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Mills A, Nassabeh S, Hurley A, Shouldis L, Chantler PD, Dakhlallah D, Olfert IM. Influence of gestational window on offspring vascular health in rodents with in utero exposure to electronic cigarettes. J Physiol 2024; 602:4271-4289. [PMID: 39106241 PMCID: PMC11376404 DOI: 10.1113/jp286493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown cerebrovascular dysfunction in offspring with full-gestational electronic cigarette (Ecig) exposure, but little is known about how individual trimester exposure impacts offspring health. This study aimed to determine if there is a critical window during gestation that contributes to vascular and anxiety-like behavioural changes seen with full-term exposure. To test this, rats were time-mated, and the pregnant dams were randomly assigned to Ecig exposure during first trimester (gestational day, GD2-7), second trimester (GD8-14), third trimester (GD15-21) or full-term gestation (GD2-21). We also assessed the effect of maternal preconception exposure. Both male and female offspring from all maternal exposure conditions were compared to offspring from dams under ambient air (control) conditions. Ecig exposure consisted of 60-puffs/day (5 days/week) using either 5 or 30 watts for each respective exposure group. We found that maternal exposure to Ecig in the second and third trimesters resulted in a decrease (23-38%) in vascular reactivity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) reactivity in 3- and 6-month-old offspring compared to Air offspring. Further, the severity of impairment was comparable to the full-term exposure (31-46%). Offspring also displayed changes in body composition, body mass, anxiety-like behaviour and locomotor activity, indicating that Ecigs influence neurodevelopment and metabolism. Maternal preconception exposure showed no impact on offspring body mass, anxiety-like behaviour, or vascular function. Thus, the critical exposure window where Ecig affects vascular development in offspring occurs during mid- to late-gestation in pregnancy, and both 5 W and 30 W exposure produce significant vascular dysfunction compared to Air. KEY POINTS: Exposure to electronic cigarettes (Ecigs) is known to increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease in both animals and humans. Maternal Ecig use during pregnancy in rodents is found to impair the vascular health of adolescent and adult offspring, but the critical gestation window for Ecig-induced vascular impairment is not known. This study demonstrates Ecig exposure during mid- and late-gestation (i.e. second or third trimester) results in impaired endothelial cell-mediated dilatation (i.e. middle cerebral artery reactivity) and alters anxiety-like behaviour in offspring. Maternal exposure prior to conception did not impact offspring's vascular or anxiety-like behavioural outcomes. Rodent models have been a reliable and useful predictor of inhalation-induced harm to humans. These data indicate maternal use of Ecigs during pregnancy should not be considered safe, and begin to inform clinicians and women about potential long-term harm to their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Mills
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sydney Nassabeh
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Audra Hurley
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lainey Shouldis
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul D Chantler
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - I Mark Olfert
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Akter KA, Sharma S, Sifat AE, Zhang Y, Patel DK, Cucullo L, Abbruscato TJ. Metformin ameliorates neuroinflammatory environment for neurons and astrocytes during in vitro and in vivo stroke and tobacco smoke chemical exposure: Role of Nrf2 activation. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103266. [PMID: 39094400 PMCID: PMC11345405 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the protective nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain-protecting tissues, some types of CNS injury or stress can cause cerebral cytokine production and profound alterations in brain function. Neuroinflammation, which can also be accompanied by increased cerebral cytokine production, has a remarkable impact on the pathogenesis of many neurological illnesses, including loss of BBB integrity and ischemic stroke, yet effective treatment choices for these diseases are currently lacking. Although little is known about the brain effects of Metformin (MF), a commonly prescribed first-line antidiabetic drug, prior research suggested that it may be useful in preventing BBB deterioration and the increased risk of stroke caused by tobacco smoking (TS). Therefore, reducing neuroinflammation by escalating anti-inflammatory cytokine production and declining pro-inflammatory cytokine production could prove an effective therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Hence, the current investigation was planned to explore the potential role of MF against stroke and TS-induced neuroinflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our studies revealed that MF suppressed releasing pro-inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by aiming at the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in primary neurons and astrocytes. MF also upregulated anti-inflammatory mediators, like interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-4 (IL-4), by upregulating the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Adolescent mice receiving MF along with TS exposure also showed a notable decrease in NF-κB expression compared to the mice not treated with MF and significantly decreased the level of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and MIP-2 and increased the levels of IL-10 and IL-4 through the activation of Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. These results suggest that MF has anti-neuroinflammatory effects via inhibiting NF-κB signaling by activating Nrf2-ARE. These studies support that MF could be a strong candidate drug for treating and or preventing TS-induced neuroinflammation and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khondker Ayesha Akter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States.
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States.
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States.
| | - Dhaval Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States.
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Li X, Yuan L, Wang F. Health outcomes of electronic cigarettes. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:1903-1911. [PMID: 38973260 PMCID: PMC11332784 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The usage of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) sparked an outbreak of unidentified vaping-related lung disease in the US during late 2019. With e-cigarettes becoming more and more popular, smokers have more options other than conventional cigarettes. Under these circumstances, a comprehensive evaluation of the general safety of new tobacco and tobacco-related products, represented by e-cigarettes, to human health is necessary. In this review, we summarize the current research on potential negative impacts of e-cigarette exposure on human health. In particular, studies detailing the relationship between e-cigarettes and the digestive system are summarized, with mechanisms mainly including hepatic metabolic dysfunction, impaired gut barrier, and worsened outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although believed to be safer than traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes exert adverse effects on systemic health and induce the development of multiple diseases including asthma, cardiovascular disease, and IBD. Moreover, nicotine-containing e-cigarettes have a negative impact on the childhood development and increase the risk of arterial stiffness compared to the non-nicotine e-cigarettes. However, non-nicotine e-cigarette components have detrimental effects including promoting liver damage and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lingzhi Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Alateeq R, Akhtar A, De Luca SN, Chan SMH, Vlahos R. Apocynin Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior and Preserves Microglial Profiles in Male Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:855. [PMID: 39061923 PMCID: PMC11274253 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death globally and is primarily caused by cigarette smoking (CS). Neurocognitive comorbidities such as anxiety and cognitive impairments are common among people with COPD. CS-induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress may "spill-over" into the systemic circulation, driving the onset of these comorbidities. We investigated whether a prophylactic treatment with the NADPH Oxidase 2 (NOX2) inhibitor, apocynin, could prevent CS-induced neurocognitive impairments. Adult male BALB/c mice were exposed to CS (9 cigarettes/day, 5 days/week) or room air (sham) for 8 weeks with co-administration of apocynin (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection once daily) or vehicle (0.01% DMSO in saline). Following 7 weeks of CS exposure, mice underwent behavioral testing to assess recognition and spatial memory (novel object recognition and Y maze, respectively) and anxiety-like behaviors (open field and elevated plus maze). Mice were then euthanized, and blood, lungs, and brains were collected. Apocynin partially improved CS-induced lung neutrophilia and reversed systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde). Apocynin exerted an anxiolytic effect in CS-exposed mice, which was associated with restored microglial profiles within the amygdala and hippocampus. Thus, targeting oxidative stress using apocynin can alleviate anxiety-like behaviors and could represent a novel strategy for managing COPD-related anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ross Vlahos
- Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (R.A.); (A.A.); (S.N.D.L.)
