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Saponaro C, Gaggini M, Carli F, Gastaldelli A. The Subtle Balance between Lipolysis and Lipogenesis: A Critical Point in Metabolic Homeostasis. Nutrients 2015; 7:9453-74. [PMID: 26580649 PMCID: PMC4663603 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of lipids can lead to lipotoxicity, cell dysfunction and alteration in metabolic pathways, both in adipose tissue and peripheral organs, like liver, heart, pancreas and muscle. This is now a recognized risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The causes for lipotoxicity are not only a high fat diet but also excessive lipolysis, adipogenesis and adipose tissue insulin resistance. The aims of this review are to investigate the subtle balances that underlie lipolytic, lipogenic and oxidative pathways, to evaluate critical points and the complexities of these processes and to better understand which are the metabolic derangements resulting from their imbalance, such as type 2 diabetes and non alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Saponaro
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Melania Gaggini
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Molecolare Medica e di Area Critica, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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102
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Dietary carbohydrate and control of hepatic gene expression: mechanistic links from ATP and phosphate ester homeostasis to the carbohydrate-response element-binding protein. Proc Nutr Soc 2015; 75:10-18. [PMID: 26264689 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665115002451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are associated with elevated hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis (de novo lipogenesis (DNL)). High carbohydrate diets also increase hepatic glucose production and lipogenesis. The carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP, encoded by MLXIPL) is a transcription factor with a major role in the hepatic response to excess dietary carbohydrate. Because its target genes include pyruvate kinase (PKLR) and enzymes of lipogenesis, it is regarded as a key regulator for conversion of dietary carbohydrate to lipid for energy storage. An alternative hypothesis for ChREBP function is to maintain hepatic ATP homeostasis by restraining the elevation of phosphate ester intermediates in response to elevated glucose. This is supported by the following evidence: (i) A key stimulus for ChREBP activation and induction of its target genes is elevation of phosphate esters; (ii) target genes of ChREBP include key negative regulators of the hexose phosphate ester pool (GCKR, G6PC, SLC37A4) and triose phosphate pool (PKLR); (iii) ChREBP knock-down models have elevated hepatic hexose phosphates and triose phosphates and compromised ATP phosphorylation potential; (iv) gene defects in G6PC and SLC37A4 and common variants of MLXIPL, GCKR and PKLR in man are associated with elevated hepatic uric acid production (a marker of ATP depletion) or raised plasma uric acid levels. It is proposed that compromised hepatic phosphate homeostasis is a contributing factor to the elevated hepatic glucose production and lipogenesis that associate with type 2 diabetes, NAFLD and excess carbohydrate in the diet.
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103
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de Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, Cozma AI, Ha V, Kishibe T, Uleryk E, Budylowski P, Schünemann H, Beyene J, Anand SS. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2015; 351:h3978. [PMID: 26268692 PMCID: PMC4532752 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review associations between intake of saturated fat and trans unsaturated fat and all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) and associated mortality, ischemic stroke, and type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, and CINAHL from inception to 1 May 2015, supplemented by bibliographies of retrieved articles and previous reviews. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Observational studies reporting associations of saturated fat and/or trans unsaturated fat (total, industrially manufactured, or from ruminant animals) with all cause mortality, CHD/CVD mortality, total CHD, ischemic stroke, or type 2 diabetes. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study risks of bias. Multivariable relative risks were pooled. Heterogeneity was assessed and quantified. Potential publication bias was assessed and subgroup analyses were undertaken. The GRADE approach was used to evaluate quality of evidence and certainty of conclusions. RESULTS For saturated fat, three to 12 prospective cohort studies for each association were pooled (five to 17 comparisons with 90,501-339,090 participants). Saturated fat intake was not associated with all cause mortality (relative risk 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.09), CVD mortality (0.97, 0.84 to 1.12), total CHD (1.06, 0.95 to 1.17), ischemic stroke (1.02, 0.90 to 1.15), or type 2 diabetes (0.95, 0.88 to 1.03). There was no convincing lack of association between saturated fat and CHD mortality (1.15, 0.97 to 1.36; P=0.10). For trans fats, one to six prospective cohort studies for each association were pooled (two to seven comparisons with 12,942-230,135 participants). Total trans fat intake was associated with all cause mortality (1.34, 1.16 to 1.56), CHD mortality (1.28, 1.09 to 1.50), and total CHD (1.21, 1.10 to 1.33) but not ischemic stroke (1.07, 0.88 to 1.28) or type 2 diabetes (1.10, 0.95 to 1.27). Industrial, but not ruminant, trans fats were associated with CHD mortality (1.18 (1.04 to 1.33) v 1.01 (0.71 to 1.43)) and CHD (1.42 (1.05 to 1.92) v 0.93 (0.73 to 1.18)). Ruminant trans-palmitoleic acid was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (0.58, 0.46 to 0.74). The certainty of associations between saturated fat and all outcomes was "very low." The certainty of associations of trans fat with CHD outcomes was "moderate" and "very low" to "low" for other associations. CONCLUSIONS Saturated fats are not associated with all cause mortality, CVD, CHD, ischemic stroke, or type 2 diabetes, but the evidence is heterogeneous with methodological limitations. Trans fats are associated with all cause mortality, total CHD, and CHD mortality, probably because of higher levels of intake of industrial trans fats than ruminant trans fats. Dietary guidelines must carefully consider the health effects of recommendations for alternative macronutrients to replace trans fats and saturated fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J de Souza
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Mente
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Adriana Maroleanu
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian I Cozma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Ha
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Teruko Kishibe
- Scotiabank Health Sciences Library, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Uleryk
- Hospital Library and Archives, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Holger Schünemann
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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104
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Forouhi NG. Association between consumption of dairy products and incident type 2 diabetes--insights from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer study. Nutr Rev 2015; 73 Suppl 1:15-22. [PMID: 26175485 PMCID: PMC4502710 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The public health burden of type 2 diabetes has risen unabated over the past decades, fueled by obesity and lifestyle influences, including diet quality. Epidemiological evidence is accumulating for an inverse association between dairy product intake and type 2 diabetes risk; this is somewhat counterintuitive to the saturated fat and cardiometabolic disease paradigm. The present report reviews the contribution that the findings of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) study have made to this debate, noting that types of dairy products, particularly fermented dairy products including yogurt, may be more relevant than overall dairy intake for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. The EPIC study has contributed evidence through complementary approaches of a large prospective study across 8 European countries with heterogeneous dietary intakes assessed using food-frequency questionnaires (EPIC-InterAct study) and through a more detailed examination of diet assessed using a 7-day food diary (EPIC-Norfolk study). The implications of these findings are placed in the wider context, including the use of individual fatty acid blood biomarkers in the EPIC-InterAct study and an appraisal of current research gaps and suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita G Forouhi
- N.G. Forouhi is with the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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105
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The Effects of Hyperhydrating Supplements Containing Creatine and Glucose on Plasma Lipids and Insulin Sensitivity in Endurance-Trained Athletes. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2015; 2015:352458. [PMID: 26167296 PMCID: PMC4488253 DOI: 10.1155/2015/352458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The addition of carbohydrate (CHO) in the form of simple sugars to creatine (Cr) supplements is central. The study aimed to determine whether ingestion of glucose (Glu) simultaneously with Cr and glycerol (Cr/Gly) supplement is detrimental to plasma lipids of endurance-trained individuals and find out whether modification arising can be attenuated by replacing part of the Glu with alpha lipoic acid (Ala). Twenty-two endurance-trained cyclists were randomized to receive Cr/Gly/Glu (11.4 g Cr-H2O, 1 g Gly/kg BM, and 150 g Glu) or Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala (11.4 g Cr-H2O, 1 g Gly/kg BM, 100 g Glu, and 1 g Ala) for 7 days. Fasting concentration of TAG increased significantly (P < 0.01) after supplementation with Cr/Gly/Glu (before: 0.9 ± 0.2 mmol/L; after: 1.3 ± 0.4 mmol/L) and Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala (before: 0.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L; after: 1.2 ± 0.5 mmol/L) but changes were not different between the groups. Supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the TAG to HDL-cholesterol ratio but had no effect on fasting concentration of total, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol and insulin resistance. Thus, addition of Glu to Cr containing supplements enhances plasma TAG concentration and the TAG to HDL-cholesterol ratio and this enhancement cannot be attenuated by partial replacement of Glu with Ala.
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106
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Dietary Patterns Modulate the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Chinese Adults. Nutrients 2015; 7:4778-91. [PMID: 26083112 PMCID: PMC4488813 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies reported the associations between the intakes of individual foods or nutrients and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the relationship between dietary patterns and NAFLD in the Chinese population has been rarely studied to date. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of NAFLD in a middle-aged Chinese population. The Study subjects were 999 Chinese adults aged 45–60 years in the Anhui province who participated in the Hefei Nutrition and Health Study. Dietary intake was collected by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. NAFLD was defined as the presence of moderate-severe hepatic steatosis (by B-ultrasonic examination); the absence of excessive alcohol use (>20 g day−1 in men and 10 g day−1 in women); no use of steatogenic medications within the past six months; no exposure to hepatotoxins; and no history of bariatric surgery. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to examine the association between dietary patterns and NAFLD with adjustment of potential confounding variables. Out of 999 participants, 345 (34.5%) were classified as having NAFLD. Four major dietary patterns were identified: “Traditional Chinese”, “Animal food”, “Grains-vegetables” and “High-salt” dietary patterns. After adjusting for potential confounders, subjects in the highest quartile of the “Animal food” pattern scores had greater prevalence ratio for NAFLD (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.354; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.063–1.724; p < 0.05) than did those in the lowest quartile. After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), compared with the lowest quartile of the “Grains-vegetables” pattern, the highest quartile had a lower prevalence ratio for NAFLD (PR = 0.777; 95% CI: 0.618–0.977, p < 0.05). However, the “traditional Chinese” and “high-salt” dietary patterns showed no association with the risk of NAFLD. Our findings indicated that the “Animal food” dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD.
