
- 4 Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Grethe S Tell
- 1 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway.,4 Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Cendales R, Pardo C. Quality of death certification in Colombia. Colomb Med (Cali) 2018; 49:121-127. [PMID: 29983472 PMCID: PMC6018815 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v49i1.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality of the certification of general death and cancer in Colombia. METHODS Validity indicators were described for each province and the cities of Bogotá, Cali, Manizales, Pasto and Bucaramanga. A factorial analysis of principal components was carried out in order to identify non-obvious relationships. RESULTS Were analyzed 984,159 deaths, among them there were 164,542 deaths due to cancer. 93.7% of the general mortality was well certified. The predominant errors were signs, symptoms and ill-defined conditions. 92.8% of cancer mortality was well certified. The predominant errors were due to poorly defined cancer sites. CONCLUSIONS Certification of quality indicators in Colombia has improved. Given the good performance of the quality indicators for certificating general death and cancer, it is considered that this is a valid input for the estimation of cancer incidences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cendales
- Grupo de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Constanza Pardo
- Grupo de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Estimating mortality from external causes using data from retrospective surveys: A validation study in Niakhar (Senegal). DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2018.38.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
75
|
Falci L, Lee Argov EJ, Van Wye G, Plitt M, Soto A, Huynh M. Examination of Cause-of-Death Data Quality Among New York City Deaths Due to Cancer, Pneumonia, or Diabetes From 2010 to 2014. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:144-152. [PMID: 28595293 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause-of-death (COD) statement on the standard US death certificate is a valuable tool for public health practice, but its utility is impaired by reporting inaccuracies. To assess the quality of CODs reported in New York City, we developed and applied a quality measure to 3 leading CODs: cancer, pneumonia, and diabetes. The COD quality measure characterized 5 common issues with COD completion: nonspecific conditions as the underlying COD (UCOD); UCOD discrepancies; the presence of only 1 informative cause on the entire certificate; competing causes listed together on 1 line; and clinically improbable sequences. COD statements with more than 1 quality issue were defined as statements of "limited" quality. Of 82,116 deaths with cancer, diabetes, or pneumonia assigned as the UCOD in New York City from 2010 to 2014, 66.8% of pneumonia certificates were classified as "limited" quality as compared with 45.6% of cancer certificates and 32.3% of diabetes certificates. Forty percent of cancer certificates listed only 1 informative condition on the death certificate. Almost half of pneumonia certificates (45.9%) contained only enough information to assign International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, code J18.9 ("unspecified pneumonia") as the UCOD, whereas most diabetes certificates contained UCOD discrepancies (25.2%). These limitations affect the quality of mortality data but may be reduced through quality improvement efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Falci
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - Erica J Lee Argov
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - Gretchen Van Wye
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - Madia Plitt
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - Antonio Soto
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - Mary Huynh
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
van der Werf MJ, Bonfigli S, Hruba F. Will the European Union reach the United Nations Millennium declaration target of a 50% reduction of tuberculosis mortality between 1990 and 2015? BMC Public Health 2017; 17:629. [PMID: 28679426 PMCID: PMC5499048 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) provide targets for 2015. MDG 6 includes a target to reduce the tuberculosis (TB) death rate by 50% compared with 1990. We aimed to assess whether this target was reached by the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area countries. Methods We used Eurostat causes of death data to assess whether the target was reached in the EU. We calculated the reduction in reported and adjusted death rates and the annual average percentage decline based on the available data. Results Between 1999 and 2014, the TB death rate decreased by 50%, the adjusted death rate by 56% and the annual average percentage decline was 5.43% (95% confidence interval 4.94–6.74) for the EU. Twenty of 26 countries reporting >5 TB deaths in the first reporting year reached the target of 50% reduction in adjusted death rate. Conclusions The EU reached the MDG target of a 50% reduction of the TB death rate and also the annual average percentage decline was larger than the 2.73% needed to reach the target. The World Health Organization ‘End TB Strategy’ requires a further reduction of the number of TB deaths of 35% by 2020 compared to 2015, which will challenge TB prevention and care services in the EU.
Collapse
|
77
|
Golding N, Burstein R, Longbottom J, Browne AJ, Fullman N, Osgood-Zimmerman A, Earl L, Bhatt S, Cameron E, Casey DC, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Farag TH, Flaxman AD, Fraser MS, Gething PW, Gibson HS, Graetz N, Krause LK, Kulikoff XR, Lim SS, Mappin B, Morozoff C, Reiner RC, Sligar A, Smith DL, Wang H, Weiss DJ, Murray CJL, Moyes CL, Hay SI. Mapping under-5 and neonatal mortality in Africa, 2000-15: a baseline analysis for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet 2017; 390:2171-2182. [PMID: 28958464 PMCID: PMC5687451 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era, many countries in Africa achieved marked reductions in under-5 and neonatal mortality. Yet the pace of progress toward these goals substantially varied at the national level, demonstrating an essential need for tracking even more local trends in child mortality. With the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, which established ambitious targets for improving child survival by 2030, optimal intervention planning and targeting will require understanding of trends and rates of progress at a higher spatial resolution. In this study, we aimed to generate high-resolution estimates of under-5 and neonatal all-cause mortality across 46 countries in Africa. METHODS We assembled 235 geographically resolved household survey and census data sources on child deaths to produce estimates of under-5 and neonatal mortality at a resolution of 5 × 5 km grid cells across 46 African countries for 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We used a Bayesian geostatistical analytical framework to generate these estimates, and implemented predictive validity tests. In addition to reporting 5 × 5 km estimates, we also aggregated results obtained from these estimates into three different levels-national, and subnational administrative levels 1 and 2-to provide the full range of geospatial resolution that local, national, and global decision makers might require. FINDINGS Amid improving child survival in Africa, there was substantial heterogeneity in absolute levels of under-5 and neonatal mortality in 2015, as well as the annualised rates of decline achieved from 2000 to 2015. Subnational areas in countries such as Botswana, Rwanda, and Ethiopia recorded some of the largest decreases in child mortality rates since 2000, positioning them well to achieve SDG targets by 2030 or earlier. Yet these places were the exception for Africa, since many areas, particularly in central and western Africa, must reduce under-5 mortality rates by at least 8·8% per year, between 2015 and 2030, to achieve the SDG 3.2 target for under-5 mortality by 2030. INTERPRETATION In the absence of unprecedented political commitment, financial support, and medical advances, the viability of SDG 3.2 achievement in Africa is precarious at best. By producing under-5 and neonatal mortality rates at multiple levels of geospatial resolution over time, this study provides key information for decision makers to target interventions at populations in the greatest need. In an era when precision public health increasingly has the potential to transform the design, implementation, and impact of health programmes, our 5 × 5 km estimates of child mortality in Africa provide a baseline against which local, national, and global stakeholders can map the pathways for ending preventable child deaths by 2030. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Golding
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Roy Burstein
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua Longbottom
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annie J Browne
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nancy Fullman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lucas Earl
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ewan Cameron
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel C Casey