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Asthana S, Pandey SK, Gautam AS, Singh RK. MK2 inhibitor PF-3644022 shows protective effect in mouse microglial N9 cell line induced with cigarette smoke extract. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 104:e14592. [PMID: 39013758 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is suggested as one of the potential links between CS-induced neuronal dysfunction. Cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the significant contributors of neuroinflammation, consequently leading to cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Microglia are the key resident macrophage cells in the brain with cell surface TLR4 receptor for responding to various stress signals. The CS constituents promote inflammation and oxidative stress in microglia leading to cytotoxicity through the TLR4-MK2 axis. However, the role of MK2 kinase in CS-induced microglial inflammation is not yet clearly understood. Therefore, we have used an MK2 inhibitor, PF-3644022 to study modulation of CS-extract induced oxidative and inflammatory signaling in a mouse microglial cell line, Furthermore, we also evaluated the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on a direct exposure of enzyme with CS. CS exposure led to microglial cytotoxicity and enhanced the level of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine release by microglial cells. The microglial cells pretreated with MK2 inhibitor, PF-3644022 significantly reduced the levels of oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory markers, and improved the level of antioxidant proteins in these cells. In addition, direct exposure of CS showed reduction in the enzymatic activity of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Asthana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivam Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avtar Singh Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Togre NS, Melaka N, Bhoj PS, Mogadala N, Winfield M, Trivedi J, Grove D, Kotnala S, Rom SS, Sriram U, Persidsky Y. Neuroinflammatory Responses and Blood-Brain Barrier Injury in Chronic Alcohol Exposure: Role of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor Signaling. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4350949. [PMID: 38766082 PMCID: PMC11100971 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4350949/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption leads to neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, resulting in neurological impairment. We previously demonstrated that ethanol-induced disruption of barrier function in human brain endothelial cells was associated with mitochondrial injury, increased ATP and extracellular vesicle (EV) release, and purinergic receptor P2X7R activation. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of P2X7r blockade on peripheral and neuro-inflammation in EtOH-exposed mice. In a chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE)-exposed mouse model, P2X7R was inhibited by two different methods: Brilliant Blue G (BBG) or gene knockout. We assessed blood ethanol concentration (BEC), plasma P2X7R and P-gp, number of extra-cellular vesicles (EV), serum ATP and EV-ATP levels. Brain microvessel gene expression and EV mtDNA copy numbers were measured by RT2 PCR array and digital PCR, respectively. A RT2 PCR array of brain microvessels revealed significant upregulation of proinflammatory genes involved in apoptosis, vasodilation, and platelet activation in CIE-exposed animals, which were decreased 15-50-fold in BBG-treated CIE-exposed animals. Plasma P-gp levels and serum P2X7R shedding were significantly increased in CIE-exposed animals. Pharmacological or genetic suppression of P2X7R decreased P2X7R shedding to levels equivalent to those in control group. The increase in EV number and EV-ATP content in the CIE-exposed mice was significantly reduced by P2X7R inhibition. CIE mice showed augmented EV-mtDNA copy numbers which were reduced in EVs after P2X7R inhibition or receptor knockout. These observations suggested that P2X7R signaling plays a critical role in ethanol-induced brain injury. Increased eATP, EV-ATP, EV numbers, and EV-mtDNA copy numbers highlight a new mechanism of brain injury during alcohol exposure via P2X7R and biomarkers of such damage. In this study, for the first time, we report the in vivo involvement of P2X7R signaling in CIE-induced brain injury.
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Donlon J, Kumari P, Varghese SP, Bai M, Florentin OD, Frost ED, Banks J, Vadlapatla N, Kam O, Shad MU, Rahman S, Abulseoud OA, Stone TW, Koola MM. Integrative Pharmacology in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders. J Dual Diagn 2024; 20:132-177. [PMID: 38117676 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2023.2293854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental physical, mental, and socioeconomic effects of substance use disorders (SUDs) have been apparent to the medical community for decades. However, it has become increasingly urgent in recent years to develop novel pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs. Currently, practitioners typically rely on monotherapy. Monotherapy has been shown to be superior to no treatment at all for most substance classes. However, many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have revealed that monotherapy leads to poorer outcomes when compared with combination treatment in all specialties of medicine. The results of RCTs suggest that monotherapy frequently fails since multiple dysregulated pathways, enzymes, neurotransmitters, and receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of SUDs. As such, research is urgently needed to determine how various neurobiological mechanisms can be targeted by novel combination treatments to create increasingly specific yet exceedingly comprehensive approaches to SUD treatment. This article aims to review the neurobiology that integrates many pathophysiologic mechanisms and discuss integrative pharmacology developments that may ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients with SUDs. Many neurobiological mechanisms are known to be involved in SUDs including dopaminergic, nicotinic, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and kynurenic acid (KYNA) mechanisms. Emerging evidence indicates that KYNA, a tryptophan metabolite, modulates all these major pathophysiologic mechanisms. Therefore, achieving KYNA homeostasis by harmonizing integrative pathophysiology and pharmacology could prove to be a better therapeutic approach for SUDs. We propose KYNA-NMDA-α7nAChRcentric pathophysiology, the "conductor of the orchestra," as a novel approach to treat many SUDs concurrently. KYNA-NMDA-α7nAChR pathophysiology may be the "command center" of neuropsychiatry. To date, extant RCTs have shown equivocal findings across comparison conditions, possibly because investigators targeted single pathophysiologic mechanisms, hit wrong targets in underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, and tested inadequate monotherapy treatment. We provide examples of potential combination treatments that simultaneously target multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms in addition to KYNA. Kynurenine pathway metabolism demonstrates the greatest potential as a target for neuropsychiatric diseases. The investigational medications with the most evidence include memantine, galantamine, and N-acetylcysteine. Future RCTs are warranted with novel combination treatments for SUDs. Multicenter RCTs with integrative pharmacology offer a promising, potentially fruitful avenue to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Donlon
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pooja Kumari
- Community Living Trent Highlands, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Sajoy P Varghese
- Addiction Recovery Treatment Services, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael Bai
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ori David Florentin
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Emma D Frost
- Department of Neurology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - John Banks
- Talkiatry Mental Health Clinic, New York, New York, USA
| | - Niyathi Vadlapatla
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Olivia Kam
- Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Mujeeb U Shad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Alix School of Medicine at Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Trevor W Stone
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maju Mathew Koola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Cooper University Health Care, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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Chen J, Lai X, Song Y, Su X. Neuroimmune recognition and regulation in the respiratory system. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:240008. [PMID: 38925790 PMCID: PMC11216688 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0008-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune recognition and regulation in the respiratory system is a complex and highly coordinated process involving interactions between the nervous and immune systems to detect and respond to pathogens, pollutants and other potential hazards in the respiratory tract. This interaction helps maintain the health and integrity of the respiratory system. Therefore, understanding the complex interactions between the respiratory nervous system and immune system is critical to maintaining lung health and developing treatments for respiratory diseases. In this review, we summarise the projection distribution of different types of neurons (trigeminal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, spinal dorsal root nerve, sympathetic nerve) in the respiratory tract. We also introduce several types of cells in the respiratory epithelium that closely interact with nerves (pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, brush cells, solitary chemosensory cells and tastebuds). These cells are primarily located at key positions in the respiratory tract, where nerves project to them, forming neuroepithelial recognition units, thus enhancing the ability of neural recognition. Furthermore, we summarise the roles played by these different neurons in sensing or responding to specific pathogens (influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, herpes viruses, Sendai parainfluenza virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, amoebae), allergens, atmospheric pollutants (smoking, exhaust pollution), and their potential roles in regulating interactions among different pathogens. We also summarise the prospects of bioelectronic medicine as a third therapeutic approach following drugs and surgery, as well as the potential mechanisms of meditation breathing as an adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaoyun Lai
