1
|
Rahimlou M, Mousavi MA, Chiti H, Peyda M, Mousavi SN. Association of maternal exposure to endocrine disruptor chemicals with cardio-metabolic risk factors in children during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:82. [PMID: 38576015 PMCID: PMC10993545 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, the association of maternal exposure to the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with cardio-metabolic risk factors in children during childhood for the first time. METHOD The PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched, up to Feb 2023. In total 30 cohort studies had our inclusion criteria. A random-effects model was used for the variables that had considerable heterogeneity between studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) tool was used to classify the quality score of studies. All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 14 and P-value < 0.05 considered as a significant level. RESULTS In the meta-analysis, maternal exposure to the EDCs was weakly associated with higher SBP (Fisher_Z: 0.06, CI: 0.04, 0.08), BMI (Fisher_Z: 0.07, CI: 0.06, 0.08), and WC (Fisher_Z: 0.06, CI: 0.03, 0.08) z-scores in children. A significant linear association was found between maternal exposure to the bisphenol-A and pesticides with BMI and WC z-score in children (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed significant linear association of BPA and pesticides, in the urine samples of mothers at the first trimester of pregnancy, with BMI and WC z-score in children from 2-8 years (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to the EDCs in the uterine period could increase the risk of obesity in children. Maternal exposure to bisphenol-A and pesticides showed the strongest association with the obesity, especially visceral form, in the next generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mir Ali Mousavi
- Department of General Surgery, Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Chiti
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mazyar Peyda
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Honarestan St., Janbazan St., Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Neda Mousavi
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mehrian SK, Karimi N, Rahmani F. 24-Epibrassinolide alleviates diazinon oxidative damage by escalating activities of antioxidant defense systems in maize plants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19631. [PMID: 37949961 PMCID: PMC10638446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive use of pesticides against pests has contaminated agricultural crops and raised global concerns about food safety. This research investigates the alleviation effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) seed priming on diazinon (DZ) pesticide toxicity. The experiment was conducted with eight groups including control, DZ, EBL (10 µM), EBL (0.1 µM), EBL (0.01 µM), EBL (10 µM) + DZ, EBL (0.1 µM) + DZ, and EBL (0.01 µM) + DZ. Plants grown with the lowest concentration of EBL (0.01 µM) exhibited an upward increase in the activity of SOD, CAT, POD, APX, GR, and GST enzymes under DZ toxicity stress. In contrast, higher concentrations of EBL showed some inhibitory effects on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, low concentrations of EBL elevated the free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH), iron-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and proline, and protein contents. EBL also reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA levels) in the DZ-exposed plants, leading to membrane integrity. The favorable effects of EBL were more evident when plants were exposed to pesticides than normal growth conditions. The results indicated that EBL seed priming intensifies the antioxidant enzymes system activity, and helps maize plants against toxic effects of DZ under proper concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Karami Mehrian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nasser Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Rahmani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arab A, Mostafalou S. Pesticides and insulin resistance-related metabolic diseases: Evidences and mechanisms. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 195:105521. [PMID: 37666627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides in the past century has lot helped humankind in improving crops' field and general hygiene level. Nevertheless, there has been countless evidences on the toxic effects of pesticides on the living systems. The link of exposure to pesticides with different human chronic diseases in the context of carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, developmental toxicity, etc., have been evaluated in various types of studies. There are also some evidences on the link of exposure to pesticides with higher incidence of metabolic diseases associated with insulin resistance like diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome and chronic kidney diseases. Physiologically, weakening intracellular insulin signaling is considered as a compensatory mechanism for cells to cope with cellular stresses like xenobiotic effects, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, but it can pathologically lead to a defective cycle with lowered sensitivity of the cells to insulin which happens in metabolic disorders. In this work, the data related to metabolic toxicity of pesticides categorized in the mentioned metabolic diseases with a focus on the effects of pesticides on insulin signaling pathway and the mechanisms of development of insulin resistance will be systematically reviewed and presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Garruti G, Baj J, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giorgino F. Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1154561. [PMID: 37274345 PMCID: PMC10236950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current views show that an impaired balance partly explains the fat accumulation leading to obesity. Fetal malnutrition and early exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds also contribute to obesity and impaired insulin secretion and/or sensitivity. The liver plays a major role in systemic glucose homeostasis through hepatokines secreted by hepatocytes. Hepatokines influence metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling and mediate the crosstalk between the liver, non-hepatic target tissues, and the brain. The liver also synthetizes bile acids (BAs) from cholesterol and secretes them into the bile. After food consumption, BAs mediate the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids in the duodenum. In recent studies, BAs act not simply as fat emulsifiers but represent endocrine molecules regulating key metabolic pathways. The liver is also the main site of the production of ketone bodies (KBs). In prolonged fasting, the brain utilizes KBs as an alternative to CHO. In the last few years, the ketogenic diet (KD) became a promising dietary intervention. Studies on subjects undergoing KD show that KBs are important mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress. The present review will focus on the role played by hepatokines, BAs, and KBs in obesity, and diabetes prevention and management and analyze the positive effects of BAs, KD, and hepatokine receptor analogs, which might justify their use as new therapeutic approaches for metabolic and aging-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Garruti
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prenatal exposure to multiple organochlorine compounds and childhood body mass index. Environ Epidemiol 2022; 6:e201. [PMID: 35702503 PMCID: PMC9187184 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prenatal exposure to organochlorine compounds (OCs) has been associated with increased childhood body mass index (BMI); however, only a few studies have focused on longitudinal BMI trajectories, and none of them used multiple exposure mixture approaches. Aim: To determine the association between in-utero exposure to eight OCs and childhood BMI measures (BMI and BMI z-score) at 4 years and their yearly change across 4–12 years of age in 279 Rhea child-mother dyads. Methods: We applied three approaches: (1) linear mixed-effect regressions (LMR) to associate individual compounds with BMI measures; (2) Bayesian weighted quantile sum regressions (BWQSR) to provide an overall OC mixture association with BMI measures; and (3)Bayesian varying coefficient kernel machine regressions (BVCKMR) to model nonlinear and nonadditive associations. Results: In the LMR, yearly change of BMI measures was consistently associated with a quartile increase in hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (estimate [95% Confidence or Credible interval] BMI: 0.10 [0.06, 0.14]; BMI z-score: 0.02 [0.01, 0.04]). BWQSR results showed that a quartile increase in mixture concentrations was associated with yearly increase of BMI measures (BMI: 0.10 [0.01, 0.18]; BMI z-score: 0.03 [0.003, 0.06]). In the BVCKMR, a quartile increase in dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene concentrations was associated with higher BMI measures at 4 years (BMI: 0.33 [0.24, 0.43]; BMI z-score: 0.19 [0.15, 0.24]); whereas a quartile increase in HCB and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)-118 levels was positively associated with BMI measures yearly change (BMI: HCB:0.10 [0.07, 0.13], PCB-118:0.08 [0.04, 012]; BMI z-score: HCB:0.03 [0.02, 0.05], PCB-118:0.02 [0.002,04]). BVCKMR suggested that PCBs had nonlinear relationships with BMI measures, and HCB interacted with other compounds. Conclusions: All analyses consistently demonstrated detrimental associations between prenatal OC exposures and childhood BMI measures.
