151
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Choquette NE, Ogut F, Wertin TM, Montes CM, Sorgini CA, Morse AM, Brown PJ, Leakey ADB, McIntyre LM, Ainsworth EA. Uncovering hidden genetic variation in photosynthesis of field-grown maize under ozone pollution. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:4327-4338. [PMID: 31571358 PMCID: PMC6899704 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is the most damaging air pollutant to crops, currently reducing Midwest US maize production by up to 10%, yet there has been very little effort to adapt germplasm for ozone tolerance. Ozone enters plants through stomata, reacts to form reactive oxygen species in the apoplast and ultimately decreases photosynthetic C gain. In this study, 10 diverse inbred parents were crossed in a half-diallel design to create 45 F1 hybrids, which were tested for ozone response in the field using free air concentration enrichment (FACE). Ozone stress increased the heritability of photosynthetic traits and altered genetic correlations among traits. Hybrids from parents Hp301 and NC338 showed greater sensitivity to ozone stress, and disrupted relationships among photosynthetic traits. The physiological responses underlying sensitivity to ozone differed in hybrids from the two parents, suggesting multiple mechanisms of response to oxidative stress. FACE technology was essential to this evaluation because genetic variation in photosynthesis under elevated ozone was not predictable based on performance at ambient ozone. These findings suggest that selection under elevated ozone is needed to identify deleterious alleles in the world's largest commodity crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Choquette
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Funda Ogut
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
- Present address:
Department of Forest EngineeringArtvin Coruh UniversityArtvinTurkey
| | - Timothy M. Wertin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Christopher M. Montes
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Crystal A. Sorgini
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Alison M. Morse
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Patrick J. Brown
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Andrew D. B. Leakey
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Lauren M. McIntyre
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitUrbanaIllinois
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152
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Warming and elevated CO 2 alter the transcriptomic response of maize (Zea mays L.) at the silking stage. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17948. [PMID: 31784668 PMCID: PMC6884611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the transcriptome of crops in response to warming and elevated CO2 (eCO2) is important to gaining insights of botanical adaption and feedback to climate change. This study deployed Illumina sequencing technology to characterize transcriptomic profile of maize plants at the silking stage, which were grown under warming (2 °C higher than ambient temperature) and eCO2 (550 ppm) conditions. The treatment of ambient temperature and ambient CO2 concentration was considered as control (CK). Warming, eCO2 and warming plus eCO2 resulted in 2732, 1966 and 271 genes expressing differently (DEGs) compared to the CK, respectively. Among the DEGs, 48, 47 and 36 gene ontology (GO) terms were enriched in response to warming, eCO2 and warming plus eCO2 compared to the CK, respectively. The majority of genes were assigned to the biological process category and the cellular component category. Elevated CO2 significantly inhibited gene expressions in terms of photosynthesis and carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways. Warming not only negatively affected expressions of these genes, but also secondary pathways of nitrogen (N) metabolism, including key enzymes of GST30, GST7, GST26, GST15, GLUL and glnA. These results indicated the negative biochemical regulation and physiological functions in maize in response to warming and eCO2, highlighting the necessity to improve the genetic adaptability of plant to future climate change.
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153
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Singer SD, Soolanayakanahally RY, Foroud NA, Kroebel R. Biotechnological strategies for improved photosynthesis in a future of elevated atmospheric CO 2. PLANTA 2019; 251:24. [PMID: 31784816 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of photosynthesis using biotechnological approaches has been the focus of much research. It is now vital that these strategies be assessed under future atmospheric conditions. The demand for crop products is expanding at an alarming rate due to population growth, enhanced affluence, increased per capita calorie consumption, and an escalating need for plant-based bioproducts. While solving this issue will undoubtedly involve a multifaceted approach, improving crop productivity will almost certainly provide one piece of the puzzle. The improvement of photosynthetic efficiency has been a long-standing goal of plant biotechnologists as possibly one of the last remaining means of achieving higher yielding crops. However, the vast majority of these studies have not taken into consideration possible outcomes when these plants are grown long-term under the elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) that will be evident in the not too distant future. Due to the considerable effect that CO2 levels have on the photosynthetic process, these assessments should become commonplace as a means of ensuring that research in this field focuses on the most effective approaches for our future climate scenarios. In this review, we discuss the main biotechnological research strategies that are currently underway with the aim of improving photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production/yields in the context of a future of e[CO2], as well as alternative approaches that may provide further photosynthetic benefits under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Singer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Roland Kroebel
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
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154
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Crop Vulnerability to Weather and Climate Risk: Analysis of Interacting Systems and Adaptation Efficacy for Sustainable Crop Production. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11236619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing mean and extreme temperatures in the Southwestern United States, leading to a suite of changes affecting agricultural production. These include changes in water, soils, pathogens, weeds, and pests comprising the production environment. The aim of this synthesis is to describe the anticipated leading agricultural pressures and adaptive responses, many of which are near-term actions with longer-term consequences. In the semiarid Southwestern United States, climate change is expected to increase water scarcity. Surface water shortage is the leading reason for recent diminished crop yields in the Southwest. Drought and lack of water represent the leading regional weather-related cause of crop loss from 1989 to 2017. Thus, water scarcity has been and will continue to be a critical factor leading to regional crop vulnerability. Soils, pathogens, weeds, and insects are components of the agricultural production environment and are directly influenced by near-term weather and long-term climate conditions. Field crops, vegetable crops, and perennial crops have unique production requirements and diverse management options, many already used in farm management, to cope with production environment changes to build climate resilience. Farmers and ranchers continuously respond to changing conditions on a near-term basis. Long-term planning and novel adaptation measures implemented may now build nimble and responsive systems and communities able to cope with future conditions. While decision-support tools and resources are providing increasingly sophisticated approaches to cope with production in the 21st century, we strive to keep pace with the cascading barrage of inter-connected agricultural challenges.
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155
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Fabre D, Yin X, Dingkuhn M, Clément-Vidal A, Roques S, Rouan L, Soutiras A, Luquet D. Is triose phosphate utilization involved in the feedback inhibition of photosynthesis in rice under conditions of sink limitation? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5773-5785. [PMID: 31269202 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the physiological basis of rice photosynthetic response to C source-sink imbalances, focusing on the dynamics of the photosynthetic parameter triose phosphate utilization (TPU). Here, rice (Oriza sativa L.) indica cultivar IR64 were grown in controlled environment chambers under current ambient CO2 concentration until heading, and thereafter two CO2 treatments (400 and 800 μmol mol-1) were compared in the presence and absence of a panicle-pruning treatment modifying the C sink. At 2 weeks after heading, photosynthetic parameters derived from CO2 response curves, and non-structural carbohydrate content of flag leaf and internodes were measured three to four times of day. Spikelet number per panicle and flag leaf area on the main culm were recorded. Net C assimilation and TPU decreased progressively after midday in panicle-pruned plants, especially under 800 μmol mol-1 CO2. This TPU reduction was explained by sucrose accumulation in the flag leaf resulting from the sink limitation. Taking together, our findings suggest that TPU is involved in the regulation of photosynthesis in rice under elevated CO2 conditions, and that sink limitation effects should be considered in crop models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Dingkuhn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Clément-Vidal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Lauriane Rouan
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Soutiras
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Luquet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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156
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Holohan AD, Müller C, McElwain J. Heritable Changes in Physiological Gas Exchange Traits in Response to Long-Term, Moderate Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1210. [PMID: 31681354 PMCID: PMC6802601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) concentrations significantly alter developmental plant traits with potentially far-reaching consequences for ecosystem function and productivity. However, contemporary evolutionary responses among extant plant species that coincide with modern, anthropogenically driven [CO2] rise have rarely been demonstrated among field-grown plant populations. Here we present findings from a long-term, free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study in a seminatural European grassland ecosystem in which we observe a differential capacity among plant species to acclimate intrinsic water-use efficiencies (WUEs) in response to prolonged multigenerational exposure to elevated [CO2] concentrations. In a reciprocal swap trial, using controlled environment growth chambers, we germinated seeds from six of the most dominant plant species at the FACE site [Arrhenatherum elatius (L.), Trisetum flavescens (L.), Holcus lanatus (L.), Geranium pratense (L.), Sanguisorba officinalis (L.), and Plantago lanceolata (L.)]. We found that long-term exposure to elevated [CO2] strongly influenced the dynamic control of WUEi in the first filial generations (F1) of all species as well as an unequal ability to adapt to changes in the [CO2] of the growth environment among those species. Furthermore, despite trait-environment relationships of this nature often being considered evidence for local adaptation in plants, we demonstrate that the ability to increase WUEi does not necessarily translate to an ecological advantage in diverse species mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan David Holohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, The Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science (E4.47), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christoph Müller
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, The Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science (E4.47), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Plant Ecology and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McElwain
- Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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157
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Slattery RA, Ort DR. Carbon assimilation in crops at high temperatures. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2750-2758. [PMID: 31046135 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Global temperatures are rising, and higher rates of temperature increase are projected over land areas that encompass the globe's major agricultural regions. In addition to increased growing season temperatures, heat waves are predicted to become more common and severe. High temperatures can inhibit photosynthetic carbon gain of crop plants and thus threaten productivity, the effects of which may interact with other aspects of climate change. Here, we review the current literature assessing temperature effects on photosynthesis in key crops with special attention to field studies using crop canopy heating technology and in combination with other climate variables. We also discuss the biochemical reactions related to carbon fixation that may limit crop photosynthesis under warming temperatures and the current strategies for adaptation. Important progress has been made on several adaptation strategies demonstrating proof-of-concept for translating improved photosynthesis into higher yields. These are now poised to test in important food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Slattery
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
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158
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Wang H, Zhou G, Jiang Y, Shi Y, Xu Z. Effects of elevated CO
2
on
Stipa baicalensis
photosynthesis depend on precipitation and growth phase. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Institute Of Ecological Environment and Agrometeorology, Beijing China
| | - Yanling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yaohui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhenzhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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159