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107
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Jacobs S, Jäger S, Jansen E, Peter A, Stefan N, Boeing H, Schulze MB, Kröger J. Associations of Erythrocyte Fatty Acids in the De Novo Lipogenesis Pathway with Proxies of Liver Fat Accumulation in the EPIC-Potsdam Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127368. [PMID: 25984792 PMCID: PMC4435749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biomarker fatty acids (FAs) reflecting de novo lipogenesis (DNL) are strongly linked to the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Liver fat accumulation could mediate this relation. There is very limited data from human population-based studies that have examined this relation. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between specific FAs in the DNL pathway and liver fat accumulation in a large population-based study. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a subsample (n = 1,562) of the EPIC-Potsdam study, which involves 27,548 middle-aged men and women. Baseline blood samples have been analyzed for proportions of 32 FAs in erythrocyte membranes (determined by gas chromatography) and biomarker concentrations in plasma. As indicators for DNL, the DNL-index (16:0 / 18:2n-6) and proportions of individual blood FAs in the DNL pathway were used. Plasma parameters associated with liver fat content (fetuin-A, ALT, and GGT) and the algorithm-based fatty liver index (FLI) were used to reflect liver fat accumulation. Results The DNL-index tended to be positively associated with the FLI and was positively associated with GGT activity in men (p for trend: 0.12 and 0.003). Proportions of 14:0 and 16:0 in erythrocytes were positively associated with fetuin-A, whereas 16:1n-7 were positively associated with the FLI and GGT activity (all p for trends in both sexes at least 0.004). Furthermore, the proportion of 16:1n-7 was positively related to fetuin-A in women and ALT activity in men (all p for trend at least 0.03). The proportion of 16:1n-9 showed positive associations with the FLI and GGT activity in men and fetuin-A in both sexes, whereas 18:1n-7 was positively associated with GGT activity in men (all p for trend at least 0.048). Conclusion Findings from this large epidemiological study suggest that liver fat accumulation could link erythrocyte FAs in the DNL pathway to the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Jacobs
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Susanne Jäger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Eugene Jansen
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Peter
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Stefan
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Matthias B. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Janine Kröger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
- * E-mail:
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108
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Ahmed MH, Husain NEO, Almobarak AO. Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease and risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease: what is important for primary care physicians? J Family Med Prim Care 2015; 4:45-52. [PMID: 25810989 PMCID: PMC4367006 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.152252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as the most common chronic liver condition in Western World and across the globe. NAFLD prevalence is estimated to be around one-third of the total population. There are no published data that project the future prevalence of NAFLD, but with an increase in epidemic of diabetes and obesity, it is possible to suggest an increase in a number of individuals with NAFLD. NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance and occurs with an increase in cluster of features of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is important to exclude the possibility of diabetes in those individuals with evidence of fatty liver. The global diabetes epidemic continues to grow, and it is estimated that the number of people with diabetes will double by year 2030. NAFLD is also a risk factor for an increase in cardiovascular incidence independent of age, sex, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, smoking, and cluster of metabolic syndromes. It is expected that NAFLD will be an important challenge for health providers in the near future. Taking all these factors into consideration, we believe that increasing awareness of metabolic and cardiovascular impact of NAFLD among general practitioners and health authorities may decrease the serious consequences of late diagnosis of NAFLD. Importantly, the collaboration between medical specialties is vital in decreasing the impact of the epidemic of NAFLD. The focus of this review is in the role of primary care physician in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of NAFLD and patients education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Nazik Elmalaika Os Husain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed O Almobarak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
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109
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Probiotic supplementation prevents high-fat, overfeeding-induced insulin resistance in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:596-602. [PMID: 25630516 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS)) prevents diet-induced insulin resistance in human subjects. A total of seventeen healthy subjects were randomised to either a probiotic (n 8) or a control (n 9) group. The probiotic group consumed a LcS-fermented milk drink twice daily for 4 weeks, whereas the control group received no supplementation. Subjects maintained their normal diet for the first 3 weeks of the study, after which they consumed a high-fat (65 % of energy), high-energy (50 % increase in energy intake) diet for 7 d. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test conducted before and after overfeeding. Body mass increased by 0·6 (SE 0·2) kg in the control group (P< 0·05) and by 0·3 (SE 0·2) kg in the probiotic group (P>0·05). Fasting plasma glucose concentrations increased following 7 d of overeating (control group: 5·3 (SE 0·1) v. 5·6 (SE 0·2) mmol/l before and after overfeeding, respectively, P< 0·05), whereas fasting serum insulin concentrations were maintained in both groups. Glucose AUC values increased by 10 % (from 817 (SE 45) to 899 (SE 39) mmol/l per 120 min, P< 0·05) and whole-body insulin sensitivity decreased by 27 % (from 5·3 (SE 1·4) to 3·9 (SE 0·9), P< 0·05) in the control group, whereas normal insulin sensitivity was maintained in the probiotic group (4·4 (SE 0·8) and 4·5 (SE 0·9) before and after overeating, respectively (P>0·05). These results suggest that probiotic supplementation may be useful in the prevention of diet-induced metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
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110
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Lemaitre RN, King IB, Kabagambe EK, Wu JHY, McKnight B, Manichaikul A, Guan W, Sun Q, Chasman DI, Foy M, Wang L, Zhu J, Siscovick DS, Tsai MY, Arnett DK, Psaty BM, Djousse L, Chen YDI, Tang W, Weng LC, Wu H, Jensen MK, Chu AY, Jacobs DR, Rich SS, Mozaffarian D, Steffen L, Rimm EB, Hu FB, Ridker PM, Fornage M, Friedlander Y. Genetic loci associated with circulating levels of very long-chain saturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:176-84. [PMID: 25378659 PMCID: PMC4274065 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m052456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFAs) are saturated fatty acids with 20 or more carbons. In contrast to the more abundant saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, there is growing evidence that circulating VLSFAs may have beneficial biological properties. Whether genetic factors influence circulating levels of VLSFAs is not known. We investigated the association of common genetic variation with plasma phospholipid/erythrocyte levels of three VLSFAs by performing genome-wide association studies in seven population-based cohorts comprising 10,129 subjects of European ancestry. We observed associations of circulating VLSFA concentrations with common variants in two genes, serine palmitoyl-transferase long-chain base subunit 3 (SPTLC3), a gene involved in the rate-limiting step of de novo sphingolipid synthesis, and ceramide synthase 4 (CERS4). The SPTLC3 variant at rs680379 was associated with higher arachidic acid (20:0 , P = 5.81 × 10(-13)). The CERS4 variant at rs2100944 was associated with higher levels of 20:0 (P = 2.65 × 10(-40)) and in analyses that adjusted for 20:0, with lower levels of behenic acid (P = 4.22 × 10(-26)) and lignoceric acid (P = 3.20 × 10(-21)). These novel associations suggest an inter-relationship of circulating VLSFAs and sphingolipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn N. Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Irena B. King
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Edmond K. Kabagambe
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jason H. Y. Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Qi Sun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Departments of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Millennia Foy
- Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jingwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Departments of Epidemiology University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Departments of Epidemiology University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA
| | - Luc Djousse
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Boston Veterans Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Yii-Der I. Chen
- Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lu-Chen Weng
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Departments of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Majken K. Jensen
- Departments of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Departments of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Lyn Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Departments of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Departments of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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111
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Acute increase in either simple sugars or complex carbohydrates: negative impact on plasma lipids of individuals with desirable plasma lipids. Proc Nutr Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665115000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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112
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Lee JJ, Lambert JE, Hovhannisyan Y, Ramos-Roman MA, Trombold JR, Wagner DA, Parks EJ. Palmitoleic acid is elevated in fatty liver disease and reflects hepatic lipogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:34-43. [PMID: 25527748 PMCID: PMC4266891 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.092262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical evidence has linked the coordinate control of fatty acid (FA) synthesis with the activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1). The ratio of 16:1n-7 to 16:0 [SCD1₁₆] in plasma triacylglycerol FA has been used as an index to reflect liver SCD1₁₆ activity and has been proposed as a biomarker of FA synthesis, although this use has not been validated by comparison with isotopically measured de novo lipogenesis (DNL(Meas)). OBJECTIVE We investigated plasma lipid 16:1n-7 and FA indexes of elongation and desaturation in relation to lipogenesis. DESIGN In this cross-sectional investigation of metabolism, 24 overweight adults, who were likely to have elevated DNL, consumed D2O for 10 d and had liver fat (LF) measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerols and plasma free FA [nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs)] were analyzed by using gas chromatography for the FA composition (molar percentage) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for deuterium enrichment. RESULTS In all subjects, VLDL-triacylglycerol 16:1n-7 was significantly (P < 0.01) related to DNL(Meas) (r = 0.56), liver fat (r = 0.53), and adipose insulin resistance (r = 0.56); similar positive relations were shown with the SCD1₁₆ index, and the pattern in NEFAs echoed that of VLDL-triacylglycerols. Compared with subjects with low LF (3.1 ± 2.7%; n = 11), subjects with high LF (18.4 ± 3.6%; n = 13) exhibited a 45% higher VLDL-triacylglycerol 16:1n-7 molar percentage (P < 0.01), 16% of subjects had lower 18:2n-6 (P = 0.01), and 27% of subjects had higher DNL as assessed by using a published DNL index (ratio of 16:0 to 18:2n-6; P = 0.03), which was isotopically confirmed by DNL(Meas) (increased 2.5-fold; P < 0.01). Compared with 16:0 in the diet, the low amount of dietary 16:1n-7 in VLDL-triacylglycerols corresponded to a stronger signal of elevated DNL. CONCLUSION The current data provide support for the use of the VLDL-triacylglycerol 16:1n-7 molar percentage as a biomarker for elevated liver fat when isotope use is not feasible; however, larger-scale confirmatory studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lee
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Jennifer E Lambert
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Yelena Hovhannisyan
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Maria A Ramos-Roman
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Justin R Trombold
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - David A Wagner
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
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113
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Moore JB, Gunn PJ, Fielding BA. The role of dietary sugars and de novo lipogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:5679-703. [PMID: 25514388 PMCID: PMC4276992 DOI: 10.3390/nu6125679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary sugar consumption, in particular sugar-sweetened beverages and the monosaccharide fructose, has been linked to the incidence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Intervention studies in both animals and humans have shown large doses of fructose to be particularly lipogenic. While fructose does stimulate de novo lipogenesis (DNL), stable isotope tracer studies in humans demonstrate quantitatively that the lipogenic effect of fructose is not mediated exclusively by its provision of excess substrates for DNL. The deleterious metabolic effects of high fructose loads appear to be a consequence of altered transcriptional regulatory networks impacting intracellular macronutrient metabolism and altering signaling and inflammatory processes. Uric acid generated by fructose metabolism may also contribute to or exacerbate these effects. Here we review data from human and animal intervention and stable isotope tracer studies relevant to the role of dietary sugars on NAFLD development and progression, in the context of typical sugar consumption patterns and dietary recommendations worldwide. We conclude that the use of hypercaloric, supra-physiological doses in intervention trials has been a major confounding factor and whether or not dietary sugars, including fructose, at typically consumed population levels, effect hepatic lipogenesis and NAFLD pathogenesis in humans independently of excess energy remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bernadette Moore