Collapse
|
6
|
Grimalt JO, Garí M, Santa-Marina L, Ibarluzea J, Sunyer J. Influence of gestational weight gain on the organochlorine pollution content of breast milk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112783. [PMID: 35074353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplacental transfer and breastfeeding are the main transport routes of organic pollutants into children at the beginning of life. Although pollutant transmission through these mechanisms primarily depends on the maternal pollution burden, its impact may be modulated by physiological effects. OBJECTIVES We have examined whether gestational weight gain (GWG) exerts an influence on the content of lipophilic low volatile pollutants in breast milk. RESULTS Colostrum from mothers from the INMA cohorts of Sabadell and Gipuzkoa (n = 256 and 119, respectively) with low GWG as defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) from the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine had significantly higher concentrations of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and 4,4'-DDE than colostrum in mothers who gained weight within IOM recommendations or in those who exceeded this threshold. Statistically significant differences were also found in the colostrum:maternal serum ratios of these compounds. Women with low GWG retained higher pollutant amounts in colostrum. These observations are consistent with previously described higher concentrations of these pollutants in infant cord blood from mothers with low GWG by IOM standards. They indicate that mobilization of lipophilic organic pollutants by metabolic pregnant changes not only leads to higher fetal transfer but to higher accumulation into the mammary system upon low GWG. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that insufficient GWG, besides increasing in utero exposure, also enhances pollutant transfer to infants during breastfeeding which considerably extends the significance of this physiological change for the pollutant children intake in early life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan O Grimalt
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18. 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Mercè Garí
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18. 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Computational Health Department, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, Spain; BioDonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, Spain; BioDonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Global Health Institute of Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stratakis N, Rock S, La Merrill MA, Saez M, Robinson O, Fecht D, Vrijheid M, Valvi D, Conti DV, McConnell R, Chatzi VL. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies. Obes Rev 2022; 23 Suppl 1:e13383. [PMID: 34766696 PMCID: PMC9512275 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the associations between prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and childhood obesity. We focused on organochlorines (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE], hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]), perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that are the POPs more widely studied in environmental birth cohorts so far. We search two databases (PubMed and Embase) through July/09/2021 and identified 33 studies reporting associations with prenatal organochlorine exposure, 21 studies reporting associations with prenatal PFAS, and five studies reporting associations with prenatal PBDEs. We conducted a qualitative review. Additionally, we performed random-effects meta-analyses of POP exposures, with data estimates from at least three prospective studies, and BMI-z. Prenatal DDE and HCB levels were associated with higher BMI z-score in childhood (beta: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.21; I2 : 28.1% per study-specific log increase of DDE and beta: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.53; I2 : 31.9% per study-specific log increase of HCB). No significant associations between PCB-153, PFOA, PFOS, or pentaPBDEs with childhood BMI were found in meta-analyses. In individual studies, there was inconclusive evidence that POP levels were positively associated with other obesity indicators (e.g., waist circumference).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Stratakis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Rock
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marc Saez
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniela Fecht
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vaia Lida Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qi SY, Xu XL, Ma WZ, Deng SL, Lian ZX, Yu K. Effects of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Maternal Body on Infants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:890307. [PMID: 35757428 PMCID: PMC9218079 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.890307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many organochlorine pollutants in the environment, which can be directly or indirectly exposed to by mothers, and as estrogen endocrine disruptors can cause damage to the lactation capacity of the mammary gland. In addition, because breast milk contains a lot of nutrients, it is the most important food source for new-born babies. If mothers are exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), the lipophilic organochlorine contaminants can accumulate in breast milk fat and be passed to the infant through breast milk. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate organochlorine contaminants in human milk to estimate the health risks of these contaminants to breastfed infants. In addition, toxic substances in the mother can also be passed to the fetus through the placenta, which is also something we need to pay attention to. This article introduces several types of OCPs, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), methoxychlor (MXC), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlorand and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mainly expounds their effects on women's lactation ability and infant health, and provides reference for maternal and infant health. In addition, some measures and methods for the control of organochlorine pollutants are also described here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ling Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Zhi Ma, ; Kun Yu, ; Zheng-Xing Lian,
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Zhi Ma, ; Kun Yu, ; Zheng-Xing Lian,
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Zhi Ma, ; Kun Yu, ; Zheng-Xing Lian,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sex specific associations between in utero exposure to persistent organic pollutants and allergy-related outcomes in childhood: The Rhea Mother-Child Cohort (Crete, Greece). J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 13:566-574. [PMID: 34859763 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174421000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that in utero exposures can influence the development of the immune system. Few studies have investigated whether prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is associated with allergy-related phenotypes in childhood, nor explored sex differences. We examined the association between prenatal exposure to POPs and offspring allergic outcomes in early and mid-childhood. We included 682 mother-child pairs from the prospective birth cohort Rhea. We measured dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and 6 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in maternal first trimester serum. Parents completed the questionnaires adapted from the International Study on Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC) for allergy-related phenotypes when their children were 4 and 6 years old. We used Poisson regression models to estimate Risk Ratios. Prenatal HCB was associated with increased risk for rhinoconjunctivitis at 6 years (RR (95% CI): 2.5; (1.3, 4.8) for a doubling in the exposure). Among girls, prenatal DDE was associated with increased risk for current wheeze, current asthma and current rhinoconjunctivitis at 4 years (RR (95%CI): 1.4 (0.8, 2.6), 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) and 1.8 (1.0, 3.3) and p-interaction = 0.035, 0.027 and 0.059, respectively), with increased risk for current rhinoconjunctivitis at 6 years (RR (95%CI): 1.7 (0.7, 3.8) and p-interaction = 0.028) and total PCBs were associated with increased risk for current eczema at 4 years (RR (95%CI): 2.1 (1.1, 4.2) and p-interaction = 0.028). In boys, prenatal DDE was associated with decreased risk for current wheeze and current asthma at 4 years. Our findings suggest that even low levels of exposure to POPs prenatally may affect the development of childhood allergy-related outcomes in a sex and age-specific manner.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hussain MA, Sumon TA, Mazumder SK, Ali MM, Jang WJ, Abualreesh MH, Sharifuzzaman S, Brown CL, Lee HT, Lee EW, Hasan MT. Essential oils and chitosan as alternatives to chemical preservatives for fish and fisheries products: A review. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Pinos H, Carrillo B, Merchán A, Biosca-Brull J, Pérez-Fernández C, Colomina MT, Sánchez-Santed F, Martín-Sánchez F, Collado P, Arias JL, Conejo NM. Relationship between Prenatal or Postnatal Exposure to Pesticides and Obesity: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137170. [PMID: 34281107 PMCID: PMC8295932 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults and children has dramatically increased. The conventional model regarding the onset of obesity is based on an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. However, other possible environmental factors involved, such as the exposure to chemicals like pesticides, cannot be discarded. These compounds could act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) that may interfere with hormone activity related to several mechanisms involved in body weight control. The main objective of this study was to systematically review the data provided in the scientific literature for a possible association between prenatal and postnatal exposure to pesticides and obesity in offspring. A total of 25 human and 9 animal studies were analyzed. The prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal exposure to organophosphate, organochlorine, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, and carbamate, as well as a combined pesticide exposure was reviewed. This systematic review reveals that the effects of pesticide exposure on body weight are mostly inconclusive, finding conflicting results in both humans and experimental animals. The outcomes reviewed are dependent on many factors, including dosage and route of administration, species, sex, and treatment duration. More research is needed to effectively evaluate the impact of the combined effects of different pesticides on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pinos
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Joint Research Institute-UNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (N.M.C.)
| | - Beatriz Carrillo
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Joint Research Institute-UNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Merchán
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (A.M.); (C.P.-F.); (F.S.-S.)
| | - Judit Biosca-Brull
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.B.-B.); (M.T.C.)
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristian Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (A.M.); (C.P.-F.); (F.S.-S.)
| | - María Teresa Colomina
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.B.-B.); (M.T.C.)
