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Machado AS, Bragança M, Vieira-Coelho M. Epigenetic effects of cannabis: A systematic scoping review of behavioral and emotional symptoms associated with cannabis use and exocannabinoid exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 263:111401. [PMID: 39137613 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research suggests that epigenetic modifications may mediate the behavioral effects of cannabis, influencing exocannabinnoids' long term effects in cognitive function and its role in the emergence of psychotic symptoms. BASIC PROCEDURES In this systematic scoping review, we assessed the current evidence of epigenetic effects associated with the use of cannabis or exocannabinoid administration and their relationship with behavioral and emotional symptoms. We searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science, up to January 2022, using the terms "cannabis" and "epigenetics." The search yielded 178 articles, of which 43 underwent full article revision; 37 articles were included in the review. MAIN FINDINGS The gathered evidence included observational cross-sectional studies conducted on human subjects and experimental designs using animal models that conveyed disparity in administration dosage, methods of cannabis use assessment and targeted epigenetic mechanisms. Nine studies performed epigenome-wide analysis with identification of differentially methylated sites; most of these studies found a global hypomethylation, and enrichment in genes related to cellular survival and neurodevelopment. Other studies assessed methylation at specific genes and found that cannabis exposure was associated with reduced methylation at Cg05575921, DNMT1, DRD2, COMT, DLGAP2, Arg1, STAT3, MGMT, and PENK, while hypermethylation was found at DNMT3a/b, NCAM1, and AKT1. CONCLUSIONS The review found evidence of an exocannabinoid-induced epigenetic changes that modulate depressive-anxious, psychotic, and addictive behavioural phenotypes. Further studies will require dosage exposure/administration uniformization and a customized pool of genes to assess their suitability as biomarkers for psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Machado
- Psychiatry Service of São João Local Health Unit, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Medicine Faculty of Porto University (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Bragança
- Psychiatry Service of São João Local Health Unit, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Medicine Faculty of Porto University (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Vieira-Coelho
- Psychiatry Service of São João Local Health Unit, Porto, Portugal; Biomedicine Department, Medicine Faculty of Porto University (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
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2
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Hinckley JD, Ferland JMN, Hurd YL. The Developmental Trajectory to Cannabis Use Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2024; 181:353-358. [PMID: 38706340 PMCID: PMC11296671 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20231006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The increase of cannabis use, particularly with the evolution of high potency products, and of cannabis use disorder (CUD) are a growing healthcare concern. While the harms of adult use and potential medicinal properties of cannabis continue to be debated, it is becoming evident that adolescent cannabis use is a critical window for CUD risk with potential lifelong mental health implications. Herein, we discuss mental health consequences of adolescent cannabis use, factors that contribute to the risk of developing CUD, and what remains unclear in the changing legal landscape of cannabis use. We also discuss the importance of preclinical models to provide translational insight about the causal relationship of cannabis to CUD-related phenotypes and conclude with highlighting opportunities for clinicians and allied professionals to engage in addressing adolescent cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Hinckley
- Division of Addiction Science, Treatment & Prevention, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jacqueline-Marie N. Ferland
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yasmin L. Hurd
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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3
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Das A, Hendershot CS, Husain MI, Knyahnytska Y, Elsaid S, Le Foll B, Kloiber S. Perceptions, Experiences, and Patterns of Cannabis Use in Individuals with Mood and Anxiety Disorders in the Context of Cannabis Legalization and Medical Cannabis Program in Canada - A Qualitative Study. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2024; 57:141-151. [PMID: 38467156 DOI: 10.1055/a-2264-1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perceptions of cannabis as a potential medical treatment for mood and anxiety disorders have been increasing in the context of legalizations, availability, and medical cannabis programs, though current evidence predominately indicates risks and negative effects of cannabis use (CU) on mental health outcomes. This study aims to understand motivations, perceptions, effects, and patterns of CU in individuals with mood and anxiety disorders. METHODS Thirty-six adult patients diagnosed with mood or anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder who were currently using cannabis completed an in-depth qualitative interview on individual motivations, perceptions, experiences, effects, and patterns of their CU. The thematic analysis focused on phases of CU and sources of cannabis products and information. RESULTS Reported motivations for initiation of CU included curiosity, peer pressure, and dissatisfaction with conventional treatments. Factors such as psychotropic effects and coping with mental health symptoms and insomnia contributed to the continuation of CU. More negative effects, including cognitive dysfunction, worsening of mood, and anxiety symptoms, were acknowledged with ongoing CU. Concerning findings included common initiation of CU before age 18, combined medical and recreational CU, rare consultation of medical professionals on CU, and potential effects and harms. DISCUSSION Findings indicate individual complexity of motivations, perceptions, and patterns of CU in the study population. The reported potential beneficial effects of specific cannabis products should be further investigated. Findings emphasize patient-provider dialogue on both CU and conventional treatments. Information from this study can contribute to and inform the development of education, prevention, and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christian S Hendershot
- Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Ishrat Husain
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yuliya Knyahnytska
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sonja Elsaid
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Canada
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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Zhu Y, Greenfield TK, Ye Y, Williams E, Kerr WC. Life-course Accumulated Cannabis Use and Recent Cannabis-related Problems in the Washington Panel Survey. Addict Behav 2024; 152:107957. [PMID: 38277992 PMCID: PMC10923088 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have only investigated the short-term association of recent cannabis use with cannabis-related problems, without accounting for the onset, duration, and variations in frequency of use in the life-course. METHODS We obtained data from the Washington panel survey during 2014-2016. We constructed accumulated lifetime exposure to cannabis use, heavy drinking (5+ drinks on one occasion), and cigarette pack-years from age of onset based on a series of decades-based questions on cannabis use and heavy drinking, and tobacco use history. We used Generalized Estimating Equation with Poisson distribution to investigate the association between accumulated cannabis use and the past-6-month CUDIT score. We adjusted for accumulated heavy drinking and cigarette pack-years, substance co-use variables, demographics, and applied survey weights. RESULTS We found strong and statistically significant correlations for the lifetime measures across the four panel surveys, indicating that the life-course measures of cannabis use and heavy drinking were largely reliable. We found a statistically significant relationship between the lifetime accumulated exposure to cannabis and CUDIT. The results were robust to the inconsistencies in reported frequencies and onset age across panel surveys. CONCLUSIONS This study established the relationship between lifetime exposure to cannabis and cannabis-related problems in a representative sample of drinkers and marijuana users in Washington state. We have also provided test-retest validity and question details for the decades-based cannabis and heavy drinking measures to facilitate their use in future studies of cannabis and alcohol-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Zhu
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, CA, United States
| | | | - Yu Ye
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, CA, United States
| | - Edwina Williams
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, CA, United States
| | - William C Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, CA, United States
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Champion KE, Debenham J, Teesson M, Stapinski LA, Devine E, Barrett EL, Slade T, Kelly EV, Chapman C, Smout A, Lawler S, Castellanos-Ryan N, Conrod PJ, Newton NC. Effect of a selective personality-targeted prevention program on 7-year illicit substance related outcomes: A secondary analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 258:111266. [PMID: 38552600 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the efficacy of the selective personality-targeted PreVenture program in reducing cannabis and stimulant use over a 7-year period spanning adolescence and early adulthood. METHODS A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in 14 Australian schools. Schools were randomized to PreVenture, a brief personality-targeted selective intervention, comprising two 90-minute facilitator-led sessions delivered one week apart, or a control group (health education as usual). Only students who scored highly on one of four personality traits (anxiety sensitivity, negative thinking, impulsivity, sensation seeking) were included. Students completed online self-report questionnaires between 2012 and 2019: at baseline; post-intervention; 1-, 2-, 3-, 5.5- and 7-years post-baseline. Outcomes were past 6-months cannabis use, stimulant use (MDMA, methamphetamine or amphetamine) and cannabis-related harms. RESULTS The sample comprised 438 adolescents (Mage=13.4 years; SD=0.47) at baseline. Retention ranged from 51% to 79% over the 7-years. Compared to controls, the PreVenture group had significantly reduced odds of annual cannabis-related harms (OR=0.78, 95% CI=0.65-0.92). However, there were no significant group differences in the growth of cannabis use (OR=0.84, 95% CI=0.69-1.02) or stimulant use (OR=1.07, 95% CI=0.91-1.25) over the 7-year period. CONCLUSIONS PreVenture was effective in slowing the growth of cannabis-related harms over time, however owing to missing data over the 7-year trial, replication trials may be warranted to better understand the impact of the PreVenture intervention on cannabis and stimulant use among young Australians. Alternative implementation strategies, such as delivering the intervention in later adolescence and/or providing booster sessions, may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E Champion
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Debenham
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Lexine A Stapinski
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Emma Devine
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Emma L Barrett
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Tim Slade
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Erin V Kelly
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Cath Chapman
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Anna Smout
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Siobhan Lawler
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | | | - Patricia J Conrod
- University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Centre-ville Station, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Sainte Justine Hospital Research Centre, 3175, chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Nicola C Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Fingesi TS, Kimaru LJ, Okusanya BO, Ehiri JE, Rosales C. Nicotine and Alcohol Use as Predictors of Recreational Cannabis Use in Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1367-1382. [PMID: 38658323 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2342008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of recreational cannabis use among adolescents is a growing public health concern due to its link to short- and long-term adverse effects on adolescents' wellbeing, physical health, mental health, and interpersonal behaviors. Method: Five databases were searched from inception to March 17, 2023, for exposure (nicotine product, alcohol) and outcome (recreational cannabis) in adolescents (persons aged 10-19 years). The studies were screened independently by two reviewers, and the quality of the studies was assessed with Newcastle Ottawa and AXIS tool. PRISMA guidelines were employed in this review. Result: Twenty-one (21) studies involving 2,778,406 adolescents were included in the appraisal and heterogeneity was found among these studies. Ascertainment bias was commonly detected in thirteen (13) of the included studies. Among the substances examined as potential exposures, nicotine-product use emerged as a significant factor associated with future cannabis use among adolescents, particularly in mid-adolescence and in places where recreational cannabis use has been legalized. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests an association between nicotine-product use and subsequent recreational cannabis use among adolescents. However, further research is needed to establish causality between exposure to nicotine substances and the use of recreational cannabis within this age demographic. Additionally, there is a need for the development of prevention programs and targeted policies that continuously inform and update this vulnerable sub-population about the risks associated with cannabis use for leisure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Fingesi