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Pippa J Gunn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
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114
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Rush E, Long X, Obolonkin V, Ding J, Lucas P. Caffeine With and Without Sugar: Individual Differences in Physiological Responses During Rest. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Rush
- Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xiaolu Long
- Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Victor Obolonkin
- Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Ding
- Applied Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patricia Lucas
- Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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115
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Martens EA, Gatta-Cherifi B, Gonnissen HK, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The potential of a high protein-low carbohydrate diet to preserve intrahepatic triglyceride content in healthy humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109617. [PMID: 25330327 PMCID: PMC4199596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein supplementation has been shown to reduce the increases in intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content induced by acute hypercaloric high-fat and high-fructose diets in humans. Objective To assess the effect of a 12-wk iso-energetic high protein-low carbohydrate (HPLC) diet compared with an iso-energetic high carbohydrate-low protein (HCLP) diet on IHTG content in healthy non-obese subjects, at a constant body weight. Design Seven men and nine women [mean ± SD age: 24±5 y; BMI: 22.9±2.1 kg/m2] were randomly allocated to a HPLC [30/35/35% of energy (En%) from protein/carbohydrate/fat] or a HCLP (5/60/35 En%) diet by stratification on sex, age and BMI. Dietary guidelines were prescribed based on individual daily energy requirements. IHTG content was measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after the dietary intervention. Results IHTG content changed in different directions with the HPLC (CH2H2O: 0.23±0.17 to 0.20±0.10; IHTG%: 0.25±0.20% to 0.22±0.11%) compared with the HCLP diet (CH2H2O: 0.34±0.20 vs. 0.38±0.21; IHTG%: 0.38±0.22% vs. 0.43±0.24%), which resulted in a lower IHTG content in the HPLC compared with the HCLP diet group after 12 weeks, which almost reached statistical significance (P = 0.055). Conclusions A HPLC vs. a HCLP diet has the potential to preserve vs. enlarge IHTG content in healthy non-obese subjects at a constant body weight. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01551238
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline A. Martens
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hanne K. Gonnissen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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116
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Ferreira AVM, Menezes-Garcia Z, Viana JB, Mário ÉG, Botion LM. Distinct metabolic pathways trigger adipocyte fat accumulation induced by high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets. Nutrition 2014; 30:1138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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117
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Lemaitre RN, King IB, Rice K, McKnight B, Sotoodehnia N, Rea TD, Johnson CO, Raghunathan TE, Cobb LA, Mozaffarian D, Siscovick DS. Erythrocyte very long-chain saturated fatty acids associated with lower risk of incident sudden cardiac arrest. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:149-53. [PMID: 25107579 PMCID: PMC4156887 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that circulating n-3 and trans-fatty acids influence the risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Yet, while other fatty acids also differ in their membrane properties and biological activities which may influence SCA, little is known about the associations of other circulating fatty acids with SCA. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of 17 erythrocyte membrane fatty acids with SCA risk. We used data from a population-based case-control study of SCA in the greater Seattle, Washington, area. Cases, aged 25-74 years, were out-of-hospital SCA patients, attended by paramedics (n=265). Controls, matched to cases by age, sex and calendar year, were randomly identified from the community (n=415). All participants were free of prior clinically-diagnosed heart disease. Blood was obtained at the time of cardiac arrest by attending paramedics (cases) or at the time of an interview (controls). Higher levels of erythrocyte very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFA) were associated with lower risk of SCA. After adjustment for risk factors and levels of n-3 and trans-fatty acids, higher levels of 20:0 corresponding to 1 SD were associated with 30% lower SCA risk (13-43%, p=0.001). Higher levels of 22:0 and 24:0 were associated with similar lower SCA risk (ORs for 1 SD-difference: 0.71 [95% CI: 0.57-0.88, p=0.002] for 22:0; and 0.79 [95% CI: 0.63-0.98, p=0.04] for 24:0). These novel findings support the need for investigation of biologic effects of circulating VLSFA and their determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Irena B King
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas D Rea
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Catherine O Johnson
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Leonard A Cobb
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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118
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Forouhi NG, Koulman A, Sharp SJ, Imamura F, Kröger J, Schulze MB, Crowe FL, Huerta JM, Guevara M, Beulens JWJ, van Woudenbergh GJ, Wang L, Summerhill K, Griffin JL, Feskens EJM, Amiano P, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dartois L, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Gonzalez C, Jakobsen MU, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Mattiello A, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Pala V, Palli D, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Roswall N, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:810-8. [PMID: 25107467 PMCID: PMC4196248 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting evidence exists regarding the association between saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and type 2 diabetes. In this longitudinal case-cohort study, we aimed to investigate the prospective associations between objectively measured individual plasma phospholipid SFAs and incident type 2 diabetes in EPIC-InterAct participants. METHODS The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study includes 12,403 people with incident type 2 diabetes and a representative subcohort of 16,154 individuals who were selected from a cohort of 340.234 European participants with 3·99 million person-years of follow-up (the EPIC study). Incident type 2 diabetes was ascertained until Dec 31, 2007, by a review of several sources of evidence. Gas chromatography was used to measure the distribution of fatty acids in plasma phospholipids (mol%); samples from people with type 2 diabetes and subcohort participants were processed in a random order by centre, and laboratory staff were masked to participant characteristics. We estimated country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) for associations per SD of each SFA with incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression, which is weighted for case-cohort sampling, and pooled our findings using random-effects meta-analysis. FINDINGS SFAs accounted for 46% of total plasma phospholipid fatty acids. In adjusted analyses, different individual SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposing directions. Even-chain SFAs that were measured (14:0 [myristic acid], 16:0 [palmitic acid], and 18:0 [stearic acid]) were positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (HR [95% CI] per SD difference: myristic acid 1·15 [95% CI 1·09-1·22], palmitic acid 1·26 [1·15-1·37], and stearic acid 1·06 [1·00-1·13]). By contrast, measured odd-chain SFAs (15:0 [pentadecanoic acid] and 17:0 [heptadecanoic acid]) were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes (HR [95% CI] per 1 SD difference: 0·79 [0·73-0·85] for pentadecanoic acid and 0·67 [0·63-0·71] for heptadecanoic acid), as were measured longer-chain SFAs (20:0 [arachidic acid], 22:0 [behenic acid], 23:0 [tricosanoic acid], and 24:0 [lignoceric acid]), with HRs ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 (95% CIs ranging between 0·61 and 0·92). Our findings were robust to a range of sensitivity analyses. INTERPRETATION Different individual plasma phospholipid SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposite directions, which suggests that SFAs are not homogeneous in their effects. Our findings emphasise the importance of the recognition of subtypes of these fatty acids. An improved understanding of differences in sources of individual SFAs from dietary intake versus endogenous metabolism is needed. FUNDING EU FP6 programme, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, and Cambridge Lipidomics Biomarker Research Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janine Kröger
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - José María Huerta
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcela Guevara
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain; Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Wang
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain; Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Institute, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Laureen Dartois
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Institute, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Institute, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Paul W Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Uhre Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy J Key
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital-University of Turin and Centre for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy; Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
| | - María-José Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Granada.ibs), Granada, Spain
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Maria-José Tormo
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain; Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Associazione Italiana Registri Tumori, Dipartimento di Prevenzione Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, Ragusa, Italy; Aire Onlus, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Garcia Caraballo SC, Comhair TM, Houten SM, Dejong CHC, Lamers WH, Koehler SE. High-protein diets prevent steatosis and induce hepatic accumulation of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1263-74. [PMID: 25287814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is steatosis of unknown etiology. To test how dietary protein decreases steatosis, we fed female C57BL/6 J mice low-fat (8 en%) or high-fat (42 en%) combined with low-protein (11 en%), high-protein (HP; 35 en%) or extra-high-protein (HPX; 58 en%) diets for 3 weeks. The 35 en% protein diets reduced hepatic triglyceride, free fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid contents to ~50% of that in 11 en% protein diets. Every additional 10 en% protein reduced hepatic fat content ~1.5 g%. HP diets had no effect on lipogenic or fatty acid-oxidizing genes except Ppargc1α (+30%), increased hepatic PCK1 content 3- to 5-fold, left plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen concentration unchanged, and decreased inflammation and cell stress (decreased Fgf21 and increased Gsta expression). The HP-mediated decrease in steatosis correlated inversely with plasma branched-chain amino-acid (BCAA) concentrations and hepatic content of BCAA-derived monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) 14-methylpentadecanoic (14-MPDA; valine-derived) and, to a lesser extent, 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (isoleucine-derived). Liver lipid content was 1.6- to 1.8-fold higher in females than in males, but the anti-steatotic effect of HP diets was equally strong. The strong up-regulation of PCK1 and literature data showing an increase in phosphoenolpyruvate and a decline in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in liver reveal that an increased efflux of these intermediates from mitochondria represents an important effect of an HP diet. The HP diet-induced increase in 14-MPDA and the dietary response in gene expression were more pronounced in females than males. Our findings are compatible with a facilitating role of valine-derived mmBCFAs in the antisteatotic effect of HP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C Garcia Caraballo
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tine M Comhair
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium, Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- Department of General Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Tytgat Institute for Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium, Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Koehler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Fretts AM, Mozaffarian D, Siscovick DS, Djousse L, Heckbert SR, King IB, McKnight B, Sitlani C, Sacks FM, Song X, Sotoodehnia N, Spiegelman D, Wallace ER, Lemaitre RN. Plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident atrial fibrillation: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000889. [PMID: 24970268 PMCID: PMC4309088 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies suggest that circulating fatty acids may influence the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), but little is known about the associations of circulating saturated fatty acids with risk of AF. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population included 2899 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a community-based longitudinal cohort of adults aged 65 years or older in the United States who were free of prevalent coronary heart disease and AF in 1992. Cox regression was used to assess the association of all the long-chain saturated fatty acids-palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0)-with incident AF. During a median of 11.2 years of follow-up, 707 cases of incident AF occurred. After adjustment for other AF risk factors, higher levels of circulating 16:0 were associated with a higher risk of AF (hazard ratio comparing highest and lowest quartiles: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.86). In contrast, higher levels of circulating 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 were each associated with a lower risk of AF. The hazard ratios (95% CI) for AF in the top and bottom quartiles were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.95) for 18:0; 0.78 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.97) for 20:0; 0.62 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.78) for 22:0; and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.85) for 24:0. CONCLUSIONS Results from this prospective cohort study of older adults demonstrate divergent associations of circulating 16:0 versus longer-chain saturated fatty acids with incident AF, highlighting the need to investigate both determinants of these levels and potential pathways of the observed differential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Fretts
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (A.M.F., D.S.S., S.R.H., E.R.W.)