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Santed
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (A.M.); (C.P.-F.); (F.S.-S.)
| | - Fernando Martín-Sánchez
- Joint Research Institute-UNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Collado
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Joint Research Institute-UNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jorge L. Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nélida M. Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (N.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Güil-Oumrait N, Valvi D, Garcia-Esteban R, Guxens M, Sunyer J, Torrent M, Casas M, Vrijheid M. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and markers of obesity and cardiometabolic risk in Spanish adolescents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 151:106469. [PMID: 33711537 PMCID: PMC7960637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been linked to cardiometabolic (CM) risk factors in childhood, but there are no studies evaluating the persistence of these associations into adolescence, a period of relevant changes in endocrine-dependent organ systems and rapid increases in lean and fat mass. We examined the associations of prenatal POP exposures with body mass index (BMI) from age 4 to 18 years, and with other CM risk markers in adolescence. METHODS We analysed 379 children from the Spanish INMA-Menorca birth cohort study with measured cord blood POP concentrations. We calculated BMI z-scores at ages 4, 6, 11, 14 and 18 years using the WHO growth reference. Body fat % was measured at 11 and 18 years and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and blood pressure (BP) at 11, 14 and 18 years. We measured CM biomarkers in fasting blood collected at age 14 years and calculated a CM-risk score as the sum of the sex-, and age-specific z-scores for waist circumference, mean arterial BP, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting blood triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (n = 217). Generalised estimating equations and multivariate linear regression models assessed the associations with repeated and single time-point measures, respectively. RESULTS Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) exposure in the third tertile, compared to the first tertile, was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.47) and WHtR z-score (β = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.51). A continuous increase in HCB was associated with an elevated body fat % (β per 10-fold increase = 4.21; 95% CI: 0.51, 7.92), systolic BP (β = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.64) and diastolic BP z-score (β = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.62) across all ages, and with higher CM-risk score (β = 1.59; 95% CI: 0.02, 3.18) and lipid biomarkers (total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)) at 14 years. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) exposure was non-monotonically associated with BMI and systolic BP. p,p'-DDE and Σ-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (sum of congeners 118, 138, 153, 180) were not associated with adiposity or BP. p,p'-DDT exposure was associated with an increased CM-risk score, and ΣPCBs concentrations with LDL-C in all adolescents and with total cholesterol only in girls (p-sex interaction = 0.05). CONCLUSION This first longitudinal study from 4 to 18 years suggests that the previously reported POP associations with child BMI persist later in adolescence and that prenatal POP exposures are associated with major risk factors for adult CM syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Güil-Oumrait
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Raquel Garcia-Esteban
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Monica Guxens
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; IMIM-Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | | | - Maribel Casas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Amir S, Tzatzarakis M, Mamoulakis C, Bello JH, Eqani SAMAS, Vakonaki E, Karavitakis M, Sultan S, Tahir F, Shah STA, Tsatsakis A. Impact of organochlorine pollutants on semen parameters of infertile men in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110832. [PMID: 33549619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Male infertility is a major problem with important socioeconomic consequences. It is associated with several pathological factors, including but not limited to endocrine disruption as a result of environmental pollution and the alarming decline in sperm count over the decades is indicative of involvement of many environmental and lifestyle changes around the globe. Organochlorine pollutants such as dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethanes (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) disrupt male reproductive system but the exact effect of environmental exposure on semen parameters in human is still not clear. This study was designed to monitor PCBs, DDTs and HCB in hair, urine and serum samples of infertile and healthy fertile men. Solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS) was used to monitor analytes. All tested compounds were detected, indicating recent use/persistent accumulation. Hair samples revealed no significant association with serum/urine concentrations of the analytes, while serum/urine concentrations were significantly correlated positively. Concentrations were higher in serum compared to other samples. The levels of organochlorine pollutants were higher in infertile men compared to controls with few exceptions. Among PCBs, and DDTs, PCB-153 and pp'-DDT were detected in highest concentrations, respectively. op'-DDT and pp'-DDT levels were significantly higher in infertile men compared to controls. HCB was significantly correlated negatively with sperm motility in all samples. Serum concentrations of all compounds were higher in men with defective semen parameters compared to normospermics. Serum was the best biological sample for assessing health outcomes in relation to exposure levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saira Amir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Charalampos Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Jaafar Haris Bello
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Elena Vakonaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Markos Karavitakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sikandar Sultan
- Public Health Laboratories Division, National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Tahir
- Public Health Laboratories Division, National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Tahir Abbas Shah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smirnova A, Mentor A, Ranefall P, Bornehag CG, Brunström B, Mattsson A, Jönsson M. Increased apoptosis, reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and altered tail development in zebrafish embryos exposed to a human-relevant chemical mixture. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 238:124584. [PMID: 33032226 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of anthropogenic chemicals is detected in humans and wildlife and the health effects of various chemical exposures are not well understood. Early life stages are generally the most susceptible to chemical disruption and developmental exposure can cause disease in adulthood, but the mechanistic understanding of such effects is poor. Within the EU project EDC-MixRisk, a chemical mixture (Mixture G) was identified in the Swedish pregnancy cohort SELMA by the inverse association between levels in women at around gestational week ten with birth weight of their children. This mixture was composed of mono-ethyl phthalate, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-ethylhexyl phthalate, mono-isononyl phthalate, triclosan, perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfonate. In a series of experimental studies, we characterized effects of Mixture G on early development in zebrafish models. Here, we studied apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin signaling which are two evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways of crucial importance during development. We determined effects on apoptosis by measuring TUNEL staining, caspase-3 activity, and acridine orange staining in wildtype zebrafish embryos, while Wnt/β-catenin signaling was assayed using a transgenic line expressing an EGFP reporter at β-catenin-regulated promoters. We found that Mixture G increased apoptosis, suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the caudal fin, and altered the shape of the caudal fin at water concentrations only 20-100 times higher than the geometric mean serum concentration in the human cohort. These findings call for awareness that pollutant mixtures like mixture G may interfere with a variety of developmental processes, possibly resulting in adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Smirnova
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Mentor
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petter Ranefall
- SciLifeLab BioImage Informatics Facility, and Dept of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Björn Brunström