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Dwyer-Lindgren
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tamer H Farag
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abraham D Flaxman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maya S Fraser
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter W Gething
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Harry S Gibson
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas Graetz
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Xie Rachel Kulikoff
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen S Lim
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bonnie Mappin
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chloe Morozoff
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amber Sligar
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David L Smith
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haidong Wang
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Catherine L Moyes
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon I Hay
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Tin Oung M, Richter K, Prasartkul P, Tangcharoensathien V. Myanmar mortality registration: an assessment for system improvement. Popul Health Metr 2017; 15:34. [PMID: 28946873 PMCID: PMC5613357 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-017-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vital registration system in Myanmar has a long history and geographical coverage is currently high. However, a recent assessment of vital registration systems of 148 countries showed poor performance of the death registration system in Myanmar, suggesting the need for improvement. This study assessed the quality of mortality data generated from the vital registration system with regard to mortality levels and patterns, quality of cause of death data, and completeness of death registration in order to identify areas for improvement. METHODS The study used registered deaths in 2013 from the vital registration system, data from the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, and mortality indicators and COD information for the country estimated by international organizations. The study applied the guidelines recommended by AbouZahr et al. 2010 to assess mortality levels and patterns and quality of cause of death data. The completeness of death registration was assessed by a simple calculation based on the estimated number of deaths. RESULTS Findings suggested that the completeness of death registration was critically low (less than 60%). The under-registration was more severe in rural areas, in states and regions with difficult transportation and poor accessibility to health centers and for infant and child deaths. The quality of cause of death information was poor, with possible over-reporting of non-communicable disease codes and a high proportion of ill-defined causes of death (22.3% of total deaths). CONCLUSION The results indicated that the vital registration system in Myanmar does not produce reliable mortality statistics. In response to monitoring mortalities as mandated by the Sustainable Development Goals, a significant and sustained government commitment and investment in strengthening the vital registration system in Myanmar is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myitzu Tin Oung
- Department of Medical Research, Pyin-Oo-Lwin Branch, Pyin-Oo-Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Kerry Richter
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pramote Prasartkul
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Brief Report: Rheumatoid Arthritis as the Underlying Cause of Death in Thirty-One Countries, 1987-2011: Trend Analysis of World Health Organization Mortality Database. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1560-1565. [DOI: 10.1002/art.40091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
80
|
Flaxman AD, Stewart A, Joseph JC, Alam N, Alam S, Chowdhury H, Gamage S, Gouda H, Joshi R, Lucero M, Mooney MD, Praveen D, Rampatige R, Remolador H, Sanvictores D, Serina PT, Streatfield PK, Tallo V, Wijesekera N, Murray CJL, Hernandez B, Lopez AD, Riley ID. Implementing the PHMRC shortened questionnaire: Survey duration of open and closed questions in three sites. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178085. [PMID: 28570596 PMCID: PMC5453488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More countries are using verbal autopsy as a part of routine mortality surveillance. The length of time required to complete a verbal autopsy interview is a key logistical consideration for planning large-scale surveillance. Methods We use the PHMRC shortened questionnaire to conduct verbal autopsy interviews at three sites and collect data on the length of time required to complete the interview. This instrument uses a novel checklist of keywords to capture relevant information from the open response. The open response section is timed separately from the section consisting of closed questions. Results We found the median time to complete the entire interview was approximately 25 minutes and did not vary substantially by age-specific module. The median time for the open response section was approximately 4 minutes and 60% of interviewees mentioned at least one keyword within the open response section. Conclusions The length of time required to complete the interview was short enough for large-scale routine use. The open-response section did not add a substantial amount of time and provided useful information which can be used to increase the accuracy of the predictions of the cause of death. The novel checklist approach further reduces the burden of transcribing and translating a large amount of free text. This makes the PHMRC instrument ideal for national mortality surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham D. Flaxman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Stewart
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan C. Joseph
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nurul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saidul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hafizur Chowdhury
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Saman Gamage
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Workforce Development, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kalutara, Sri Lanka
| | - Hebe Gouda
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, QLD, Australia
| | - Rohina Joshi
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marilla Lucero
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Meghan D. Mooney
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Devarsetty Praveen
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
- George Institute of Global Health India, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rasika Rampatige
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hazel Remolador
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | | | - Peter T. Serina
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Veronica Tallo
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Nandalal Wijesekera
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Workforce Development, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kalutara, Sri Lanka
| | - Christopher J. L. Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bernardo Hernandez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alan D. Lopez
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Douglas Riley
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS-supported Spectrum software package (Glastonbury, Connecticut, USA) is used by most countries worldwide to monitor the HIV epidemic. In Spectrum, HIV incidence trends among adults (aged 15-49 years) are derived by either fitting to seroprevalence surveillance and survey data or generating curves consistent with program and vital registration data, such as historical trends in the number of newly diagnosed infections or people living with HIV and AIDS related deaths. This article describes development and application of the fit to program data (FPD) tool in Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS' 2016 estimates round. METHODS In the FPD tool, HIV incidence trends are described as a simple or double logistic function. Function parameters are estimated from historical program data on newly reported HIV cases, people living with HIV or AIDS-related deaths. Inputs can be adjusted for proportions undiagnosed or misclassified deaths. Maximum likelihood estimation or minimum chi-squared distance methods are used to identify the best fitting curve. Asymptotic properties of the estimators from these fits are used to estimate uncertainty. RESULTS The FPD tool was used to fit incidence for 62 countries in 2016. Maximum likelihood and minimum chi-squared distance methods gave similar results. A double logistic curve adequately described observed trends in all but four countries where a simple logistic curve performed better. CONCLUSION Robust HIV-related program and vital registration data are routinely available in many middle-income and high-income countries, whereas HIV seroprevalence surveillance and survey data may be scarce. In these countries, the FPD tool offers a simpler, improved approach to estimating HIV incidence trends.