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M., D.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M., F.M.S.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M., F.M.S.)
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M., F.M.S.)
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.)
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (D.S.S., C.S., N.S., R.N.L.)
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (A.M.F., D.S.S., S.R.H., E.R.W.)
| | - Luc Djousse
- Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (L.D.)
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (A.M.F., D.S.S., S.R.H., E.R.W.)
| | - Irena B. King
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (I.B.K.)
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (B.M.K.)
| | - Colleen Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (D.S.S., C.S., N.S., R.N.L.)
| | - Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M., F.M.S.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M., F.M.S.)
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M., F.M.S.)
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (X.S.)
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (D.S.S., C.S., N.S., R.N.L.)
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M., D.S.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.S.)
| | - Erin R. Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (A.M.F., D.S.S., S.R.H., E.R.W.)
| | - Rozenn N. Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (D.S.S., C.S., N.S., R.N.L.)
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Jacome-Sosa MM, Parks EJ. Fatty acid sources and their fluxes as they contribute to plasma triglyceride concentrations and fatty liver in humans. Curr Opin Lipidol 2014; 25:213-20. [PMID: 24785962 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Different sources of fatty acids (FA) used for VLDL-triglyceride synthesis include dietary FA that clear to the liver via chylomicron uptake, FA synthesized de novo in the liver from carbohydrates, nonesterified fatty acids derived from adipose tissue, nonesterified fatty acids derived from the spillover of chylomicron-triglyceride in the fasted and fed states, and FA stored in liver lipid droplets. RECENT FINDINGS Data have amassed on the contributions of each of these sources to liver-triglyceride accrual, VLDL-triglyceride synthesis, and hypertriglyceridemia. Discussed here is the timing of use of FA from each of these sources for synthesis of VLDL-triglyceride. Secondly, as all of these FA sources have been shown to contribute significantly to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), data are presented demonstrating how poor handling of FA and glucose in the periphery can contribute to NAFLD. Lastly, we highlight how the stress of excess FA availability on the liver can be corrected by reduction of dietary intake of sugars and fats, weight loss, and increased physical activity. SUMMARY A better understanding of how lifestyle factors improve FA flux will aid in the development of improved treatments for the devastating condition of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Hochuli M, Aeberli I, Weiss A, Hersberger M, Troxler H, Gerber PA, Spinas GA, Berneis K. Sugar-sweetened beverages with moderate amounts of fructose, but not sucrose, induce Fatty Acid synthesis in healthy young men: a randomized crossover study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2164-72. [PMID: 24601726 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The impact of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) on lipid metabolism when consumed in moderate amounts by normal weight subjects is debated. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of different types of sugars in SSB on fatty acid metabolism (ie, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation) in healthy young men. DESIGN Thirty-four normal-weight men were studied in a randomized crossover study. Four isocaloric 3-week interventions with SSB were performed in random order: medium fructose (MF; 40 g/d); high fructose (HF; 80 g/d), high sucrose (HS; 80 g/d), and high glucose (HG; 80g/d). Fasting total plasma fatty acid composition was measured after each intervention. Acylcarnitines were measured in the fasting state and after a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in nine subjects. RESULTS The relative abundance of palmitate (16:0) and the molar fatty acid ratio of palmitate to linoleic acid (16:0 to18:2) as markers of fatty acid synthesis were increased after HF [relative abundance of palmitate: 22.97% ± 5.51% (percentage of total fatty acids by weight ±SD)] and MF (26.1% ± 1.7%) compared with HS (19.40% ± 2.91%, P < .001), HG (19.43% ±3.12 %, P < .001), or baseline (19.40% ± 2.79%, P < .001). After HS and HG, the relative abundance of palmitate was equal to baseline. Fasting palmitoylcarnitine was significantly increased after HF and HS (HF and HS vs. HG: P = .005), decreasing after inhibition of lipolysis by insulin in the clamp. CONCLUSIONS When consumed in moderate amounts, fructose but not sucrose or glucose in SSB increases fatty acid synthesis (palmitate), whereas fasting long-chain acylcarnitines are increased after both fructose and sucrose, indicating an impaired β-oxidation flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Hochuli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition (M.Ho., I.A., P.A.G., G.A.S., K.B.), University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.W., M.He., H.T.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Human Nutrition Laboratory (I.A.), Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health and Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases (P.A.G., G.A.S.), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (K.B.), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ. The EPIC-InterAct Study: A Study of the Interplay between Genetic and Lifestyle Behavioral Factors on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in European Populations. Curr Nutr Rep 2014; 3:355-363. [PMID: 25383255 PMCID: PMC4218968 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes around the world and the global pattern of variation in risk between countries have been widely attributed to an interplay between rising rates of obesity and poor lifestyles, and genetic or developmental susceptibility to disease. Although this general hypothesis has been in existence for more than 50 years, the precise mechanisms that may explain it have remained uncertain. Advances in technology and the application of new methods in large scale population studies have made it possible to study these mechanisms. The InterAct project, funded by the European Commission, is a large case-cohort study which has verified 12,403 incident cases of type 2 diabetes, facilitating the study of genetic and lifestyle factors on the risk of type 2 diabetes among European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita G. Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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Layman DK. Eating patterns, diet quality and energy balance: a perspective about applications and future directions for the food industry. Physiol Behav 2013; 134:126-30. [PMID: 24384369 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The food industry is the point of final integration of consumer food choices with dietary guidelines. For more than 40 years, nutrition recommendations emphasized reducing dietary intake of animal fats, cholesterol, and protein and increasing intake of cereal grains. The food industry responded by creating a convenient, low cost and diverse food supply that featured fat-free cookies, cholesterol-free margarines, and spaghetti with artificial meat sauce. However, research focused on obesity, aging, and Metabolic Syndrome has demonstrated merits of increased dietary protein and reduced amounts of carbohydrates. Dietary guidelines have changed from a conceptual framework of a daily balance of food groups represented as building blocks in a pyramid designed to encourage consumers to avoid fat, to a plate design that creates a meal approach to nutrition and highlights protein and vegetables and minimizes grain carbohydrates. Coincident with the changing dietary guidelines, consumers are placing higher priority on foods for health and seeking foods with more protein, less sugars and minimal processing that are fresh, natural, and with fewer added ingredients. Individual food companies must adapt to changing nutrition knowledge, dietary guidelines, and consumer priorities. The impact on the food industry will be specific to each company based on their products, culture and capacity to adapt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K Layman
- University of Illinois, United States; Egg Nutrition Center, Park Ridge, IL 60068, United States.