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Pastore MA, Lee TD, Hobbie SE, Reich PB. Strong photosynthetic acclimation and enhanced water-use efficiency in grassland functional groups persist over 21 years of CO 2 enrichment, independent of nitrogen supply. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3031-3044. [PMID: 31148322 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty about long-term leaf-level responses to atmospheric CO2 rise is a major knowledge gap that exists because of limited empirical data. Thus, it remains unclear how responses of leaf gas exchange to elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) vary among plant species and functional groups, or across different levels of nutrient supply, and whether they persist over time for long-lived perennials. Here, we report the effects of eCO2 on rates of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in 14 perennial grassland species from four functional groups over two decades in a Minnesota Free-Air CO2 Enrichment experiment, BioCON. Monocultures of species belonging to C3 grasses, C4 grasses, forbs, and legumes were exposed to two levels of CO2 and nitrogen supply in factorial combinations over 21 years. eCO2 increased photosynthesis by 12.9% on average in C3 species, substantially less than model predictions of instantaneous responses based on physiological theory and results of other studies, even those spanning multiple years. Acclimation of photosynthesis to eCO2 was observed beginning in the first year and did not strengthen through time. Yet, contrary to expectations, the response of photosynthesis to eCO2 was not enhanced by increased nitrogen supply. Differences in responses among herbaceous plant functional groups were modest, with legumes responding the most and C4 grasses the least as expected, but did not further diverge over time. Leaf-level water-use efficiency increased by 50% under eCO2 primarily because of reduced stomatal conductance. Our results imply that enhanced nitrogen supply will not necessarily diminish photosynthetic acclimation to eCO2 in nitrogen-limited systems, and that significant and consistent declines in stomatal conductance and increases in water-use efficiency under eCO2 may allow plants to better withstand drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pastore
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Tali D Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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160
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Symes E, van Ogtrop FF. The effect of pre-industrial and predicted atmospheric CO 2 concentrations on the development of diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic cyanobacterium: Dolichospermum circinale and Microcystis aeruginosa. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 88:101536. [PMID: 31582161 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoautotrophs are capable of consuming high quantities of CO2, yet scant research exists examining the influence of different CO2 concentrations on the growth of freshwater diazotrophic or non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria. In this study, we cultured two cyanobacteria taxa (Dolichospermum circinale and Microcystis aeruginosa) within controlled atmospheric CO2 chambers at pre-industrial, and post-industrial concentrations. Biovolume and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) differed as a consequence of the adjusted CO2 gradients. Significantly higher biovolume measurements were observed in the elevated CO2 treatment for the diazotrophic species in the initial experiment. However, a follow-up experiment, with a corrected culture replenishment regime showed Chl-a measurements were greater for the diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic species in the elevated CO2 treatment. Increasing CO2 presents a risk to already compromised eutrophic and hyper-eutrophic ecosystems, and we reason increasing CO2 concentrations could affect photosynthetic performance and CO2 assimilation of surface dwelling cyanobacteria. Further experimental work is required to establish ecological thresholds for freshwater ecosystems, as pH levels showed a measurable reduction within the elevated CO2 treatments. As cyanobacteria species may respond quite differently to future CO2 concentrations similar comparative studies should be carried out that focus on CO2 dynamics and pH. The findings of the study indicate diazotrophic cyanobacteria growth in particular may benefit from elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Symes
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Biomedical Building, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh NSW, Australia
| | - Floris F van Ogtrop
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Biomedical Building, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh NSW, Australia.
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161
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Liu P, Black TA, Jassal RS, Zha T, Nesic Z, Barr AG, Helgason WD, Jia X, Tian Y, Stephens JJ, Ma J. Divergent long-term trends and interannual variation in ecosystem resource use efficiencies of a southern boreal old black spruce forest 1999-2017. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3056-3069. [PMID: 31055880 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term trends in ecosystem resource use efficiencies (RUEs) and their controlling factors are key pieces of information for understanding how an ecosystem responds to climate change. We used continuous eddy covariance and microclimate data over the period 1999-2017 from a 120-year-old black spruce stand in central Saskatchewan, Canada, to assess interannual variability, long-term trends, and key controlling factors of gross ecosystem production (GEP) and the RUEs of carbon (CUE = net primary production [NPP]/GEP), light (LUE = GEP/absorbed photosynthetic radiation [APAR]), and water (WUE = GEP/evapotranspiration [E]). At this site, annual GEP has shown an increasing trend over the 19 years (p < 0.01), which may be attributed to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Interannual variability in GEP, aside from its increasing trend, was most strongly related to spring temperatures. Associated with the significant increase in annual GEP were relatively small changes in NPP, APAR, and E, so that annual CUE showed a decreasing trend and annual LUE and WUE showed increasing trends over the 19 years. The long-term trends in the RUEs were related to the increasing CO2 concentration. Further analysis of detrended RUEs showed that their interannual variation was impacted most strongly by air temperature. Two-factor linear models combining CO2 concentration and air temperature performed well (R2 ~0.60) in simulating annual RUEs. LUE and WUE were positively correlated both annually and seasonally, while LUE and CUE were mostly negatively correlated. Our results showed divergent long-term trends among CUE, LUE, and WUE and highlighted the need to account for the combined effects of climatic controls and the 'CO2 fertilization effect' on long-term variations in RUEs. Since most RUE-based models rely primarily on one resource limitation, the observed patterns of relative change among the three RUEs may have important implications for RUE-based modeling of C fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - T Andrew Black
- Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rachhpal S Jassal
- Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tianshan Zha
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zoran Nesic
- Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alan G Barr
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Warren D Helgason
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xin Jia
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jilmarie J Stephens
- Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jingyong Ma
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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162
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Finley J, Jaacks LM, Peters CJ, Ort DR, Aimone AM, Conrad Z, Raiten DJ. Perspective: Understanding the Intersection of Climate/Environmental Change, Health, Agriculture, and Improved Nutrition - A Case Study: Type 2 Diabetes. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:731-738. [PMID: 31147673 PMCID: PMC6743835 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to promote health through improved diet and nutrition demand an appreciation of the nutritional ecology that accounts for the intersection of agriculture, food systems, health, disease and a changing environment. The complexity and implications of this ecology is exemplified by current trends and efforts to address nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), most prominently type 2 diabetes. The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to rise unabated. Of particular concern is how to address the unhealthy dietary patterns that are contributing to this pandemic in a changing environment. A multi- disciplinary approach is required that will engage those communities that comprise the continuum of effort from research to translation and implementation of evidence-informed interventions, programs and policies. Using the prevention of type 2 diabetes by increasing fruit and vegetable consumption as an exemplar, we argue that the ability to effect positive change in this and other persistent nutrition-related problems can be achieved by moving away from siloed approaches that limit the integration of key components of the diet-health continuum. Ultimately the impact of preventing type 2 diabetes via increased fruit and vegetable consumption will depend on how the entire diet changes, not just fruits and vegetables. In addition, the rapidly changing physical environment that will confront our food production system going forward will also shape the interventions that are possible. Nonetheless, the proposed "team science" approach that accounts for all the elements of the nutrition ecology will better position us to achieve public health goals through safe and sustainable food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Finley
- USDA, ARS National Program Staff, Beltsville, MD
| | - Lindsay M Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Christian J Peters
- Division of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Ashley M Aimone
- Centre for Global Child Heath, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zach Conrad
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD,Address correspondence to DJR (e-mail: )
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Dikšaitytė A, Viršilė A, Žaltauskaitė J, Januškaitienė I, Juozapaitienė G. Growth and photosynthetic responses in Brassica napus differ during stress and recovery periods when exposed to combined heat, drought and elevated CO 2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:59-72. [PMID: 31272036 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was intended to investigate how an agronomically important crop Brassica napus will be able to cope with the combined impact of a heatwave (21/14 °C vs. 33/26 °C day/night) and drought under ambient or elevated CO2 (800 vs. 400 μmol mol-1) and to what degree their recovery will be ensured after the stress, when additional CO2 is also removed. The obtained results revealed that, in the presence of an adequate water supply, B. napus performed well under heatwave conditions. However, drought fully negated all the advantages gained from hotter climate and led to a slower and incomplete recovery of gas exchange and retarded growth after the stress, regardless mitigating the effect of elevated CO2 during the stress. The mechanism by which the elevated CO2 diminished the adverse effect of a combined heat and drought stress on photosynthetic rate at saturating light (Asat) was attributed to the improved plant water relations. However, it had little effect on the recovery of Asat. In contrast, the mechanism by which photosynthesis was more impaired under the combination of heatwave and drought, compared to single drought treatment, was attributed mainly to the faster soil drying as well as faster and sharper decrease in stomatal conductance and subsequent in Ci/Ca. Keeping in mind that photosynthesis can acclimatize by downregulation to higher CO2, the results of this study, showing a weak memory of mitigating the effect of elevated CO2, highlight a potential risk of more intense and frequent heatwaves and droughts on B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austra Dikšaitytė
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno St. 30 Babtai, Kaunas Distr, LT54333, Lithuania; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos St. 8, LT44404, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Akvilė Viršilė
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno St. 30 Babtai, Kaunas Distr, LT54333, Lithuania
| | - Jūratė Žaltauskaitė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos St. 8, LT44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Irena Januškaitienė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos St. 8, LT44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gintarė Juozapaitienė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos St. 8, LT44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
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164
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Disentangling the role of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on rising forest water-use efficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16909-16914. [PMID: 31383758 PMCID: PMC6708355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905912116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests remove about 30% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions through photosynthesis and return almost 40% of incident precipitation back to the atmosphere via transpiration. The trade-off between photosynthesis and transpiration through stomata, the water-use efficiency (WUE), is an important driver of plant evolution and ecosystem functioning, and has profound effects on climate. Using stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in tree rings, we found that WUE has increased by a magnitude consistent with estimates from atmospheric measurements and model predictions. Enhanced photosynthesis was widespread, while reductions in stomatal conductance were modest and restricted to moisture-limited forests. This result points to smaller reductions in transpiration in response to increasing atmospheric CO2, with important implications for forest–climate interactions, which remain to be explored. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that plant water-use efficiency (WUE)—the ratio of carbon assimilation to water loss—has increased in recent decades. Although rising atmospheric CO2 has been proposed as the principal cause, the underlying physiological mechanisms are still being debated, and implications for the global water cycle remain uncertain. Here, we addressed this gap using 30-y tree ring records of carbon and oxygen isotope measurements and basal area increment from 12 species in 8 North American mature temperate forests. Our goal was to separate the contributions of enhanced photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance to WUE trends and to assess consistency between multiple commonly used methods for estimating WUE. Our results show that tree ring-derived estimates of increases in WUE are consistent with estimates from atmospheric measurements and predictions based on an optimal balancing of carbon gains and water costs, but are lower than those based on ecosystem-scale flux observations. Although both physiological mechanisms contributed to rising WUE, enhanced photosynthesis was widespread, while reductions in stomatal conductance were modest and restricted to species that experienced moisture limitations. This finding challenges the hypothesis that rising WUE in forests is primarily the result of widespread, CO2-induced reductions in stomatal conductance.