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Mattsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Jönsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohanto NC, Ito Y, Kato S, Kamijima M. Life-Time Environmental Chemical Exposure and Obesity: Review of Epidemiological Studies Using Human Biomonitoring Methods. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:778737. [PMID: 34858347 PMCID: PMC8632231 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.778737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential global increase in the incidence of obesity may be partly attributable to environmental chemical (EC) exposure. Humans are constantly exposed to ECs, primarily through environmental components. This review compiled human epidemiological study findings of associations between blood and/or urinary exposure levels of ECs and anthropometric overweight and obesity indices. The findings reveal research gaps that should be addressed. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed) for full text English articles published in 2006-2020 using the keywords "environmental exposure" and "obesity". A total of 821 articles were retrieved; 102 reported relationships between environmental exposure and obesity indices. ECs were the predominantly studied environmental exposure compounds. The ECs were grouped into phenols, phthalates, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to evaluate obesogenic roles. In total, 106 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were summarized after an additional search by each group of EC combined with obesity in the PubMed and Scopus databases. Dose-dependent positive associations between bisphenol A (BPA) and various obesity indices were revealed. Both individual and summed di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and non-DEHP metabolites showed inconsistent associations with overweight and obesity indices, although mono-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) seem to have obesogenic roles in adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Maternal exposure levels of individual POP metabolites or congeners showed inconsistent associations, whereas dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were positively associated with obesity indices. There was insufficient evidence of associations between early childhood EC exposure and the subsequent development of overweight and obesity in late childhood. Overall, human evidence explicitly reveals the consistent obesogenic roles of BPA, DDE, and PFOA, but inconsistent roles of phthalate metabolites and other POPs. Further prospective studies may yield deeper insights into the overall scenario.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ren XM, Kuo Y, Blumberg B. Agrochemicals and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110926. [PMID: 32619583 PMCID: PMC7484009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a very large concern worldwide, reaching pandemic proportions over the past several decades. Lifestyle factors, such as excess caloric intake and decreased physical activity, together with genetic predispositions, are well-known factors related to obesity. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that exposure to some environmental chemicals during critical windows of development may contribute to the rapid increase in the incidence of obesity. Agrochemicals are a class of chemicals extensively used in agriculture, which have been widely detected in human. There is now considerable evidence linking human exposure to agrochemicals with obesity. This review summarizes human epidemiological evidence and experimental animal studies supporting the association between agrochemical exposure and obesity and outlines possible mechanistic underpinnings for this link.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Ren
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2300, USA
| | - Yun Kuo
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2300, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2300, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Etzel TM, Engel SM, Quirós-Alcalá L, Chen J, Barr DB, Wolff MS, Buckley JP. Prenatal maternal organophosphorus pesticide exposures, paraoxonase 1, and childhood adiposity in the Mount Sinai Children's Environmental Health Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105858. [PMID: 32599353 PMCID: PMC7340581 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) may be environmental obesogens. While prenatal OP exposures have been associated with altered infant glucose metabolism, associations with pediatric adiposity remain unknown. METHODS We summed concentrations of three dimethylphosphate (∑DMP) and three diethylphosphate (∑DEP) metabolites of OPs measured in third trimester spot urine samples collected from pregnant women enrolled in New York City, 1998-2002. We measured percent fat mass using bio-electrical impedance analysis and calculated age- and sex-standardized body mass index (BMI) z-scores from anthropometric measurements collected at approximately 4, 6, and 7-9 years of age (166 children, 333 observations). We assessed covariate-adjusted associations of OPs with repeated adiposity measures using linear mixed models and evaluated effect measure modification (EMM) by sex and paroxonase (PON) 1 -108C/T and Q192R polymorphisms measured in maternal peripheral blood samples. RESULTS The geometric mean urinary concentration of ∑DMP metabolites (29.9 nmol/L, IQR: 105.2 nmol/L) was higher than ∑DEP metabolites (8.8 nmol/L, IQR: 31.2 nmol/L). Adjusted associations were null, with differences in fat mass per 10-fold increase in prenatal ∑DMP and ∑DEP concentrations of 0.7% (95% CI: -0.6, 2.0) and 0.8% (95% CI: -0.4, 2.0), respectively. Maternal PON1-108C/T polymorphisms modified relationships of prenatal ∑DMP with percent fat mass (EMM p-value = 0.18) and ∑DEP with BMI z-scores (EMM p-value = 0.12). For example, ∑DMP was modestly associated with increased percent fat mass among children of mothers with the at-risk CT or TT genotype (β = 1.2%, 95% CI: -0.6, 3.0) but not among those whose mothers had the CC genotype (β = -0.4%, 95% CI: -2.4, 1.5). Associations were not modified by sex or maternal PON1 Q192R polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS We observed little evidence of a relationship between prenatal OP exposures and child adiposity, although there was some suggestion of increased risk among offspring of mothers who were slow OP metabolizers. Larger studies are warranted to further evaluate possible associations of prenatal OP exposures with child adiposity and differences by maternal PON1 genotype, which regulates OP metabolism and may increase susceptibility to exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Etzel
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | - Jia Chen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dana B Barr
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Metabolically Healthy Obesity-Heterogeneity in Definitions and Unconventional Factors. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020048. [PMID: 32012784 PMCID: PMC7074352 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of heterogeneity among obese individuals in their risk for developing metabolic dysfunction and associated complications has been recognized for decades. At the origin of the heterogeneity idea is the acknowledgement that individuals with central obesity are more prone to developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease than those with peripheral obesity. There have been attempts to categorize subjects according to their metabolic health and degree of obesity giving rise to different obese and non-obese phenotypes that include metabolically unhealthy normal-weight (MUHNW), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). Individuals belonging to the MHO phenotype are obese according to their body mass index although exhibiting fewer or none metabolic anomalies such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and/or unfavorable inflammatory and fribinolytic profiles. However, some authors claim that MHO is only transient in nature. Additionally, the phenotype categorization is controversial as it lacks standardized definitions possibly blurring the distinction between obesity phenotypes and confounding the associations with health outcomes. To add to the discussion, the factors underlying the origin or protection from metabolic deterioration and cardiometabolic risk for these subclasses are being intensely investigated and several hypotheses have been put forward. In the present review, we compare the different definitions of obesity phenotypes and present several possible factors underlying them (adipose tissue distribution and cellularity, contaminant accumulation on the adipose tissue, dysbiosis and metabolic endotoxemia imposing on to the endocannabinoid tone and inflammasome, and nutrient intake and dietary patterns) having inflammatory activation at the center.
Collapse
|
19
|
MacFarlane EM, Bruin JE. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Unique Tool for Toxicity Testing in Pancreatic Progenitor and Endocrine Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:604998. [PMID: 33542706 PMCID: PMC7851047 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.604998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, and epidemiological studies report an association between diabetes incidence and environmental pollutant exposure. There are >84,000 chemicals in commerce, many of which are released into the environment without a clear understanding of potential adverse health consequences. While in vivo rodent studies remain an important tool for testing chemical toxicity systemically, we urgently need high-throughput screening platforms in biologically relevant models to efficiently prioritize chemicals for in depth toxicity analysis. Given the increasing global burden of obesity and diabetes, identifying chemicals that disrupt metabolism should be a high priority. Pancreatic endocrine cells are key regulators of systemic metabolism, yet often overlooked as a target tissue in toxicology studies. Immortalized β-cell lines and primary human, porcine, and rodent islets are widely used for studying the endocrine pancreas in vitro, but each have important limitations in terms of scalability, lifespan, and/or biological relevance. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture is a powerful tool for in vitro toxicity testing that addresses many of the limitations with other β-cell models. Current in vitro differentiation protocols can efficiently generate glucose-responsive insulin-secreting β-like cells that are not fully mature, but still valuable for high-throughput toxicity screening in vitro. Furthermore, hPSCs can be applied as a model of developing pancreatic endocrine cells to screen for chemicals that influence endocrine cell formation during critical windows of differentiation. Given their versatility, we recommend using hPSCs to identify potential β-cell toxins, which can then be prioritized as chemicals of concern for metabolic disruption.