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125
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Lambert JE, Ryan EA, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. De novo lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis in humans with long-standing type 1 diabetes are comparable to non-diabetic individuals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82530. [PMID: 24376543 PMCID: PMC3871159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthesis of lipid species, including fatty acids (FA) and cholesterol, can contribute to pathological disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate FA and cholesterol synthesis in individuals with type 1 diabetes, a group at elevated risk for vascular disease, using stable isotope analysis. METHODS Individuals with type 1 diabetes (n = 9) and age-, sex-, and BMI-matched non-diabetic subjects (n = 9) were recruited. On testing day, meals were provided to standardize food intake and elicit typical feeding responses. Blood samples were analyzed at fasting (0 and 24 h) and postprandial (2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after breakfast) time points. FA was isolated from VLDL to estimate hepatic FA synthesis, whereas free cholesterol (FC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) was isolated from plasma and VLDL to estimate whole-body and hepatic cholesterol synthesis, respectively. Lipid synthesis was measured using deuterium incorporation and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS Fasting total hepatic lipogenesis (3.91 ± 0.90% vs. 5.30 ± 1.22%; P = 0.41) was not significantly different between diabetic and control groups, respectively, nor was synthesis of myristic (28.60 ± 4.90% vs. 26.66 ± 4.57%; P = 0.76), palmitic (12.52 ± 2.75% vs. 13.71 ± 2.64%; P = 0.65), palmitoleic (3.86 ± 0.91% vs. 4.80 ± 1.22%; P = 0.65), stearic (5.55 ± 1.04% vs. 6.96 ± 0.97%; P = 0.29), and oleic acid (1.45 ± 0.28% vs. 2.10 ± 0.51%; P = 0.21). Postprandial lipogenesis was also not different between groups (P = 0.38). Similarly, fasting synthesis of whole-body FC (8.2 ± 1.3% vs. 7.3 ± 0.8%/day; P = 0.88) and CE (1.9 ± 0.4% vs. 2.0 ± 0.3%/day; P = 0.96) and hepatic FC (8.2 ± 2.0% vs. 8.1 ± 0.8%/day; P = 0.72) was not significantly different between diabetic and control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Despite long-standing disease, lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis was not different in individuals with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy non-diabetic humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Lambert
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Edmond A. Ryan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alan B. R. Thomson
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael T. Clandinin
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Tappy L, Egli L, Lecoultre V, Schneider P. Effects of fructose-containing caloric sweeteners on resting energy expenditure and energy efficiency: a review of human trials. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:54. [PMID: 23941499 PMCID: PMC3751443 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that the consumption of fructose-containing caloric sweeteners (FCCS: mainly sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup) is associated with obesity. The hypothesis that FCCS plays a causal role in the development of obesity however implies that they would impair energy balance to a larger extent than other nutrients, either by increasing food intake, or by decreasing energy expenditure. We therefore reviewed the literature comparing a) diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) after ingestion of isocaloric FCCS vs glucose meals, and b) basal metabolic rate (BMR) or c) post-prandial energy expenditure after consuming a high FCCS diet for > 3 days vs basal,weight-maintenance low FCCS diet. Nine studies compared the effects of single isocaloric FCCS and glucose meals on DIT; of them, six studies reported that DIT was significantly higher with FCCS than with glucose, 2 reported a non-significant increase with FCCS, and one reported no difference. The higher DIT with fructose than glucose can be explained by the low energy efficiency associated with fructose metabolism. Five studies compared BMR after consumption of a high FCCS vs a low FCCS diet for > 3 days. Four studies reported no change after 4–7 day on a high FCCS diet, and only one study reported a 7% decrease after 12 week on a high FCCS diet. Three studies compared post-prandial EE after consumption of a high FCCS vs a low FCCS diet for > 3 days, and did not report any significant difference. One study compared 24-EE in subjects fed a weight-maintenance diet and hypercaloric diets with 50% excess energy as fructose, sucrose and glucose during 4 days: 24-EE was increased with all 3 hypercaloric diets, but there was no difference between fructose, sucrose and glucose. We conclude that fructose has lower energy efficiency than glucose. Based on available studies, there is presently no hint that dietary FCCS may decrease EE. Larger, well controlled studies are however needed to assess the longer term effects of FCCS on EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Zong G, Zhu J, Sun L, Ye X, Lu L, Jin Q, Zheng H, Yu Z, Zhu Z, Li H, Sun Q, Lin X. Associations of erythrocyte fatty acids in the de novo lipogenesis pathway with risk of metabolic syndrome in a cohort study of middle-aged and older Chinese. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:319-26. [PMID: 23803879 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.061218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies suggest that elevated de novo lipogenesis (DNL) might be involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Few prospective studies have been conducted, especially among populations with a high carbohydrate intake, to determine whether DNL fatty acids are associated with the risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate associations of erythrocyte fatty acids in the DNL pathway-including myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), hexadecenoic acid (16:1n-9), stearic acid (18:0), vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), and oleic acid (18:1n-9)-with the risk of MetS in a Chinese population with an average carbohydrate intake of >60% of energy. DESIGN A total of 1176 free-living Chinese men and women aged 50-70 y from Beijing and Shanghai were included in our analysis, giving rise to 412 incident MetS cases during 6 y of follow-up. Erythrocyte fatty acids and metabolic traits were measured in these participants. RESULTS Erythrocyte fatty acids in the DNL pathway were correlated with a high ratio of carbohydrate-to-fat intake, less favorable lipid profiles, and elevated liver enzymes at baseline. In comparison with the lowest quartile, RRs (95% CIs) of MetS in the highest quartile were 1.30 (1.04, 1.62; P-trend = 0.007) for 16:1n-7, 1.48 (1.17, 1.86; P-trend < 0.001) for 16:1n-9, 1.26 (1.01, 1.56; P-trend = 0.06) for 18:1n-7, and 1.51 (1.19, 1.92; P-trend < 0.001) for 18:1n-9 after multivariate adjustment for lifestyle factors and body mass index. Moreover, 16:0 and 16:1n-7 were associated with an elevated risk of diabetes. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that fatty acids in the DNL pathway are independently associated with an elevated risk of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Zong
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Marks KA, Kitson AP, Shaw B, Mutch DM, Stark KD. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, elongase 6 and their fatty acid products and precursors are altered in ovariectomized rats with 17β-estradiol and progesterone treatment. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:89-96. [PMID: 23777599 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels suggest ovarian hormones may affect MUFA biosynthesis. Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks of age) were ovariectomized or sham operated with ovariectomized rats implanted with a constant-release hormone pellet providing 17β-estradiol, progesterone, both or neither at 10 weeks of age. After 14 days, rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed to collect plasma and livers for analysis. Hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) expression was unchanged between ovariectomized and sham controls, as determined by microarray and immunoblotting. However, SCD1 protein was increased in rats treated with estradiol plus progesterone. Elongase 6 protein levels were increased with 17β-estradiol treatment compared with sham. Rats treated with 17β-estradiol and 17β-estradiol plus progesterone had increased 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-7 in hepatic and plasma phospholipids. Ovarian hormones appear to be involved with MUFA biosynthesis, but the relationship appears complex and involves elongase 6 and SCD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Marks
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
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Noninvasive measurement of murine hepatic acetyl-CoA ¹³C-enrichment following overnight feeding with ¹³C-enriched fructose and glucose. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:638085. [PMID: 23841082 PMCID: PMC3691893 DOI: 10.1155/2013/638085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The 13C-isotopomer enrichment of hepatic cytosolic acetyl-CoA of overnight-fed mice whose drinking water was supplemented with [U-13C]fructose, and [1-13C]glucose and p-amino benzoic acid (PABA) was quantified by 13C NMR analysis of urinary N-acetyl-PABA. Four mice were given normal chow plus drinking water supplemented with 5% [1-13C]glucose, 2.5% [U-13C]fructose, and 2.5% fructose (Solution 1) overnight. Four were given chow and water containing 17.5% [1-13C]glucose, 8.75% [U-13C]fructose and 8.75% fructose (Solution 2). PABA (0.25%) was present in both studies. Urinary N-acetyl-PABA was analyzed by 13C NMR. In addition to [2-13C]- and [1,2-13C]acetyl isotopomers from catabolism of [U-13C]fructose and [1-13C]glucose to acetyl-CoA, [1-13C]acetyl was also found indicating pyruvate recycling activity. This precluded precise estimates of [1-13C]glucose contribution to acetyl-CoA while that of [U-13C]fructose was unaffected. The fructose contribution to acetyl-CoA from Solutions 1 and 2 was 4.0 ± 0.4% and 10.6 ± 0.6%, respectively, indicating that it contributed to a minor fraction of lipogenic acetyl-CoA under these conditions.
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McLaren DG, Cardasis HL, Stout SJ, Wang SP, Mendoza V, Castro-Perez JM, Miller PL, Murphy BA, Cumiskey AM, Cleary MA, Johns DG, Previs SF, Roddy TP. Use of [13C18] oleic acid and mass isotopomer distribution analysis to study synthesis of plasma triglycerides in vivo: analytical and experimental considerations. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6287-94. [PMID: 23668715 DOI: 10.1021/ac400363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to determine the disposition of [(13)C18]-oleic acid following intravenous and oral administration in vivo. This approach has enabled us to study a variety of aspects of lipid metabolism including a quantitative assessment of triglyceride synthesis. Here we present a more rigorous evaluation of the constraints imposed upon the analytical method in order to generate accurate data using this stable-isotope tracer approach along with more detail on relevant analytical figures of merit including limits of quantitation, precision, and accuracy. The use of mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA) to quantify plasma triglyceride synthesis is specifically highlighted, and a re-evaluation of the underlying mathematics has enabled us to present a simplified series of equations. The derivation of this MIDA model and the significance of all underlying assumptions are explored in detail, and examples are given of how it can successfully be applied to detect differences in plasma triglyceride synthesis in lean and high-fat diet fed mouse models. More work is necessary to evaluate the applicability of this approach to triglyceride stores with slower rates of turnover such as in adipose or muscle tissue; however, the present report provides investigators with the tools necessary to conduct such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G McLaren
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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Hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion: DGAT2 as the link between glycaemia and triglyceridaemia. Biochem J 2013; 451:1-12. [PMID: 23489367 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
lThe liver regulates both glycaemia and triglyceridaemia. Hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia are both characteristic of (pre)diabetes. Recent observations on the specialised role of DGAT2 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2) in catalysing the de novo synthesis of triacylglycerols from newly synthesized fatty acids and nascent diacylglycerols identifies this enzyme as the link between the two. This places DGAT2 at the centre of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridaemia and hepatic steatosis. This function is complemented, but not substituted for, by the ability of DGAT1 to rescue partial glycerides from complete hydrolysis. In peripheral tissues not normally considered to be lipogenic, synthesis of triacylglycerols may largely bypass DGAT2 except in hyperglycaemic/hyperinsulinaemic conditions, when induction of de novo fatty acid synthesis in these tissues may contribute towards increased triacylglycerol secretion (intestine) or insulin resistance (adipose tissue, and cardiac and skeletal muscle).