- Community Environment and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - L J Kimaru
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - B O Okusanya
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - J E Ehiri
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - C Rosales
- Division of Public Health Practice and Translational Research, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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El Malki H, Moutawakkil SG, El-Ammari A, Ragala MEA, El Hilaly J, El Gnaoui S, El Houari F, El Rhazi K, Zarrouq B. Psychometric properties of the cannabis abuse screening test (CAST) in a sample of Moroccans with cannabis use. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2024; 19:24. [PMID: 38570799 PMCID: PMC10988931 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-024-00459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) is a widely used screening tool for identifying patterns of cannabis use that have negative health or social consequences for both the user and others involved. This brief screening instrument has been translated into multiple languages, and several studies examining its psychometric properties have been published. However, studies on the factorial validity and psychometric properties of a Moroccan version of the CAST are not yet available. The objective of this study is to validate the CAST, translated, and adapted to the Moroccan Arabic dialect among persons with cannabis use. METHODS A total of 370 participants from an addictology center in Fez City, were selected over two phases to form the study sample. First, in phase I, exploratory factor analysis was employed to evaluate the factor structure in the pilot sample (n1 = 150). Subsequently, in the second phase (Phase II), confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to confirm this structure in the validation sample (n2 = 220). All statistical analyses were carried out using the R program. RESULTS The CFA unveiled a three-factor structure that showed a good overall fit (χ2/df = 2.23, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.02, CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.98) and satisfactory local parameters (standardized factor loadings between 0.72 and 0.88). The model demonstrates satisfactory reliability and convergent validity, as evidenced by the acceptable values of composite reliability (CR) (0.76-0.88) and average variance extracted (AVE) (0.62-0.78), respectively. The square roots of the AVE exceeded the correlations of the factor pairs, and the heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of the correlation values was below 0.85, indicating acceptable discriminant validity. CONCLUSION The reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity tests all demonstrated that the Moroccan version of the CAST performed well and can be considered a valid tool for screening of problematic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Malki
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Salma Ghofrane Moutawakkil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Abdelfettah El-Ammari
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Amine Ragala
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Department of Biology-Geology, Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Jaouad El Hilaly
- R.N.E Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Pedagogical and Didactic Engineering of Sciences and Mathematics, Regional Center of Education and Training (CRMEF), Fez, Morocco
| | | | | | - Karima El Rhazi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Btissame Zarrouq
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
- Department of Biology-Geology, Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
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Manthey J, Klinger S, Rosenkranz M, Schwarzkopf L. Cannabis use, health problems, and criminal offences in Germany: national and state-level trends between 2009 and 2021. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01778-z. [PMID: 38502205 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The German federal government plans to decriminalise cannabis. The impact of this policy on use prevalence, cannabis-related health and legal problems cannot be fully anticipated and should be viewed in context with current trends. We used routine data on (a) cannabis use (population-based surveys), (b) cannabis-related diagnoses (ICD-10 code F12) in outpatient medical settings and (c) minor law offences (registered violations against the narcotics law for possessing small amounts) to analyse age and sex-specific trends by federal state between 2009 and 2021. To enable comparisons across time and federal state besides crude prevalence rates, age-standardised rates were calculated. Between 2009 and 2021, the age-standardised prevalence of cannabis use (5.7-10.6%), rate of diagnoses (1.1-3.7 per 1,000), and legal offences (1.8-3.1 per 1,000) increased, with the largest increase noted for cannabis-related diagnoses. Relatively, increases were most pronounced for older users (40-to-59-year-olds: use and offences; 35-to-44-year-olds: cannabis-related diagnoses) and rather stagnant for minors. Cannabis use and health problems appear to be more pronounced in Northern and city states, while no clear geographic trend was observed for law offences. Cannabis-related outpatient treatment demand has risen more steeply than use prevalence suggesting an increasing challenge for the health care system. Despite rising rates for documented offences, the long-term implications of law violations on social and occupational life are poorly understood but may be considered for evaluations of the proposed law changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Manthey
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research, Lokstedter Weg 24, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sinja Klinger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research, Lokstedter Weg 24, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Rosenkranz
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research, Lokstedter Weg 24, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Schwarzkopf
- IFT Institut Für Therapieforschung, Mental Health and Addiction Research, Leopoldstrasse 175, 80804, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
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9
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Lowe DJE, Sorkhou M, George TP. Cannabis use in adolescents and anxiety symptoms and disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2024; 50:150-161. [PMID: 38285048 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2299922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Background: The use of cannabis is highly prevalent during adolescence compared to the general adult population. In addition to the high comorbidity between cannabis use and anxiety disorders, early evidence suggests that cannabis may precede the development of anxiety. Moreover, adolescence represents a major developmental period for both neurobiological and psychological processes, placing these individuals at a heightened vulnerability to the influence of cannabis.Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the prospective associations between adolescent cannabis use and subsequent anxiety outcomes (i.e. anxiety disorders and/or symptoms).Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted encompassing data from articles published between database inception and September 2022.Results: Six longitudinal studies were identified for quantitative analysis, while twelve non-overlapping longitudinal studies were identified for qualitative review (total N = 18; 33380 subjects). Meta-analytical findings supported an association between adolescent cannabis use and the development of a subsequent anxiety disorder (Odds Ratio = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.37-3.36, p < .01). These findings were consistent with our qualitative synthesis where nine of the twelve longitudinal studies observed a significant relationship between adolescent cannabis use and exacerbation of anxiety symptoms later in life, irrespective of an anxiety disorder diagnosis.Discussion: In summary, the current evidence suggests a prospective association between adolescent cannabis use and later anxiety symptoms and disorders. These findings underscore the importance of refining research methodologies, considering sex-based differences and controlling for confounding factors, as well as implementing educational initiatives and developing clinical interventions to address the mental health risks associated with cannabis use among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby J E Lowe
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Maryam Sorkhou
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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10
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Olsavsky AK, Hinckley JD, Vidal C. Editorial: Marijuana Legalization and Suicide in Adolescents and Transitional-Age Youth: Important Future Directions for This Line of Research. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:307-309. [PMID: 37890663 PMCID: PMC10922260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Marijuana legalization (ML) processes for medical and recreational use in the United States have been prompted by the potential for positive downstream legal effects of decriminalization, including fewer cannabis-related arrests and prosecutions, which have historically disproportionately impacted minoritized communities. However, ML evolved through primarily political processes, with minimal scientific guidance to inform policies. Commercialization has increased youth cannabis access, diversion of parental cannabis, and proliferation of high-potency products, which, along with early use, are associated with poor mental health outcomes.1 Taken together, these findings raise concerns about the impact of medical (MML) and recreational marijuana legalization (RML) on youth mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva K Olsavsky
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
| | | | - Carol Vidal
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Hammond CJ, Hyer JM, Boustead AE, Fristad MA, Steelesmith DL, Brock GN, Hasin DS, Fontanella CA. Association Between Marijuana Laws and Suicide Among 12- to 25-Year-Olds in the United States From 2000 to 2019. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:345-354. [PMID: 37385585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use is associated with suicide-related outcomes in both adolescents and adults, and may be increasing amid shifting cannabis policies. However, little is known about the impact of medical marijuana legalization (MML) and recreational marijuana legalization (RML) policies on youth suicide. Using 20 years of national data, we examined associations between MML, RML, and suicide-related mortality among US individuals aged 12 to 25 years, and assessed whether they varied based on age and sex. METHOD Suicide deaths (N = 113,512) from the 2000-2019 National Vital Statistics System Multiple Cause of Death files for age groups 12 to 13, 14 to 16, 17 to 19, 20 to 22, and 23 to 25 years were examined in relation to time-varying cannabis law status using a staggered adoption difference-in-difference (DiD) approach with a negative binomial regression to determine associations between MML, RML, and suicide rates, controlling for individual- and state-level covariates and accounting for the varying effective dates of MML and RML by state. RESULTS The overall unadjusted annual suicide rate was 10.93/100,000, varying from 9.76 (states without marijuana laws (ML)) to 12.78 (MML states) to 16.68 (RML states). In multivariable analysis, both MML (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05-1.15) and RML (IRR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.06-1.27) were associated with higher suicide rates among female youth compared to those in states without ML. Youth aged 14 to 16 years had higher rates of suicide in states with RML compared to states with MML (IRR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.00-1.30) and states without ML (IRR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00-1.20). Findings were consistent across sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION MML and RML were associated with increased suicide-related mortality in female youth and 14- to- 16-year-old individuals of both sexes. Mechanisms through which cannabis policies are related to increased youth suicide warrant further study and should inform legislative reform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Madison Hyer
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Mary A Fristad
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Guy N Brock
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Deborah S Hasin
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Cynthia A Fontanella
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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12
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Hinckley J, Bhatia D, Ellingson J, Molinero K, Hopfer C. The impact of recreational cannabis legalization on youth: the Colorado experience. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:637-650. [PMID: 35428897 PMCID: PMC10097013 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-01981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, cannabis policies have liberalized in the United States, culminating in the legalization of recreational cannabis in Colorado and Washington state in 2012. This review will focus on the impact of recreational cannabis legalization in Colorado. While the prevalence of past-year and past-month cannabis use has remained relatively steady among adolescents post-legalization, the prevalence of young adult use has continued to rise. Cannabis products with increased potency have become more prevalent and widely used. There are concerns that the use of products with increased potency will increase risk for cannabis use and comorbid mental health disorders, particularly cannabis-induced psychosis and suicidal behavior, although more research is needed to fully understand the impact of high-potency products. Since the legalization of recreational cannabis, numerous additional public health concerns have emerged: unintentional overdoses requiring acute care visits, electronic vaping-associated lung injury, increased motor vehicle collisions related to cannabis consumption, and higher rates of cannabis use during pregnancy. Lessons learned from the first decade of cannabis legalization emphasize the need for research efforts to provide evidence-based guidelines, inform prevention strategies, and implement selective interventions for at-risk populations including youth, individuals with comorbid mental health disorders, and individuals who are pregnant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Hinckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Devika Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jarrod Ellingson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karla Molinero