Collapse
|
20
|
Nelson W, Wang YX, Sakwari G, Ding YB. Review of the Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Animals and Humans. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 251:131-184. [PMID: 31129734 DOI: 10.1007/398_2019_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is associated with long-term hormone-dependent effects that are sometimes not revealed until maturity, middle age, or adulthood. The aim of this study was to conduct descriptive reviews on animal experimental and human epidemiological evidence of the adverse health effects of in utero and lactational exposure to selected EDCs on the first generation and subsequent generation of the exposed offspring. PubMed, Web of Science, and Toxline databases were searched for relevant human and experimental animal studies on 29 October 29 2018. Search results were screened for relevance, and studies that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated and qualitative data extracted for analysis. The search yielded 73 relevant human and 113 animal studies. Results from studies show that in utero and lactational exposure to EDCs is associated with impairment of reproductive, immunologic, metabolic, neurobehavioral, and growth physiology of the exposed offspring up to the fourth generation without additional exposure. Little convergence is seen between animal experiments and human studies in terms of the reported adverse health effects which might be associated with methodologic challenges across the studies. Based on the available animal and human evidence, in utero and lactational exposure to EDCs is detrimental to the offspring. However, more human studies are necessary to clarify the toxicological and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Nelson
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproductive and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Xiong Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproductive and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gloria Sakwari
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
| | - Yu-Bin Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproductive and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Experimental data have suggested that some contaminants in the environment may increase the risk of obesity. Infants can be exposed to chemicals either prenatally, by trans-placental passage of chemicals, or postnatally by their own diet and by other external pathways (air inhalation, dust, hand-to-mouth exposure) after birth. To provide a review of epidemiological evidence on the association between prenatal exposure to chemicals and prenatal and postnatal growth, we present the literature from systematic review articles and international meta-analyses, when available, or recent research articles when summarizing articles were not available. The most studied contaminants in this field were persistent organic pollutants (e.g. organochlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls), non-persistent pollutants (e.g. phthalates, bisphenol A), toxic heavy metals (i.e. cadmium, lead and mercury), arsenic, mycotoxins and acrylamide. Mounting evidence suggests that child's growth may be associated with prenatal or postnatal exposures to environmental contaminants. Improving exposure assessment and studying the contaminants as mixtures should allow to gain knowledge about the environmental determinants of growth and obesity.
Collapse
|
22
|
Casadó L, Arrebola JP, Fontalba A, Muñoz A. Adverse effects of hexaclorobenzene exposure in children and adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108421. [PMID: 31387069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexachlorobenzene (HCB: C₆Cl₆) is a persistent, bioaccumulative chemical formerly used worldwide in pesticide mixtures but also produced as a by-product in the chemical and metallurgical industry. Despite current international restrictions in the use and production of HCB, the majority of the general population still show detectable levels of HCB, which raises concerns on the potential health implications of the exposure. OBJECTIVE To compile and synthesize the available scientific evidence regarding the adverse effects of exposure to HCB in children and adolescents. METHODS A review of the literature focused on the adverse effects of HCB exposure in children. Eligible studies were systematically screened from searches in Medline, Scopus and Ebsco-host databases. A total of 62 studies were finally included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In our search we found evidences of potential health effects linked to HCB exposure at different levels (e.g. neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, hepatotoxic and toxicogenomic), although the conclusions are still contradictory. Further prospective research is needed, considering the special vulnerability of children and adolescent population as well as the ubiquity of the exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Casadó
- Department of Nursing, Medical Anthropology Research Centre (MARC), University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Andrés Fontalba
- Northern Málaga Integrated Healthcare Area, Andalusian Health Service, Antequera, Spain, Department of Nursing, Medicine and Physiotherapy, Almeria University, Almería, Spain
| | - Araceli Muñoz
- School of Social Work, Food Observatory (ODELA), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Medical Anthropology Research Centre (MARC), University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Di Ciaula A, Portincasa P. Diet and Contaminants: Driving the Rise to Obesity Epidemics? Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3471-3482. [PMID: 28521687 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170518095736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is spreading worldwide without reversal trend and despite specific policies oriented to dietary habits and lifestyle, which seem to have modest effects. Genetic factors only partly explain the rise, whereas environmental factors seem to play a key role, mainly by gene-environment interactions through epigenetic mechanisms. A number of animal and human studies point to maternal diet, intestinal microbiota and chemicals introduced as contaminants with food, all factors able to increase the risk of obesity. Widely diffused toxics (mainly BPA, phthalates, pesticides) are able to promote obesity in children and adults, mainly by acting on the differentiation pathway linking multipotent stromal stem cell to mature adipocyte, modulating epigenetic factors and influencing a series of mechanisms finally leading to altered dietary habits, increased adipocyte formation and fat storage. Furthermore, the adipose tissue is an important target for several chemicals (mainly POPs) which represent a threat to metabolic health. In conclusion, besides excessive individual energy intake and inadequate lifestyle, other broadly diffused and modifiable factors (mainly ingestion of toxic chemicals with food) seem to have a critical role in the rapid epidemiological growing of obesity, also considering trans-generational transmission of risk and later development of obesity due to exposure during early life. Further studies are needed, to better assess interactions between cumulative effects of toxic food contaminants and modification of diet and lifestyle, and to verify the efficacy of primary prevention strategies acting on all these factors and potentially able to reverse the continuous rising of the obesity epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Bisceglie, Italy - International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE), Arezzo, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Junqué E, Garí M, Llull RM, Grimalt JO. Drivers of the accumulation of mercury and organochlorine pollutants in Mediterranean lean fish and dietary significance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:170-180. [PMID: 29627539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An integrated assessment of lean fish of commercial value as Hg and organochlorine compound source into the population of the Balearic Islands were reported. Dependences between pollutant concentrations, trophic level, fish species, specimen weight and physical-chemical properties were evaluated. Hg and total DDTs showed highest variability between fish species whereas PCBs and HCB displayed more constant median values. The organochlorine compounds found in highest concentrations were those with highest hydrophobicity, consistently with their higher bioaccumulation potential. These pollutant concentrations were higher in Mediterranean than Atlantic fish. Higher median total DDT and PCBs concentrations were also observed in the third than the second trophic level species. The observed concentrations were below the threshold recommended by the EU for human consumption (75ng/g wet weight). The Hg concentrations were higher in Mediterranean than Atlantic fish, with average values of 1.5μg/g ww and 0.43μg/g ww, respectively. Forty-one percent of the specimens from the Mediterranean and 25% of dusky grouper specimens from the Atlantic Ocean showed Hg concentrations above the EU recommended limits for human consumption, either 0.5μg/g ww or 1μg/g ww. In the third trophic level, a significant dependence between median Hg concentrations and weight of each studied species was observed, which remained significant in specimen weight correlations. Independent species correlations of Hg concentrations vs individual weight generally showed higher concentrations at higher weight. Weight/size of the individuals was therefore an important factor for Hg accumulation but the trend was modulated by a species effect. Extrapolation of the observed Hg concentrations in Mediterranean fish to Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes (PTWIs) showed higher intakes than the thresholds recommended by EFSA for adults and children, 110% and 140%, respectively. The estimated PTWIs for MeHg corresponded to 310% and 400% of the recommended threshold values. The PTWI values for organochlorine compounds were lower than those recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Junqué
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Garí
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Earth and Ocean Dynamics, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Llull
- General Direction of Public Health and Consumption, Ministry of Health, Family and Social Welfare, Government of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mughal BB, Fini JB, Demeneix BA. Thyroid-disrupting chemicals and brain development: an update. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R160-R186. [PMID: 29572405 PMCID: PMC5890081 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent findings on the main categories of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals and their effects on brain development. We draw mostly on epidemiological and experimental data published in the last decade. For each chemical class considered, we deal with not only the thyroid hormone-disrupting effects but also briefly mention the main mechanisms by which the same chemicals could modify estrogen and/or androgen signalling, thereby exacerbating adverse effects on endocrine-dependent developmental programmes. Further, we emphasize recent data showing how maternal thyroid hormone signalling during early pregnancy affects not only offspring IQ, but also neurodevelopmental disease risk. These recent findings add to established knowledge on the crucial importance of iodine and thyroid hormone for optimal brain development. We propose that prenatal exposure to mixtures of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals provides a plausible biological mechanism contributing to current increases in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disease and IQ loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal B Mughal