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165
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Huang W, Han S, Zhou Q, Li W, Xing W. Assessing interactions between environmental factors and aquatic toxicity: Influences of dissolved CO 2 and light on Cd toxicity in the aquatic macrophyte Potamogeton crispus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:247-258. [PMID: 31170659 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effects of varying dissolved CO2 concentration (ambient CO2, 3˜17 μmol L-1, elevated CO2, 48˜81 μmol L-1) and light intensity (high light, c. 150 μmol photon m-2 s-1, low light, c. 25 μmol photon m-2 s-1) on the bioaccumulation and phytotoxicity of cadmium (Cd) in a macrophyte Potamogeton crispus, under constant Cd exposure. The data confirmed that 100 μM Cd led to adverse changes in morphology, ultrastructure and biochemistry in P. crispus. The toxic effects depended strongly on CO2 concentration and light intensity: elevated CO2 and high light both increased Cd concentrations in P. crispus, and there was a significant interaction between the two factors. Compared to high light grown plants, the photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content of low light grown P. crispus were much less affected and the MDA content was lower, when exposed to 100 μM Cd. In addition, an antioxidative response was observed with a significant increase in SOD, POD and GST activities, indicating that low light grown P. crispus are more protected against Cd toxicity. When compared with ambient CO2 concentrations, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rate and starch content, as well as the activity of SOD and GST, were significantly enhanced in Cd treated P. crispus under elevated CO2. This suggests that elevated CO2 reduced Cd toxicity in P. crispus by increasing photosynthesis and enhancing the antioxidant system. Moreover, the statistical results showed that dissolved CO2 and light had additive effects on Cd toxicity in P. crispus, reflected by the physiological parameters of total chlorophyll content, SOD activity and MDA content, indicating that the combination of high CO2 and low light produced more protection against Cd toxicity than did the factors alone. Based on the results of this study, it appears clear that referring to a specific site in aquatic ecosystem, dissolved CO2 concentration and light availability should be considered when assessing and managing Cd impacts on aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shijuan Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Wei Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Gavito ME, Jakobsen I, Mikkelsen TN, Mora F. Direct evidence for modulation of photosynthesis by an arbuscular mycorrhiza-induced carbon sink strength. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:896-907. [PMID: 30891762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that plant carbon (C) use by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be compensated by higher photosynthetic rates because fungal metabolism creates a strong C sink that prevents photosynthate accumulation and downregulation of photosynthesis. This mechanism remains largely unexplored and lacks experimental evidence. We report here two experiments showing that the experimental manipulation of the mycorrhizal C sink significantly affected the photosynthetic rates of cucumber host plants. We expected that a sudden reduction in sink strength would cause a significant reduction in photosynthetic rates, at least temporarily. Excision of part of the extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium from roots, and causing no disturbance to the plant, induced a sustained (10-40%) decline in photosynthetic rates that lasted from 30 min to several hours in plants that were well-nourished and hydrated, and in the absence of growth or photosynthesis promotion by mycorrhizal inoculation. This effect was though minor in plants growing at high (700 ppm) atmospheric CO2 . This is the first direct experimental evidence for the C sink strength effects exerted by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts on plant photosynthesis. It encourages further experimentation on mycorrhizal source-sink relations, and may have strong implications in large-scale assessments and modelling of plant photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra E Gavito
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de Sán José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190, Michoacán, México
| | - Iver Jakobsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Teis N Mikkelsen
- DTU Environmental Engineering, Air, Land & Water Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK - 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de Sán José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190, Michoacán, México
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167
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Zheng Y, Li F, Hao L, Yu J, Guo L, Zhou H, Ma C, Zhang X, Xu M. Elevated CO 2 concentration induces photosynthetic down-regulation with changes in leaf structure, non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen content of soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:255. [PMID: 31195963 PMCID: PMC6567668 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms of crops in response to elevated CO2 concentrations is pivotal to estimating the impacts of climate change on the global agricultural production. Based on earlier results of the "doubling-CO2 concentration" experiments, many current climate models may overestimate the CO2 fertilization effect on crops, and meanwhile, underestimate the potential impacts of future climate change on global agriculture ecosystem when the atmospheric CO2 concentration goes beyond the optimal levels for crop growth. RESULTS This study examined the photosynthetic response of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to elevated CO2 concentration associated with changes in leaf structure, non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen content with environmental growth chambers where the CO2 concentration was controlled at 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600 ppm. We found CO2-induced down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis as evidenced by the consistently declined leaf net photosynthetic rate (An) with elevated CO2 concentrations. This down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis was evident in biochemical and photochemical processes since the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) were dramatically decreased at higher CO2 concentrations exceeding their optimal values of about 600 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. Moreover, the down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis at high CO2 concentration was partially attributed to the reduced stomatal conductance (Gs) as demonstrated by the declines in stomatal density and stomatal area as well as the changes in the spatial distribution pattern of stomata. In addition, the smaller total mesophyll size (palisade and spongy tissues) and the lower nitrogen availability may also contribute to the down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis when soybean subjected to high CO2 concentration environment. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis associated with the changes in stomatal traits, mesophyll tissue size, non-structural carbohydrates, and nitrogen availability of soybean in response to future high atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpu Zheng
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Lihua Hao
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Jingjin Yu
- School of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Haoran Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Xixi Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
- Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
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168
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Torralbo F, González-Moro MB, Baroja-Fernández E, Aranjuelo I, González-Murua C. Differential Regulation of Stomatal Conductance as a Strategy to Cope With Ammonium Fertilizer Under Ambient Versus Elevated CO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:597. [PMID: 31178873 PMCID: PMC6542952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While nitrogen (N) derived from ammonium would be energetically less expensive than nitrate-derived N, the use of ammonium-based fertilizer is limited by the potential for toxicity symptoms. Nevertheless, previous studies have shown that exposure to elevated CO2 favors ammonium assimilation in plants. However, little is known about the impact of different forms of N fertilizer on stomatal opening and their consequent effects on CO2 and H2O diffusion in wheat plants exposed to ambient and elevated CO2. In this article, we have examined the response of the photosynthetic machinery of durum wheat (Triticum durum, var. Amilcar) grown with different types of N fertilizer (NO3 -, NH4 +, and NH4NO3) at 400 versus 700 ppm of CO2. Alongside gas exchange and photochemical parameters, the expression of genes involved in CO2 (PIP1.1 and PIP2.3) and H2O (TIP1) diffusion as well as key C and N primary metabolism enzymes and metabolites were studied. Our results show that at 400 ppm CO2, wheat plants fertilized with ammonium as the N source had stress symptoms and a strong reduction in stomatal conductance, which negatively affected photosynthetic rates. The higher levels of PIP1.1 and PIP2.3 expression in ammonium-fertilized plants at 400 ppm CO2 might reflect the need to overcome limitations to the CO2 supply to chloroplasts due to restrictions in stomatal conductance. This stomatal limitation might be associated with a strategy to reduce ammonium transport toward leaves. On the other hand, ammonium-fertilized plants at elevated CO2 did not show stress symptoms, and no differences were detected in stomatal opening or water use efficiency (WUE). Moreover, similar gene expression of the aquaporins TIP1, PIP1.1, and PIP2.3 in ammonium-fertilized plants grown at 700 ppm compared to nitrate and ammonium nitrate plants would suggest that an adjustment in CO2 and H2O diffusion is not required. Therefore, in the absence of a stress context triggered by elevated CO2, ammonium- and ammonium nitrate-fertilized plants were able to increase their photosynthetic rates, which were translated eventually into higher leaf protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Torralbo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | | | | | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB)-CSIC, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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169
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Elevated CO2 Increases Root Mass and Leaf Nitrogen Resorption in Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.). FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To understand whether the process of seasonal nitrogen resorption and biomass allocation are different in CO2-enriched plants, seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were exposed to three CO2 concentrations (800 µL L−1 CO2 treatments—A800, 600 µL L−1 CO2 treatments—A600, and 400 µL L−1 CO2 treatments—A400) in nine continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) chambers. Leaf mass per area, leaf area, chlorophyll index, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) contents, nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE), and biomass allocation response were investigated. The results indicated that: (1) Significant leaf N decline was found in senescent leaves of two CO2 treatments, which led to an increase of 43.4% and 39.7% of the C/N ratio in A800 and A600, respectively. (2) Elevated CO2 induced higher NRE, with A800 and A600 showing significant increments of 50.3% and 46.2%, respectively. (3) Root biomass increased 33.1% in A800 and thus the ratio of root to shoot ratio was increased by 25.8%. In conclusion, these results showed that to support greater nutrient and water uptake and the continued response of biomass under elevated CO2, Acer rubrum partitioned more biomass to root and increased leaf N resorption efficiency.