Collapse
|
82
|
Sulo E, Nygård O, Vollset SE, Igland J, Ebbing M, Østbye T, Jørgensen T, Sulo G, Tell GS. Time Trends and Educational Inequalities in Out-of-Hospital Coronary Deaths in Norway 1995-2009: A Cardiovascular Disease in Norway (CVDNOR) Project. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005236. [PMID: 28219924 PMCID: PMC5523789 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent time trends and educational gradients characterizing out-of-hospital coronary deaths (OHCD) are poorly described. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified all deaths from coronary heart disease occurring outside the hospital in Norway during 1995 to 2009. Time trends were explored using Poisson regression analysis with year as the independent, continuous variable. Information on the highest achieved education was obtained from The National Education Database and classified as primary (up to 10 years of compulsory education), secondary (high school or vocational school), or tertiary (college/university). Educational gradients in OHCD were explored using Poisson regression, stratified by sex and age (<70 and ≥70 years), and results were expressed as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95%CIs. Of 100 783 coronary heart disease deaths, 58.8% were OHCDs. From 1995 to 2009, age-adjusted OHCD rates declined across all education categories (primary, secondary, and tertiary) in younger men (IRR=0.35; 95%CI 0.32-0.38; IRR=0.38; 95%CI 0.35-0.42; IRR=0.33; 95%CI 0.28-0.40), younger women (IRR=0.47; 95% CI 0.40-0.56; IRR=0.55; 95%CI 0.45-0.67; IRR=0.28; 95% CI 0.16-0.47), older men (IRR=0.20; 95%CI 0.19-0.22; IRR=0.20; 95%CI 0.18-0.22; IRR=0.20; 95%CI 0.17-0.23), and older women (IRR=0.26; 95%CI 0.24-0.28; IRR=0.25; 95%CI 0.23-0.28; IRR=0.28; 95%CI 0.22-0.34). Tertiary education was associated with lower risk of OHCD compared to primary education (IRR=0.37; 95%CI 0.35-0.40 in younger men, IRR=0.26; 95%CI 0.22-0.30 in younger women, IRR=0.52; 95%CI 0.49-0.55 in older men, and IRR=0.61; 95%CI 0.57-0.66 in older women). These gradients did not change over time (P interaction=0.25). CONCLUSIONS Although OHCD rates declined substantially during 1995 to 2009, they displayed educational gradients that remained constant over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enxhela Sulo
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein Emil Vollset
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Burden of Disease, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jannicke Igland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Marta Ebbing
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway.,Domain for Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Truls Østbye
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Sulo
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Grethe S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway.,Domain for Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Chen BK, Yang YT, Yang CY. Trends in amenable deaths based on township income quartiles in Taiwan, 1971-2008: did universal health insurance close the gap? J Public Health (Oxf) 2016; 38:e524-e536. [PMID: 28158683 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Chen
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street Suite 354, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Y Tony Yang
- College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Serina P, Riley I, Hernandez B, Flaxman AD, Praveen D, Tallo V, Joshi R, Sanvictores D, Stewart A, Mooney MD, Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The paradox of verbal autopsy in cause of death assignment: symptom question unreliability but predictive accuracy. Popul Health Metr 2016; 14:41. [PMID: 27833460 PMCID: PMC5101673 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-016-0104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We believe that it is important that governments understand the reliability of the mortality data which they have at their disposable to guide policy debates. In many instances, verbal autopsy (VA) will be the only source of mortality data for populations, yet little is known about how the accuracy of VA diagnoses is affected by the reliability of the symptom responses. We previously described the effect of the duration of time between death and VA administration on VA validity. In this paper, using the same dataset, we assess the relationship between the reliability and completeness of symptom responses and the reliability and accuracy of cause of death (COD) prediction. Methods The study was based on VAs in the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) VA Validation Dataset from study sites in Bohol and Manila, Philippines and Andhra Pradesh, India. The initial interview was repeated within 3–52 months of death. Question responses were assessed for reliability and completeness between the two survey rounds. COD was predicted by Tariff Method. Results A sample of 4226 VAs was collected for 2113 decedents, including 1394 adults, 349 children, and 370 neonates. Mean question reliability was unexpectedly low (kappa = 0.447): 42.5 % of responses positive at the first interview were negative at the second, and 47.9 % of responses positive at the second had been negative at the first. Question reliability was greater for the short form of the PHMRC instrument (kappa = 0.497) and when analyzed at the level of the individual decedent (kappa = 0.610). Reliability at the level of the individual decedent was associated with COD predictive reliability and predictive accuracy. Conclusions Families give coherent accounts of events leading to death but the details vary from interview to interview for the same case. Accounts are accurate but inconsistent; different subsets of symptoms are identified on each occasion. However, there are sufficient accurate and consistent subsets of symptoms to enable the Tariff Method to assign a COD. Questions which contributed most to COD prediction were also the most reliable and consistent across repeat interviews; these have been included in the short form VA questionnaire. Accuracy and reliability of diagnosis for an individual death depend on the quality of interview. This has considerable implications for the progressive roll out of VAs into civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0104-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Serina
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Ian Riley
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, 3053 VIC Australia
| | - Bernardo Hernandez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Abraham D Flaxman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Veronica Tallo
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Rohina Joshi
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Level 10, King George V Building 83-117 Missenden Rd, PO Box M201, Camperdown, 2050 NSW Australia
| | | | - Andrea Stewart
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Meghan D Mooney
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Alan D Lopez
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, 3053 VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Les données des certificats de décès en France : processus de production et principaux types d’analyse. Rev Med Interne 2016; 37:685-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
86
|
Chandoevwit W, Phatchana P, Sirigomon K, Ieawsuwan K, Thungthong J, Ruangdej S. Improving the measurement of maternal mortality in Thailand using multiple data sources. Popul Health Metr 2016; 14:16. [PMID: 27147909 PMCID: PMC4855912 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-016-0087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thailand uses cause of death records in civil registration to summarize maternal mortality statistics. A report by the Department of Health using the Reproductive Age Mortality Studies (RAMOS) reported that the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in 1997 was approximately three to four times higher than MMR based on the civil registration cause of death records. Here, we used multiple data sources to systematically measure maternal mortality in Thailand and showed a disparity between age groups and regions. METHODS We calculated the number of maternal deaths using a two-stage method. In the first stage, we counted the number of deceased mothers who successfully gave live births. In the second stage, we counted the number of women who died during the pregnancy, delivery, or the postpartum period without a live birth. RESULTS The number of maternal deaths dropped from 268 in 2007 to 226 in 2014. Nearly 50 % of the deaths occurred in Stage 1. The maternal mortality ratio in 2007 was 33.6 per 100,000 live births; the rate fell to 31.8 in 2014. The age ranges of women observed were 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, and 45-49, and the MMR averages were 21.5, 23.8, 27.0, 42.1, 67.7, 115.4, and 423.4 per 100,000 live births, respectively. The Southern region consistently exhibited the highest MMR compared to other regions for every year analyzed, except 2012. Women in Bangkok had a lower risk of dying during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period than women from other regions. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that using multiple administrative data sources in the two-stage method was an efficient method that provided systematic measurement and timely reporting on the maternal mortality ratio. An additional benefit of the method was that information provided from the combined data sources, (e.g., the number of maternal deaths by age group and region) was relevant to the safe motherhood policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Worawan Chandoevwit