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Raza N, Kim KH, Abdullah M, Raza W, Brown RJ. Recent developments in analytical quantitation approaches for parabens in human-associated samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
27
|
Starek-Świechowicz B, Budziszewska B, Starek A. Hexachlorobenzene as a persistent organic pollutant: Toxicity and molecular mechanism of action. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:1232-1239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Garruti G, Di Ciaula A, Wang HH, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Cross-Talk Between Bile Acids and Gastro-Intestinal and Thermogenic Hormones: Clues from Bariatric Surgery. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:s68-s82. [PMID: 29080342 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is rapidly increasing and has reached epidemic features worldwide. It´s linked to insulin resistance, systemic low-grade inflammation and common pathogenic pathways with a number of comorbidities (including cancer), leading to high mortality rates. Besides change of lifestyles (diet and physical exercise) and pharmacological therapy, bariatric surgery is able to rapidly improve several metabolic and morphologic features associated with excessive fat storage, and currently represents an in vivo model to study the pathogenic mechanisms underlying obesity and obesity-related complications. Studies on obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery find that the effects of surgery are not simply secondary to gastric mechanical restriction and malabsorption which induce body weight loss. In fact, some surgical procedures positively modify key pathways involving the intestine, bile acids, receptor signaling, gut microbiota, hormones and thermogenesis, leading to systemic metabolic changes. Furthermore, bariatric surgery represents a suitable model to evaluate the gene-environment interaction and some epigenetic mechanisms linking obesity and insulin resistance to metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Helen H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Laudisio D, Savastano S, Colao A. Obesogenic endocrine disruptors and obesity: myths and truths. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3469-3475. [PMID: 28975368 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesogenic endocrine disruptors, also known as obesogens, are chemicals potentially involved in weight gain by altering lipid homeostasis and promoting adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. They included compounds to which human population is exposed over daily life such as pesticides/herbicides, industrial and household products, plastics, detergents and personal care products. The window of life during which the exposure happens could lead to different effects. A critical window is during utero and/or neonatal period in which the obesogens could cause subtle changes in gene expression and tissue organization or blunt other levels of biological organization leading to increased susceptibility to diseases in the adulthood. Some of the reasons for this increased sensitivity include the lack of the protective mechanisms that are available in adult such as DNA repair mechanisms, a competent immune system, detoxifying enzymes, liver metabolism and the blood/brain barrier still not fully functional in the fetus or newborn. The mechanisms of action of obesogens lay on their ability to increase the number and/or the size of the adipocytes and to alter appetite, satiety and food preferences. The ability of obesogens to increase fat deposition results in an increased capacity for their own retention due to their lipophilic properties; thus prolonging the exposure and increasing the detrimental metabolic consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Ios and Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, Via Alcide De Gasperi, 107,109,111, 80011, Acerra, NA, Italy.
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Ios and Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, Via Alcide De Gasperi, 107,109,111, 80011, Acerra, NA, Italy
| | - Daniela Laudisio
- Ios and Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, Via Alcide De Gasperi, 107,109,111, 80011, Acerra, NA, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" - Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" - Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jackson E, Shoemaker R, Larian N, Cassis L. Adipose Tissue as a Site of Toxin Accumulation. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1085-1135. [PMID: 28915320 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We examine the role of adipose tissue, typically considered an energy storage site, as a potential site of toxicant accumulation. Although the production of most persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was banned years ago, these toxicants persist in the environment due to their resistance to biodegradation and widespread distribution in various environmental forms (e.g., vapor, sediment, and water). As a result, human exposure to these toxicants is inevitable. Largely due to their lipophilicity, POPs bioaccumulate in adipose tissue, resulting in greater body burdens of these environmental toxicants with obesity. POPs of major concern include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/PCDFs), and polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers (PBBs/PBDEs), among other organic compounds. In this review, we (i) highlight the physical characteristics of toxicants that enable them to partition into and remain stored in adipose tissue, (ii) discuss the specific mechanisms of action by which these toxicants act to influence adipocyte function, and (iii) review associations between POP exposures and the development of obesity and diabetes. An area of controversy relates to the relative potential beneficial versus hazardous health effects of toxicant sequestration in adipose tissue. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1085-1135, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robin Shoemaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nika Larian
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lisa Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in newborns and early life exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals: analysis of three European mother-child cohorts. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:429-437. [PMID: 28288144 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundVarious studies have reported interactions between thyroid hormones and early life chemical exposure. Our objective was to analyze the associations between markers of endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure and thyroid function in newborns, determined through heel prick blood spots.MethodsThree European mother-child cohorts (FLEHSI-Belgium, HUMIS-Norway, and the PCB cohort-Slovakia. Total n=1,784) were pooled for the purpose of this study. Data on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were obtained from national neonatal screening registries, and samples of cord plasma and/or breast milk were collected to determine exposure to various chemicals. Multiple regression models were composed with exposure and cohort as fixed factors, and adjustments were made for a priori defined covariates.ResultsMedian TSH concentrations were 1, 1.10, and 2.76 mU/l for the Belgian, Norwegian, and Slovak cohorts, respectively. For polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-153 and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), children in the third exposure quartile had a 12-15% lower TSH at birth. Results remained unchanged after additional adjustment for birth weight and gestational weight gain. No effect on TSH was observed for the other compounds.ConclusionEarly life exposure to PCB-153 and p,p'-DDE impacts newborn TSH levels. Higher exposure levels were associated with 12-15% lower TSH levels.
Collapse
|
32
|
Botton J, Kadawathagedara M, de Lauzon-Guillain B. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and growth of children. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2017; 78:108-111. [PMID: 28483365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
According to the "environmental obesogen hypothesis", early-life (including in utero) exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may disturb the mechanisms involved in adipogenesis or energy storage, and thus may increase the susceptibility to overweight and obesity. Animal models have shown that exposure to several of these chemicals could induce adipogenesis and mechanisms have been described. Epidemiological studies are crucial to know whether this effect could also be observed in humans. We aimed at summarizing the literature in epidemiology on the relationship between EDCs exposure and child's growth. Overall, epidemiological studies suggest that pre- and/or early postnatal exposure to some EDCs may increase the risk of overweight or obesity during childhood. In that review, we present some limitations of these studies, mainly in exposure assessment, that currently prevent to conclude about causality. Recent advances in epidemiology should bring further knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Botton
- Inserm, UMR1153 epidemiology and biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité center (CRESS), Team "early origin of the child's health and development" (ORCHAD), Paris Descartes university, Paris, France; Faculty of pharmacy, université Paris-Sud, université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Manik Kadawathagedara
- Inserm, UMR1153 epidemiology and biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité center (CRESS), Team "early origin of the child's health and development" (ORCHAD), Paris Descartes university, Paris, France
| | - Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain
- Inserm, UMR1153 epidemiology and biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité center (CRESS), Team "early origin of the child's health and development" (ORCHAD), Paris Descartes university, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Safe S, Li X. Endocrine disruption: Relevance of experimental studies in female animals to human studies. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Heindel JJ, Blumberg B, Cave M, Machtinger R, Mantovani A, Mendez MA, Nadal A, Palanza P, Panzica G, Sargis R, Vandenberg LN, Vom Saal F. Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 68:3-33. [PMID: 27760374 PMCID: PMC5365353 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent epidemics of metabolic diseases, obesity, type 2 diabetes(T2D), liver lipid disorders and metabolic syndrome have largely been attributed to genetic background and changes in diet, exercise and aging. However, there is now considerable evidence that other environmental factors may contribute to the rapid increase in the incidence of these metabolic diseases. This review will examine changes to the incidence of obesity, T2D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the contribution of genetics to these disorders and describe the role of the endocrine system in these metabolic disorders. It will then specifically focus on the role of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the etiology of obesity, T2D and NAFLD while finally integrating the information on EDCs on multiple metabolic disorders that could lead to metabolic syndrome. We will specifically examine evidence linking EDC exposures during critical periods of development with metabolic diseases that manifest later in life and across generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Extramural Research and Training Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- University of California, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Mathew Cave