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Khanagar SB, AlBalawi F, Alshehri A, Awawdeh M, Iyer K, Kumar Bijai L, Aldhebaib A, Gokulchandra Singh O. Unveiling the Impact of Electronic Cigarettes (EC) on Health: An Evidence-Based Review of EC as an Alternative to Combustible Cigarettes. Cureus 2024; 16:e56451. [PMID: 38638766 PMCID: PMC11024731 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been considered a major public health concern due to its serious impact on health. However, smokers intending to quit may find long-term abstinence challenging. When smoking an electronic cigarette (EC), users can experience a sensation and taste similar to that of smoking a combustible cigarette. Therefore, manufacturers promote these products as a viable substitute for combustible cigarettes. However, several researchers report the serious health impacts experienced by EC users. Therefore, this review aims to examine the health impacts of EC use. Based on the findings of the research papers reported in the literature, the role of EC as a smoking cessation tool is unclear. Several researchers have also reported a significant association between EC usage among non-smokers at baseline and the future initiation of combustible cigarette smoking. EC use significantly impacts user health. The nicotine that is present in EC e-liquids can elevate blood pressure, resulting in blood vessel constriction and an increase in heart rate, ultimately leading the body to an ischemic condition, resulting in myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and increased arterial stiffness. Researchers report a higher likelihood of prediabetes among EC users; its usage was associated with higher OR of having asthma attacks and higher OR of reporting depression and has an impact on birth outcomes among pregnant women. Men using EC are more likely to report erectile dysfunction than non-users. EC also has a significant impact on oral health, which includes periodontal diseases, mucosal lesions, irritation in the mouth and throat, reduced salivary flow, and an increased risk of developing cancer. The physical injury resulting from exploding EC is another health concern. The frequently burned areas included the hands, face, genitalia, and thighs. Marketers promote EC as an alternative to combustible cigarettes and a tool for quitting smoking. However, the Food and Drug Administration has not approved them for smoking cessation. EC can have a serious impact on the health of their users; hence, the findings of this paper have several implications, including the need for regulation of the sales and marketing of these products and educating the users on the impact of these products on their health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev B Khanagar
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Farraj AlBalawi
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Aram Alshehri
- Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Mohammed Awawdeh
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Kiran Iyer
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Laliytha Kumar Bijai
- Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ali Aldhebaib
- Radiological Sciences Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Oinam Gokulchandra Singh
- Radiological Sciences Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
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Mekala N, Trivedi J, Bhoj P, Togre N, Rom S, Sriram U, Persidsky Y. Alcohol and e-cigarette damage alveolar-epithelial barrier by activation of P2X7r and provoke brain endothelial injury via extracellular vesicles. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:39. [PMID: 38225580 PMCID: PMC10789007 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of nicotine containing products like electronic cigarettes (e-Cig) and alcohol are associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization, resulting in the extracellular release of ATP, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mediating inflammatory responses. While nicotine effects on lungs is well-known, chronic alcohol (ETH) exposure also weakens lung immune responses and cause inflammation. Extracellular ATP (eATP) released by inflammatory/stressed cells stimulate purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7r) activation in adjacent cells. We hypothesized that injury caused by alcohol and e-Cig to pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (hPAEpiC) promote the release of eATP, mtDNA and P2X7r in circulation. This induces a paracrine signaling communication either directly or via EVs to affect brain cells (human brain endothelial cells - hBMVEC). METHODS We used a model of primary human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (hPAEpiC) and exposed the cells to 100 mM ethanol (ETH), 100 µM acetaldehyde (ALD), or e-Cig (1.75 µg/mL of 1.8% or 0% nicotine) conditioned media, and measured the mitochondrial efficiency using Agilent Seahorse machine. Gene expression was measured by Taqman RT-qPCR and digital PCR. hPAEpiC-EVs were extracted from culture supernatant and characterized by flow cytometric analysis. Calcium (Ca2+) and eATP levels were quantified using commercial kits. To study intercellular communication via paracrine signaling or by EVs, we stimulated hBMVECs with hPAEpiC cell culture medium conditioned with ETH, ALD or e-cig or hPAEpiC-EVs and measured Ca2+ levels. RESULTS ETH, ALD, or e-Cig (1.8% nicotine) stimulation depleted the mitochondrial spare respiration capacity in hPAEpiC. We observed increased expression of P2X7r and TRPV1 genes (3-6-fold) and increased intracellular Ca2+ accumulation (20-30-fold increase) in hPAEpiC, resulting in greater expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers. hPAEpiC stimulated by ETH, ALD, and e-Cig conditioned media shed more EVs with larger particle sizes, carrying higher amounts of eATP and mtDNA. ETH, ALD and e-Cig (1.8% nicotine) exposure also increased the P2X7r shedding in media and via EVs. hPAEpiC-EVs carrying P2X7r and eATP cargo triggered paracrine signaling in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) and increased Ca2+ levels. P2X7r inhibition by A804598 compound normalized mitochondrial spare respiration, reduced ER stress and diminished EV release, thus protecting the BBB function. CONCLUSION Abusive drugs like ETH and e-Cig promote mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hPAEpiC and disrupts the cell functions via P2X7 receptor signaling. EVs released by lung epithelial cells against ETH/e-cig insults, carry a cargo of secondary messengers that stimulate brain cells via paracrine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Mekala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jayshil Trivedi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Priyanka Bhoj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Namdev Togre
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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11
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López-Ojeda W, Hurley RA. Vaping and the Brain: Effects of Electronic Cigarettes and E-Liquid Substances. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 36:A41-5. [PMID: 38226910 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20230184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo López-Ojeda
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine (López-Ojeda, Hurley) and Department of Radiology (Hurley), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C.; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
| | - Robin A Hurley
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine (López-Ojeda, Hurley) and Department of Radiology (Hurley), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C.; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
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12
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Mekala N, Trivedi J, Bhoj P, Togre N, Rom S, Sriram U, Persidsky Y. Alcohol and e-cigarette damage alveolar-epithelial barrier by activation of P2X7r and provoke brain endothelial injury via extracellular vesicles. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3552555. [PMID: 38014253 PMCID: PMC10680944 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3552555/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Use of nicotine containing products like electronic cigarettes (e-Cig) and alcohol are associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization, resulting in the extracellular release of ATP, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mediating inflammatory responses. While nicotine effects on lungs is well-known, chronic alcohol (ETH) exposure also weakens lung immune responses and cause inflammation. Extracellular ATP (eATP) released by inflammatory/stressed cells stimulate purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7r) activation in adjacent cells. We hypothesized that injury caused by alcohol and e-Cig to pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (hPAEpiC) promote the release of eATP, mtDNA and P2X7r in circulation. This induces a paracrine signaling communication either directly or via EVs to affect brain cells (human brain endothelial cells - hBMVEC). Methods We used a model of primary human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (hPAEpiC) and exposed the cells to 100 mM ethanol (ETH), 100 μM acetaldehyde (ALD), or e-Cig (1.75μg/mL of 1.8% or 0% nicotine) conditioned media, and measured the mitochondrial efficiency using Agilent Seahorse machine. Gene expression was measured by Taqman RT-qPCR and digital PCR. hPAEpiC-EVs were extracted from culture supernatant and characterized by flow cytometric analysis. Calcium (Ca2+) and eATP levels were quantified using commercial kits. To study intercellular communication via paracrine signaling or by EVs, we stimulated hBMVECs with hPAEpiC cell culture medium conditioned with ETH, ALD or e-cig or hPAEpiC-EVs and measured Ca2+ levels. Results ETH, ALD, or e-Cig (1.8% nicotine) stimulation depleted the mitochondrial spare respiration capacity in hPAEpiC. We observed increased expression of P2X7r and TRPV1 genes (3-6-fold) and increased intracellular Ca2+ accumulation (20-30-fold increase) in hPAEpiC, resulting in greater expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers. hPAEpiC stimulated by ETH, ALD, and e-Cig conditioned media shed more EVs with larger particle sizes, carrying higher amounts of eATP and mtDNA. ETH, ALD and e-Cig (1.8% nicotine) exposure also increased the P2X7r shedding in media and via EVs. hPAEpiC-EVs carrying P2X7r and eATP cargo triggered paracrine signaling in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) and increased Ca2+ levels. P2X7r inhibition by A804598 compound normalized mitochondrial spare respiration, reduced ER stress and diminished EV release, thus protecting the BBB function. Conclusion Abusive drugs like ETH and e-Cig promote mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hPAEpiC and disrupts the cell functions via P2X7 receptor signaling. EVs released by lung epithelial cells against ETH/e-cig insults, carry a cargo of secondary messengers that stimulate brain cells via paracrine signals.