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133
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Indices of fatty acid desaturase activity in healthy human subjects: effects of different types of dietary fat. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:871-9. [PMID: 23414551 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Δ9-Desaturase (stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, SCD-1) regulates the desaturation of SFA, mainly stearic and palmitic, to MUFA. Δ6-Desaturase (D6D) and Δ5-desaturase (D5D) are involved in the metabolism of linoleic and α-linolenic acid to polyunsaturated metabolites. The objective of the present study was to study the effects of different types of dietary fat on indices of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) activity (evaluated as product:precursor ratios) in plasma and skeletal muscle in human subjects. A high SCD-1 index has been related to obesity and metabolic disorders, while the D5D index is associated with insulin sensitivity. Fatty acid composition of serum and skeletal muscle lipids was analysed by GLC during a randomised, controlled, 3-month dietary intervention in healthy subjects. A comparison of the effects of a diet containing butter fat (SFA, n 17) with a diet containing monounsaturated fat (MUFA, n 17), keeping all other dietary components constant, showed a reduced SCD-1 activity index by 20% on the MUFA diet compared with the SFA diet assessed in serum cholesteryl esters. The D6D and D5D indices remained unaffected. Supplementation with long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduced the SCD-1 index by a similar magnitude while the D6D index decreased and the D5D index increased. It is concluded that changes in the type of fat in the diet affect the indices of FADS activity in serum and skeletal muscle in human subjects. The desaturase activity indices estimated from the serum lipid ester composition are significantly related to corresponding indices studied in skeletal muscle phospholipids.
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Garcia-Caraballo SC, Comhair TM, Verheyen F, Gaemers I, Schaap FG, Houten SM, Hakvoort TBM, Dejong CHC, Lamers WH, Koehler SE. Prevention and reversal of hepatic steatosis with a high-protein diet in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:685-95. [PMID: 23410526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hallmark of NAFLD is steatosis of unknown etiology. We tested the effect of a high-protein (HP)(2) diet on diet-induced steatosis in male C57BL/6 mice with and without pre-existing fatty liver. Mice were fed all combinations of semisynthetic low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) and low-protein (LP) or HP diets for 3weeks. To control for reduced energy intake by HF/HP-fed mice, a pair-fed HF/LP group was included. Reversibility of pre-existing steatosis was investigated by sequentially feeding HF/LP and HF/HP diets. HP-containing diets decreased hepatic lipids to ~40% of corresponding LP-containing diets, were more efficient in this respect than reducing energy intake to 80%, and reversed pre-existing diet-induced steatosis. Compared to LP-containing diets, mice fed HP-containing diets showed increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity (elevated Pgc1α, mAco, and Cpt1 mRNAs, complex-V protein, and decreased plasma free and short-chain acyl-carnitines, and [C0]/[C16+C18] carnitine ratio); increased gluconeogenesis and pyruvate cycling (increased PCK1 protein and fed plasma-glucose concentration without increased G6pase mRNA); reduced fatty-acid desaturation (decreased Scd1 expression and [C16:1n-7]/[C16:0] ratio) and increased long-chain PUFA elongation; a selective increase in plasma branched-chain amino acids; a decrease in cell stress (reduced phosphorylated eIF2α, and Fgf21 and Chop expression); and a trend toward less inflammation (lower Mcp1 and Cd11b expression and less phosphorylated NFκB). CONCLUSION HP diets prevent and reverse steatosis independently of fat and carbohydrate intake more efficiently than a 20% reduction in energy intake. The effect appears to result from fuel-generated, highly distributed small, synergistic increases in lipid and BCAA catabolism, and a decrease in cell stress.
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Garg M, Thamotharan M, Dai Y, Lagishetty V, Matveyenko AV, Lee WNP, Devaskar SU. Glucose intolerance and lipid metabolic adaptations in response to intrauterine and postnatal calorie restriction in male adult rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154. [PMID: 23183174 PMCID: PMC3529385 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced de novo lipogenesis (DNL), an adult hepatic adaption, is seen with high carbohydrate or low-fat diets. We hypothesized that ad libitum intake after prenatal calorie restriction will result in adult-onset glucose intolerance and enhanced DNL with modified lipid metabolic gene expression profile. Stable isotopes were used in 15-month-old adult male rat offspring exposed to prenatal (IUGR), pre- and postnatal (IPGR), or postnatal (PNGR) caloric restriction vs. controls (CON). IUGR vs. CON were heavier with hepatomegaly but unchanged visceral white adipose tissue (WAT), glucose intolerant with reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), pancreatic β-cell mass, and total glucose clearance rate but unsuppressed hepatic glucose production. Liver glucose transporter (Glut) 1 and DNL increased with decreased hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase but increased WAT fatty acid transport protein-1 and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ, resistin, and visfatin gene expression. In contrast, PNGR and IPGR were lighter, had reduced visceral WAT, and were glucose tolerant with unchanged hepatic glucose production but with increased GSIS, β-cell mass, glucose clearance rate, and WAT insulin receptor. Hepatic Glut1 and DNL were also increased in lean IPGR and PNGR with increased hepatic ACC, phosphorylated ACC, and pAMPK and reduced WAT fatty acid transport protein-1, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and ACCα. We conclude the following: 1) the heavy, glucose-intolerant and insulin-resistant IUGR adult phenotype is ameliorated by postnatal caloric restriction; 2) increased DNL paralleling hepatic Glut1 is a biomarker of exposure to early caloric restriction rather than the adult metabolic status; 3) hepatic lipid enzyme expression reflects GSIS rather than DNL; and 4) WAT gene expression reflects an obesogenic vs. lean phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA.
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Pagadala MR, McCullough AJ. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity: not all about body mass index. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107:1859-61. [PMID: 23211853 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) are typically obese and confounded by the metabolic syndrome. The body mass index (BMI) is often used as a surrogate marker of obesity defined as a BMI >30 λkg/m(2). However, it is now apparent that it is the distribution of body fat (not total fat) that is associated with NAFLD. Many patients (as many as 25%) with NAFLD are nonobese. This is particularly true in Asians who have a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes even among those with a normal BMI. It is important for clinicians to be aware that these "metabolically obese" NAFLD patients should be monitored for the metabolic syndrome and its associated adverse outcomes irrespective of their BMI.
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Hepatic and plasma sex differences in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are associated with differences in expression of elongase 6, but not stearoyl-CoA desaturase in Sprague-Dawley rats. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012. [PMID: 23180365 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) have been viewed as either beneficial or neutral with respect to health; however, recent evidence suggests that MUFA may be associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease. Sex differences in MUFA composition have been reported in both rats and humans, but the basis for this sexual dimorphism is unknown. In the current study, enzymes involved in MUFA biosynthesis are examined in rat and cell culture models. Male and female rats were maintained on an AIN-93G diet prior to killing at 14 weeks of age after an overnight fast. Concentrations of 16:0 (2,757 ± 616 vs. 3,515 ± 196 μg fatty acid/g liver in males), 18:1n-7 (293 ± 66 vs. 527 ± 49 μg/g) and 18:1n-9 (390 ± 80 vs. 546 ± 47 μg/g) were lower, and concentrations of 18:0 (5,943 ± 1,429 vs. 3,987 ± 325 μg/g) were higher in phospholipids in livers from female rats compared with males. Hepatic elongase 6 mRNA and protein were 5.9- and 2.0-fold higher, respectively, in females compared with males. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression did not differ. Specific hormonal effects were examined in HepG2 cells cultured with varying concentrations of 17β-estradiol, progesterone and testosterone (0, 10, 30 and 100 nM) for 72 h. Progesterone and 17β-estradiol treatments increased, while testosterone decreased, elongase 6 protein. Sex differences in MUFA composition were associated with increased expression of hepatic elongase 6 in females relative to male rats, which appears to be mediated by sex hormones based on observations of hormonal treatments of HepG2 cells.
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138
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Sevastianova K, Santos A, Kotronen A, Hakkarainen A, Makkonen J, Silander K, Peltonen M, Romeo S, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Olkkonen VM, Gylling H, Fielding BA, Rissanen A, Yki-Järvinen H. Effect of short-term carbohydrate overfeeding and long-term weight loss on liver fat in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:727-34. [PMID: 22952180 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies have identified a high intake of simple sugars as an important dietary factor predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVE We examined whether overfeeding overweight subjects with simple sugars increases liver fat and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and whether this is reversible by weight loss. DESIGN Sixteen subjects [BMI (kg/m²): 30.6 ± 1.2] were placed on a hypercaloric diet (>1000 kcal simple carbohydrates/d) for 3 wk and, thereafter, on a hypocaloric diet for 6 mo. The subjects were genotyped for rs739409 in the PNPLA3 gene. Before and after overfeeding and after hypocaloric diet, metabolic variables and liver fat (measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were measured. The ratio of palmitate (16:0) to linoleate (18:2n-6) in serum and VLDL triglycerides was used as an index of DNL. RESULTS Carbohydrate overfeeding increased weight (±SEM) by 2% (1.8 ± 0.3 kg; P < 0.0001) and liver fat by 27% from 9.2 ± 1.9% to 11.7 ± 1.9% (P = 0.005). DNL increased in proportion to the increase in liver fat and serum triglycerides in subjects with PNPLA3-148IIbut not PNPLA3-148MM. During the hypocaloric diet, the subjects lost 4% of their weight (3.2 ± 0.6 kg; P < 0.0001) and 25% of their liver fat content (from 11.7 ± 1.9% to 8.8 ± 1.8%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate overfeeding for 3 wk induced a >10-fold greater relative change in liver fat (27%) than in body weight (2%). The increase in liver fat was proportional to that in DNL. Weight loss restores liver fat to normal. These data indicate that the human fatty liver avidly accumulates fat during carbohydrate overfeeding and support a role for DNL in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This trial was registered at www.hus.fi as 235780.