- Faculty of Economics, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraphab Road, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand ; Thailand Development Research Institute, 565 Ramkhamhaeng Rd. Soi 39, Bangkok, Wangthonglang 10310 Thailand
| | - Phasith Phatchana
- Thailand Development Research Institute, 565 Ramkhamhaeng Rd. Soi 39, Bangkok, Wangthonglang 10310 Thailand
| | - Kanjana Sirigomon
- National Health Security Office, The government complex commemorating His Majesty the King's 80th birthday Anniversary 5th December, B.E. 2550 Building B, 120 Moo 3, Chaengwattana Road, Bangkok, Lak Si District 10210 Thailand
| | - Kunakorn Ieawsuwan
- National Health Security Office, The government complex commemorating His Majesty the King's 80th birthday Anniversary 5th December, B.E. 2550 Building B, 120 Moo 3, Chaengwattana Road, Bangkok, Lak Si District 10210 Thailand
| | - Jutatip Thungthong
- National Health Security Office, The government complex commemorating His Majesty the King's 80th birthday Anniversary 5th December, B.E. 2550 Building B, 120 Moo 3, Chaengwattana Road, Bangkok, Lak Si District 10210 Thailand
| | - Saray Ruangdej
- National Health Security Office, The government complex commemorating His Majesty the King's 80th birthday Anniversary 5th December, B.E. 2550 Building B, 120 Moo 3, Chaengwattana Road, Bangkok, Lak Si District 10210 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Høye A, Nesvåg R, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Jacobsen BK. Sex differences in mortality among patients admitted with affective disorders in North Norway: a 33-year prospective register study. Bipolar Disord 2016; 18:272-81. [PMID: 27226265 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies from North Norway showed significantly increased mortality in patients with schizophrenia and personality disorder. The aim of the present study was to investigate total and cause-specific mortality in inpatients with affective disorder in a 33-year follow-up cohort, with a specific focus on sex differences. METHODS Based on a hospital case register covering all admissions to psychiatric hospital in the two northernmost counties in Norway from 1980 to 2012, 790 men and 866 women with major depressive disorder and 331 men and 514 women with bipolar disorder were included. The cohort was linked to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. The relative mortality in men compared to women was tested using Cox regression with attained age as the time variable. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of the patients when compared to the general population in Norway was calculated. RESULTS Patients with affective disorders had twice the mortality of the general Norwegian population [SMR = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9-2.3]. For major depressive disorder, the SMR for total mortality was higher among men (2.6, 95% CI: 2.2-3.0) than women (1.8, 95% CI: 1.5-2.1). For bipolar disorder, no difference was seen between men and women. The SMR for suicide among women showed an increasing trend throughout the period 1980-1990: 20.0 (95% CI: 10.4-38.4); 1991-2001: 27.0 (95% CI: 15.7-46.2); 2002-2012: 40.4 (95% CI: 23.0-71.2). CONCLUSIONS The substantially increased mortality in patients with affective disorders in Norway has been persistent over a period of 33 years, despite extensive reforms in psychiatric health care. Indications of increasing SMR for suicide in women call for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Høye
- University Hospital of North, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre of Clinical Documentation and Evaluation, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ragnar Nesvåg
- Department of Genetics, Environment, and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Genetics, Environment, and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne K Jacobsen
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Danilova I, Shkolnikov VM, Jdanov DA, Meslé F, Vallin J. Identifying potential differences in cause-of-death coding practices across Russian regions. Popul Health Metr 2016; 14:8. [PMID: 27006644 PMCID: PMC4802884 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-016-0078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable and comparable data on causes of death are crucial for public health analysis, but the usefulness of these data can be markedly diminished when the approach to coding is not standardized across territories and/or over time. Because the Russian system of producing information on causes of death is highly decentralized, there may be discrepancies in the coding practices employed across the country. In this study, we evaluate the uniformity of cause-of-death coding practices across Russian regions using an indirect method. METHODS Based on 2002-2012 mortality data, we estimate the prevalence of the major causes of death (70 causes) in the mortality structures of 52 Russian regions. For each region-cause combination we measured the degree to which the share of a certain cause in the mortality structure of a certain region deviates from the respective inter-regional average share. We use heat map visualization and a regression model to determine whether there is regularity in the causes and the regions that is more likely to deviate from the average level across all regions. In addition to analyzing the comparability of cause-specific mortality structures in a spatial dimension, we examine the regional cause-of-death time series to identify the causes with temporal trends that vary greatly across regions. RESULTS A high level of consistency was found both across regions and over time for transport accidents, most of the neoplasms, congenital malformations, and perinatal conditions. However, a high degree of inconsistency was found for mental and behavioral disorders, diseases of the nervous system, endocrine disorders, ill-defined causes of death, and certain cardiovascular diseases. This finding suggests that the coding practices for these causes of death are not uniform across regions. The level of consistency improves when causes of death can be grouped into broader diagnostic categories. CONCLUSION This systematic analysis allows us to present a broader picture of the quality of cause-of-death coding at the regional level. For some causes of death, there is a high degree of variance across regions in the likelihood that these causes will be chosen as the underlying causes. In addition, for some causes of death the mortality statistics reflect the coding practices, rather than the real epidemiological situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Danilova
- />Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- />National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya St. 20, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir M. Shkolnikov
- />Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- />New Economic School, Novaya St. 100, Skolkovo, 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri A. Jdanov
- />Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- />New Economic School, Novaya St. 100, Skolkovo, 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | - France Meslé
- />Institut national d’études démographiques, Blvd. Davout 133, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Vallin