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170
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Dahal K, Li XQ, Tai H, Creelman A, Bizimungu B. Improving Potato Stress Tolerance and Tuber Yield Under a Climate Change Scenario - A Current Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:563. [PMID: 31139199 PMCID: PMC6527881 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change in the form of extreme heat and drought poses a major challenge to sustainable crop production by negatively affecting plant performance and crop yield. Such negative impact on crop yield is likely to be aggravated in future because continued greenhouse gas emissions will cause further rise in temperature leading to increased evapo-transpiration and drought severity, soil salinity as well as insect and disease threats. This has raised a major challenge for plant scientists on securing global food demand, which urges an immediate need to enhance the current yield of major food crops by two-fold to feed the increasing population. As a fourth major food crop, enhancing potato productivity is important for food security of an increasing population. However, potato plant is highly prone to high temperature, drought, soil salinity, as well as insect and diseases. In order to maintain a sustainable potato production, we must adapt our cultivation practices and develop stress tolerant potato cultivars that are appropriately engineered for changing environment. Yet the lack of data on the underlying mechanisms of potato plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stress and the ability to predict future outcomes constitutes a major knowledge gap. It is a challenge for plant scientists to pinpoint means of improving tuber yield under increasing CO2, high temperature and drought stress including the changing patterns of pest and pathogen infestations. Understanding stress-related physiological, biochemical and molecular processes is crucial to develop screening procedures for selecting crop cultivars that can better adapt to changing growth conditions. Elucidation of such mechanism may offer new insights into the identification of specific characteristics that may be useful in breeding new cultivars aimed at maintaining or even enhancing potato yield under changing climate. This paper discusses the recent progress on the mechanism by which potato plants initially sense the changes in their surrounding CO2, temperature, water status, soil salinity and consequently respond to these changes at the molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. We suggest that future research needs to be concentrated on the identification and characterization of signaling molecules and target genes regulating stress tolerance and crop yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Dahal
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada
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171
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Effects of Elevated CO2 on Wheat Yield: Non-Linear Response and Relation to Site Productivity. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9050243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) is well known to stimulate plant photosynthesis and growth. Elevated carbon dioxide’s effects on crop yields are of particular interest due to concerns for future food security. We compiled experimental data where field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum Linnaeus) was exposed to different CO2 concentrations. Yield and yield components were analyzed by meta-analysis to estimate average effects, and response functions derived to assess effect size in relation to CO2 concentration. Grain yield increased by 26% under eCO2 (average ambient concentration of 372 ppm and elevated 605 ppm), mainly due to the increase in grain number. The response function for grain yield with CO2 concentration strongly suggests a non-linear response, where yield stimulation levels off at ~600 ppm. This was supported by the meta-analysis, which did not indicate any significant difference in yield stimulation in wheat grown at 456–600 ppm compared to 601–750 ppm. Yield response to eCO2 was independent of fumigation technique and rooting environment, but clearly related to site productivity, where relative CO2 yield stimulation was stronger in low productive systems. The non-linear yield response, saturating at a relatively modest elevation of CO2, was of large importance for crop modelling and assessments of future food production under rising CO2.
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172
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Fahad S, Khan FA, Pandupuspitasari N, Hussain S, Khan IA, Saeed M, Saud S, Hassan S, Adnan M, Arif M, Alam M, Ullah H, Hakeem KR, Alharby H, Riaz M, Sameeullah M, Hammad HM, Nasim W, Ahmad S, Afzal M, Alghamdi SS, Bamagoos AA, Abd Allah EF, Huang J. Suppressing photorespiration for the improvement in photosynthesis and crop yields: A review on the role of S-allantoin as a nitrogen source. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 237:644-651. [PMID: 30870683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental variations resulting in biotic and abiotic stresses demand adaptive changes in the photosynthetic machinery. To cope with these challenges, plant scientists are constantly striving to enhance photosynthetic activity. The photorespiration pathway, which fixes O2 and releases CO2 in C3 plants, competes with photosynthesis. One method to increase yield would be to enhance photosynthesis by engineering the photorespiratory pathway. To date, three engineered photorespiratory pathways have been produced, of which two have been proven experimentally in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. These approaches might be helpful in enhancing crop resilience to future environmental challenges. In partially photorespiratory suppressed plants, it is hypothesized that a gene cluster may have formed between bacterial glycolate dehydrogenase (GDH), glyoxylate carboligase (GCL), and tartronic semi aldehyde (TSR) genes with Arabidopsis allantoin degradation genes like Arabidopsis allantoinase (AtALN) to utilize S-allantoin as a source of nitrogen. Observations of the use of allantoin as an exclusive source of nitrogen or energy by Arabidopsis and Escherichia coli led us to propose a genetic switch control model between nitrogen assimilation and energy producing pathways in partially photorespiratory suppressed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Fahad
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Pakistan.
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory for Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | | | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ali Khan
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Shah Saud
- Department of Horticultural, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shah Hassan
- Agriculture Extension Department, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Mukhtar Alam
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Alharby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sameeullah
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Hafiz Mohkum Hammad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, 61100, Vehari Campus, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Nasim
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, 61100, Vehari Campus, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem Safer Alghamdi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif A Bamagoos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd Allah
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud-123, Oman
| | - Jianliang Huang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Hubei, China.
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173
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Manea A, Leishman MR. The resprouting response of co-occurring temperate woody plant and grass species to elevated [CO2
]: An insight into woody plant encroachment of grasslands. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Manea
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Michelle R. Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales 2109 Australia
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Dong Z, Driscoll CT, Johnson SL, Campbell JL, Pourmokhtarian A, Stoner AMK, Hayhoe K. Projections of water, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics under future climate change in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest in the western Cascade Range using a biogeochemical model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:608-624. [PMID: 30529965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Statistically downscaled climate change scenarios from four General Circulation Models for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were applied as inputs to a biogeochemical model, PnET-BGC, to examine potential future dynamics of water, carbon, and nitrogen in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest in the western Cascade Range. Projections show 56% to 77% increases in stomatal conductance throughout the year from 1986-2010 to 2076-2100, and 65% to 104% increases in leaf carbon assimilation between October and June over the same period. However, future dynamics of water and carbon under the RCP scenarios are affected by a 49% to 86% reduction in foliar biomass resulting from severe air temperature and humidity stress to the forest in summer. Important implications of future decreases in foliar biomass include 1) 20% to 71% decreases in annual transpiration which increase soil moisture by 7% to 15% in summer and fall; 2) decreases in photosynthesis by 77% and soil organic matter by 62% under the high radiative forcing scenario; and 3) altered foliar and soil carbon to nitrogen stoichiometry. Potential carbon dioxide fertilization effects on vegetation are projected to 1) amplify decreases in transpiration by 4% to 9% and increases in soil moisture in summer and fall by 1% to 2%; and 2) alleviate decreases in photosynthesis by 4%; while 3) having negligible effects on the dynamics of nitrogen. Our projections suggest that future decrease in transpiration and moderate water holding capacity may mitigate soil moisture stress to the old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Future increases in nitrogen concentration in soil organic matter are projected to alleviate the decrease in net nitrogen mineralization despite a reduction in decomposition of soil organic matter by the end of the century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Charles T Driscoll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Sherri L Johnson
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - John L Campbell
- Northern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Afshin Pourmokhtarian
- Department of Construction Management, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne M K Stoner
- Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Katharine Hayhoe
- Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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175
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Sugiura D, Betsuyaku E, Terashima I. Interspecific differences in how sink-source imbalance causes photosynthetic downregulation among three legume species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:715-726. [PMID: 30517608 PMCID: PMC6417475 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sink-source imbalance could cause an accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC; soluble sugar and starch) in source leaves. We aimed to clarify interspecific differences in how sink-source imbalance and TNC causes the downregulation of photosynthesis among three legume plants. The TNC in source leaves was altered by short-term manipulative treatments, and its effects on photosynthetic characteristics were evaluated. METHODS Soybean, French bean and azuki bean were grown under high nitrogen availability. After primary leaves were fully expanded, they were subjected to additional treatments: defoliation except for two primary leaves; transfer to low nitrogen conditions; transfer to low nitrogen conditions and defoliation; or irradiation by light-emitting diodes. Physiological and anatomical traits such as TNC content, maximum photosynthetic rate, cell wall content and δ13C values of primary leaves and whole-plant growth were examined. KEY RESULTS Among the three legume plants, the downregulation of maximum photosynthesis and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) content was co-ordinated with an increase in TNC only in French bean. Rubisco did not decrease with an increase in TNC in soybean and azuki bean. The defoliation treatment caused an increase in cell wall content especially in soybean, and maximum photosynthesis decreased despite resulting in a higher Rubisco content. This indicates that a decrease in mesophyll conductance could cause photosynthetic downregulation, which was confirmed by an increase in δ13C. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that a downregulation of photosynthesis in response to increased levels of TNC in source leaves can result not only from decreases in Rubisco content, but also from anatomical factors, such as an increase in cell wall thickness leading to reduced chloroplast CO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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176
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Nasto MK, Winter K, Turner BL, Cleveland CC. Nutrient acquisition strategies augment growth in tropical N
2
‐fixing trees in nutrient‐poor soil and under elevated
CO
2. Ecology 2019; 100:e02646. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Nasto
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
| | - Cory C. Cleveland
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
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177
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Creydt M, Vuralhan-Eckert J, Fromm J, Fischer M. Effects of elevated CO 2 concentration on leaves and berries of black elder (Sambucus nigra) using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and gas exchange measurements. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 234-235:71-79. [PMID: 30669102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of elevated CO2 concentration on leaves of black elder (Sambucus nigra) was investigated based on leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll content as well as on the analysis of the underlying metabolite profile of the fruits. The measurements were carried out once a month over a period of time of 4 months. The CO2 uptake rate, the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were significantly higher in plants under ambient CO2, in comparison to plants grown under elevated CO2 concentrations. On the other hand, at the initial phase of the experiments, the photosynthesis rate was higher in CO2 loaded plants compared to plants grown under normal conditions. Remarkably, after about one month a habituation effect could be observed leading to a decrease of the photosynthetic efficiency approaching again the normal level. To understand the observed effects on a molecular level, non-targeted fingerprinting analysis was performed on the ripe elder berries using LC-qToF-ESI-MS(/MS). Differences in the composition of various phenols, triglycerides and PC (36:5) as well as a stigmasterole-derivate could be detected. In contrast, central metabolic pathways such as photosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle as well as the biosynthesis of essential amino acids obviously are not considerably affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Creydt