- University of Louisville, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Louisville KY, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle A Mendez
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Paola Palanza
- University of Parma, Department of Neurosciences, Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Panzica
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy
| | - Robert Sargis
- University of Chicago, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- University of Massachusetts, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Frederick Vom Saal
- University of Missouri, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang Y, Hollis-Hansen K, Ren X, Qiu Y, Qu W. Do environmental pollutants increase obesity risk in humans? Obes Rev 2016; 17:1179-1197. [PMID: 27706898 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity has become a global epidemic and threat to public health. A good understanding of the causes can help attenuate the risk and spread. Environmental pollutants may have contributed to the rising global obesity rates. Some research reported associations between chemical pollutants and obesity, but findings are mixed. This study systematically examined associations between chemical pollutants and obesity in human subjects. METHODS Systematic review of relevant studies published between 1 January 1995 and 1 June 2016 by searching PubMed and MEDLINE®. RESULTS Thirty-five cross-sectional (n = 17) and cohort studies (n = 18) were identified that reported on associations between pollutants and obesity measures. Of them, 16 studies (45.71%) reported a positive association; none reported a sole inverse association; three (8.57%) reported a null association only; six (17.14%) reported both a positive and null association; seven (20.00%) reported a positive and inverse association; and three studies (8.57%) reported all associations (positive, inverse and null). Most studies examined the association between multiple different pollutants, different levels of concentration and in subsamples, which results in mixed results. Thirty-three studies reported at least one positive association between obesity and chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, biphenyl A, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and more. Certain chemicals, such as biphenyl A, were more likely to have high ORs ranging from 1.0 to 3.0, whereas highly chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls were more likely to have negative ORs. Effects of chemicals on the endocrine system and obesity might vary by substance, exposure level, measure of adiposity and subject characteristics (e.g. sex and age). CONCLUSIONS Accumulated evidences show positive associations between pollutants and obesity in humans. Future large, long-term, follow-up studies are needed to assess impact of chemical pollutants on obesity risk and related mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Systems-oriented Global Childhood Obesity Intervention Program, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K Hollis-Hansen
- Systems-oriented Global Childhood Obesity Intervention Program, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - X Ren
- Systems-oriented Global Childhood Obesity Intervention Program, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Y Qiu
- Systems-oriented Global Childhood Obesity Intervention Program, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - W Qu
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Water and Health Strategy Research, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Adeogun AO, Ibor OR, Onoja AB, Arukwe A. Fish condition factor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and biotransformation responses in Sarotherodon melanotheron from a contaminated freshwater dam (Awba Dam) in Ibadan, Nigeria. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 121:74-86. [PMID: 26898991 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between condition factor (CF), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), phase 1 biotransformation (CYP1A isoforms) and contaminant burden has been studied in Sarotherodon melanotheron from a contaminated tropical freshwater dam (Awba Dam) and compared to a reference site (Modete Dam) in Southwest, Nigeria. A total of 89 fish (57 males and 32 females) was collected from Awba Dam and 95 fish (48 males and 47 females) from the reference site. In general, fish sampled from Awba Dam were bigger than reference site. Sediment samples were also collected from both sites for contaminant analysis. Expression of ppar and cyp1 isoforms was analyzed using validated real-time PCR, while CYP1A and PPAR protein levels were analyzed using immunochemical method with specific antibodies. CYP-mediated catalytic responses (EROD, MROD and BROD) were performed by biochemical methods. We observed significant increases in ppar and cyp1 isoforms mRNA in both male and female fish from Awba Dam, compared to the reference site. Catalytic activities of EROD, MROD and BROD paralleled cyp1 transcript levels. Sex-related differences in PPAR and CYP1A protein levels were also observed, showing higher CYP1A proteins in males, compared with females, and higher PPAR proteins in females compared with males. Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot showed positive relationships between biological responses (ppar isoforms), condition factor (CF) and sediment PCBs, PAHs, OCPs and heavy metal concentrations. The present study shows that S. melanotheron inhabiting Awba Dam are severely affected by different classes of environmental contaminants that target metabolic processes (PPAR) and biotransformation pathways (CYP1A) in male and female fish, compared to a reference site. Interestingly, fish from Awba Dam were exhibiting good growth (evidence by high CF values) that paralleled increases in the transcriptional activation of ppar and cyp1 isoforms, despite the high contaminant burdens, suggesting a possible contaminant-induced obesogenic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aina O Adeogun
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oju R Ibor
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Anyebe B Onoja
- Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Karlsen M, Grandjean P, Weihe P, Steuerwald U, Oulhote Y, Valvi D. Early-life exposures to persistent organic pollutants in relation to overweight in preschool children. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 68:145-153. [PMID: 27496715 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge on obesogenic effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is equivocal. We therefore evaluated the associations between early-life POP exposures and body mass index (BMI) in 444 Faroese children born in 2007-2009. POPs were measured in maternal 2-week postpartum serum and child age-5 serum. Linear regression and generalised linear models assessed the associations with continuous and dichotomous BMI z-scores, respectively, at ages 18 months and/or 5 years. Maternal serum concentrations of HCB, PFOS and PFOA were associated with increased BMI z-scores and/or overweight risk (i.e. BMI z-score≥85th WHO percentile). No clear association was found for maternal serum-PCBs, p,p'-DDE, PFHxS, PFNA and PFDA. In cross-sectional analyses, we observed a pattern of inverse associations between child serum-POPs and BMI z-scores at age 5, perhaps due to reverse causation that requires attention in future prospective analyses. Findings in this recent cohort support a role of maternal exposure to endocrine disruptors in the childhood obesity epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Karlsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Pal Weihe
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Ulrike Steuerwald
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Youssef Oulhote
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Alonso-Magdalena P, Rivera FJ, Guerrero-Bosagna C. Bisphenol-A and metabolic diseases: epigenetic, developmental and transgenerational basis. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvw022. [PMID: 29492299 PMCID: PMC5804535 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants is now accepted as a factor contributing to the increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic diseases around the world. Such environmental compounds are known as 'obesogens'. Among them, bisphenol-A (BPA) is the most widespread and ubiquitous compound affecting humans and animals. Laboratory animal work has provided conclusive evidence that early-life exposure to BPA is particularly effective in predisposing individuals to weight gain. Embryonic exposure to BPA is reported to generate metabolic disturbances later in life, such as obesity and diabetes. When BPA administration is combined with a high-fat diet, there is an exacerbation in the development of metabolic disorders. Remarkably, upon BPA exposure of gestating females, metabolic disturbances have been found both in the offspring and later in life in the mothers themselves. When considering the metabolic effects generated by an early developmental exposure to BPA, one of the questions that arises is the role of precursor cells in the etiology of metabolic disorders. Current evidence shows that BPA and other endocrine disruptors have the ability to alter fat tissue development and growth by affecting the capacity to generate functional adipocytes, as well as their rate of differentiation to specific cell types. Epigenetic mechanisms seem to be involved in the BPA-induced effects related to obesity, as they have been described in both in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, recent reports also show that developmental exposure to BPA generates abnormalities that can be transmitted to future generations, in a process called as transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco J. Rivera
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Institute for Molecular Regenerative Medicine and Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna
- Avian Behavioral Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Developmental Exposure to Environmental Chemicals and Metabolic Changes in Children. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2016; 46:255-85. [PMID: 27401018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other forms of metabolic disease have been rising over the past several decades. Although diet and physical activity play important roles in these trends, other environmental factors also may contribute to this significant public health issue. In this article, we discuss the possibility that widespread exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases in children. We summarize the epidemiological evidence on exposure to environmental chemicals during early development and metabolic outcomes in infants and children. Prenatal exposure to EDCs, particularly the persistent organic pollutant DDT and its metabolite DDE, may influence growth patterns during infancy and childhood. The altered growth patterns associated with EDCs vary according to exposure level, sex, exposure timing, pubertal status, and age at which growth is measured. Early exposure to air pollutants also is linked to impaired metabolism in infants and children. As a result of these and other studies, professional health provider societies have called for a reduction in environmental chemical exposures. We summarize the resources available to health care providers to counsel patients on how to reduce chemical exposures. We conclude with a discussion of environmental policies that address chemical exposures and ultimately aim to improve public health.