- />Institut national d’études démographiques, Blvd. Davout 133, 75020 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Frøen JF, Myhre SL, Frost MJ, Chou D, Mehl G, Say L, Cheng S, Fjeldheim I, Friberg IK, French S, Jani JV, Kaye J, Lewis J, Lunde A, Mørkrid K, Nankabirwa V, Nyanchoka L, Stone H, Venkateswaran M, Wojcieszek AM, Temmerman M, Flenady VJ. eRegistries: Electronic registries for maternal and child health. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:11. [PMID: 26791790 PMCID: PMC4721069 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-0801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Roadmap for Health Measurement and Accountability sees integrated systems for health information as key to obtaining seamless, sustainable, and secure information exchanges at all levels of health systems. The Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health aims to achieve a continuum of quality of care with effective coverage of interventions. The WHO and World Bank recommend that countries focus on intervention coverage to monitor programs and progress for universal health coverage. Electronic health registries - eRegistries - represent integrated systems that secure a triple return on investments: First, effective single data collection for health workers to seamlessly follow individuals along the continuum of care and across disconnected cadres of care providers. Second, real-time public health surveillance and monitoring of intervention coverage, and third, feedback of information to individuals, care providers and the public for transparent accountability. This series on eRegistries presents frameworks and tools to facilitate the development and secure operation of eRegistries for maternal and child health. METHODS In this first paper of the eRegistries Series we have used WHO frameworks and taxonomy to map how eRegistries can support commonly used electronic and mobile applications to alleviate health systems constraints in maternal and child health. A web-based survey of public health officials in 64 low- and middle-income countries, and a systematic search of literature from 2005-2015, aimed to assess country capacities by the current status, quality and use of data in reproductive health registries. RESULTS eRegistries can offer support for the 12 most commonly used electronic and mobile applications for health. Countries are implementing health registries in various forms, the majority in transition from paper-based data collection to electronic systems, but very few have eRegistries that can act as an integrating backbone for health information. More mature country capacity reflected by published health registry based research is emerging in settings reaching regional or national scale, increasingly with electronic solutions. 66 scientific publications were identified based on 32 registry systems in 23 countries over a period of 10 years; this reflects a challenging experience and capacity gap for delivering sustainable high quality registries. CONCLUSIONS Registries are being developed and used in many high burden countries, but their potential benefits are far from realized as few countries have fully transitioned from paper-based health information to integrated electronic backbone systems. Free tools and frameworks exist to facilitate progress in health information for women and children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Frederik Frøen
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sonja L Myhre
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Michael J Frost
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
- John Snow, Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Doris Chou
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Garrett Mehl
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Lale Say
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Socheat Cheng
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ingvild Fjeldheim
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ingrid K Friberg
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Steve French
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jagrati V Jani
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jane Kaye
- HeLEX - Centre for Health, Law and Emerging Technologies, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - John Lewis
- Health Information System Programme (HISP) Vietnam, Ho Chí Minh, Vietnam.
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ane Lunde
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kjersti Mørkrid
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Victoria Nankabirwa
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Linda Nyanchoka
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hollie Stone
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mahima Venkateswaran
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Aleena M Wojcieszek
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- International Stillbirth Alliance, Millburn, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Vicki J Flenady
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- International Stillbirth Alliance, Millburn, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Serina P, Riley I, Stewart A, Flaxman AD, Lozano R, Mooney MD, Luning R, Hernandez B, Black R, Ahuja R, Alam N, Alam SS, Ali SM, Atkinson C, Baqui AH, Chowdhury HR, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dantzer E, Darmstadt GL, Das V, Dhingra U, Dutta A, Fawzi W, Freeman M, Gamage S, Gomez S, Hensman D, James SL, Joshi R, Kalter HD, Kumar A, Kumar V, Lucero M, Mehta S, Neal B, Ohno SL, Phillips D, Pierce K, Prasad R, Praveen D, Premji Z, Ramirez-Villalobos D, Rampatige R, Remolador H, Romero M, Said M, Sanvictores D, Sazawal S, Streatfield PK, Tallo V, Vadhatpour A, Wijesekara N, Murray CJL, Lopez AD. A shortened verbal autopsy instrument for use in routine mortality surveillance systems. BMC Med 2015; 13:302. [PMID: 26670275 PMCID: PMC4681088 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verbal autopsy (VA) is recognized as the only feasible alternative to comprehensive medical certification of deaths in settings with no or unreliable vital registration systems. However, a barrier to its use by national registration systems has been the amount of time and cost needed for data collection. Therefore, a short VA instrument (VAI) is needed. In this paper we describe a shortened version of the VAI developed for the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) Gold Standard Verbal Autopsy Validation Study using a systematic approach. METHODS We used data from the PHMRC validation study. Using the Tariff 2.0 method, we first established a rank order of individual questions in the PHMRC VAI according to their importance in predicting causes of death. Second, we reduced the size of the instrument by dropping questions in reverse order of their importance. We assessed the predictive performance of the instrument as questions were removed at the individual level by calculating chance-corrected concordance and at the population level with cause-specific mortality fraction (CSMF) accuracy. Finally, the optimum size of the shortened instrument was determined using a first derivative analysis of the decline in performance as the size of the VA instrument decreased for adults, children, and neonates. RESULTS The full PHMRC VAI had 183, 127, and 149 questions for adult, child, and neonatal deaths, respectively. The shortened instrument developed had 109, 69, and 67 questions, respectively, representing a decrease in the total number of questions of 40-55%. The shortened instrument, with text, showed non-significant declines in CSMF accuracy from the full instrument with text of 0.4%, 0.0%, and 0.6% for the adult, child, and neonatal modules, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We developed a shortened VAI using a systematic approach, and assessed its performance when administered using hand-held electronic tablets and analyzed using Tariff 2.0. The length of a VA questionnaire was shortened by almost 50% without a significant drop in performance. The shortened VAI developed reduces the burden of time and resources required for data collection and analysis of cause of death data in civil registration systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Serina
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Ian Riley
- University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Public Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Andrea Stewart
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Abraham D Flaxman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. .,National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Buena Vista, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Meghan D Mooney
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Richard Luning
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Bernardo Hernandez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Robert Black
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Ramesh Ahuja
- Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India. .,The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
| | - Nurul Alam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Sayed Saidul Alam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Said Mohammed Ali
- Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O.BOX 122, Wawi, Chake Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | - Charles Atkinson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Abdulla H Baqui
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Hafizur R Chowdhury
- University of Melbourne, School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St., Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. .,Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 122002, National Capital Region, India.