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13
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Goros RA, Xu X, Li G, Zuo YY. Adverse Biophysical Impact of e-Cigarette Flavors on Pulmonary Surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15882-15891. [PMID: 37824199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The attractiveness and abundance of flavors are primary factors eliciting youth to use e-cigarettes. Emerging studies in recent years revealed the adverse health impact of e-cigarette flavoring chemicals, including disruption of the biophysical function of pulmonary surfactants in the lung. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the biophysical impact of various flavoring chemicals is still lacking. We used constrained drop surfactometry as a new alternative method to study the biophysical impact of flavored e-cigarette aerosols on an animal-derived natural pulmonary surfactant. The dose of exposure to e-cigarette aerosols was quantified with a quartz crystal microbalance, and alterations to the ultrastructure of the surfactant film were visualized using atomic force microscopy. We have systematically studied eight representative flavoring chemicals (benzyl alcohol, menthol, maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, ethyl acetate, and ethyl butyrate) and six popular recombinant flavors (coffee, vanilla, tobacco, cotton candy, menthol/mint, and chocolate). Our results suggested a flavor-dependent inhibitory effect of e-cigarette aerosols on the biophysical properties of the pulmonary surfactant. A qualitative phase diagram was proposed to predict the hazardous potential of various flavoring chemicals. These results provide novel implications in understanding the environmental, health, and safety impacts of e-cigarette aerosols and may contribute to better regulation of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria A Goros
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Guangle Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826, United States
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14
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Chaaya R, Steele JR, Oliver BG, Chen H, Machaalani R. Effects of e-vapour and high-fat diet on the immunohistochemical staining of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, apoptosis, microglia and astrocytes in the adult male mouse hippocampus. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 132:102303. [PMID: 37343645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of e-cigarettes/e-vapour, and the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD), are two popular lifestyle choices associated with alterations in the hippocampus. This study, using a mouse model, investigated the effects of exposure to e-vapour (± nicotine) and HFD (43% fat) consumption, on the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits α3, α4, α7 and β2, apoptosis markers caspase-3 and TUNEL, microglial marker Iba-1, and astrocyte marker GFAP, in hippocampal subregions of dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu ammonis (CA) 1-3. The major findings included: (1) HFD alone had minimal effect with no consistent pattern or interaction between the markers, (2) E-vapour (± nicotine) predominantly affected the CA2 subregion, decreasing α7 and β2 nAChR subunits and Iba-1, (3) Nicotine e-vapour increased TUNEL across all subregions, and (4) HFD, in the presence of nicotine-free e-vapour, decreased caspase-3 and increased TUNEL across all regions, and decreased Iba-1 in the CA subregions, while HFD and nicotine-containing e-vapour, subregion specifically affected the α3, α4 and α7 nAChR subunits, with a protective effect against change in GFAP in the DG and Iba-1 in the CA1 and CA3. These findings highlight that e-vapour itself alters nAChRs, particularly in the CA2 subregion, associated with a decrease in neuroinflammatory response (Iba-1) across the whole hippocampus, and the addition of nicotine increases cell apoptosis across the whole hippocampus. HFD alone was not detrimental in our model, but in the presence of nicotine-free e-vapour, it differentially affected apoptosis, while the addition of nicotine increased nAChR subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Chaaya
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joel R Steele
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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15
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Tian ZR, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Sharma S, Feng L, Zhang Z, Li C, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Sjöqvisst PO, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nicotine neurotoxicity exacerbation following engineered Ag and Cu (50-60 nm) nanoparticles intoxication. Neuroprotection with nanowired delivery of antioxidant compound H-290/51 together with serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 172:189-233. [PMID: 37833012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine abuse is frequent worldwide leading to about 8 millions people die every year due to tobacco related diseases. Military personnel often use nicotine smoking that is about 12.8% higher than civilian populations. Nicotine smoking triggers oxidative stress and are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Nicotine neurotoxicity induces significant depression and oxidative stress in the brain leading to neurovascular damages and brain pathology. Thus, details of nicotine neurotoxicity and factors influencing them require additional investigations. In this review, effects of engineered nanoparticles from metals Ag and Cu (50-60 nm) on nicotine neurotoxicity are discussed with regard to nicotine smoking. Military personnel often work in the environment where chances of nanoparticles exposure are quite common. In our earlier studies, we have shown that nanoparticles alone induces breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbates brain pathology in animal models. In present investigation, nicotine exposure in with Ag or Cu nanoparticles intoxicated group exacerbated BBB breakdown, induce oxidative stress and aggravate brain pathology. Treatment with nanowired H-290/51 a potent chain-breaking antioxidant together with nanowired ondansetron, a potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist significantly reduced oxidative stress, BBB breakdown and brain pathology in nicotine exposure associated with Ag or Cu nanoparticles intoxication. The functional significance of this findings and possible mechanisms of nicotine neurotoxicity are discussed based on current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; ''RoNeuro'' Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Mircea Eliade Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Suraj Sharma
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, BTH, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, BTH, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade road No.111, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade road No.111, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Per-Ove Sjöqvisst
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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16
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Cardenas HL, Evanoff NG, Fandl HK, Berry AR, Wegerson KN, Ostrander EI, Greiner JJ, Dufresne SR, Kotlyar M, Dengel DR, DeSouza CA, Garcia VP. Endothelial-derived extracellular vesicles associated with electronic cigarette use impair cerebral microvascular cell function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:271-278. [PMID: 37348012 PMCID: PMC10393369 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00243.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of circulating endothelial cell-derived microvesicles (EMVs) isolated from e-cigarette users on human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMECs) nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET)-1 production and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) release. Circulating EMVs (CD144-PE) were isolated (flow cytometry) from 27 young adults (19-25 yr): 10 nonsmokers (6 M/4 F), 10 e-cigarette users (6 M/4 F), and 7 tobacco cigarette smokers (4 M/3 F). hCMECs were cultured and treated with isolated EMVs for 24 h. EMVs from e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers induced significantly higher expression of p-eNOS (Thr495; 28.4 ± 4.6 vs. 29.1 ± 2.8 vs. 22.9 ± 3.8 AU), Big ET-1 (138.8 ± 19.0 vs. 141.7 ± 19.1 vs. 90.3 ± 18.8 AU) and endothelin converting enzyme (107.6 ± 10.1 and 113.5 ± 11.8 vs. 86.5 ± 13.2 AU), and significantly lower expression of p-eNOS (Ser1177; 7.4 ± 1.7 vs. 6.5 ± 0.5 vs. 9.7 ± 1.6 AU) in hCMECs than EMVs from nonsmokers. NO production was significantly lower and ET-1 production was significantly higher in hCMECs treated with EMVs from e-cigarette (5.7 ± 0.8 µmol/L; 33.1 ± 2.9 pg/mL) and cigarette smokers (6.3 ± 0.7 µmol/L; 32.1 ± 3.9 pg/mL) than EMVs from nonsmokers (7.6 ± 1.2 µmol/L; 27.9 ± 3.1 pg/mL). t-PA release in response to thrombin was significantly lower in hCMECs treated with EMVs from e-cigarette users (from 38.8 ± 6.3 to 37.4 ± 8.3 pg/mL) and cigarette smokers (31.5 ± 5.5 to 34.6 ± 8.4 pg/mL) than EMVs from nonsmokers (38.9 ± 4.3 to 48.4 ± 7.9 pg/mL). There were no significant differences in NO, ET-1, or t-PA protein expression or production in hCMECs treated with EMVs from e-cigarette users and smokers. Circulating EMVs associated with e-cigarette use adversely affects brain microvascular endothelial cells and may contribute to reported cerebrovascular dysfunction with e-cigarette use.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, we determined the effect of circulating endothelial cell-derived microvesicles (EMVs) isolated from e-cigarette users on human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMECs) nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET)-1 production and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) release. EMVs from e-cigarette users reduced brain microvascular endothelial cell NO production, enhanced ET-1 production, and impaired endothelial t-PA release. EMVs are a potential mediating factor in the increased risk of stroke associated with e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Cardenas