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christian Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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13
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Yang S, Cotter LM, Lu L, Kriss LA, Minich M, Liu J, Silver LD, Cascio CN. Countering online marketing and user endorsements with enhanced cannabis warning labels: An online experiment among at-risk youth and young adults. Prev Med 2024; 180:107877. [PMID: 38266719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
As cannabis legalization expands and online marketing intensifies, this study examines whether online social cues can amplify youth-targeted cannabis advertising and whether cannabis warning labels (CWLs) can counteract these influences. A U.S. online sample of 970 adolescents and 1776 young adults susceptible to cannabis use were recruited from Qualtrics in summer 2022. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of the 3 (CWLs: none vs. textual vs. pictorial) by 3 (comments: none vs. anti-cannabis vs. pro-cannabis) conditions in an online experiment. Participants were exposed to three online marketing posts promoting marijuana edibles (randomly selected from a large pool, N = 1260), each with either no warning label, a textual warning, or a pictorial warning (text and picture), and with either five comments (pro- or anti-cannabis in valence) or none. Results showed that among adolescents, pro-cannabis comments increased product appeal (vs. anti-cannabis comments: b = 0.18, p = .025; vs. no comments: b = 0.21, p = .021), and did so more than young adults. For adolescents, only pictorial warnings reduced product appeal (b = -0.20, p = .028). For young adults, both pictorial (b = -0.18, p = .002) and textual warnings (b = -0.12, p = .029) reduced product appeal. Furthermore, both textual (adolescents: b = -0.20, p = .004; young adults: b = -0.15, p = .005) and pictorial (adolescents: b = -0.30, p < .001; young adults: b = -0.18, p = .001) warnings reduced cannabis use intentions. Findings support requiring enhanced CWLs accompany online marketing ads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Yang
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America.
| | - Lynne M Cotter
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Linqi Lu
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Lauren A Kriss
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America; UT Center for Health Communication, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Matt Minich
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Department of Communication, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Lynn D Silver
- Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher N Cascio
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
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14
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Marinello S, Valek R, Powell LM. Analysis of social media compliance with cannabis advertising regulations: evidence from recreational dispensaries in Illinois 1-year post-legalization. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:2. [PMID: 38173010 PMCID: PMC10762945 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the USA, an increasing number of states have legalized commercial recreational cannabis markets, allowing a private industry to sell cannabis to those 21 and older at retail locations known as dispensaries. Research on tobacco and alcohol suggests this new industry will use aggressive marketing tactics to attract new users and promote greater intensity of use. Of concern is that cannabis company advertising campaigns may be appealing to youth, promote false or misleading health claims, and disproportionately target low-income and minority communities. In this study, we evaluated recreational cannabis dispensary compliance with advertising regulations on social media in the state of Illinois. METHODS Primary data were collected from a census of recreational dispensary Facebook and Twitter business pages during the first year of recreational sales in 2020. A quantitative content analysis was conducted to systematically analyze the data; a codebook that detailed a protocol for classifying posts was developed prior to the analysis using advertising regulations outlined in the Illinois Cannabis Regulation and Tax Act. Violations of advertising regulations were organized into three categories: advertisements that may be appealing to youth (< 21 years old), advertisements that make health claims, and other advertising violations. The data were analyzed cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Additionally, differences in compliance were assessed by dispensary and neighborhood characteristics. RESULTS The results of the analysis revealed substantial and persistent non-compliance throughout the entire study period. Overall, nearly one third of posts had at least one violation and approximately one in ten posts met the criteria for appealing to youth or contained health claims. The majority of posts with health claims included health claims that were not qualifying conditions for medical cannabis access in the state of Illinois. No differences in compliance by neighborhood and dispensary characteristics were found. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study suggest that systematic monitoring and enforcement is needed to ensure compliance with advertising regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marinello
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor Street, M/C 923, Chicago, IL, 60612-4394, USA.
| | - Rebecca Valek
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, 1810 SW 5th Ave, Portland, OR, 97201-5200, USA
| | - Lisa M Powell
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor Street, M/C 923, Chicago, IL, 60612-4394, USA
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15
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Romm KF, Ehlke SJ, Smith MA, Vogel EA, McQuoid J, Kendzor DE, Cohn AM. Cannabis Use Differences Among Sexual Minority Versus Heterosexual Females and Males in Oklahoma: The Roles of Mental Health, Cannabis Perceptions, and Cannabis Marketing Exposure. SUBSTANCE USE & ADDICTION JOURNAL 2024; 45:101-113. [PMID: 38258857 DOI: 10.1177/29767342231208519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the high cannabis use rates among sexual minority (SM) individuals, less research has examined factors related to cannabis use among SM (vs. heterosexual) individuals, especially in places with legal medical cannabis retail markets and high structural stigma, like Oklahoma. METHODS Data were from a survey of Oklahoma adults, including 3020 females (18.6% SM) and 2279 males (10.1% SM). Bivariate analyses examined associations of sexual identity with cannabis-related factors (i.e., perceived harm, positive attitudes, marketing exposure, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms) and cannabis use and use severity (i.e., past 30-day use, daily/near-daily use, cannabis use disorder [CUD] symptoms). Logistic regression examined associations of sexual identity and cannabis-related factors with cannabis use and use severity among females and males, separately. RESULTS SM (vs. heterosexual) females reported greater odds of past 30-day cannabis use and daily/near-daily use, lower harm perceptions, greater marketing exposure, and higher rates of depressive/anxiety symptoms. Lower harm perceptions and greater marketing exposure were associated with greater odds of past 30-day use, whereas marketing exposure was associated with greater odds of daily/near-daily use. SM (vs. heterosexual) males reported greater odds of daily/near-daily use and higher rates of depressive/anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS SM (vs. heterosexual) females reported higher rates of cannabis use, whereas SM (vs. heterosexual) females and males reported higher rates of daily/near-daily cannabis use. Potential targets for cannabis-related health campaigns aimed at reducing use differences include correcting misinterpretations of harm that may emanate from cannabis marketing efforts among females and addressing depressive symptoms among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn F Romm
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sarah J Ehlke
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Smith
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Erin A Vogel
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Julia McQuoid
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Darla E Kendzor
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Amy M Cohn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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16
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Porche S, Gardner B. Reflective and non-reflective influences on cannabis use among undergraduate students: A qualitative study. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:328-334. [PMID: 35157557 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2034835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Around 40% of US university students use cannabis, 25% of whom present with cannabis use disorder, which endangers health. We investigated the concurrent contribution of reflective processes, which generate action via conscious deliberation, and non-reflective processes, which prompt behavior automatically, to undergraduates' cannabis consumption. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen UK undergraduates who regularly consume cannabis (11 female, 7 male; mean age 20 y). METHODS Semi-structured interviews explored cannabis motives, routines, cues, and decision points. Thematic analysis identified themes, in each of which reflective and non-reflective dimensions were coded. RESULTS Four themes were identified: cannabis use for relaxation, social bonding, and symbolic-affective significance, and contexts and triggers. Some influences guided cannabis use reflectively in some settings, and non-reflectively in others. Even when cannabis use was consciously driven, non-reflective processes were deployed to execute subservient acts, such as rolling joints. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight specific processes and pathways that might be targeted to reduce cannabis-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Porche
- Department of Psychology, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- Department of Psychology, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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17
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Albers L, Rogers CJ, Steinberg J, Vos RO, Soto D, Lee R, Wu JS, Unger JB. Proximity to Cannabis Retailers and Recent Cannabis Use among a Diverse Sample of California Adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:643-650. [PMID: 38115623 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2294965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: As of May 2023, 23 states and Washington, DC have legalized the sale of cannabis for adults aged 21+, and 38 states, three territories, and D.C. have legalized medical cannabis. Exposure to cannabis retailers could increase adolescent cannabis use. Few studies have examined the impact of residential proximity to cannabis retailers on adolescent cannabis use, and previous findings are inconsistent. Methods: This study examined associations between proximity to cannabis retailers and past 30-day cannabis use. Data were from Project Cal Teens, a statewide survey of California adolescents regarding cannabis-related opinions/behaviors (N = 1406, mean age = 15.5 years, 48% female, 38% Hispanic/Latinx, 33% White, 15% Asian/Pacific Islander, 10% Black/African American, 5% Other/Multiracial). Participants were recruited via schools/social media in 2018-2020. Results: For every additional 5 driving miles to the nearest cannabis retailer, the risk of past 30-day cannabis use was reduced by 3.6% [IRR: 0.964; 95% CI: 0.935-0.994]. For every additional 5 miles from a licensed retailer, the risk of past 30-day cannabis use was reduced by 4.3% [IRR: 0.957; 95% CI: 0.926-0.989]. Interaction analyses revealed that among Hispanic/Latinx students, every 5 miles from a licensed retailer was associated with an 11.9% reduction in the risk of past 30-day cannabis use [IRR: 0.881; 95% CI: 0.820-0.945]. Conclusions: As the number of cannabis retailers in the U.S. increases with the continued legalization of adult cannabis use, research examining the effects of these policies on underage use is crucial. Interventions could include enforcement of zoning laws in/near residential areas to reduce accessibility of adolescents to cannabis retailers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Albers
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Rogers
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane Steinberg
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert O Vos
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Soto
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Lee
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Siyu Wu
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Ladegard K, Bhatia D. Impact of Cannabis Legalization on Adolescent Cannabis Use. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:635-646. [PMID: 37879828 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Because of substantial limitations in available national data, such as inconsistencies among surveys and small sample sizes, the increased prevalence of cannabis use among adolescents since recreational legalization has not been directly observed. Nevertheless, both usage frequency and product potency have significantly increased, alongside alternative routes of delivery to smoking, such as vaping cannabis. Moreover, certain populations may be especially vulnerable to the effects of legalization. Regardless of differing state-level cannabis legalization status, the adverse consequences of cannabis on youth have clear negative impacts on mental health, medical symptoms, educational outcomes, and increased risk of addiction to other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Ladegard
- Denver Health, University of Colorado, 601 Broadway 7th Floor, MC7779, Denver, CO 80203, USA.