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 122002, National Capital Region, India.
| | - Emily Dantzer
- Malaria Consortium Cambodia, 113 Mao Tse Toung, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Gary L Darmstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Vinita Das
- CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India.
| | - Usha Dhingra
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O.BOX 122, Wawi, Chake Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | - Arup Dutta
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O.BOX 122, Wawi, Chake Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | - Wafaie Fawzi
- Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115-6018, USA.
| | - Michael Freeman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Saman Gamage
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Workforce Development, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kalutara, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Dilip Hensman
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Workforce Development, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kalutara, Sri Lanka.
| | - Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Rohina Joshi
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Henry D Kalter
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Aarti Kumar
- Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India. .,The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vishwajeet Kumar
- Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India. .,The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
| | - Marilla Lucero
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave., Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Albert Hospital, Sydney, Australia. .,Imperial college, London, London, UK.
| | - Summer Lockett Ohno
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - David Phillips
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Kelsey Pierce
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India.
| | | | - Zul Premji
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd., Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Dolores Ramirez-Villalobos
- National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Buena Vista, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Rasika Rampatige
- University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Public Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Hazel Remolador
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave., Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Minerva Romero
- National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Buena Vista, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Mwanaidi Said
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd., Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Diozele Sanvictores
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave., Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Sunil Sazawal
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O.BOX 122, Wawi, Chake Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | | | - Veronica Tallo
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave., Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Alireza Vadhatpour
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Nandalal Wijesekara
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Workforce Development, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kalutara, Sri Lanka.
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Alan D Lopez
- University of Melbourne, School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St., Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Serina P, Riley I, Stewart A, James SL, Flaxman AD, Lozano R, Hernandez B, Mooney MD, Luning R, Black R, Ahuja R, Alam N, Alam SS, Ali SM, Atkinson C, Baqui AH, Chowdhury HR, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dantzer E, Darmstadt GL, Das V, Dhingra U, Dutta A, Fawzi W, Freeman M, Gomez S, Gouda HN, Joshi R, Kalter HD, Kumar A, Kumar V, Lucero M, Maraga S, Mehta S, Neal B, Ohno SL, Phillips D, Pierce K, Prasad R, Praveen D, Premji Z, Ramirez-Villalobos D, Rarau P, Remolador H, Romero M, Said M, Sanvictores D, Sazawal S, Streatfield PK, Tallo V, Vadhatpour A, Vano M, Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Improving performance of the Tariff Method for assigning causes of death to verbal autopsies. BMC Med 2015; 13:291. [PMID: 26644140 PMCID: PMC4672473 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable data on the distribution of causes of death (COD) in a population are fundamental to good public health practice. In the absence of comprehensive medical certification of deaths, the only feasible way to collect essential mortality data is verbal autopsy (VA). The Tariff Method was developed by the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) to ascertain COD from VA information. Given its potential for improving information about COD, there is interest in refining the method. We describe the further development of the Tariff Method. METHODS This study uses data from the PHMRC and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia studies. Gold standard clinical diagnostic criteria for hospital deaths were specified for a target cause list. VAs were collected from families using the PHMRC verbal autopsy instrument including health care experience (HCE). The original Tariff Method (Tariff 1.0) was trained using the validated PHMRC database for which VAs had been collected for deaths with hospital records fulfilling the gold standard criteria (validated VAs). In this study, the performance of Tariff 1.0 was tested using VAs from household surveys (community VAs) collected for the PHMRC and NHMRC studies. We then corrected the model to account for the previous observed biases of the model, and Tariff 2.0 was developed. The performance of Tariff 2.0 was measured at individual and population levels using the validated PHMRC database. RESULTS For median chance-corrected concordance (CCC) and mean cause-specific mortality fraction (CSMF) accuracy, and for each of three modules with and without HCE, Tariff 2.0 performs significantly better than the Tariff 1.0, especially in children and neonates. Improvement in CSMF accuracy with HCE was 2.5%, 7.4%, and 14.9% for adults, children, and neonates, respectively, and for median CCC with HCE it was 6.0%, 13.5%, and 21.2%, respectively. Similar levels of improvement are seen in analyses without HCE. CONCLUSIONS Tariff 2.0 addresses the main shortcomings of the application of the Tariff Method to analyze data from VAs in community settings. It provides an estimation of COD from VAs with better performance at the individual and population level than the previous version of this method, and it is publicly available for use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Serina
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Ian Riley
- University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Andrea Stewart
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Abraham D Flaxman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. .,National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 1299 Buena Vista, 62115, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Bernardo Hernandez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Meghan D Mooney
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Richard Luning
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Robert Black
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Ramesh Ahuja
- Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India. .,The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
| | - Nurul Alam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Sayed Saidul Alam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Said Mohammed Ali
- Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), PO Box 122, Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | - Charles Atkinson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Abdulla H Baqui
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Hafizur R Chowdhury
- University of Melbourne, School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. .,Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 12002, National Capital Region, India.