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Vuralhan-Eckert
- Centre for Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstrasse 91d, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Fromm
- Centre for Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstrasse 91d, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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178
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Bencke-Malato M, De Souza AP, Ribeiro-Alves M, Schmitz JF, Buckeridge MS, Alves-Ferreira M. Short-term responses of soybean roots to individual and combinatorial effects of elevated [CO 2] and water deficit. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:283-296. [PMID: 30824006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change increasingly threatens plant growth and productivity. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crops in the world. Although its responses to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) have been previously studied, root molecular responses to elevated [CO2] (E[CO2]) or the combination/interaction of E[CO2] and water deficit remain unexamined. In this study, we evaluated the individual and combinatory effects of E[CO2] and water deficit on the physiology and root molecular responses in soybean. Plants growing under E[CO2] exhibited increased photosynthesis that resulted in a higher biomass, plant height, and leaf area. E[CO2] decreased the transcripts levels of genes involved in iron uptake and transport, antioxidant activity, secondary metabolism and defense, and stress responses in roots. When plants grown under E[CO2] are treated with instantaneous water deficit, E[CO2] reverted the expression of water deficit-induced genes related to stress, defense, transport and nutrient deficiency. Furthermore, the interaction of both treatments uniquely affected the expression of genes. Both physiological and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that E[CO2] may mitigate the negative effects of water deficit on the soybean roots. In addition, the identification of genes that are modulated by the interaction of E[CO2] and water deficit suggests an emergent response that is triggered only under this specific condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bencke-Malato
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia, s/n Prédio do CCS, 2° andar-sala 93, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 219410-970, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Pereira De Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão, 277, sala 122, Cidade Universitária - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz -(FIOCRUZ) Av. Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Flores Schmitz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia, s/n Prédio do CCS, 2° andar-sala 93, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 219410-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão, 277, sala 122, Cidade Universitária - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Marcio Alves-Ferreira
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia, s/n Prédio do CCS, 2° andar-sala 93, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 219410-970, Brazil.
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179
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Köhler IH, Huber SC, Bernacchi CJ, Baxter IR. Increased temperatures may safeguard the nutritional quality of crops under future elevated CO 2 concentrations. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:872-886. [PMID: 30447177 PMCID: PMC6850270 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are a global human health problem that may worsen by the growth of crops at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2 ). However, climate change will also involve higher temperature, but it is unclear how the combined effect of eCO2 and higher temperature will affect the nutritional quality of food crops. To begin to address this question, we grew soybean (Glycine max) in a Temperature by Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (T-FACE) experiment in 2014 and 2015 under ambient (400 μmol mol-1 ) and elevated (600 μmol mol-1 ) CO2 concentrations, and under ambient and elevated temperatures (+2.7°C day and +3.4°C at night). In our study, eCO2 significantly decreased Fe concentration in soybean seeds in both seasons (-8.7 and -7.7%) and Zn concentration in one season (-8.9%), while higher temperature (at ambient CO2 concentration) had the opposite effect. The combination of eCO2 with elevated temperature generally restored seed Fe and Zn concentrations to levels obtained under ambient CO2 and temperature conditions, suggesting that the potential threat to human nutrition by increasing CO2 concentration may not be realized. In general, seed Fe concentration was negatively correlated with yield, suggesting inherent limitations to increasing seed Fe. In addition, we confirm our previous report that the concentration of seed storage products and several minerals varies with node position at which the seeds developed. Overall, these results demonstrate the complexity of predicting climate change effects on food and nutritional security when various environmental parameters change in an interactive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris H. Köhler
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureUrbanaIL61801USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA
- Present address:
Graduate School HIGRADEHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Steven C. Huber
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Carl J. Bernacchi
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureUrbanaIL61801USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA
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180
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Tomimatsu H, Sakata T, Fukayama H, Tang Y. Short-term effects of high CO2 accelerate photosynthetic induction in Populus koreana × trichocarpa with always-open stomata regardless of phenotypic changes in high CO2 growth conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:474-483. [PMID: 30053250 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term high CO2 exposure accelerates photosynthetic induction response due to rapid light increase. However, it is unclear whether the acceleration is caused by acclimation of photosynthetic components (long-term CO2 effect) and/or by the sufficient substrate under high CO2 at the measurement (short-term CO2 effect). Populus koreana × trichocarpa cv. Peace has wide-open stomata almost not responding to changes of photon flux density. Using this species, we examined the long- and short-term CO2 effects on photosynthetic induction by focusing on biochemical components. We grew the plants under [CO2] of 380, 700 and 1020 μmol CO2 mol-1 air and measured the photosynthetic induction response under [CO2] of 380 and 1020 μmol CO2 mol-1 air. Despite significant reduction in Rubisco content and light-saturated photosynthetic rate in the leaves from the high growth CO2, the photosynthetic induction time was similar in leaves from different growth CO2 plants when measurement [CO2] was the same. The induction, however, was significantly fast at the higher than at the lower measurement [CO2], regardless of growth CO2 of the plants. These results demonstrate that the acceleration of apparent photosynthetic induction under high CO2 environment was mainly contributed by a short-term CO2 effect rather than by a long-term acclimation effect when stomatal limitation is not the major factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Tomimatsu
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sakata
- Biological Laboratory, Center for Natural Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Japan
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181
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Nölke G, Barsoum M, Houdelet M, Arcalís E, Kreuzaler F, Fischer R, Schillberg S. The Integration of Algal Carbon Concentration Mechanism Components into Tobacco Chloroplasts Increases Photosynthetic Efficiency and Biomass. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800170. [PMID: 29888874 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the productivity of crops is a major challenge in agricultural research. Given that photosynthetic carbon assimilation is necessary for plant growth, enhancing the efficiency of photosynthesis is one strategy to boost agricultural productivity. The authors attempted to increase the photosynthetic efficiency and biomass of tobacco plants by expressing individual components of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) and integrating them into the chloroplast. Independent transgenic varieties are generated accumulating the carbonic anhydrase CAH3 in the thylakoid lumen or the bicarbonate transporter LCIA in the inner chloroplast membrane. Independent homozygous transgenic lines showed enhanced CO2 uptake rates (up to 15%), increased photosystem II efficiency (by up to 18%), and chlorophyll content (up to 19%). Transgenic lines produced more shoot biomass than wild-type and azygous controls, and accumulated more carbohydrate and amino acids, reflecting the higher rate of photosynthetic CO2 fixation. These data demonstrate that individual algal CCM components can be integrated into C3 plants to increase biomass, suggesting that transgenic lines combining multiple CCM components could further increase the productivity and yield of C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Nölke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mirna Barsoum
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcel Houdelet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Elsa Arcalís
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Kreuzaler
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Phytopathology Department, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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182
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Dong J, Grylls S, Hunt J, Armstrong R, Delhaize E, Tang C. Elevated CO2 (free-air CO2 enrichment) increases grain yield of aluminium-resistant but not aluminium-sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in an acid soil. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:461-468. [PMID: 30219854 PMCID: PMC6377095 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Soil acidity currently limits root growth and crop production in many regions, and climate change is leading to uncertainties regarding future food supply. However, it is unknown how elevated CO2 (eCO2) affects the performance of wheat crops in acid soils under field conditions. We investigated the effects of eCO2 on plant growth and yield of three pairs of near-isogenic hexaploid wheat lines differing in alleles of aluminium-resistant genes TaALMT1 (conferring root malate efflux) and TaMATE1B (conferring citrate efflux). METHODS Plants were grown until maturity in an acid soil under ambient CO2 (aCO2; 400 µmol mol-1) and eCO2 (550 µmol mol-1) in a soil free-air CO2 enrichment facility (SoilFACE). Growth parameters and grain yields were measured. KEY RESULTS Elevated CO2 increased grain yield of lines carrying TaMATE1B by 22 % and lines carrying only TaALMT1 by 31 %, but did not increase the grain yield of Al3+-sensitive lines. Although eCO2 promoted tiller formation, coarse root length and root biomass of lines carrying TaMATE1B, it did not affect ear number, and it therefore limited yield potential. By contrast, eCO2 decreased or did not change these parameters for lines carrying only TaALMT1, and enhanced biomass allocation to grains thereby resulting in increased grain yield. Despite TaMATE1B being less effective than TaALMT1 at conferring Al3+ resistance based on root growth, the gene promoted grain yield to a similar level to TaALMT1 when the plants were grown in acid soil. Furthermore, TaALMT1 and TaMATE1B were not additive in their effects. CONCLUSIONS As atmospheric CO2 increases, it is critical that both Al3+-resistance genes (particularly TaALMT1) should be maintained in hexaploid wheat germplasm in order for yield increases from CO2 fertilization to be realized in acid soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Dong
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Stephen Grylls
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Australia
| | - James Hunt
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | | | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Australia
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183
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Kumar A, Nayak AK, Das BS, Panigrahi N, Dasgupta P, Mohanty S, Kumar U, Panneerselvam P, Pathak H. Effects of water deficit stress on agronomic and physiological responses of rice and greenhouse gas emission from rice soil under elevated atmospheric CO 2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2032-2050. [PMID: 30290346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the foremost staple food in the world, safeguarding the global food and nutritional security. Rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and water deficits are threatening global rice productivity and sustainability. Under real field conditions these climatic factors often interact with each other resulting in impacts that are remarkably different compared to individual factor exposure. Rice soils exposed to drought and elevated CO2 (eCO2) alters the biomass, diversity and activity of soil microorganisms affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) emission dynamics. In this review we have discussed the impacts of eCO2 and water deficit on agronomic, biochemical and physiological responses of rice and GHGs emissions from rice soils. Drought usually results in oxidative stress due to stomatal closure, dry weight reduction, formation of reactive oxygen species, decrease in relative water content and increase in electrolyte leakage at almost all growth and developmental phases of rice. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration reduces the negative effects of drought by improving plant water relations, reducing stomatal opening, decreasing transpiration, increasing canopy photosynthesis, shortening crop growth period and increasing the antioxidant metabolite activities in rice. Increased scientific understanding of the effects of drought and eCO2 on rice agronomy, physiology and GHG emission dynamics of rice soil is essential for devising adaptation options. Integration of novel agronomic practices viz., crop establishment methods and alternate cropping systems with improved water and nutrient management are important steps to help rice farmers cope with drought and eCO2. The review summarizes future research needs for ensuring sustained global food security under future warmer, drier and high CO2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjani Kumar
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India.