| | - Devika Bhatia
- University of Colorado, 13007 East 19th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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19
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Adewale CA, Heffernan ME, Bendelow A, Rahmandar MH. What Parents Are Missing: Parental Knowledge of Adult-Use Cannabis Legislation and Health Effects, and Communication with Adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:154-157. [PMID: 37814444 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2267092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: The cannabis regulation landscape is ever evolving, and it may be difficult for parents to stay up to date. This study aimed to assess parental knowledge of recent cannabis legislation and cannabis health effects, as well as communication around cannabis use. Materials and Methods: Data were collected through the 2020 Voices of Child Health in Chicago Parent Panel Survey. Parents were asked about the veracity of statements on cannabis legislation and health effects, and about communication with their children. Descriptive statistics were calculated to characterize response frequencies. Rao-Scott chi-square test explored differences in the proportion of parents who answered all questions correctly or got at least one question wrong. Results: 75% and 74% of parents answered at least one legislation or health items incorrectly, respectively. Most parents reported talking to their children about legislation (56%), not using cannabis (75%) and rules around drug use (90%). Conclusions: While parents reported communicating with their children about cannabis, the majority had gaps in their knowledge. The results of this study indicate a need for effective cannabis education interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chorine A Adewale
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marie E Heffernan
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Outcomes, Research, and Evaluation Center, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anne Bendelow
- Data Analytics and Reporting, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria H Rahmandar
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Substance Use & Prevention Program, The Potocsnak Family Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Hashemi D, Gray K. Cannabis Use Disorder in Adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:647-654. [PMID: 37879829 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
With increasing cannabis potency, increasing variety of methods of cannabis use, and lower perceived risk of cannabis use, it is increasingly important clinicians who work with adolescents remain up-to-date on the latest literature regarding cannabis use and its associated outcomes. Adolescent cannabis use is associated with chronic cognitive, psychosocial, psychiatric, and physical outcomes. Clinicians working in this field should be able to recognize cannabis use disorder, understand how adolescent cannabis use can impact the developing mind, and have informed discussions with patients and families regarding risks of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hashemi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
| | - Kevin Gray
- Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Doughty Street, Suite 190, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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21
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Adams ZW, Marriott BR, Hulvershorn LA, Hinckley JD. Treatment of Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:775-788. [PMID: 37879838 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes treatments for cannabis use disorder (CUD) in adolescents. The best supported CUD treatments are cognitive behavioral psychotherapies, including family-based models that facilitate environmental changes and youth-focused models that incorporate skills training, motivational interviewing, and contingency management to promote reductions in cannabis use. Some medications show promise in reducing cannabis craving and withdrawal symptoms. Further research is needed on the efficacy and implementation of existing treatments given the changes in cannabis use trends over time and on emerging technologies that may expand access to evidence-based CUD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Brigid R Marriott
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1002 Wishard Boulevard, Suite 4110, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jesse D Hinckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 East 17th Place, MS-F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. https://twitter.com/JHinckleyMDPhD
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22
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Albaugh MD, Owens MM, Juliano A, Ottino-Gonzalez J, Cupertino R, Cao Z, Mackey S, Lepage C, Rioux P, Evans A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Potter A, Garavan H. Differential associations of adolescent versus young adult cannabis initiation with longitudinal brain change and behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5173-5182. [PMID: 37369720 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging ~10 years of prospective longitudinal data on 704 participants, we examined the effects of adolescent versus young adult cannabis initiation on MRI-assessed cortical thickness development and behavior. Data were obtained from the IMAGEN study conducted across eight European sites. We identified IMAGEN participants who reported being cannabis-naïve at baseline and had data available at baseline, 5-year, and 9-year follow-up visits. Cannabis use was assessed with the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Drugs. T1-weighted MR images were processed through the CIVET pipeline. Cannabis initiation occurring during adolescence (14-19 years) and young adulthood (19-22 years) was associated with differing patterns of longitudinal cortical thickness change. Associations between adolescent cannabis initiation and cortical thickness change were observed primarily in dorso- and ventrolateral portions of the prefrontal cortex. In contrast, cannabis initiation occurring between 19 and 22 years of age was associated with thickness change in temporal and cortical midline areas. Follow-up analysis revealed that longitudinal brain change related to adolescent initiation persisted into young adulthood and partially mediated the association between adolescent cannabis use and past-month cocaine, ecstasy, and cannabis use at age 22. Extent of cannabis initiation during young adulthood (from 19 to 22 years) had an indirect effect on psychotic symptoms at age 22 through thickness change in temporal areas. Results suggest that developmental timing of cannabis exposure may have a marked effect on neuroanatomical correlates of cannabis use as well as associated behavioral sequelae. Critically, this work provides a foundation for neurodevelopmentally informed models of cannabis exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Max M Owens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Anthony Juliano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Renata Cupertino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Claude Lepage
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Rioux
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie", Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; and AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry""; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; Gif-sur-Yvette; and Etablissement Public de Santé (EPS) Barthélemy Durand, 91700, Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitaliere Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Alexandra Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Ruberu TLM, Rajapaksha RMDS, Heitzeg MM, Klaus R, Boden JM, Biswas S, Choudhary P. Validation of a Bayesian learning model to predict the risk for cannabis use disorder. Addict Behav 2023; 146:107799. [PMID: 37451153 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is a growing public health problem. Early identification of adolescents and young adults at risk of developing CUD in the future may help stem this trend. A logistic regression model fitted using a Bayesian learning approach was developed recently to predict the risk of future CUD based on seven risk factors in adolescence and youth. A nationally representative longitudinal dataset, Add Health was used to train the model (henceforth referred as Add Health model). METHODS We validated the Add Health model on two cohorts, namely, Michigan Longitudinal Study (MLS) and Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS) using longitudinal data from participants until they were approximately 30 years old (to be consistent with the training data from Add Health). If a participant was diagnosed with CUD at any age during this period, they were considered a case. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) and the ratio of expected and observed number of cases (E/O). We also explored recalibrating the model to account for differences in population prevalence. RESULTS The cohort sizes used for validation were 424 (53 cases) for MLS and 637 (105 cases) for CHDS. AUCs for the two cohorts were 0.66 (MLS) and 0.73 (CHDS) and the corresponding E/O ratios (after recalibration) were 0.995 and 0.999. CONCLUSION The external validation of the Add Health model on two different cohorts lends confidence to the model's ability to identify adolescent or young adult cannabis users at high risk of developing CUD in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary M Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Ryan Klaus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Joseph M Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Pankaj Choudhary
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
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24
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Libuy N, Guajardo V, Ibáñez C, Araneda AM, Contreras L, Donoso P, Gaete J, Mundt AP. Parental practices and their association with alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents in Chile. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1209584. [PMID: 37767214 PMCID: PMC10520567 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1209584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use are common in Chile. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between perceived parenting practices and alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents in a Latin American context. Methods We adapted and implemented a substance use prevention strategy in Chile, which included surveys of tenth-grade students from six municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Santiago. We assessed the reliability and factorial structure of the parenting scale with 16 items, which formed part of the survey. We dichotomized parenting scores into high (above the median) and low. The association of parenting practices with alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents was assessed using multivariate multilevel regression models. Results A total of 7,538 tenth-grade students from 118 schools were included in the study. The 16-item scale of parenting practices showed good internal consistency (Omega total = 0.84), and three factors representing Relationship between parents and adolescents, Norms and monitoring, and Parents knowing their children's friends and the parents of their children's friends. High total scores of parenting were associated with lower odds of lifetime alcohol use (OR 0.57; 95% CI: 0.49-0.65), past-month alcohol use (OR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.57-0.70), lifetime drunkenness (OR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.58-0.72), and lifetime cannabis use (OR 0.54; 95% CI: 0.47-0.61). Above median scores on each parenting subscale were associated with significantly lower odds of substance use. The strongest associations were observed for the subscale Norms and monitoring. Interactions between parenting and gender showed a significantly stronger effect of parenting practices on alcohol and cannabis use among girls. Conclusion Different types of parenting practices were associated with a lower prevalence of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use. Improving parenting practices has the potential to prevent adolescent substance use in Chile, especially among girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Libuy