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 12002, National Capital Region, India.
| | - Emily Dantzer
- Malaria Consortium Cambodia, 113 Mao Tse Toung, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Gary L Darmstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Vinita Das
- CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India.
| | - Usha Dhingra
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), PO Box 122, Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | - Arup Dutta
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), PO Box 122, Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | - Wafaie Fawzi
- Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115-6018, USA.
| | - Michael Freeman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | | | - Hebe N Gouda
- University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia. .,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
| | - Rohina Joshi
- The George Institute of Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Henry D Kalter
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Aarti Kumar
- Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India. .,The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vishwajeet Kumar
- Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India. .,The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
| | - Marilla Lucero
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Avenue, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Seri Maraga
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute of Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia. .,Royal Prince Albert Hospital, Sydney, Australia. .,Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - Summer Lockett Ohno
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - David Phillips
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Kelsey Pierce
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India.
| | - Devarsatee Praveen
- The George Institute of Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia. .,George Institute of Global Health India, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Zul Premji
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | | | - Patricia Rarau
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
| | - Hazel Remolador
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Avenue, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Minerva Romero
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 1299 Buena Vista, 62115, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Mwanaidi Said
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Diozele Sanvictores
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Avenue, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Sunil Sazawal
- Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC), PO Box 122, Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | | | - Veronica Tallo
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Avenue, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Alireza Vadhatpour
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Miriam Vano
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Alan D Lopez
- University of Melbourne, School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Lopez AD. Can epidemiology inform global health and development targets? Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:9-11. [PMID: 25713308 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Lopez
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Flaxman AD, Serina PT, Hernandez B, Murray CJL, Riley I, Lopez AD. Measuring causes of death in populations: a new metric that corrects cause-specific mortality fractions for chance. Popul Health Metr 2015; 13:28. [PMID: 26464564 PMCID: PMC4603634 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-015-0061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Verbal autopsy is gaining increasing acceptance as a method for determining the underlying cause of death when the cause of death given on death certificates is unavailable or unreliable, and there are now a number of alternative approaches for mapping from verbal autopsy interviews to the underlying cause of death. For public health applications, the population-level aggregates of the underlying causes are of primary interest, expressed as the cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) for a mutually exclusive, collectively exhaustive cause list. Until now, CSMF Accuracy is the primary metric that has been used for measuring the quality of CSMF estimation methods. Although it allows for relative comparisons of alternative methods, CSMF Accuracy provides misleading numbers in absolute terms, because even random allocation of underlying causes yields relatively high CSMF accuracy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and test a measure of CSMF that corrects this problem. Methods We developed a baseline approach of random allocation and measured its performance analytically and through Monte Carlo simulation. We used this to develop a new metric of population-level estimation accuracy, the Chance Corrected CSMF Accuracy (CCCSMF Accuracy), which has value near zero for random guessing, and negative quality values for estimation methods that are worse than random at the population level. Results The CCCSMF Accuracy formula was found to be CCSMF Accuracy = (CSMF Accuracy - 0.632) / (1 - 0.632), which indicates that, at the population-level, some existing and commonly used VA methods perform worse than random guessing. Conclusions CCCSMF Accuracy should be used instead of CSMF Accuracy when assessing VA estimation methods because it provides a more easily interpreted measure of the quality of population-level estimates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12963-015-0061-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham D Flaxman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
| | - Peter T Serina
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
| | - Bernardo Hernandez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
| | - Ian Riley
- University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Alan D Lopez
- University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health Building 379, 207 Bouverie St, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Phillips DE, AbouZahr C, Lopez AD, Mikkelsen L, de Savigny D, Lozano R, Wilmoth J, Setel PW. Are well functioning civil registration and vital statistics systems associated with better health outcomes? Lancet 2015; 386:1386-1394. [PMID: 25971222 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this Series paper, we examine whether well functioning civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems are associated with improved population health outcomes. We present a conceptual model connecting CRVS to wellbeing, and describe an ecological association between CRVS and health outcomes. The conceptual model posits that the legal identity that civil registration provides to individuals is key to access entitlements and services. Vital statistics produced by CRVS systems provide essential information for public health policy and prevention. These outcomes benefit individuals and societies, including improved health. We use marginal linear models and lag-lead analysis to measure ecological associations between a composite metric of CRVS performance and three health outcomes. Results are consistent with the conceptual model: improved CRVS performance coincides with improved health outcomes worldwide in a temporally consistent manner. Investment to strengthen CRVS systems is not only an important goal for individuals and societies, but also a development imperative that is good for health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Phillips
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Alan D Lopez
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Don de Savigny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Lozano
- National Public Health Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Mikkelsen L, Phillips DE, AbouZahr C, Setel PW, de Savigny D, Lozano R, Lopez AD. A global assessment of civil registration and vital statistics systems: monitoring data quality and progress. Lancet 2015; 386:1395-1406. [PMID: 25971218 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demand for better quality data and more investment to strengthen civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems will require increased emphasis on objective, comparable, cost-effective monitoring and assessment methods to measure progress. We apply a composite index (the vital statistics performance index [VSPI]) to assess the performance of CRVS systems in 148 countries or territories during 1980-2012 and classify them into five distinct performance categories, ranging from rudimentary (with scores close to zero) to satisfactory (with scores close to one), with a mean VSPI score since 2005 of 0·61 (SD 0·31). As expected, the best performing systems were mostly in the European region, the Americas, and Australasia, with only two countries from east Asia and Latin America. Most low-scoring countries were in the African or Asian regions. Globally, only modest progress has been made since 2000, with the percentage of deaths registered increasing from 36% to 38%, and the percentage of children aged under 5 years whose birth has been registered increasing from 58% to 65%. However, several individual countries have made substantial improvements to their CRVS systems in the past 30 years by capturing more deaths and improving accuracy of cause-of-death information. Future monitoring of the effects of CRVS strengthening will greatly benefit from application of a metric like the VSPI, which is objective, costless to compute, and able to identify components of the system that make the largest contributions to good or poor performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Phillips