| | - A K Nayak
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - B S Das
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - N Panigrahi
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - P Dasgupta
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sangita Mohanty
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Upendra Kumar
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - P Panneerselvam
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - H Pathak
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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184
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Arab L, Seegmueller S, Kreuzwieser J, Eiblmeier M, Rennenberg H. Atmospheric pCO 2 impacts leaf structural and physiological traits in Quercus petraea seedlings. PLANTA 2019; 249:481-495. [PMID: 30259170 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric p CO 2 impacts Quercus petraea biomass production and cell wall composition of the leaves in favor of cellulose at the expense of lignin, and enhances foliar non-structural carbohydrate levels and sucrose contents in a pCO 2 concentration-dependent manner. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) was grown for ca. half a year from seeds at ambient control (525 ppm), 750, 900, and 1000 ppm atmospheric pCO2 under controlled conditions. Increasing pCO2 enhanced biomass production, modified the cell wall composition of the leaves in favor of cellulose at the expense of lignin, and enhanced the foliar non-structural carbohydrate level, in particular the sucrose content; as well as total N content of leaves by increased levels of all major N fractions, i.e., soluble proteins, total amino acids, and structural N. The enhanced total amino acid level was largely due to 2-ketoglutarate and oxalo acetate-derived compounds. Increasing pCO2 alleviated oxidative stress in the leaves as indicated by reduced H2O2 contents. High in vitro glutathione reductase activity at reduced H2O2 contents suggests enhanced ROS scavenging, but increased lipid peroxidation may also have contributed, as indicated by a negative correlation between malone dialdehyde and H2O2 contents. Almost all these effects were at least partially reversed, when pCO2 exceeded 750 or 900 ppm. Apparently, the interaction of atmospheric pCO2 with leaf structural and physiological traits of Q. petraea seedlings is characterized by a dynamic response depending on the pCO2 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Arab
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Seegmueller
- Forschungsanstalt für Waldökologie und Forstwirtschaft, Hauptstraße 16, 67705, Trippstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monika Eiblmeier
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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185
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Tang L, Hamid Y, Gurajala HK, He Z, Yang X. Effects of CO 2 application and endophytic bacterial inoculation on morphological properties, photosynthetic characteristics and cadmium uptake of two ecotypes of Sedum alfredii Hance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1809-1820. [PMID: 30456615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant uptake of cadmium (Cd) is affected by soil and environmental conditions. In this study, hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of elevated CO2 coupled with inoculated endophytic bacteria M002 on morphological properties, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, and Cd uptake of S. alfredii. The results showed that bio-fortification processes (elevated CO2 and/or inoculated with endophytic bacteria) significantly (p < 0.05) promoted growth patterns, improved photosynthetic characteristics and increased Cd tolerance of both ecotypes of S. alfredii, as compared to normal conditions. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in intact leaves of hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) and non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE) were increased by 73.93 and 32.90%, respectively at the low Cd (2 μM), 84.41 and 57.65%, respectively at the high Cd level (10 μM). Superposition treatment increased Cd concentration in shoots and roots of HE, by 50.87 and 82.12%, respectively at the low Cd and 46.75 and 88.92%, respectively at the high Cd level. Besides, superposition treatment declined Cd transfer factor of NHE, by 0.85% at non-Cd rate, 17.22% at the low Cd and 22.26% at the high Cd level. These results indicate that elevated CO2 coupled with endophytic bacterial inoculation may effectively improve phytoremediation efficiency of Cd-contaminated soils by hyperaccumulator, and alleviate Cd toxicity to non-hyperaccumulator ecotype of Sedum alfredii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasir Hamid
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanumanth Kumar Gurajala
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenli He
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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186
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Dusenge ME, Duarte AG, Way DA. Plant carbon metabolism and climate change: elevated CO 2 and temperature impacts on photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:32-49. [PMID: 29983005 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 32 I. The importance of plant carbon metabolism for climate change 32 II. Rising atmospheric CO2 and carbon metabolism 33 III. Rising temperatures and carbon metabolism 37 IV. Thermal acclimation responses of carbon metabolic processes can be best understood when studied together 38 V. Will elevated CO2 offset warming-induced changes in carbon metabolism? 40 VI. No plant is an island: water and nutrient limitations define plant responses to climate drivers 41 VII. Conclusions 42 Acknowledgements 42 References 42 Appendix A1 48 SUMMARY: Plant carbon metabolism is impacted by rising CO2 concentrations and temperatures, but also feeds back onto the climate system to help determine the trajectory of future climate change. Here we review how photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration are affected by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate warming, both separately and in combination. We also compile data from the literature on plants grown at multiple temperatures, focusing on net CO2 assimilation rates and leaf dark respiration rates measured at the growth temperature (Agrowth and Rgrowth , respectively). Our analyses show that the ratio of Agrowth to Rgrowth is generally homeostatic across a wide range of species and growth temperatures, and that species that have reduced Agrowth at higher growth temperatures also tend to have reduced Rgrowth , while species that show stimulations in Agrowth under warming tend to have higher Rgrowth in the hotter environment. These results highlight the need to study these physiological processes together to better predict how vegetation carbon metabolism will respond to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - André Galvao Duarte
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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187
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Davies JP, Christensen CA. Developing Transgenic Agronomic Traits for Crops: Targets, Methods, and Challenges. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1864:343-365. [PMID: 30415346 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8778-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a surge of investment by the agricultural biotechnology industry in the development of transgenic agronomic traits. These are traits that improve yield performance by modifying endogenous physiological processes such as energy capture, nutrient utilization, and stress tolerance. In this chapter we provide a foundation for understanding these fundamental processes and then outline approaches that have been taken to use this knowledge for yield improvement. We characterize the current status of product development pipelines in the industry and illustrate the trait discovery process with three important examples-bacterial cold-shock proteins, alanine aminotransferase, and auxin-regulated genes. The challenges with developing and commercializing an agronomic trait product are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Davies
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Cory A Christensen
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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188
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Yuan N, Moser G, Mueller C, Obermeier WA, Bendix J, Luterbacher J. Extreme climatic events down-regulate the grassland biomass response to elevated carbon dioxide. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17758. [PMID: 30531888 PMCID: PMC6288116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are considered as carbon sinks that may mitigate the impacts of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]). However, it is not clear what their carbon sink capacity will be under extreme climatic conditions. In this study, we used long-term (1998-2013) data from a C3 grassland Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in Germany to study the combined effects of elevated [CO2] and extreme climatic events (ECEs) on aboveground biomass production. CO2 fertilization effect (CFE), which represents the promoted plant photosynthesis and water use efficiency under higher [CO2], was quantiffied by calculating the relative differences in biomass between the plots with [CO2] enrichment and the plots with ambient [CO2]. Down-regulated CFEs were found when ECEs occurred during the growing season, and the CFE decreases were statistically significant with p well below 0.05 (t-test). Of all the observed ECEs, the strongest CFE decreases were associated with intensive and prolonged heat waves. These findings suggest that more frequent ECEs in the future are likely to restrict the mitigatory effects of C3 grassland ecosystems, leading to an accelerated warming trend. To reduce the uncertainties of future projections, the atmosphere-vegetation interactions, especially the ECEs effects, are emphasized and need to be better accounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiming Yuan
- Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 1, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
- CAS Key laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Gerald Moser
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wolfgang A Obermeier
- Faculty of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-University of Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, Marburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Bendix
- Faculty of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-University of Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürg Luterbacher
- Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 1, 35390, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
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189