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Doctorado en Psicoterapia, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile y Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- ANID, Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Guajardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Ibáñez
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Araneda
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Contreras
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Donoso
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Gaete
- ANID, Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for School Mental Health, Faculty of Education (ISME), Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrian P. Mundt
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Medical Faculty, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Haruyama D, Prince MA, Swaim RC, Chavez EL. The relationship between depressed affect, parental monitoring, and sex on cannabis use among American Indian youth. Am J Addict 2023; 32:402-409. [PMID: 36959723 PMCID: PMC10330835 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES American Indian (AI) adolescents report higher rates of cannabis use than national US adolescents. Previous study examined interactive relationships between depressed affect and family factors on AI adolescent alcohol use. These factors have not been investigated for cannabis use. We examined whether parental monitoring dampened risk for cannabis use due to depressed affect, and potential moderation by sex. METHODS We measured cannabis use, depressed affect, parental monitoring, and sex among reservation area AI youth among students in grades 7-12 attending 45 schools. We used censor-inflated regression models to identify parental monitoring as a moderator of the relationship between depressed affect and cannabis use. RESULTS In the logistic portion of censor-inflated models, level of depressed affect and parental monitoring significantly related to last 30-day cannabis use. Higher levels of parental monitoring at lower levels of depressed affect related to lower likelihood of cannabis use. Female students had greater likelihood of endorsing cannabis use at higher levels of depressed affect. In the linear portion of the censor-inflated regression models, sex and level of parental monitoring significantly related to cannabis use frequency. Male students endorsed more frequent cannabis use while higher levels of parental monitoring related to lower frequency of use. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Parental monitoring may dampen the effect of depressed affect on cannabis use among AI youth on reservations. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Future interventions should foster skill-building prevention efforts directed at coping with depression, along with parental training for effective monitoring. Special attention to AI female adolescents may be indicated.
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26
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Hasan KM. Cannabis Unveiled: An Exploration of Marijuana's History, Active Compounds, Effects, Benefits, and Risks on Human Health. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231182553. [PMID: 37359105 PMCID: PMC10286197 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231182553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a psychoactive drug that comes from the Cannabis plant. Marijuana can be smoked, vaporized, or consumed through edibles in a variety of ways. Perception changes, changes in mood, and problems with coordination are all possible side effects. Marijuana is used for both recreational and medical purposes to treat a variety of health conditions. The literature review on the effects of marijuana on the human body has increased in recent years as more states legalize its use. It is important to investigate the benefits and harmful effects of marijuana on individuals due to the widespread use of cannabis-derived substances like marijuana for medical, recreational, and combined purposes. The paper will review different aspects of marijuana in 4 main domains. A thorough discussion of marijuana's definition, history, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and effects on human cells will be given in the first domain. The second domain will concentrate on marijuana's negative effects, while the third domain will look at marijuana's possible positive impacts, such as its usage in controlling multiple sclerosis, treating obesity, lowering social anxiety, and managing pain. The fourth domain will concentrate on marijuana's effects on anxiety, educational attainment, and social consequences. Additionally, this paper also will provide a highlight of the history of marijuana use and governmental legislation, both of which play a significant role in determining how the public views marijuana. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive review of marijuana's effects, which may be of interest to a large readership. This review adds to the continuing discussion about the use of marijuana by analyzing the data that is currently available about the possible advantages and disadvantages of marijuana usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Hasan
- Khaled M Hasan, Physician Assistant Department, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Hazel Hall, Suite 1042, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
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27
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Rodríguez-Ruiz J, Zych I, Ribeaud D, Steinhoff A, Eisner M, Quednow BB, Shanahan L. The Influence of Different Dimensions of the Parent–Child Relationship in Childhood as Longitudinal Predictors of Substance Use in Late Adolescence. The Mediating Role of Self-Control. Int J Ment Health Addict 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-023-01036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study examined longitudinal links between several dimensions of parent–child relationship and adolescent substance use, and tested the role of self-control in mediating these. Data came from the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood. Validated questionnaires were used to measure parent–child domains at age 11, self-control at age 13, and substance use at ages 13, 15, 17, and 20. Low positive parenting and parental supervision, as well as aversive parenting, correlated with substance use. Linear regression model revealed that aversive parenting, low child disclosure, low positive parenting, and low parental involvement at age 11 predicted substance use at different stages of adolescence. These associations were mediated by low self-control at age 13. Involving parents and increasing their knowledge about desirable parental practices and ways to help their children to develop adequate self-control could be an effective element in substance use prevention strategies.
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Ball J, Zhang J, Stanley J, Boden J, Waa A, Hammond D, Edwards R. Early-onset smoking and vaping of cannabis: Prevalence, correlates and trends in New Zealand 14-15-year-olds. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:592-603. [PMID: 36645714 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Initiating cannabis use at an early age elevates risk of harm. Cannabis vaping is an emerging issue, and it is unknown whether the patterning and correlates of early-onset cannabis vaping differ from those of cannabis smoking. METHODS We used repeat cross-sectional data from a nationally representative biennial survey (2012-2018) of students aged 14-15 years in New Zealand (N = 11,405), response rate 65% (2012), 64% (2014-2016) and 59% (2018). RESULTS Between 2012 and 2018 lifetime cannabis use decreased, but regular use (past month, weekly, daily) was stable. Prevalence of past month, weekly and daily use in 2016-2018 (pooled) was 8.6%, 3.4% and 1.5%, respectively. Cannabis vaping was reported by 24% of past month cannabis users. The demographic profile of early-onset cannabis smokers and vapers was similar, with elevated use of both modes among Māori (Indigenous), same- or both-sex attracted students and those in low decile (high-deprivation) schools. Correlates were similar for both modes. Cannabis use was strongly associated with tobacco and alcohol use. The next strongest associations (after adjustment) were exposure to second-hand smoke at home, student income >$50/week and low parental monitoring of whereabouts. Past week social media use, psychological distress and low parental monitoring of spending were also associated with both modes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Early-onset cannabis use is much higher in structurally disadvantaged groups, and among those who use tobacco and alcohol. Comprehensive multisubstance approaches to prevention are indicated in this age group. Efforts to reduce socio-economic inequity and exposure to other risk factors may reduce cannabis-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Ball
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jane Zhang
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James Stanley
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Waa
- Eru Pōmare Māori Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Richard Edwards
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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29
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Kent A. Cannabis use in gynaecology: A bad idea? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2023; 63:121-123. [PMID: 36471532 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athol Kent
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Impaired Ghrelin Signaling Does Not Lead to Alterations of Anxiety-like Behaviors in Adult Mice Chronically Exposed to THC during Adolescence. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010144. [PMID: 36672651 PMCID: PMC9855766 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As marijuana use during adolescence has been increasing, the need to understand the effects of its long-term use becomes crucial. Previous research suggested that marijuana consumption during adolescence increases the risk of developing mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. Ghrelin is a peptide produced primarily in the gut and is important for feeding behavior. Recent studies have shown that ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), play important roles in mediating stress, as well as anxiety and depression-like behaviors in animal models. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration during late adolescence (P42-55) in GHSR (GHSR -/-) knockout mice and their wild-type littermates in relation to anxiety-like behaviors. We determined that continuous THC exposure during late adolescence did not lead to any significant alterations in the anxiety-like behaviors of adult mice, regardless of genotype, following a prolonged period of no exposure (1 month). These data indicate that in the presence of intact or impaired ghrelin/GHSR signaling, THC exposure during late adolescence has limited if any long-term impact on anxiety-like behaviors in mice.