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Nicholas G Evanoff
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Hannah K Fandl
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Auburn R Berry
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Kendra N Wegerson
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Emily I Ostrander
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Jared J Greiner
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Sheena R Dufresne
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Michael Kotlyar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Donald R Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christopher A DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Vinicius P Garcia
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
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Aiken AH, Tagliaferri AR, Conforti M, Khilnani R. Intracranial Hemorrhage Secondary to Vaping: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e40288. [PMID: 37448426 PMCID: PMC10336739 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaping and marijuana use are becoming more common and accessible in young adults. However, questions remain regarding their long-term health implications. Current literature does not suggest that vaping causes intracranial hemorrhages. Here, we present a case of a 32-year-old male with no medical history other than vaping and marijuana use, who was found to have an acute intraventricular hemorrhage presenting as syncope. This paper explores the relationships between vaping, marijuana use, and strokes in the general population, and further elaborates on the effects of vaping in young adults. We hope to raise awareness of the negative health implications vaping has on otherwise healthy patients and encourage clinicians to take thorough histories and identify those who vape so that comprehensive education can be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle H Aiken
- Internal Medicine, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, USA
| | | | - Mark Conforti
- Internal Medicine, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, USA
- Internal Medicine, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, USA
| | - Roshni Khilnani
- Psychiatry, Bergen New Bridge Medical Center, Paramus, USA
- Internal Medicine, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, USA
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18
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Daiber A, Kuntic M, Oelze M, Hahad O, Münzel T. E-cigarette effects on vascular function in animals and humans. Pflugers Arch 2023:10.1007/s00424-023-02813-z. [PMID: 37084087 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco cigarettes is a significant (cardiovascular) health risk factor. Although the number of tobacco cigarette users declined over the last decades, shisha smoking and e-cigarette vaping partially compensated for this health benefit. E-cigarettes may create highly addicted dual users (vaping and smoking). E-cigarettes seem not to represent a healthier alternative to tobacco smoking, although they may be less harmful. E-cigarette vaping causes oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and associated cardiovascular sequelae. This is primarily due to a significant overlap of toxic compounds in the vapor compared to tobacco smoke and, accordingly, a substantial overlap of pathomechanistic features between vaping and smoking. Whereas the main toxins in vapor are reactive aldehydes such as formaldehyde and acrolein, the toxic mixture in smoke is more complex, comprising particulate matter, reactive gases, transition metals, volatile organic compounds, and N-nitrosamines. However, it seems that both lifestyle drugs impair endothelial function to a quite similar extent, which may be due to the role of oxidative stress as the central pathomechanism to mediate endothelial dysfunction and vascular damage. Finally, the main selling argument for e-cigarette use that they help to quit smoking and get rid of nicotine addiction may be false because it seems that e-cigarettes instead trigger the opposite-younger entrance age and more frequent use. With our review, we summarize the adverse health impact of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes, emphasizing the detrimental effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology 1, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology 1, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Department of Cardiology 1, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology 1, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology 1, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Ranpara A, Stefaniak AB, Fernandez E, Bowers LN, Arnold ED, LeBouf RF. Influence of puff topographies on e-liquid heating temperature, emission characteristics and modeled lung deposition of Puff Bar ™. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2023; 57:450-466. [PMID: 37969359 PMCID: PMC10641718 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2190786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Puff Bar™, one of the latest designs of e-cigarettes, heats a mixture of liquid using a battery-powered coil at certain temperatures to emit aerosol. This study presents a mass-based characterization of emissions from seven flavors of Puff Bar™ devices by aerosolizing with three puff topographies [(puff volume: 55 < 65 < 75-mL) within 4-seconds at 30-seconds interval]. We evaluated the effects of puff topographies on heating temperatures; characterized particles using a cascade impactor; and measured volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs). Modeled dosimetry and calculated mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) were used to estimate regional, total respiratory deposition of the inhaled aerosol and exhaled fractions that could pose secondhand exposure risk. Temperatures of Puff Bar™ e-liquids increased with increasing puff volumes: 55mL (116.6 °C), 65 mL (128.3 °C), and 75mL (168.9 °C). Flavor types significantly influenced MMADs, total mass of particles, and VCCs (μg/puff: 2.15-2.30) in Puff Bar™ emissions (p < 0.05). Increasing puff volume (mL:55 < 65 < 75) significantly increased total mass (mg/puff: 4.6 < 5.6 < 6.2) of particles without substantially changing MMADs (~1μm:1.02~0.99~0.98). Aerosol emissions were estimated to deposit in the pulmonary region of e-cigarette user (41-44%), which could have toxicological importance. More than 2/3 (67-77%) of inhaled particles were estimated to be exhaled by users, which could affect bystanders. The VCCs measured contained carcinogens-formaldehyde (29.6%) and acetaldehyde (16.4%)-as well as respiratory irritants: acetone (23.9%), isovaleraldehyde (14.5%), and acrolein (4.9%). As Puff Bar™ emissions contain respirable particles and harmful chemicals, efforts should be made to minimize exposures, especially in indoor settings where people (including vulnerable populations) spend most of their life-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ranpara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Health Science Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Arnold
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wang J, Dong L, Liu S, Li S, Wu Q. Purinergic signaling: A gatekeeper of blood-brain barrier permeation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1112758. [PMID: 36825149 PMCID: PMC9941648 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review outlined evidence that purinergic signaling is involved in the modulation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. The functional and structural integrity of the BBB is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. BBB integrity is maintained primarily by endothelial cells and basement membrane but also be regulated by pericytes, neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we summarized the purinergic receptors and nucleotidases expressed on BBB cells and focused on the regulation of BBB permeability by purinergic signaling. The permeability of BBB is regulated by a series of purinergic receptors classified as P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y12, P2X4, P2X7, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, which serve as targets for endogenous ATP, ADP, or adenosine. P2Y1 and P2Y4 antagonists could attenuate BBB damage. In contrast, P2Y12-mediated chemotaxis of microglial cell processes is necessary for rapid closure of the BBB after BBB breakdown. Antagonists of P2X4 and P2X7 inhibit the activation of these receptors, reduce the release of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and promote the function of BBB closure. In addition, the CD39/CD73 nucleotidase axis participates in extracellular adenosine metabolism and promotes BBB permeability through A1 and A2A on BBB cells. Furthermore, A2B and A3 receptor agonists protect BBB integrity. Thus, the regulation of the BBB by purinergic signaling is complex and affects the opening and closing of the BBB through different pathways. Appropriate selective agonists/antagonists of purinergic receptors and corresponding enzyme inhibitors could modulate the permeability of the BBB, effectively delivering therapeutic drugs/cells to the central nervous system (CNS) or limiting the entry of inflammatory immune cells into the brain and re-establishing CNS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junmeng Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Longcong Dong
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sihui Li
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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21
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Zhao+ K, Li + J, Zhou P, Xu L, Yang M. Is electronic cigarette use a risk factor for stroke?