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Agius L. High-carbohydrate diets induce hepatic insulin resistance to protect the liver from substrate overload. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:306-12. [PMID: 23022226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In population studies hepatic steatosis in subjects with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with insulin resistance. This association has encouraged debate whether hepatic steatosis is the cause or the consequence of hepatic insulin resistance? Although genome-wide studies have identified several gene variants associated with either hepatic steatosis or type 2 diabetes, no variants have been identified associated with both hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Here, the hypothesis is proposed that high-carbohydrate diets contribute to the association between hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through activation of the transcription factor ChREBP (Carbohydrate response element binding protein). Postprandial hyperglycaemia raises the hepatic concentrations of phosphorylated intermediates causing activation of ChREBP and induction of its target genes. These include not only enzymes of glycolysis and lipogenesis that predispose to hepatic steatosis but also glucose 6-phosphatase (G6PC) that catalyses the final reaction in glucose production and GCKR, the inhibitor of hepatic glucokinase that curtails hepatic glucose uptake. Induction of G6PC and GCKR manifests as hepatic glucose intolerance or insulin resistance. Induction of these two genes by high glucose serves to safeguard intrahepatic homeostasis of phosphorylated intermediates. The importance of GCKR in this protective mechanism is supported by "less-active" GCKR variants in association not only with hepatic steatosis and hyperuricaemia but also with lower fasting plasma glucose and decreased insulin resistance. This supports a role for GCKR in restricting hepatic glucose phosphorylation to maintain intrahepatic homeostasis. Pharmacological targeting of the glucokinase-GCKR interaction can favour either glucose clearance by the liver or intrahepatic metabolite homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loranne Agius
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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140
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Beneficial effect of a weight-stable, low-fat/low-saturated fat/low-glycaemic index diet to reduce liver fat in older subjects. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1096-104. [PMID: 22849970 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512002966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia and can progress to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. We sought to determine whether dietary fat and saturated fat content alter liver fat in the absence of weight change in an older population. Liver fat was quantified by magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after 4 weeks on an isoenergetic low-fat/low-saturated fat/low-glycaemic index (LGI) (LSAT: 23 % fat/7 % saturated fat/GI < 55) or a high-fat/high-saturated fat/high-GI (HSAT: 43 % fat/24 % saturated fat/GI>70) diet in older subjects. In the present study, twenty subjects (seven males/thirteen females; age 69.3 (SEM 1.6) years, BMI 26.9 (SEM 0.8) kg/m2) were randomised to the LSAT diet and fifteen subjects (six males/nine females; age 68.6 (SEM 1.8) years, BMI 28.1 (SEM 0.9) kg/m2) to the HSAT diet. Weight remained stable. Liver fat decreased significantly on the LSAT diet (median 2.2 (interquartile range (IQR) 3.1) to 1.7 (IQR 1.8) %, P= 0.002) but did not change on the HSAT diet (median 1.2 (IQR 4.1) to 1.6 (IQR 3.9) %). The LSAT diet lowered fasting glucose and total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and raised TAG (P< 0.05), while the HSAT diet had no effect on glucose or HDL-cholesterol but increased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (P< 0.05). Fasting insulin and homeostasis model of insulin resistance did not change significantly on either diet, but the Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity improved on the LSAT diet (P< 0.05). Assignment to the LSAT v. HSAT diet was a predictor of changes in lipid parameters but not liver fat. We conclude that diet composition may be an important factor in the accumulation of liver fat, with a low-fat/low-saturated fat/LGI diet being beneficial.
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141
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Wurie HR, Buckett L, Zammit VA. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 acts upstream of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and utilizes nascent diglycerides and de novo synthesized fatty acids in HepG2 cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:3033-47. [PMID: 22748069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The two diacylglycerol acyltransferases, DGAT1 and DGAT2, are known to have non-redundant functions, in spite of catalysing the same reaction and being present in the same cell types. The basis for this distinctiveness, which is reflected in the very different phenotypes of Dgat1(-/-) and Dgat2(-/-) mice, has not been resolved. Using selective inhibitors of human DGAT1 and DGAT2 on HepG2 cells and gene silencing, we show that, although DGAT2 activity accounts for a modest fraction (< 20%) of overall cellular DGAT activity, inhibition of DGAT2 activity specifically inhibits (and is rate-limiting for) the incorporation of de novo synthesized fatty acids and of glycerol into cellular and secreted triglyceride to a much greater extent than it affects the incorporation of exogenously added oleate. By contrast, inhibition of DGAT1 affects equally the incorporation of glycerol and exogenous (preformed) oleate into cellular and secreted triacylglycerol (TAG). These data indicate that DGAT2 acts upstream of DGAT1, largely determines the rate of de novo synthesis of triglyceride, and uses nascent diacylglycerol and de novo synthesized fatty acids as substrates. By contrast, the data suggest that DGAT1 functions in the re-esterification of partial glycerides generated by intracellular lipolysis, using preformed (exogenous) fatty acids. Therefore, we describe distinct but synergistic roles of the two DGATs in an integrated pathway of TAG synthesis and secretion, with DGAT2 acting upstream of DGAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haja R Wurie
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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142
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Harrison M, Moyna NM, Zderic TW, O’Gorman DJ, McCaffrey N, Carson BP, Hamilton MT. Lipoprotein particle distribution and skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase activity after acute exercise. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:64. [PMID: 22672707 PMCID: PMC3393608 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the metabolic effects of exercise are due to the most recent exercise session. With recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS), it is possible to gain insight about which lipoprotein particles are responsible for mediating exercise effects. METHODS Using a randomized cross-over design, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) responses were evaluated in eight men on the morning after i) an inactive control trial (CON), ii) exercising vigorously on the prior evening for 100 min followed by fasting overnight to maintain an energy and carbohydrate deficit (EX-DEF), and iii) after the same exercise session followed by carbohydrate intake to restore muscle glycogen and carbohydrate balance (EX-BAL). RESULTS The intermediate, low and high density lipoprotein particle concentrations did not differ between trials. Fasting triglyceride (TG) determined biochemically, and mean VLDL size were lower in EX-DEF but not in EX-BAL compared to CON, primarily due to a reduction in VLDL-TG in the 70-120 nm (large) particle range. In contrast, VLDL-TG was lower in both EX-DEF and EX-BAL compared to CON in the 43-55 nm (medium) particle range. VLDL-TG in smaller particles (29-43 nm) was unaffected by exercise. Because the majority of VLDL particles were in this smallest size range and resistant to change, total VLDL particle concentration was not different between any of these conditions. Skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was also not different across these 3 trials. However, in CON only, the inter-individual differences in LPL activity were inversely correlated with fasting TG, VLDL-TG, total, large and small VLDL particle concentration and VLDL size, indicating a regulatory role for LPL in the non-exercised state. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a high level of differential regulation between different sized triglyceride-rich lipoproteins following exercise and feeding, in the absence of changes in LPL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Harrison
- Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Niall M Moyna
- Centre for Preventive Medicine and School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Theodore W Zderic
- Inactivity Physiology Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Donal J O’Gorman
- Centre for Preventive Medicine and School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel McCaffrey
- Centre for Preventive Medicine and School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian P Carson
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Marc T Hamilton
- Inactivity Physiology Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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McNamara RK, Magrisso IJ, Hofacer R, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Benoit SC. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency augments risperidone-induced hepatic steatosis in rats: positive association with stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:283-91. [PMID: 22750665 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric patients frequently exhibit long-chain n-3 (LCn-3) fatty acid deficits and elevated triglyceride (TAG) production following chronic exposure to second generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Emerging evidence suggests that SGAs and LCn-3 fatty acids have opposing effects on stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), which plays a pivotal role in TAG biosynthesis. Here we evaluated whether low LCn-3 fatty acid status would augment elevations in rat liver and plasma TAG concentrations following chronic treatment with the SGA risperidone (RSP), and evaluated relationships with hepatic SCD1 expression and activity indices. In rats maintained on the n-3 fatty acid-fortified (control) diet, chronic RSP treatment significantly increased liver SCD1 mRNA and activity indices (18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios), and significantly increased liver, but not plasma, TAG concentrations. Rats maintained on the n-3 deficient diet exhibited significantly lower liver and erythrocyte LCn-3 fatty acid levels, and associated elevations in LCn-6/LCn-3 ratio. In n-3 deficient rats, RSP-induced elevations in liver SCD1 mRNA and activity indices (18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios) and liver and plasma TAG concentrations were significantly greater than those observed in RSP-treated controls. Plasma glucose levels were not altered by diet or RSP, and body weight was lower in RSP- and VEH-treated n-3 deficient rats. These preclinical data support the hypothesis that low n-3 fatty acid status exacerbates RSP-induced hepatic steatosis by augmenting SCD1 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
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Lipid composition of the human eye: are red blood cells a good mirror of retinal and optic nerve fatty acids? PLoS One 2012; 7:e35102. [PMID: 22496896 PMCID: PMC3322172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of blood lipids is very frequent in clinical research as it is assumed to reflect the lipid composition of peripheral tissues. Even well accepted such relationships have never been clearly established. This is particularly true in ophthalmology where the use of blood lipids has become very common following recent data linking lipid intake to ocular health and disease. In the present study, we wanted to determine in humans whether a lipidomic approach based on red blood cells could reveal associations between circulating and tissue lipid profiles. To check if the analytical sensitivity may be of importance in such analyses, we have used a double approach for lipidomics. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Red blood cells, retinas and optic nerves were collected from 9 human donors. The lipidomic analyses on tissues consisted in gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization source-mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS). Gas chromatography did not reveal any relevant association between circulating and ocular fatty acids except for arachidonic acid whose circulating amounts were positively associated with its levels in the retina and in the optic nerve. In contrast, several significant associations emerged from LC-ESI-MS analyses. Particularly, lipid entities in red blood cells were positively or negatively associated with representative pools of retinal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), retinal very-long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) or optic nerve plasmalogens. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE LC-ESI-MS is more appropriate than gas chromatography for lipidomics on red blood cells, and further extrapolation to ocular lipids. The several individual lipid species we have identified are good candidates to represent circulating biomarkers of ocular lipids. However, further investigation is needed before considering them as indexes of disease risk and before using them in clinical studies on optic nerve neuropathies or retinal diseases displaying photoreceptors degeneration.