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Adams ZW, Marriott BR, Hulvershorn LA, Hinckley J. Treatment of Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:141-155. [PMID: 36410901 PMCID: PMC10097012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes treatments for cannabis use disorder (CUD) in adolescents. The best supported CUD treatments are cognitive behavioral psychotherapies, including family-based models that facilitate environmental changes and youth-focused models that incorporate skills training, motivational interviewing, and contingency management to promote reductions in cannabis use. Some medications show promise in reducing cannabis craving and withdrawal symptoms. Further research is needed on the efficacy and implementation of existing treatments given the changes in cannabis use trends over time and on emerging technologies that may expand access to evidence-based CUD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Brigid R Marriott
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1002 Wishard Boulevard, Suite 4110, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jesse Hinckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 East 17th Place, MS-F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. https://twitter.com/JHinckleyMDPhD
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32
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Hashemi D, Gray K. Cannabis Use Disorder in Adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:13-20. [PMID: 36410900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
With increasing cannabis potency, increasing variety of methods of cannabis use, and lower perceived risk of cannabis use, it is increasingly important clinicians who work with adolescents remain up-to-date on the latest literature regarding cannabis use and its associated outcomes. Adolescent cannabis use is associated with chronic cognitive, psychosocial, psychiatric, and physical outcomes. Clinicians working in this field should be able to recognize cannabis use disorder, understand how adolescent cannabis use can impact the developing mind, and have informed discussions with patients and families regarding risks of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hashemi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
| | - Kevin Gray
- Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Doughty Street, Suite 190, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Abstract
Because of substantial limitations in available national data, such as inconsistencies among surveys and small sample sizes, the increased prevalence of cannabis use among adolescents since recreational legalization has not been directly observed. Nevertheless, both usage frequency and product potency have significantly increased, alongside alternative routes of delivery to smoking, such as vaping cannabis. Moreover, certain populations may be especially vulnerable to the effects of legalization. Regardless of differing state-level cannabis legalization status, the adverse consequences of cannabis on youth have clear negative impacts on mental health, medical symptoms, educational outcomes, and increased risk of addiction to other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Ladegard
- Denver Health, University of Colorado, 601 Broadway 7th Floor, MC7779, Denver, CO 80203, USA.
| | - Devika Bhatia
- University of Colorado, 13007 East 19th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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34
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Cannabis and Intentional Self-injury: a Narrative Review. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Observational studies assessing the association of cannabis use with subsequent intentional self-injury have reported mixed findings. Longitudinal studies examining the association of cannabis use with subsequent suicide death are notably rare. Our objective was to review longitudinal studies examining cannabis use and subsequent self-harm, suicide attempt, or suicide death.
Recent Findings
Few population-based studies have focused on self-harm with considerable variability across studies in how this outcome has been operationalized. Studies assessing the association between cannabis use and suicide attempt are equivocal in their conclusions and heterogenous in terms of samples utilized and assessment of confounding bias. The results of one meta-analysis were suggestive of dose dependency. For suicide death, the findings are inconsistent, and there is reason for concern of selection bias.
Summary
The existing evidence base on these associations is not yet rigorous enough to allow drawing conclusions on causality. However, cannabis might be seen as an adverse prognostic marker for intentional self-injury.
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35
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Zuo Y, Iemolo A, Montilla-Perez P, Li HR, Yang X, Telese F. Chronic adolescent exposure to cannabis in mice leads to sex-biased changes in gene expression networks across brain regions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:2071-2080. [PMID: 35995972 PMCID: PMC9556757 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, frequent and heavy cannabis use can lead to serious adverse health effects and cannabis use disorder (CUD). Rodent models of adolescent exposure to the main psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), mimic the behavioral alterations observed in adolescent users. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we treated female and male C57BL6/N mice with high doses of THC during early adolescence and assessed their memory and social behaviors in late adolescence. We then profiled the transcriptome of five brain regions involved in cognitive and addiction-related processes. We applied gene coexpression network analysis and identified gene coexpression modules, termed cognitive modules, that simultaneously correlated with THC treatment and memory traits reduced by THC. The cognitive modules were related to endocannabinoid signaling in the female dorsal medial striatum, inflammation in the female ventral tegmental area, and synaptic transmission in the male nucleus accumbens. Moreover, cross-brain region module-module interaction networks uncovered intra- and inter-region molecular circuitries influenced by THC. Lastly, we identified key driver genes of gene networks associated with THC in mice and genetic susceptibility to CUD in humans. This analysis revealed a common regulatory mechanism linked to CUD vulnerability in the nucleus accumbens of females and males, which shared four key drivers (Hapln4, Kcnc1, Elavl2, Zcchc12). These genes regulate transcriptional subnetworks implicated in addiction processes, synaptic transmission, brain development, and lipid metabolism. Our study provides novel insights into disease mechanisms regulated by adolescent exposure to THC in a sex- and brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Zuo
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Attilio Iemolo
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Patricia Montilla-Perez
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Hai-Ri Li
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Xia Yang
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Bakwa-Kanyinga F, Hamilton HA, Chaput JP. Cyberbullying involvement, parental support, and cannabis use among adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 133:105830. [PMID: 35973311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyberbullying victimization has been associated with cannabis use among adolescents. However, it is unclear if this relationship also holds for cyberbullying perpetrators. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study examined the association between cyberbullying involvement and cannabis use among adolescents and tested if parental support was associated with cyberbullying involvement and cannabis use. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data from 7229 students aged 11-20 years were obtained from the 2019 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, a province-wide survey of middle and high school students across Ontario, Canada. METHODS Participants self-reported their cannabis use frequency, their involvement in cyberbullying, and their perception of parental support. Cyberbullying involvement was operationalized as an action taking place at least two times. Multivariable logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnoracial background, and subjective socioeconomic status. RESULTS Overall, 8.6 % of students were cyberbullying victims only, 2 % were cyberbullying perpetrators only, and 2.8 % were both cyberbullying victims and perpetrators. Results showed that experience of cyberbullying victimization only (OR: 2.17; 95 % CI: 1.64-2.88), perpetration only (OR: 2.64; 95 % CI: 1.51-4.63), or both (OR: 3.34; 95 % CI: 2.12-5.28) was associated with greater odds of cannabis use. Results further indicated that higher parental support was associated with lower odds of cannabis use in a dose-response fashion. Higher parental support was also associated with a lower risk of cyberbullying involvement. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that involvement in cyberbullying in any role is associated with greater cannabis use among adolescents and that parental support is associated with less cannabis use and cyberbullying involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Sampasa-Kanyinga
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Felly Bakwa-Kanyinga
- Département de Médicine Social et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Hayley A Hamilton
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Identifying risk-thresholds for the association between frequency of cannabis use and development of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 238:109582. [PMID: 35932748 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use disorder (CUD) affects one-in-five cannabis users, presenting a major contributor to cannabis-associated disease burden. Epidemiological data identify the frequency of cannabis use as a risk factor for CUD. This review aimed to determine quantifiable risk-thresholds of the frequency of cannabis use for developing CUD. METHODS Systematic search of Medline, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and Web of Science for cohort/case-control studies that assessed the association between frequency of cannabis use and CUD from 2000 to 2022. Effect estimates were converted to risk ratios (RR). A random-effects multi-level multivariate meta-analytic approach was utilized, and sensitivity analyses conducted. Quality of included studies was assessed with the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Six prospective cohort studies were included in this review, drawn from two main source studies. Random-effect modeling showed a significant log-linear dose-response association between the frequency of cannabis use and CUD risk (p < 0.0001). The risk of CUD increased from RR:2.03 (95% CI:1.85-2.22) for 'yearly' use, to RR:4.12 (95% CI:3.44-4.95) for 'monthly" use, RR:8.37 (95% CI:6.37-11.00) for 'weekly' use, and RR:16.99 (95% CI:11.80-24.46) for 'daily' use. Multi-level modeling showed an absolute risk increase (ARI) from 3.5% (95% CI:2.6-4.7) for 'yearly' use, to 8.0% (95% CI:5.3-12.1) for 'monthly' use, to 16.8% (95% CI:8.8-32.0) for 'weekly' use, and 36% (95% CI:27.047.9) for 'daily' use. CONCLUSION A limited risk of CUD as a potential outcome of cannabis use exists even at infrequent levels of use, but significantly increases as frequency of use increases. Corresponding information should be conveyed to cannabis users as part of targeted prevention messaging to promote safer cannabis use.
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Zheng B, Fletcher J, Zheng F, Lu Q. Gene-by-peer-environment interaction effects on cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use among US high school students of European Ancestry. Soc Sci Med 2022; 309:115249. [PMID: 35944351 PMCID: PMC9793417 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that adolescents' substance use behavior is determined not only by individual characteristics but also by peer environments, and an emerging literature in social genomics has also found that individual genotypes moderate peer effects on egos' substance use. However, the previous literature on genetic by peer environment (GxPE) interaction effects is limited by the use of genetic measures with limited power and a lack of focus on causality. Based on a sample of about 4000 adolescents of European Ancestry from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study utilizes polygenic scores to examine GxPE interactions between ego's genetics and peers' cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. The results show peers' cigarette and marijuana use positively affect ego's substance use, and peer effects are stronger when the ego is genetically predisposed to substance use. However, genetic propensities toward risk tolerance are found to weaken the peer effects on the ego's marijuana use. Overall, our findings provide new evidence for the existence of GxPE effects on adolescent substance use and reveal the multidimensional nature of GxPE effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Zheng
- Corresponding Author: Boyan Zheng, . Address for Department of Sociology: 1180 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI 53706, Address for Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics: 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Jason Fletcher
- Department of Sociology, La Follette School of Public Affairs and Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Fengyi Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Neurogenetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Cannabinoids. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6030027. [PMID: 36135314 PMCID: PMC9498086 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most commonly used and abused illicit drugs in the world today. The United States (US) currently has the highest annual prevalence rate of cannabis consumption in the world, 17.9% in individuals aged 12 or older, and it is on the rise. With increasing cannabis use comes the potential for an increase in abuse, and according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), approximately 5.1% of Americans had Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) in 2020. Research has shown that genetics and epigenetics play a significant role in cannabis use and CUD. In fact, approximately 50–70% of liability to CUD and 40–48% of cannabis use initiation have been found to be the result of genetic factors. Cannabis usage and CUD have also been linked to an increased risk of psychiatric disorders and Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) subsets like schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. Comprehension of the genetic and epigenetic aspects of cannabinoids is necessary for future research, treatment plans, and the production of pure cannabinoid compounds, which will be essential for FDA approval. In conclusion, having a better understanding of the epigenetic and genetic underpinnings of cannabis use, CUD, and the endocannabinoid system as a whole will aid in the development of effective FDA-approved treatment therapies and the advancement of personalized medicine.