A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20:101. [DOI: 10.18332/tid/154364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Mekala N, Gheewala N, Rom S, Sriram U, Persidsky Y. Blocking of P2X7r Reduces Mitochondrial Stress Induced by Alcohol and Electronic Cigarette Exposure in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1328. [PMID: 35883819 PMCID: PMC9311929 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in both humans and animal models demonstrated that chronic alcohol/e-cigarette (e-Cig) exposure affects mitochondrial function and impairs barrier function in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs). Identification of the signaling pathways by which chronic alcohol/e-Cig exposure induces mitochondrial damage in BMVEC is vital for protection of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To address the issue, we treated human BMVEC [hBMVECs (D3 cell-line)] with ethanol (ETH) [100 mM], acetaldehyde (ALD) [100 μM], or e-cigarette (e-Cig) [35 ng/mL of 1.8% or 0% nicotine] conditioned medium and showed reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) measured by a Seahorse analyzer. Seahorse data were further complemented with the expression of mitochondrial OXPHOS proteins detected by Western blots. We also observed cytosolic escape of ATP and its extracellular release due to the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by ETH, ALD, or 1.8% e-Cig exposure. Moreover ETH, ALD, or 1.8% e-Cig treatment resulted in elevated purinergic P2X7r and TRPV1 channel gene expression, measured using qPCR. We also demonstrated the protective role of P2X7r antagonist A804598 (10 μM) in restoring mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation levels and preventing extracellular ATP release. In a BBB functional assay using trans-endothelial electrical resistance, we showed that blocking the P2X7r channel enhanced barrier function. In summary, we identified the potential common pathways of mitochondrial injury caused by ETH, ALD, and 1.8% e-Cig which allow new protective interventions. We are further investigating the potential link between P2X7 regulatory pathways and mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (N.M.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
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Zhao Y, Gan L, Ren L, Lin Y, Ma C, Lin X. Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147937. [PMID: 35568085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic structure that protects the brain from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances and maintains the homeostatic microenvironment. All constituent cell types play indispensable roles in the BBB's integrity, and other structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, adherens junctions, and junctional proteins, can control the barrier permeability. Regarding the need to exchange nutrients and toxic materials, solute carriers, ATP-binding case families, and ion transporter, as well as transcytosis regulate the influx and efflux transport, while the difference in localisation and expression can contribute to functional differences in transport properties. Numerous chemical mediators and other factors such as non-physicochemical factors have been identified to alter BBB permeability by mediating the structural components and barrier function, because of the close relationship with inflammation. In this review, we highlight recently gained mechanistic insights into the maintenance and disruption of the BBB. A better understanding of the factors influencing BBB permeability could contribute to supporting promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and the delivery of central nervous system drugs via BBB permeability interventions under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ren
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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Impact of Electronic Cigarette Vaping on Cerebral Ischemia: What We Know So Far. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:923-938. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Moshensky A, Brand CS, Alhaddad H, Shin J, Masso-Silva JA, Advani I, Gunge D, Sharma A, Mehta S, Jahan A, Nilaad S, Olay J, Gu W, Simonson T, Almarghalani D, Pham J, Perera S, Park K, Al-Kolla R, Moon H, Das S, Byun MK, Shah Z, Sari Y, Heller Brown J, Crotty Alexander LE. Effects of mango and mint pod-based e-cigarette aerosol inhalation on inflammatory states of the brain, lung, heart, and colon in mice. eLife 2022; 11:e67621. [PMID: 35411847 PMCID: PMC9005188 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While health effects of conventional tobacco are well defined, data on vaping devices, including one of the most popular e-cigarettes which have high nicotine levels, are less established. Prior acute e-cigarette studies have demonstrated inflammatory and cardiopulmonary physiology changes while chronic studies have demonstrated extra-pulmonary effects, including neurotransmitter alterations in reward pathways. In this study we investigated the impact of inhalation of aerosols produced from pod-based, flavored e-cigarettes (JUUL) aerosols three times daily for 3 months on inflammatory markers in the brain, lung, heart, and colon. JUUL aerosol exposure induced upregulation of cytokine and chemokine gene expression and increased HMGB1 and RAGE in the nucleus accumbens in the central nervous system. Inflammatory gene expression increased in the colon, while gene expression was more broadly altered by e-cigarette aerosol inhalation in the lung. Cardiopulmonary inflammatory responses to acute lung injury with lipopolysaccharide were exacerbated in the heart. Flavor-specific findings were detected across these studies. Our findings suggest that daily e-cigarette use may cause neuroinflammation, which may contribute to behavioral changes and mood disorders. In addition, e-cigarette use may cause gut inflammation, which has been tied to poor systemic health, and cardiac inflammation, which leads to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Moshensky
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Cameron S Brand
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToledoToledoUnited States
| | - John Shin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Jorge A Masso-Silva
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Ira Advani
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Deepti Gunge
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Sagar Mehta
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Arya Jahan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Sedtavut Nilaad
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Jarod Olay
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Wanjun Gu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Tatum Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Daniyah Almarghalani
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToledoToledoUnited States
| | - Josephine Pham
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Samantha Perera
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Kenneth Park
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Rita Al-Kolla
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Hoyoung Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Min Kwang Byun
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Zahoor Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToledoToledoUnited States
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToledoToledoUnited States
| | - Joan Heller Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)San DiegoUnited States
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De Luca SN, Brassington K, Chan SMH, Dobric A, Mou K, Seow HJ, Vlahos R. Ebselen prevents cigarette smoke-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice by preserving hippocampal synaptophysin expression. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:72. [PMID: 35351173 PMCID: PMC8966248 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking (CS) is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The “spill-over” of pulmonary inflammation into the systemic circulation may damage the brain, leading to cognitive dysfunction. Cessation of CS can improve pulmonary and neurocognitive outcomes, however, its benefit on the neuroinflammatory profile remains uncertain. Here, we investigate how CS exposure impairs neurocognition and whether this can be reversed with CS cessation or an antioxidant treatment. Methods Male BALB/c mice were exposed to CS (9 cigarettes/day for 8 weeks) followed by 4 weeks of CS cessation. Another cohort of CS-exposed mice were co-administrated with a glutathione peroxidase mimetic, ebselen (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (5% CM-cellulose). We assessed pulmonary inflammation, spatial and working memory, and the hippocampal microglial, oxidative and synaptic profiles. Results CS exposure increased lung inflammation which was reduced following CS cessation. CS caused spatial and working memory impairments which were attributed to hippocampal microglial activation and suppression of synaptophysin. CS cessation did not improve memory deficits or alter microglial activation. Ebselen completely prevented the CS-induced working and spatial memory impairments, which was associated with restored synaptophysin expression without altering microglial activation. Conclusion We were able to model the CS-induced memory impairment and microglial activation seen in human COPD. The preventative effects of ebselen on memory impairment is likely to be dependent on a preserved synaptogenic profile. Cessation alone also appears to be insufficient in correcting the memory impairment, suggesting the importance of incorporating antioxidant therapy to help maximising the benefit of cessation.