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Omega-3 supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2012; 56:944-51. [PMID: 22023985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a frequent accompaniment of obesity and insulin resistance. With the prevalence approaching 85% in obese populations, new therapeutic approaches to manage NAFLD are warranted. A systematic search of the literature was conducted for studies pertaining to the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on NAFLD in humans. Primary outcome measures were liver fat and liver function tests: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase [1]. Data were pooled and meta-analyses conducted using a random effects model. Nine eligible studies, involving 355 individuals given either omega-3 PUFA or control treatment were included. Beneficial changes in liver fat favoured PUFA treatment (effect size=-0.97, 95% CI: -0.58 to -1.35, p<0.001). A benefit of PUFA vs. control was also observed for AST (effect size=-0.97, 95% CI: -0.13 to -1.82, p=0.02). There was a trend towards favouring PUFA treatment on ALT but this was not significant (effect size=-0.56, 95% CI: -1.16 to 0.03, p=0.06). Sub-analyses of only randomised control trials (RCTs) showed a significant benefit for PUFA vs. control on liver fat (effect size=-0.96, 95% CI: -0.43 to -1.48, p<0.001), but not for ALT (p=0.74) or AST (p=0.28). There was significant heterogeneity between studies. The pooled data suggest that omega-3 PUFA supplementation may decrease liver fat, however, the optimal dose is currently not known. Well designed RCTs which quantify the magnitude of effect of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on liver fat are needed.
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146
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McCarthy EM, Rinella ME. The role of diet and nutrient composition in nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:401-9. [PMID: 22717200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the developed world. NAFLD is tightly linked to insulin resistance and considered to be the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The cornerstone of any treatment regimen for patients with NAFLD is lifestyle modification focused on weight loss, exercise, and improving insulin sensitivity. Here we review the literature and discuss the role of diet and nutrient composition in the management of NAFLD. Because there are currently no specific dietary guidelines for NAFLD, this review proposes a dietary framework for patients with NAFLD based on the available evidence and extrapolates from dietary guidelines aimed at reducing insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk.
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147
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Vessby B, Ahrén B, Warensjö E, Lindgärde F. Plasma lipid fatty acid composition, desaturase activities and insulin sensitivity in Amerindian women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:176-181. [PMID: 21093233 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Two Amerindian populations--Shuar women living in the Amazonian rain forest under traditional conditions and urbanized women in a suburb of Lima were studied. The fatty acid composition in plasma lipids and the relationships between fatty acid composition and metabolic variables were studied, as well as in a reference group of Swedish women. METHODS AND RESULTS Fasting plasma was used for analyses of glucose, insulin, leptin and fatty acid composition. Women in Lima had more body fat, higher fasting insulin and leptin and lower insulin sensitivity than the Shuar women, who had insulin sensitivity similar to Swedish women. Shuar women had very high proportions (mean; SD) of palmitoleic (13.2; 3.9%) and oleic (33.9; 3.7%) acids in the plasma cholesteryl esters with very low levels of linoleic acid (29.1; 6.1 3%), as expected on a low fat, high carbohydrate diet. The estimated activity of delta 9 (SCD-1) desaturase was about twice as high in the Shuar compared with Lima women, suggesting neo lipogenesis, while the delta 5 desaturase activity did not differ. The Lima women, as well as the Swedish, showed strong positive correlations between SCD-1 activity on the one hand and fasting insulin and HOMA index on the other. These associations were absent in the Shuar women. CONCLUSIONS The high SCD-1 activity in the Shuar women may reflect increased lipogenesis in adipose tissue. It also illustrates how a low fat diet rich in non-refined carbohydrates can be linked to a good metabolic situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vessby
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences-BV, Uppsala University, Uppsala Science Park, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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148
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Jensen-Urstad APL, Semenkovich CF. Fatty acid synthase and liver triglyceride metabolism: housekeeper or messenger? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:747-53. [PMID: 22009142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) catalyzes the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. In the liver, FAS has long been categorized as a housekeeping protein, producing fat for storage of energy when nutrients are present in excess. Most previous studies of FAS regulation have focused on the control of gene expression. However, recent findings suggest that hepatic FAS may also be involved in signaling processes that include activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Moreover, reports of rapid alterations in FAS activity as well as findings of post-translational modifications of the FAS protein support the notion that dynamic events in addition to transcription impact FAS regulation. These results indicate that FAS enzyme activity can impact liver physiology through signaling as well as energy storage and that its regulation may be complex. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Triglyceride Metabolism and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne P L Jensen-Urstad
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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149
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Wu JHY, Lemaitre RN, Imamura F, King IB, Song X, Spiegelman D, Siscovick DS, Mozaffarian D. Fatty acids in the de novo lipogenesis pathway and risk of coronary heart disease: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:431-8. [PMID: 21697077 PMCID: PMC3142722 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.012054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is an endogenous pathway whereby carbohydrates and proteins are converted to fatty acids. DNL could affect coronary heart disease (CHD) or sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) via generation of specific fatty acids. Whether these fatty acids are prospectively associated with SCA or other CHD events is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the relations of 4 fatty acids in the DNL pathway-palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), 7-hexadecenoic acid (16:1n-9), and cis-vaccenic acid (18:1n-7)-with incident CHD, including fatal CHD, nonfatal myocardial infarction (NFMI), and SCA. DESIGN A community-based prospective study was conducted in 2890 men and women aged ≥65 y, who were free of known CHD at baseline and who were followed from 1992 to 2006. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and plasma phospholipid fatty acids were measured at baseline by using standardized methods. Incident CHD was ascertained prospectively and was centrally adjudicated by using medical records. Risk was assessed by using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS During 29,835 person-years of follow-up, 631 CHD and 71 SCA events occurred. Both 18:1n-7 and 16:1n-9 were associated with a higher risk of SCA [multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for the interquintile range: 7.63 (2.58, 22.6) for 18:1n-7 and 2.30 (1.16, 4.55) for 16:1n-9] but not of total CHD, fatal CHD, or NFMI. In secondary analyses censored to mid-follow-up (7 y) to minimize the effects of changes in concentrations over time, 16:1n-9 was also associated with a significantly higher risk of total CHD (2.11; 1.76, 2.54), including a higher risk of CHD death, NFMI, and SCA; 16:0 and 16:1n-7 were not associated with clinical CHD outcomes. CONCLUSION Higher plasma phospholipid 18:1n-7 and 16:1n-9 concentrations were prospectively associated with an elevated risk of SCA but not of other CHD events, except in secondary analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Y Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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150
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Peter A, Stefan N, Cegan A, Walenta M, Wagner S, Königsrainer A, Königsrainer I, Machicao F, Schick F, Häring HU, Schleicher E. Hepatic glucokinase expression is associated with lipogenesis and fatty liver in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1126-30. [PMID: 21490074 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Glucokinase (GCK) phosphorylates glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate and thereby regulates hepatic glucose disposal and activates hepatic lipogenesis. Hepatic GCK activity is regulated on the level of GCK mRNA expression and by the inhibitory glucokinase regulatory protein. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relation between GCK mRNA expression and markers of lipogenesis as well as liver fat content in human liver biopsies. Additionally, we investigated whether genetic variation in the liver specific GCK promoter determines liver fat content in humans. METHODS Hepatic mRNA expression and liver triglyceride content was analyzed in 50 human liver biopsies. In a second cohort of 330 individuals, liver fat was precisely measured by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Hepatic GCK mRNA expression is associated with triglyceride content in human liver biopsies (r = 0.50, P = 0.0002). Furthermore, hepatic GCK mRNA expression is associated with lipogenic gene expression (fatty acid synthase, r = 0.49, P = 0.0003; acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase-α, r = 0.44, P = 0.0015, and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase-β, r = 0.48, P = 0.0004) and the de novo lipogenesis index (r = 0.36, P = 0.01). In support of these findings, the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2041547 in the liver-specific GCK promoter is associated with liver fat content in prediabetic individuals (P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that GCK mRNA expression is associated with markers of de novo lipogenesis and liver triglyceride content in humans. This suggests that increased GCK activity may induce fatty liver and its metabolic and hepatic consequences in humans. Thus, the widely used approach to nonspecifically activate β-cell and hepatic GCK to treat diabetes mellitus is therefore questionable and may cause serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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