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Douthe C, Medrano H, Tortosa I, Escalona JM, Hernández-Montes E, Pou A. Whole-Plant Water Use in Field Grown Grapevine: Seasonal and Environmental Effects on Water and Carbon Balance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1540. [PMID: 30483275 PMCID: PMC6240650 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is a main challenge in vineyards sustainability in most of the grapevine areas now and even more in near future due to climatic change perspectives. In consequence, water use efficiency (WUE) measurements are of the highest interest to improve the sustainability of this crop. The vast majority of WUE measurements relays on measurements of leaf carbon and water fluxes at leaf-level. However, less data are available at the whole-plant level, and for the moment those data are not totally coincident with conclusions reached at leaf scale. In this study, we used whole-plant chambers able to enclose an entire plant of 12 years old to measure at the same time water and carbon fluxes under realistic field grown conditions. The main objectives were to identify the technical issues interfering the whole-plant measurements and track the environmental and other abiotic factors that can affect water and carbon balance, i.e., WUE at the whole-plant scale. To achieve those objectives, we measured whole-plant water and carbon fluxes in grapevine exposed to two different water regimes at three phenological stages [pea size (July), ripening (August), and harvest (September)]. In September, measurements were repeated under high CO2 to also check its effect at the whole-plant scale. The results indicate that water and carbon fluxes are well coordinated under both water availability treatments. Under drought conditions, both fluxes were drastically reduced, but surprisingly the estimated WUE resulted not improved but decreased, contrarily to what is shown at the leaf scale. The phenology (September) also strongly decreased both water and carbon fluxes when compared to measurements in July. We hypostatized that harvest load respiration rates could have an important weight on the whole-plant net carbon exchange (NCE). Finally, high CO2 measurements, after correction for leaks, indicated an increase of whole-plant NCE as well as increased whole-plant WUE, as expected. Several technical issues were identified, like 1/instability of [CO2] during the night period that prevent robust estimation of whole-plant respiration and 2/condensation during last night and sun-rise hours which may affect the estimation of daily plant transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Douthe
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, INAGEA, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Hipólito Medrano
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, INAGEA, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Ignacio Tortosa
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, INAGEA, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Jose Mariano Escalona
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, INAGEA, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Pou
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Logroño, Spain
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190
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Elevated atmospheric CO 2 promoted speciation in mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Commun Biol 2018; 1:182. [PMID: 30417119 PMCID: PMC6218564 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are of great medical significance as vectors of deadly diseases. Despite this, little is known about their evolutionary history or how their present day diversity has been shaped. Within a phylogenetic framework, here we show a strong correlation between climate change and mosquito speciation rates: the first time to our knowledge such an effect has been demonstrated for insects. Information theory reveals that although climate change is correlated with mosquito evolution there are other important factors at play. We identify one such driver to be the rise of mammals, which are predominant hosts of Culicidae. Regardless of the precise mechanism, we demonstrate a strong historical association. This finding, taken in combination with projected rises in atmospheric CO2 from anthropogenic activity, has important implications for culicid vector distributions and abundance, and consequently for human health. Chufei Tang and Katie E. Davis et al. show that an elevated atmospheric CO2 promotes the speciation rates of mosquitoes. They demonstrate that climate change can expedite the evolution of mammalian disease vectors, potentially increasing vector−pathogen interactions and affecting human health.
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191
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Loka D, Harper J, Humphreys M, Gasior D, Wootton-Beard P, Gwynn-Jones D, Scullion J, Doonan J, Kingston-Smith A, Dodd R, Wang J, Chadwick D, Hill P, Jones D, Mills G, Hayes F, Robinson D. Impacts of abiotic stresses on the physiology and metabolism of cool-season grasses: A review. Food Energy Secur 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Loka
- DEMETER; Larisa Greece
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | - John Harper
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | - Mike Humphreys
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | - Dagmara Gasior
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | | | | | - John Scullion
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | - John Doonan
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | | | - Rosalind Dodd
- Environment Centre Wales; Bangor University; Gwynedd UK
| | - Jinyang Wang
- Environment Centre Wales; Bangor University; Gwynedd UK
| | | | - Paul Hill
- Environment Centre Wales; Bangor University; Gwynedd UK
| | - Davey Jones
- Environment Centre Wales; Bangor University; Gwynedd UK
| | - Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales; Bangor Gwynedd UK
| | - Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales; Bangor Gwynedd UK
| | - David Robinson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales; Bangor Gwynedd UK
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192
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Uddling J, Broberg MC, Feng Z, Pleijel H. Crop quality under rising atmospheric CO 2. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:262-267. [PMID: 29958824 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Crops grown under elevated CO2 (eCO2) typically exhibit enhanced yields but at the same time decreased nutritional quality. The latter effect has often been explained as a growth dilution phenomenon, but this cannot be the only process involved since crop nutrient concentrations are decreased also when production is unaffected by eCO2. We review the current knowledge on eCO2 effects on crop nutritional quality with focus on the current understanding of the possible mechanisms and processes causing these effects. Emphasis is on crop nitrogen (N) and protein concentrations but effects on other nutrients and how they compare with those on N are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Uddling
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Malin C Broberg
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Håkan Pleijel
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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193
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Aspinwall MJ, Blackman CJ, de Dios VR, Busch FA, Rymer PD, Loik ME, Drake JE, Pfautsch S, Smith RA, Tjoelker MG, Tissue DT. Photosynthesis and carbon allocation are both important predictors of genotype productivity responses to elevated CO2 in Eucalyptus camaldulensis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1286-1301. [PMID: 29741732 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in biomass production responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2) could influence tree species' ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying genotypic variation in responsiveness to eCO2 remain poorly understood. In this study, we grew 17 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. subsp. camaldulensis genotypes (representing provenances from four different climates) under ambient atmospheric CO2 and eCO2. We tested whether genotype leaf-scale photosynthetic and whole-tree carbon (C) allocation responses to eCO2 were predictive of genotype biomass production responses to eCO2. Averaged across genotypes, growth at eCO2 increased in situ leaf net photosynthesis (Anet) (29%) and leaf starch concentrations (37%). Growth at eCO2 reduced the maximum carboxylation capacity of Rubisco (-4%) and leaf nitrogen per unit area (Narea, -6%), but Narea calculated on a total non-structural carbohydrate-free basis was similar between treatments. Growth at eCO2 also increased biomass production and altered C allocation by reducing leaf area ratio (-11%) and stem mass fraction (SMF, -9%), and increasing leaf mass area (18%) and leaf mass fraction (5%). Overall, we found few significant CO2 × provenance or CO2 × genotype (within provenance) interactions. However, genotypes that showed the largest increases in total dry mass at eCO2 had larger increases in root mass fraction (with larger decreases in SMF) and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) with CO2 enrichment. These results indicate that genetic differences in PNUE and carbon sink utilization (in roots) are both important predictors of tree productivity responsiveness to eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Florian A Busch
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Michael E Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - John E Drake
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
- Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY-ESF, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Renee A Smith
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW, Australia
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194
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Bishop KA, Lemonnier P, Quebedeaux JC, Montes CM, Leakey ADB, Ainsworth EA. Similar photosynthetic response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration in species with different phloem loading strategies. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:453-464. [PMID: 29860702 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Species have different strategies for loading sugars into the phloem, which vary in the route that sugars take to enter the phloem and the energetics of sugar accumulation. Species with passive phloem loading are hypothesized to have less flexibility in response to changes in some environmental conditions because sucrose export from mesophyll cells is dependent on fixed anatomical plasmodesmatal connections. Passive phloem loaders also have high mesophyll sugar content, and may be less likely to exhibit sugar-mediated down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity at elevated CO2 concentrations. To date, the effect of phloem loading strategy on the response of plant carbon metabolism to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations is unclear, despite the widespread impacts of rising CO2 on plants. Over three field seasons, five species with apoplastic loading, passive loading, or polymer-trapping were grown at ambient and elevated CO2 concentration in free air concentration enrichment plots. Light-saturated rate of photosynthesis, photosynthetic capacity, leaf carbohydrate content, and anatomy were measured and compared among the species. All five species showed significant stimulation in midday photosynthetic CO2 uptake by elevated CO2 even though the two passive loading species showed significant down-regulation of maximum Rubisco carboxylation capacity at elevated CO2. There was a trend toward greater starch accumulation at elevated CO2 in all species, and was most pronounced in passive loaders. From this study, we cannot conclude that phloem loading strategy is a key determinant of plant response to elevated CO2, but compelling differences in response counter to our hypothesis were observed. A phylogenetically controlled experiment with more species may be needed to fully test the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Bishop
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Pauline Lemonnier
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer C Quebedeaux
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Christopher M Montes
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA.