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Jităreanu A, Cara IG, Sava A, Mârțu I, Caba IC, Agoroaei L. The Impact of the Storage Conditions and Type of Clearomizers on the Increase of Heavy Metal Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids Retailed in Romania. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030126. [PMID: 35324751 PMCID: PMC8950552 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing popularity of electronic cigarettes has raised several public health concerns, including the risks associated with heavy metals exposure via e-liquids and vapors. The purpose of this study was to determine, using atomic absorption spectrometry, the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Zn, and Co in some commercially available e-liquid samples from Romania immediately after purchase and after storage in clearomizers. Lead and zinc were found in all investigated samples before storage. The initial concentrations of Pb ranged from 0.13 to 0.26 mg L−1, while Zn concentrations were between 0.04 and 0.07 mg L−1. Traces of nickel appeared in all investigated e-liquids before storage but in very small amounts (0.01–0.02 mg L−1). Co was below the detection limits. We investigated the influence of the storage period (1, 3, and 5 days), storage temperature (22 °C and 40 °C), and type of clearomizer. In most cases, the temperature rise and storage period increase were associated with higher concentrations of heavy metals. This confirms that storage conditions can affect metal transfer and suggests that the temperature of storage is another parameter that can influence this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jităreanu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania; (A.J.); (I.-C.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Irina Gabriela Cara
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Environment, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandru Sava
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Ioana Mârțu
- Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Ioana-Cezara Caba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania; (A.J.); (I.-C.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Luminița Agoroaei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania; (A.J.); (I.-C.C.); (L.A.)
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Re DB, Hilpert M, Saglimbeni B, Strait M, Ilievski V, Coady M, Talayero M, Wilmsen K, Chesnais H, Balac O, Glabonjat RA, Slavkovich V, Yan B, Graziano J, Navas-Acien A, Kleiman NJ. Exposure to e-cigarette aerosol over two months induces accumulation of neurotoxic metals and alteration of essential metals in mouse brain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111557. [PMID: 34245728 PMCID: PMC8578258 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite a recent increase in e-cigarette use, the adverse human health effects of exposure to e-cigarette aerosol, especially on the central nervous system (CNS), remain unclear. Multiple neurotoxic metals have been identified in e-cigarette aerosol. However, it is unknown whether those metals accumulate in the CNS at biologically meaningful levels. To answer this question, two groups of mice were whole-body exposed twice a day, 5 days a week, for two months, to either a dose of e-cigarette aerosol equivalent to human secondhand exposure, or a 5-fold higher dose. After the last exposure, the olfactory bulb, anterior and posterior frontal cortex, striatum, ventral midbrain, cerebellum, brainstem, remaining brain tissue and spinal cord were collected for metal quantification by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and compared to tissues from unexposed control mice. The two-month exposure caused significant accumulation of several neurotoxic metals in various brain areas - for some metals even at the low exposure dose. The most striking increases were measured in the striatum. For several metals, including Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb, similar accumulations are known to be neurotoxic in mice. Decreases in some essential metals were observed across the CNS. Our findings suggest that chronic exposure to e-cigarette aerosol could lead to CNS neurotoxic metal deposition and endogenous metal dyshomeostasis, including potential neurotoxicity. We conclude that e-cigarette-mediated metal neurotoxicity may pose long-term neurotoxic and neurodegenerative risks for e-cigarette users and bystanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane B Re
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Markus Hilpert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Brianna Saglimbeni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Madeleine Strait
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Vesna Ilievski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maxine Coady
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Master in Public Health Program, Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maria Talayero
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kai Wilmsen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Master in Public Health Program, Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Helene Chesnais
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Olgica Balac
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ronald A Glabonjat
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Vesna Slavkovich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Geochemistry Department, 203 Comer, 61 Route 9W - PO Box 1000, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Joseph Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Norman J Kleiman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Dobric A, De Luca SN, Spencer SJ, Bozinovski S, Saling MM, McDonald CF, Vlahos R. Novel pharmacological strategies to treat cognitive dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108017. [PMID: 34626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and currently the 3rd largest cause of death in the world, with approximately 3.23 million deaths per year. Globally, the financial burden of COPD is approximately €82 billion per year and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Importantly, much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities and viral and bacterial-induced acute exacerbations (AECOPD). Recent clinical studies have shown that cognitive dysfunction is present in up to 60% of people with COPD, with impairments in executive function, memory, and attention, impacting on important outcomes such as quality of life, hospitalisation and survival. The high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in COPD may also help explain the insufficient adherence to therapeutic plans and strategies, thus worsening disease progression in people with COPD. However, the mechanisms underlying the impaired neuropathology and cognition in COPD remain largely unknown. In this review, we propose that the observed pulmonary oxidative burden and inflammatory response of people with COPD 'spills over' into the systemic circulation, resulting in damage to the brain and leading to cognitive dysfunction. As such, drugs targeting the lungs and comorbidities concurrently represent an exciting and unique therapeutic opportunity to treat COPD and cognitive impairments, which may lead to the production of novel targets to prevent and reverse the debilitating and life-threatening effects of cognitive dysfunction in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dobric
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone N De Luca
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael M Saling
- Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine F McDonald
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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30
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de Fraga LS, Tassinari ID, Jantsch J, Guedes RP, Bambini-Junior V. 'A picture is worth a thousand words': The use of microscopy for imaging neuroinflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:325-345. [PMID: 34596237 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first studies of the nervous system by the Nobel laureates Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal using simple dyes and conventional light microscopes, microscopy has come a long way to the most recent techniques that make it possible to perform images in live cells and animals in health and disease. Many pathological conditions of the central nervous system have already been linked to inflammatory responses. In this scenario, several available markers and techniques can help imaging and unveil the neuroinflammatory process. Moreover, microscopy imaging techniques have become even more necessary to validate the large quantity of data generated in the era of 'omics'. This review aims to highlight how to assess neuroinflammation by using microscopy as a tool to provide specific details about the cell's architecture during neuroinflammatory conditions. First, we describe specific markers that have been used in light microscopy studies and that are widely applied to unravel and describe neuroinflammatory mechanisms in distinct conditions. Then, we discuss some important methodologies that facilitate the imaging of these markers, such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. Emphasis will be given to studies using two-photon microscopy, an approach that revolutionized the real-time assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Finally, some studies integrating omics with microscopy will be presented. The fusion of these techniques is developing, but the high amount of data generated from these applications will certainly improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Jantsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), Preston, UK
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31
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Vlahos R. E-vaping and high-fat diet consumption: It's all a hazy memory. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:23-24. [PMID: 33872706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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32