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Beneria A, Santesteban-Echarri O, Daigre C, Tremain H, Ramos-Quiroga JA, McGorry PD, Alvarez-Jimenez M. Online interventions for cannabis use among adolescents and young adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2022; 16:821-844. [PMID: 34464502 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people present high rates of cannabis use, abuse, and dependence. The United Nations estimates that roughly 3.8% of the global population aged 15-64 years used cannabis at least once in 2017. Cannabis use in young people may impair cognitive skills, interfere with learning, impact relationships, and lead to long term behavioural and psychological consequences. Online cannabis interventions (OCI) are increasingly popular, but their dissemination is not often supported by empirical evidence. AIM To systematically compile and analyse the effectiveness of OCI for the reduction of cannabis use among adolescents and young adults (AYA). METHODS Pooled effect sizes of cannabis use between treatment and control groups were estimated. For each comparison, Hedge's g was calculated using a random effects model. RESULTS The search strategy yielded 4531 articles. Of those, a total of 411 articles were retrieved for detailed evaluation resulting in 17 eligible studies (n = 3525). Analyses revealed that online interventions did not significantly reduce cannabis consumption (Hedge's g = -0.061, 95% CI [-0.363] to [-0.242], p = .695) and high heterogeneity was noted (Q = 191.290). More recent studies using structured interventions, daily feedback, AYA centred designs, and peer support, specifically targeting CU seemed to have positive effects to address CU in this population. CONCLUSIONS The lack of positive outcomes suggests that more specific and targeted interventions may be necessary to promote cannabis-related behavioural change among young people. These targeted interventions may include structured CU modules, daily feedback, peer support for increased adherence, user-centred design procedures, and input from key stakeholders such as families and service providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beneria
- Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olga Santesteban-Echarri
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Constanza Daigre
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hailey Tremain
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia. Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patrick D McGorry
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia. Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mario Alvarez-Jimenez
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia. Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kim SJ, Minich M, Tveleneva A, Liu J, Padon AA, Silver LD, Yang S. Textual and pictorial enhancement of cannabis warning labels: An Online experiment among at-risk U.S. young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 237:109520. [PMID: 35724518 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study experimentally examines whether enhanced cannabis warning labels (CWLs) outperform those currently required in the U.S. in improving recall of health risks, emotional responses, and perceived message effectiveness among at-risk young adults. METHOD We conducted an online national survey-based experiment in October 2020. Young adults aged 18-26 years old and at-risk for cannabis use (N = 523) were randomly assigned in an online experiment, to view either currently required CWLs in California with small font and a composite health risk statement, or enhanced single-theme CWLs with varying textual and pictorial components. We performed linear regression analyses to compare the enhanced with existing CWLs on information recall, negative emotions, and perceived message effectiveness. Furthermore, information recall and negative emotions were examined as parallel mediators to better understand the mechanisms underlying effective textual and pictorial enhancement of CWLs. RESULTS Compared with currently required CWLs in California, both textually (b = 0.30, p = .011) and pictorially (b = 0.59, p < .001) enhanced CWLs increased recall accuracy. Pictorially enhanced CWLs outperformed their text-only counterparts (b = 0.28, p = .019) in improving information recall. Only pictorially enhanced CWLs improved perceived message effectiveness (b = 0.31, p = .008), which was mediated by negative emotions but not by information recall. CONCLUSIONS Given rapid expansion of the cannabis industry and declining perception of harm, currently required CWLs in the U.S. such as California's, would benefit from redesign to improve public understanding of health risks and to prevent youth use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jung Kim
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5115 Vilas Hall, 821 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Matt Minich
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5115 Vilas Hall, 821 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Arina Tveleneva
- Department of Marketing and International Business Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington, PACCAR Hall, 4273 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Georgia, 628 Caldwell Hall, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Alisa A Padon
- Public Health Institute, 555 12th, St Oakland, CA 94607, USA.
| | - Lynn D Silver
- Public Health Institute, 555 12th, St Oakland, CA 94607, USA.
| | - Sijia Yang
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5115 Vilas Hall, 821 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Isorna Folgar M, Burillo-Putze G, José Villanueva-Blasco V. Captura corporativa, fake news procannabis y posición de los consumidores ante su regulación. Glob Health Promot 2022; 30:95-104. [PMID: 35897158 DOI: 10.1177/17579759221107604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RESUMEN Introducción. La captura corporativa es el proceso en el que las decisiones políticas responden a un interés particular de carácter privado, en detrimento del interés público. La industria del cannabis ha desarrollado estrategias de captura de políticas y de difusión de fake news (noticias falsas) con el objeto de fomentar una visión del cannabis como sustancia inocua e, incluso, sanadora de enfermedades, promoviendo así una buena imagen de esta sustancia, de las corporaciones y consumidores, presionando para su legalización. OBJETIVOS (1) Analizar las estrategias de difusión de mensajes y fake news promotoras del cultivo, consumo y regulación del cannabis a través de distintos canales, y (2) explorar el posicionamiento frente al debate legislativo sobre esta sustancia en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios consumidores de cannabis. Metodología. (1) Estudio de carácter exploratorio para identificar y analizar las estrategias de la industria y, (2) estudio no probabilístico con muestreo por conveniencia mediante encuesta telemática difundida entre estudiantes de 11 universidades españolas (439 participantes). Resultados y conclusiones. La promoción del cultivo y del consumo de cannabis, relativizando sus efectos perjudiciales y presentándolo como una sustancia medicinal, aparece en las distintas estrategias utilizadas por la industria para difundir una imagen positiva del cannabis y de los consumidores. Estos mensajes tienen correspondencia con el posicionamiento de los consumidores, de los que el 82.6 % apoya alguna forma de regulación del cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Isorna Folgar
- Facultad de Educación y Trabajo Social, Campus As Lagoas, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, España
| | - Guillermo Burillo-Putze
- Área de Toxicología Clínica, Servicio de Urgencias, Universidad Europea de Canarias, Tenerife, España
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Capaldi DM, Tiberio SS, Kerr DCR, Owen LD. Associations of Cannabis Use across Adolescence and Early Adulthood With Health and Psychosocial Adjustment in Early Adulthood and Midadulthood in Men. Subst Abuse 2022; 16:11782218221096154. [PMID: 35677294 PMCID: PMC9168876 DOI: 10.1177/11782218221096154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Associations between men's prior cannabis use and their physical and psychosocial adjustment were examined using prospective data across adolescence (ages 13-20 years), early adulthood (ages 20-30 years), and midadulthood (ages 30-38 years). The theoretical framework was based in developmental-contextual and lifespan approaches. Method Models were tested using men in the Oregon Youth Study who had been studied since ages 9 to 10 years and who, in childhood, lived in neighborhoods with higher than average rates of delinquency. Cannabis use in adolescence was used to predict early adult outcomes (and early adult use to midadult outcomes). In addition, a set of covariates was added to the models, including childhood risk factors assessed at age 9 years (ie, family socioeconomic status; externalizing behaviors; and if available, the childhood proxy for the outcome [eg, age 9 intelligence scale]) and alcohol use in adolescence (or early adulthood). physical health outcomes included accidental injuries, problems resulting from a prior injury, body mass index, self-report health, and also pain and cardiovascular risk (blood pressure and pulse rate) in midadulthood. Psychosocial outcomes included income, housing insecurity, intelligence, depressive symptoms, psychosis symptoms, hostility/aggression, social problems, and attention problems. Results Whereas there was almost no prediction from prior cannabis use to the physical health outcomes, there were comprehensive associations of cannabis use from the prior developmental period and psychosocial outcomes in both early adulthood and midadulthood. Conclusion Cannabis use in prior developmental periods was associated with a broad range of types of poor psychosocial adjustment in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lee D Owen
- Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, OR,
USA
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Wright AJ, Jackson JJ. Initiation of drug and alcohol use and personality development during adolescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221090107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits predict both the initiation and continued usage of alcohol and drugs. Less established is if substance use is associated with subsequent changes in personality, especially during the sensitive period of adolescence. We used three approaches to disentangle selection and socialization effects to address whether substance use is associated with personality development (impulsivity, sensation-seeking, depression, self-esteem). First, we used a multi-wave longitudinal sample of adolescents ( N = 8,303) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Child and Young Adult dataset to study the first use of several substances. Second, we used propensity score weighting to equate users and abstainers on a range of background variables. Third, we investigated changes before, during, and after initiation of substances. Overall, there was unique variability and effects in personality across time for average levels, trajectories, and magnitudes of change both between users and abstainers as well as within users of specific substances. Results suggest that initiation of substance use is associated with changes in personality; the specifics of which are largely contingent upon the substance being used. Impulsivity and sensation-seeking were the traits associated with the most change while cocaine and cigarettes were the substances associated with the greatest changes.