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Don de Savigny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Lozano
- National Institute of Public Health Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alan D Lopez
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Vos T, Barber R, Phillips DE, Lopez AD, Murray CJL. Causes of child death: comparison of MCEE and GBD 2013 estimates - Authors' reply. Lancet 2015; 385:2462-4. [PMID: 26122065 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan Barber
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David E Phillips
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Özdemir R, Rao C, Öcek Z, Dinç Horasan G. Reliable mortality statistics for Turkey: Are we there yet? BMC Public Health 2015; 15:545. [PMID: 26058703 PMCID: PMC4460716 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Turkish government has implemented several reforms to improve the Turkish Statistical Institute Death Reporting System (TURKSTAT-DRS) since 2009. However, there has been no assessment to evaluate the impact of these reforms on causes of death statistics. This study attempted to analyse the impact of these reforms on the TURKSTAT-DRS for Turkey, and in the case of Izmir, one of the most developed provinces in Turkey. METHODS The evaluation framework comprised three main components each with specific criteria. Firstly, data from TURKSTAT for Turkey and Izmir for the periods 2001-2008 and 2009-2013 were assessed in terms of the following dimensions that represent quality of mortality statistics (a. completeness of death registration, b. trends in proportions of deaths with ill-defined causes). Secondly, the quality of information recorded on individual death certificates from Izmir in 2010 was analysed for a. missing information, b. timeliness of death notifications and c. characteristics of deaths with ill-defined causes. Finally, TURKSTAT data were analysed to estimate life tables and summary mortality indicators for Turkey and Izmir, as well as the leading causes-of-death in Turkey in 2013. RESULTS Registration of adult deaths in Izmir as well as at the national level for Turkey has considerably improved since the introduction of reforms in 2009, along with marked decline in the proportions of deaths assigned ill-defined causes. Death certificates from Izmir indicated significant gaps in recorded information for demographic as well as epidemiological variables, particularly for infant deaths, and in the detailed recording of causes of death. Life expectancy at birth estimated from local data is 3-4 years higher than similar estimates for Turkey from international studies, and this requires further investigation and confirmation. CONCLUSION The TURKSTAT-DRS is now an improved source of mortality and cause of death statistics for Turkey. The reliability and validity of TURKSTAT data needs to be established through a detailed research program to evaluate completeness of death registration and validity of registered causes of death. Similar evaluation and data analysis of mortality indicators is required at regular intervals at national and sub-national level, to increase confidence in their utility as primary data for epidemiology and health policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raziye Özdemir
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Karabuk University Health School, Karabuk, Turkey.
| | - Chalapati Rao
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Zeliha Öcek
- Department of Public Health, Ege University Medicine Faculty, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gönül Dinç Horasan
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Celal Bayar University Medicine Faculty, Manisa, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Lopez AD, Setel PW. Better health intelligence: a new era for civil registration and vital statistics? BMC Med 2015; 13:73. [PMID: 25885782 PMCID: PMC4387703 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The impetus and opportunities for improving birth, death, and cause of death data have never been more propitious. Renewed country commitment to strengthen vital registration systems is clearly evident, supported by nascent regional coalitions of technical and development organisations. The announcement of a major new investment by Bloomberg Philanthropies to strengthen data systems and capacity in selected countries has the potential to catalyse and realise significant improvements in the availability and quality of data for health. This will require technical leadership, strategic intervention choices, strong country partnerships, and efficient delivery and management of multiple technical interventions across participating countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Lopez
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, 3053, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Philip W Setel
- The Union North America, 61 Broadway, Suite 1720, New York, NY, 10006, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Norheim OF, Jha P, Admasu K, Godal T, Hum RJ, Kruk ME, Gómez-Dantés O, Mathers CD, Pan H, Sepúlveda J, Suraweera W, Verguet S, Woldemariam AT, Yamey G, Jamison DT, Peto R. Avoiding 40% of the premature deaths in each country, 2010-30: review of national mortality trends to help quantify the UN sustainable development goal for health. Lancet 2015; 385:239-52. [PMID: 25242039 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UN will formulate ambitious Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, including one for health. Feasible goals with some quantifiable, measurable targets can influence governments. We propose, as a quatitative health target, "Avoid in each country 40% of premature deaths (under-70 deaths that would be seen in the 2030 population at 2010 death rates), and improve health care at all ages". Targeting overall mortality and improved health care ignores no modifiable cause of death, nor any cause of disability that is treatable (or also causes many deaths). 40% fewer premature deaths would be important in all countries, but implies very different priorities in different populations. Reinforcing this target for overall mortality in each country are four global subtargets for 2030: avoid two-thirds of child and maternal deaths; two-thirds of tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria deaths; a third of premature deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs); and a third of those from other causes (other communicable diseases, undernutrition, and injuries). These challenging subtargets would halve under-50 deaths, avoid a third of the (mainly NCD) deaths at ages 50-69 years, and so avoid 40% of under-70 deaths. To help assess feasibility, we review mortality rates and trends in the 25 most populous countries, in four country income groupings, and worldwide. METHODS UN sources yielded overall 1970-2010 mortality trends. WHO sources yielded cause-specific 2000-10 trends, standardised to country-specific 2030 populations; decreases per decade of 42% or 18% would yield 20-year reductions of two-thirds or a third. RESULTS Throughout the world, except in countries where the effects of HIV or political disturbances predominated, mortality decreased substantially from 1970-2010, particularly in childhood. From 2000-10, under-70 age-standardised mortality rates decreased 19% (with the low-income and lower-middle-income countries having the greatest absolute gains). The proportional decreases per decade (2000-10) were: 34% at ages 0-4 years; 17% at ages 5-49 years; 15% at ages 50-69 years; 30% for communicable, perinatal, maternal, or nutritional causes; 14% for NCDs; and 13% for injuries (accident, suicide, or homicide). INTERPRETATION Moderate acceleration of the 2000-10 proportional decreases in mortality could be feasible, achieving the targeted 2030 disease-specific reductions of two-thirds or a third. If achieved, these reductions avoid about 10 million of the 20 million deaths at ages 0-49 years that would be seen in 2030 at 2010 death rates, and about 17 million of the 41 million such deaths at ages 0-69 years. Such changes could be achievable by 2030, or soon afterwards, at least in areas free of war, other major effects of political disruption, or a major new epidemic. FUNDING UK Medical Research Council, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, Centre for Global Health Research, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole F Norheim
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Prabhat Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tore Godal
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ryan J Hum
- Centre for Global Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret E Kruk
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Colin D Mathers
- WHO Mortality and Burden of Disease Unit, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hongchao Pan
- Nuffield Department of Population Health Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jaime Sepúlveda
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Wilson Suraweera
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Gavin Yamey
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Dean T Jamison
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Richard Peto
- Nuffield Department of Population Health Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Pedersen AG, Ellingsen CL. Datakvaliteten i Dødsårsaksregisteret. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2015; 135:768-70. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|