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Kadry H, Noorani B, Bickel U, Abbruscato TJ, Cucullo L. Comparative assessment of in vitro BBB tight junction integrity following exposure to cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor: a quantitative evaluation of the protective effects of metformin using small-molecular-weight paracellular markers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 34158083 PMCID: PMC8220771 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from blood-borne agents and potentially harmful xenobiotics. Our group’s previous data has shown that tobacco smoke (TS) and electronic cigarettes (EC) affect the BBB integrity, increase stroke incidence, and are considered a risk factor for multiple CNS disorders. Metformin was also found to abrogate the adverse effects of TS and EC. Methods We used sucrose and mannitol as paracellular markers to quantitatively assess TS and EC’s impact on the BBB in-vitro. Specifically, we used a quantitative platform to determine the harmful effects of smoking on the BBB and study the protective effect of metformin. Using a transwell system and iPSCs-derived BMECs, we assessed TS and EC’s effect on sucrose and mannitol permeability with and without metformin pre-treatment at different time points. Concurrently, using immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blot (WB) techniques, we evaluated the expression and distribution of tight junction proteins, including ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. Results Our data showed that TS and EC negatively affect sucrose and mannitol permeability starting after 6 h and up to 24 h. The loss of barrier integrity was associated with a reduction of TEER values. While the overall expression level of ZO-1 and occludin was not significantly downregulated, the distribution of ZO-1 was altered, and discontinuation patterns were evident through IF imaging. In contrast to occludin, claudin-5 expression was significantly decreased by TS and EC, as demonstrated by WB and IF data. Conclusion In agreement with previous studies, our data showed the metformin could counteract the negative impact of TS and EC on BBB integrity, thus suggesting the possibility of repurposing this drug to afford cerebrovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ulrich Bickel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.,Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA. .,Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine586 Pioneer Dr, 460 O'Dowd Hall, Office 415, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last decade, vaping has emerged into an epidemic of alarming proportions among US teens. This review evaluates the factors leading to the rise of vaping, reasons for its striking popularity among US teens, health consequences of vaping, and measures to mitigate the vaping epidemic. RECENT FINDINGS Contemporary research highlights the continued rise of vaping amongst US teens and explains the reasons for its popularity, such as the variety of devices, a wide range of available flavors, youth-targeted advertisements, and lack of awareness of adverse consequences from vaping. This publication highlights current research findings of health consequences of vaping, including a discussion of EVALI (e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury) and provides an update on strategies to curtail the vaping epidemic. SUMMARY Vaping has risen to epidemic proportions amongst US teens. This poses a clear and present danger to teens' health with adverse effects ranging from acute lung injury to long-term addiction. This article summarizes key research findings that explain the reasons for the epidemic, health consequences of vaping, and provides an overview of efforts to mitigate the vaping threat to US teens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand N Venkata
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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34
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Brar E, Saxena A, Dukler C, Xu F, Saxena D, Cheema Brar P, Guo Y, Li X. Vaping, SARS-CoV-2, and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: A Perfect Storm. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:647925. [PMID: 34055688 PMCID: PMC8149601 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.647925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and vaping among adolescents has risen exponentially in the last decade. E-cigarette flavors has driven adolescents to use these convenient, USB-like devices, designed to create a desired social image, while being seemingly unaware of the serious health consequences of their behavior. Vaping impacts protective pulmonary barriers by attenuating the mucociliary clearance and by increasing peribronchial inflammation and fibrosis. The recent SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has been characterized by a plethora of unusual disease presentations. Among them, a unique presentation seen exclusively in children and adolescents was multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Seventy percent of adolescents who had MIS-C also had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and we speculate that there may exist common denominator that links MIS-C and adolescents: the use of e-cigarettes. The virus targets the angiotensin converting receptor (ACE receptor), and studies have shown nicotine-based e-cigarettes or vaping cause oxidative stress and resulting in the upregulation of ACE2, which might worsen ARDS in MIS-C. Our mini-review highlights that adolescents using e-cigarette have alterations in their pulmonary defenses against SARS-CoV-2: an upregulation of the ACE2 receptors, the primary target of SARS-CoV-2. Their compromised immune system makes them more uniquely vulnerable to Covid-19 related MIS-C, increasing their risk for ARDS and related morbidities. Currently, studies have shown an association between MIS-C and vaping, we speculate that adolescents who vape/smoke might be especially vulnerable to serious respiratory symptoms if they develop a hyper-inflammatory state MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Brar
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anish Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claudia Dukler
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fangxi Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Preneet Cheema Brar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
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35
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Heldt NA, Reichenbach N, McGary HM, Persidsky Y. Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Cigarettes on Systemic Circulation and Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Cognitive Decline. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:243-255. [PMID: 33285126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (often known as e-cigarettes) are a novel tobacco product with growing popularity, particularly among younger demographics. The implications for public health are twofold, as these products may represent a novel source of tobacco-associated disease but may also provide a harm reduction strategy for current tobacco users. There is increasing recognition that e-cigarettes impact vascular function across multiple organ systems. Herein, we provide a comparison of evidence regarding the role of e-cigarettes versus combustible tobacco in vascular disease and implications for blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cognitive decline. Multiple non-nicotinic components of tobacco smoke have been identified in e-cigarette aerosol, and their involvement in vascular disease is discussed. In addition, nicotine and nicotinic signaling may modulate peripheral immune and endothelial cell populations in a highly context-dependent manner. Direct preclinical evidence for electronic nicotine delivery system-associated neurovascular impairment is provided, and a model is proposed in which non-nicotinic elements exert a proinflammatory effect that is functionally antagonized by the presence of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Heldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Nancy Reichenbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah M McGary
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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36
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37
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Archie SR, Cucullo L. Cerebrovascular and Neurological Dysfunction under the Threat of COVID-19: Is There a Comorbid Role for Smoking and Vaping? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3916. [PMID: 32486196 PMCID: PMC7312781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide. Although initially, this pandemic was associated with causing severe pulmonary and respiratory disorders, recent case studies reported the association of cerebrovascular-neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, which is also life-threatening. Several SARS-CoV-2 positive case studies have been reported where there are mild or no symptoms of this virus. However, a selection of patients are suffering from large artery ischemic strokes. Although the pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus affecting the cerebrovascular system has not been elucidated yet, researchers have identified several pathogenic mechanisms, including a role for the ACE2 receptor. Therefore, it is extremely crucial to identify the risk factors related to the progression and adverse outcome of cerebrovascular-neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients. Herein, we have reviewed the possible role of smoking and vaping on cerebrovascular and neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, along with potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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38
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Bolt HM. Electronic cigarettes and vaping: toxicological awareness is increasing. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1783-1785. [PMID: 32440856 PMCID: PMC7240249 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann M Bolt
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU, Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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