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Editorial: Early Cannabis Exposure Definitions That Correspond With High Cumulative Lifetime Dose During Adolescence Are the Strongest Predictors of Adverse Health Outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:612-614. [PMID: 35248431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although cannabis use during adolescence has been consistently linked to adverse health effects, the extent, nature, and cause of these effects remain widely debated in the public domain.1 Results from longitudinal studies conducted in North American, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand and meta-analytic reports suggest that exposure to cannabis during adolescence is associated with cognitive impairment, increased risk for psychiatric disorders, and academic and vocational failure.2,3 Recently, the rigor of some of these studies has been questioned, as a few of the studies have not found relationships between cannabis and adverse health outcomes or have shown nonsignificant effects after controlling for premorbid factors such as psychopathology or low IQ prior to cannabis exposure. Although adolescent cannabis users are at increased risk for developing a cannabis use disorder (CUD) compared to adults, not all adolescents who try cannabis develop problems related to its use. In fact, there is significant heterogeneity in how adolescents respond to cannabis exposure at the individual level.4 Some adolescents experiment with cannabis, use it sporadically and for a limited duration of time, and experience few negative consequences related to their cannabis use. Others, particularly those who use it frequently and for prolonged periods of time, go on to develop significant impairment related to their use. Cannabis use patterns among US adolescents and young adults are changing following 2 decades of legislative changes and expanding normalization of recreational and medical cannabis use.1 To improve prevention and early-intervention efforts during this time of societal change, it is critical that we identify which vulnerable populations are at greatest risk for experiencing negative outcomes related to cannabis use, and which features/aspects of adolescent cannabis use are most predictive of cannabis-associated adverse health outcomes.
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Cannabis for Rheumatic Disease Pain: a Review of Current Literature. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2022; 24:119-131. [PMID: 35486218 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-022-01065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Changing attitudes about marijuana have led to an increase in use of medicinal marijuana, especially for painful chronic conditions. Patients ask rheumatologists for guidance on this topic. This review provides up-to-date information on the safety and efficacy of medicinal cannabis for rheumatic disease pain. RECENT FINDINGS The number of publications related to rheumatic disease and cannabis has increased, but recent literature skews heavily toward reviews vs primary research. Data supporting a role for cannabinoids in rheumatic disease continue to grow. Observational and survey studies show increased use of medicinal cannabis, both by people with rheumatic disease and the general population, and suggest that patients find these treatments beneficial. Prospective studies, however, including randomized controlled clinical trials, are rare and sorely needed. As medicinal cannabis use for rheumatic diseases rises, despite lack of evidence, we review the sparse data available and provide tips for conversations about medicinal cannabis for rheumatologists.
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Copeland WE, Hill SN, Shanahan L. Adult Psychiatric, Substance, and Functional Outcomes of Different Definitions of Early Cannabis Use. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:533-543. [PMID: 34416291 PMCID: PMC8850538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on associations of early cannabis use with adult functioning reports mixed findings. This may be due, in part, to wide variations in the definitions of early cannabis use. This study aims to compare associations of 4 commonly used definitions of early cannabis use-related to timing, dose, duration, and associated symptoms-with adult outcomes. METHOD Analyses were based on a 20+-year longitudinal, community-representative study of 1,420 participants. Between ages 9 and 21 years (8,806 observations), participants were assessed for cannabis use and DSM-5 cannabis use disorder. In early adulthood (ages 24-26 and 30; 2,424 observations of 1,266 subjects), participants were also assessed for psychiatric, substance use, and functional outcomes. RESULTS All definitions of early use were associated with multiple adult outcomes in models that adjusted for sex and race/ethnicity. In models that also adjusted for childhood psychiatric problems and family adversities, only daily use and a persistent developmental subtype (defined as daily/problematic use that began in adolescence and continued into early adulthood) were associated with later substance use/disorders, poorer functional outcomes, and derailments in the transition to adulthood. CONCLUSION Daily, continued-over-time cannabis use beginning on adolescence was most problematic for a range of adult outcomes. Cessation of early use did not fully eliminate later risks; but was associated with fewer negative outcomes, with weaker effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sherika N. Hill
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Roehler DR, Hoots BE, Holland KM, Baldwin GT, Vivolo-Kantor AM. Trends and characteristics of cannabis-associated emergency department visits in the United States, 2006-2018. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109288. [PMID: 35033959 PMCID: PMC9885359 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis policies are rapidly changing in the United States, yet little is known about how this has affected cannabis-associated emergency department (ED) visits. METHODS We studied trends in cannabis-associated ED visits and identified differences by visit characteristics. Cannabis-associated ED visits from 2006 to 2018 were identified from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's (HCUP) Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). JoinPoint analysis was used to identify trends from 2006 to 2014, prior to medical coding changes in 2015, and Z-tests were used to compare annual rate changes from 2016 to 2018. Changes in rates from 2017 to 2018 were examined by visit characteristics. RESULTS From 2006-2014, the rate of cannabis-associated ED visits increased, on average, 12.1% annually (p < 0.05), from 12.3 to 34.7 visits per 100,000 population. The rate increased 17.3% from 2016 to 2017 (p < 0.05) and 11.1% from 2017 to 2018 (p < 0.05). From 2017-2018, rates of visits increased for both males (8.7%; p < 0.05) and females (15.9%; p < 0.05). Patients 0-14 years and 25 years and older had significant rate increases from 2017 to 2018 as did the Midwest region (36.8%; p < 0.05), the Northeast (9.2%; p < 0.05), and the South (4.5%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis-associated ED visits are on the rise and subgroups are at increased risk. Some potential explanations for increases in cannabis-associated ED visits include increased availability of cannabis products, increased use, and diversity of products available in marketplaces. Strategies are needed to prevent youth initiation, limit potentially harmful use among adults, and ensure safe storage where cannabis use is legal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R. Roehler
- Correspondence to: Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS: S106-8, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States., (D.R. Roehler)
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Denissoff A, Niemelä S, Scott JG, Salom CL, Hielscher E, Miettunen J, Alakokkare A, Mustonen A. Does cannabis use in adolescence predict self-harm or suicide? Results from a Finnish Birth Cohort Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 145:234-243. [PMID: 34758110 PMCID: PMC9299098 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Longitudinal studies examining the association between adolescent cannabis use and self-harm are rare, heterogeneous and mixed in their conclusions. We study this association utilizing a large general population-based sample with prospective data. METHODS The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 6582) with linkage to nationwide register data was used to study the association of self-reported cannabis use at age 15-16 years and self-harm and suicide death until age 33 (until year 2018), based on register information. Cox regression analysis with Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used. Psychiatric disorders, parental psychiatric disorders and other substance use were considered as confounders. RESULTS In all, 6582 (49.2% male) were included in the analysis, and 377 adolescents (5.7%) reported any cannabis use until the age of 15-16 years. Based on register information, 79 (55.7% male) had visited in health care services due to self-harm, and 22 (90.1% male) had died by suicide. In crude analyses, adolescent cannabis use was associated with self-harm (HR = 3.93; 95% CI 2.24-6.90). The association between cannabis use and self-harm remained statistically significant after adjusting for sex, psychiatric disorders at baseline, frequent alcohol intoxications, other illicit drug use, and parental psychiatric disorders (HR 2.06; 95% CI 1.07-3.95). In contrast, the association of cannabis use with suicide did not reach statistical significance even in crude analysis (HR 2.60; 95% CI 0.77-8.78). CONCLUSION Cannabis use in adolescence may increase risk of self-harm independent of adolescent psychopathology and other substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Denissoff
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Addiction Psychiatry UnitDepartment of PsychiatryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Addiction Psychiatry UnitDepartment of PsychiatryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - James G. Scott
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute HerstonHerstonQldAustralia,Metro North Mental Health ServiceHerstonQldAustralia
| | - Caroline L. Salom
- Institute for Social Science ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children & Families over the Life CourseThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Emily Hielscher
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute HerstonHerstonQldAustralia,School of Public HealthThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health ResearchUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Medical Research Center OuluOulu University Hospital and University of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Anni‐Emilia Alakokkare
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Medical Research Center OuluOulu University Hospital and University of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Antti Mustonen
- Center for Life Course Health ResearchUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland,Department of PsychiatrySeinäjoki Central HospitalSeinäjokiFinland
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Katapally TR. Cannabis use and suicidal ideation among youth: Can we democratize school policies using digital citizen science? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263533. [PMID: 35157726 PMCID: PMC8843173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School policies and programs are important in preventing Cannabis use among youth. This study uses an innovative digital citizen science approach to determine the association between Cannabis use and suicidal ideation among youth while investigating how school health policies mediate this association. METHODS The study engaged 818 youth (aged 13-18 years) and 27 educators as citizen scientists via their own smartphones. Youths responded to time-triggered validated surveys and ecological momentary assessments to report on a complex set of health behaviours and outcomes. Similarly, educators' reported on substance misuse and mental health school policies and programs. Multivariable logistic regression modeling and mediation analyses were employed. RESULTS 412 youth provided data on substance misuse and suicidal ideation. Cannabis use and other factors such as bullying, other illicit drug use, and youth who identified as females or other gender were associated with increased suicidal ideation. However, school policies and programs for substance misuse prevention did not mediate the association between Cannabis use and suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS In the digital age, it is critical to reimagine the role of schools in health policy interventions. Digital citizen science not only provides an opportunity to democratize school policymaking and implementation processes, but also provides a voice to vulnerable youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Reddy Katapally
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, United Kingdom
- Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
- College of Medicine, Health Science Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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