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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195
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Fukayama H, Mizumoto A, Ueguchi C, Katsunuma J, Morita R, Sasayama D, Hatanaka T, Azuma T. Expression level of Rubisco activase negatively correlates with Rubisco content in transgenic rice. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:465-474. [PMID: 29846871 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and Rubisco activase (Rca) levels was studied using transgenic rice overexpressing maize Rca (OX-mRca) and knockdown transgenic rice expressing antisense Rca (KD-Rca). The ratio of Rubisco to total soluble protein was lower in OX-mRca, whereas it was higher in KD-Rca than in WT, indicating that Rca expression was negatively correlated with Rubisco content. The expressions of other Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle enzymes such as sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase and phosphoribulokinase analyzed by immunoblotting did not show such a negative correlation with Rca, suggesting that the effect of Rca on protein expression may be specific for Rubisco. Although Rubisco content was decreased in OX-mRca, the transcript levels of the Rubisco large subunit (OsRbcL) and the Rubisco small subunit mostly increased in OX-mRca as well as in KD-Rca. Additionally, polysome loading of OsRbcL was slightly higher in OX-mRca than it was in WT, suggesting that the OsRbcL translation activity was likely stimulated by overexpression of Rca. 35S-methionine labeling experiments demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the stability of newly synthesized Rubisco among genotypes. However, 35S-methionine-labeled Rubisco was marginally decreased in OX-mRca and increased in KD-Rca compared to the WT. These results suggest that Rca negatively affects the Rubisco content, possibly in the synthesis step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukayama
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akina Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ueguchi
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Katsunuma
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Morita
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasayama
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hatanaka
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Azuma
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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196
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Dong J, Xu Q, Gruda N, Chu W, Li X, Duan Z. Elevated and super-elevated CO 2 differ in their interactive effects with nitrogen availability on fruit yield and quality of cucumber. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:4509-4516. [PMID: 29479715 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and nitrogen (N) availability can interactively promote cucumber yield, but how the yield increase is realized remains unclear, whilst the interactive effects on fruit quality are unknown. In this study, cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinmei No. 3) were grown in a paddy soil under three CO2 concentrations - 400 (ambient CO2 ), 800 (elevated CO2 , eCO2 ) and 1200 µmol mol-1 (super-elevated CO2 ) - and two N applications - 0.06 (low N) and 0.24 g N kg-1 soil (high N). RESULTS Compared with ambient CO2 , eCO2 increased yield by 106% in high N but the increase in total biomass was only 33%. This can result from greater carbon translocation to fruits from other organs, indicated by the increased biomass allocation from stems and leaves, particularly source leaves, to fruits and the decreased concentrations of fructose and glucose in source leaves. Super-elevated CO2 reduced the carbon allocation to fruits thus yield increase (71%). Additionally, eCO2 also increased the concentrations of fructose and glucose in fruits, maintained the concentrations of dietary fiber, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, copper, molybdenum and sodium, whilst it decreased the concentrations of nitrate, protein, iron, and zinc in high N. Compared with eCO2 , super-elevated CO2 can still improve the fruit quality to some extent in low N availability. CONCLUSIONS Elevated CO2 promotes cucumber yield largely by carbon allocation from source leaves to fruits in high N availability. Besides a dilution effect, carbon allocation to fruits, carbohydrate transformation, and nutrient uptake and assimilation can affect the fruit quality. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nazim Gruda
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resource Conservation, Division of Horticultural Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wenying Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengqiang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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197
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Johnson SN, Hartley SE. Elevated carbon dioxide and warming impact silicon and phenolic-based defences differently in native and exotic grasses. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3886-3896. [PMID: 29105229 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change may increase invasions of exotic plant species by directly promoting the success of invasive/exotic species or by reducing the competitive abilities of native species. Changes in plant chemistry, leading to altered susceptibility to stress, could mediate these effects. Grasses are hyper-accumulators of silicon, which play a crucial function in the alleviation of diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. It is unknown how predicted increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and air temperature affect silicon accumulation in grasses, especially in relation to primary and secondary metabolites. We tested how elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) (+240 ppm) and temperature (eT) (+4°C) affected chemical composition (silicon, phenolics, carbon and nitrogen) and plant growth in eight grass species, either native or exotic to Australia. eCO2 increased phenolic concentrations by 11%, but caused silicon accumulation to decline by 12%. Moreover, declines in silicon occurred mainly in native species (-19%), but remained largely unchanged in exotic species. Conversely, eT increased silicon accumulation in native species (+19%) but decreased silicon accumulation in exotic species (-10%). Silicon and phenolic concentrations were negatively correlated with each other, potentially reflecting a defensive trade-off. Moreover, both defences were negatively correlated with plant mass, compatible with a growth-defence trade-off. Grasses responded in a species-specific manner, suggesting that the relative susceptibility of different species may differ under future climates compared to current species rankings of resource quality. For example, the native Microlaena stipoides was less well defended under eCO2 in terms of both phenolics and silicon, and thus could suffer greater vulnerability to herbivores. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the impacts of eCO2 and eT on silicon accumulation in grasses. We speculate that the greater plasticity in silicon uptake shown by Australian native grasses may be partly a consequence of evolving in a low nutrient and seasonally arid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan E Hartley
- Department of Biology, York Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, UK
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198
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Mathias JM, Thomas RB. Disentangling the effects of acidic air pollution, atmospheric CO 2 , and climate change on recent growth of red spruce trees in the Central Appalachian Mountains. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3938-3953. [PMID: 29781219 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the 45 years after legislation of the Clean Air Act, there has been tremendous progress in reducing acidic air pollutants in the eastern United States, yet limited evidence exists that cleaner air has improved forest health. Here, we investigate the influence of recent environmental changes on the growth and physiology of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees, a key indicator species of forest health, spanning three locations along a 100 km transect in the Central Appalachian Mountains. We incorporated a multiproxy approach using 75-year tree ring chronologies of basal tree growth, carbon isotope discrimination (∆13 C, a proxy for leaf gas exchange), and δ15 N (a proxy for ecosystem N status) to examine tree and ecosystem level responses to environmental change. Results reveal the two most important factors driving increased tree growth since ca. 1989 are reductions in acidic sulfur pollution and increases in atmospheric CO2 , while reductions in pollutant emissions of NOx and warmer springs played smaller, but significant roles. Tree ring ∆13 C signatures increased significantly since 1989, concurrently with significant declines in tree ring δ15 N signatures. These isotope chronologies provide strong evidence that simultaneous changes in C and N cycling, including greater photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of trees and increases in ecosystem N retention, were related to recent increases in red spruce tree growth and are consequential to ecosystem recovery from acidic pollution. Intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) of the red spruce trees increased by ~51% across the 75-year chronology, and was driven by changes in atmospheric CO2 and acid pollution, but iWUE was not linked to recent increases in tree growth. This study documents the complex environmental interactions that have contributed to the recovery of red spruce forest ecosystems from pervasive acidic air pollution beginning in 1989, about 15 years after acidic pollutants started to decline in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Mathias
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Richard B Thomas
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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199
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Dong J, Gruda N, Lam SK, Li X, Duan Z. Effects of Elevated CO 2 on Nutritional Quality of Vegetables: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:924. [PMID: 30158939 PMCID: PMC6104417 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) enhances the yield of vegetables and could also affect their nutritional quality. We conducted a meta-analysis using 57 articles consisting of 1,015 observations and found that eCO2 increased the concentrations of fructose, glucose, total soluble sugar, total antioxidant capacity, total phenols, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and calcium in the edible part of vegetables by 14.2%, 13.2%, 17.5%, 59.0%, 8.9%, 45.5%, 9.5%, and 8.2%, respectively, but decreased the concentrations of protein, nitrate, magnesium, iron, and zinc by 9.5%, 18.0%, 9.2%, 16.0%, and 9.4%. The concentrations of titratable acidity, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, lycopene, anthocyanins, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, copper, and manganese were not affected by eCO2. Furthermore, we propose several approaches to improving vegetable quality based on the interaction of eCO2 with various factors, including species, cultivars, CO2 levels, growth stages, light, O3 stress, nutrient, and salinity. Finally, we present a summary of the eCO2 impact on the quality of three widely cultivated crops, namely, lettuce, tomato, and potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Nazim Gruda
- Division of Horticultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shu K. Lam
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengqiang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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200
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Teawkul P, Hwang SY. Subtropical Tritrophic Interactions Under Elevated CO2 and Temperature Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:902-907. [PMID: 29912301 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of climate change and extreme weather conditions on plants and animals have been documented extensively. However, the possible effects of these factors on plant-insect interactions in subtropical regions are relatively unexplored. The present study investigated the consequences of elevated CO2 and temperature on a tritrophic system (plant-insect-parasitoid) in subtropical regions. The experimental conditions were as follows: ambient CO2, 500 ppm; elevated CO2, 1,000 ppm; ambient temperature, 24/21°C (day/night); and elevated temperature, 29/26°C (day/night). Brassica oleracea var. italica foliar primary metabolites were quantified 6 wk after germination and insect feeding bioassays were subsequently conducted. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae were fed directly on these plants until pupal development. In addition, the second instar S. litura larvae were exposed to the parasitoid Snellenius manilae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) under the same plant treatment conditions. The results suggested that elevated CO2 has a major influence on plant performance and foliar quality. Elevated CO2 also affected the leaf area, foliar fresh and dry weights, and total nitrogen and carbohydrate contents. Elevated temperature reduced the larval development time and increased the growth rate of S. litura. Sn. manilae had a higher parasitism rate and shorter development time at elevated temperature compared with ambient temperature. These results suggested that the dynamic and communal structure of S. litura and its parasitoids requires comprehensive evaluation in terms of the changes in nutritional quality (bottom-up control) caused by the interactive effects of CO2 and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papitchaya Teawkul
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Yhi Hwang
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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