Collapse
|
41
|
Woo Baidal JA, Locks LM, Cheng ER, Blake-Lamb TL, Perkins ME, Taveras EM. Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity in the First 1,000 Days: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:761-779. [PMID: 26916261 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mounting evidence suggests that the origins of childhood obesity and related disparities can be found as early as the "first 1,000 days"-the period from conception to age 2 years. The main goal of this study is to systematically review existing evidence for modifiable childhood obesity risk factors present from conception to age 2 years. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between January 1, 1980, and December 12, 2014, of childhood obesity risk factors present during the first 1,000 days. Prospective, original human subject, English-language research with exposure occurrence during the first 1,000 days and with the outcome of childhood overweight or obesity (BMI ≥85th percentile for age and sex) collected between age 6 months and 18 years were analyzed between December 13, 2014, and March 15, 2015. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of 5,952 identified citations, 282 studies met inclusion criteria. Several risk factors during the first 1,000 days were consistently associated with later childhood obesity. These included higher maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, prenatal tobacco exposure, maternal excess gestational weight gain, high infant birth weight, and accelerated infant weight gain. Fewer studies also supported gestational diabetes, child care attendance, low strength of maternal-infant relationship, low SES, curtailed infant sleep, inappropriate bottle use, introduction of solid food intake before age 4 months, and infant antibiotic exposure as risk factors for childhood obesity. CONCLUSIONS Modifiable risk factors in the first 1,000 days can inform future research and policy priorities and intervention efforts to prevent childhood obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Woo Baidal
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Lindsey M Locks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erika R Cheng
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tiffany L Blake-Lamb
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Kraft Center for Community Health Leadership, Partners Healthcare, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan E Perkins
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elsie M Taveras
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tinggaard J, Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Husby S, Christiansen L, Skakkebaek NE, Jensen TK, Grandjean P, Main KM, Andersen HR. Prenatal pesticide exposure and PON1 genotype associated with adolescent body fat distribution evaluated by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Andrology 2016; 4:735-44. [PMID: 27230552 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many modern pesticides have endocrine disrupting abilities and early-life exposure may affect growth and disease risk later in life. Previously, we reported associations between prenatal pesticide exposure and higher childhood body fat content measured by anthropometry. The associations were affected by child PON1 Q192R genotype. We aimed to study whether prenatal pesticide exposure was still associated with body fat content and distribution in the children at puberty and the potential impact of both maternal and child PON1 Q192R genotype. In this prospective cohort study of 247 children born by occupationally exposed or unexposed women (greenhouse workers and controls) two follow-up examinations (age 10-15 and 11-16 years) including simple anthropometry, skinfold measurements, pubertal staging and blood sampling were performed. Total and regional fat% was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at age 10-15. Prenatal pesticide exposure was associated with increased total, android, and gynoid fat percentage (DXA) at age 10-15 years after adjustment for sex, socioeconomic status, and puberty (all β = 0.5 standard deviation score (SDS) p < 0.05). Stratified by sex, the associations were significant in girls (total fat: β = 0.7 SDS, android-gynoid ratio: β = 0.1, both p < 0.05), but not in boys. Carrying the R-allele (child or mother, separately, or both) augmented the differences between exposed and unexposed children (total fat: β = 1.0 SDS, β = 0.8 SDS, p < 0.05, respectively, and β = 1.2 SDS, p < 0.01). No exposure-related differences were found if either the child or mother had the QQ wild-type. At age 11-16, exposed children tended to have a higher total fat% estimated by skinfolds than unexposed children (p = 0.06). No significant associations between prenatal exposure and body mass index or waist circumference were found. Prenatal pesticide exposure was associated with higher adolescent body fat content, including android fat deposition, independent of puberty. Girls appeared more susceptible than boys. Furthermore, the association depended on maternal and child PON1 Q192R genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tinggaard
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Wohlfahrt-Veje
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Husby
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - L Christiansen
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - N E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T K Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - P Grandjean
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - K M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H R Andersen
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lind L, Lind PM, Lejonklou MH, Dunder L, Bergman Å, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Lampa E, Lee HK, Legler J, Nadal A, Pak YK, Phipps RP, Vandenberg LN, Zalko D, Ågerstrand M, Öberg M, Blumberg B, Heindel JJ, Birnbaum LS. Uppsala Consensus Statement on Environmental Contaminants and the Global Obesity Epidemic. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:A81-3. [PMID: 27135406 PMCID: PMC4858400 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1511115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Summary: From the lectures presented at the 2nd International Workshop on Obesity and Environmental Contaminants, which was held in Uppsala, Sweden, on 8–9 October 2015, it became evident that the findings from numerous animal and epidemiological studies are consistent with the hypothesis that environmental contaminants could contribute to the global obesity epidemic. To increase awareness of this important issue among scientists, regulatory agencies, politicians, chemical industry management, and the general public, the authors summarize compelling scientific evidence that supports the hypothesis and discuss actions that could restrict the possible harmful effects of environmental contaminants on obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Address correspondence to L. Lind, Department of Medical Sciences, Akademiska sjukhuset, Entrance 40, Plan 5, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden. Telephone: 46186114959. E-mail:
| | - P. Monica Lind
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Address correspondence to L. Lind, Department of Medical Sciences, Akademiska sjukhuset, Entrance 40, Plan 5, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden. Telephone: 46186114959. E-mail:
| | - Margareta H. Lejonklou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Dunder
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Södertalje, Sweden
| | | | - Erik Lampa
- Uppsala Clinical Research (UCR) Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angel Nadal
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Youngmi Kim Pak
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Richard P. Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Zalko
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1331 (Unité Mixe de Recherche 1331), Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, INPT (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse), UPS (Universite Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France
| | - Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Öberg
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Södertalje, Sweden
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jerrold J. Heindel
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Adeogun AO, Ibor OR, Regoli F, Arukwe A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and biotransformation responses in relation to condition factor and contaminant burden in tilapia species from Ogun River, Nigeria. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 183-184:7-19. [PMID: 26743957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major development in fishery science has been the Fulton's condition factor (CF) as a reliable physiological index of fish growth and health status (Fulton 1902). As a general rule, CF-value greater than 1 (>1) should be regarded as an indicator for good growth and health. Therefore, exposure of fish to contaminants in the environment will be expected to produce a reduction in scope for growth, since energy for growth will be allocated to overcome stressful conditions. In the present study, we hypothesized that tilapia species from Ogun River (Nigeria) are experiencing severe contaminant-induced obesogen effects leading to high CF (≥ 2) in fish with pathological alterations. The environmental obesogen hypothesis has related the interaction between environmental pollutants and PPAR isoform activation In this respect, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and biotransformation responses in relation to contaminant burden were investigated in a total of 1074 specimens of Tilapias species (Tilapia guineensis, Sarotherodon galileaus and Oreochromis niloticus) collected from three areas with different degrees of anthropogenic contamination and from a putative control site along the Ogun River. Liver mRNA expression of cytochrome cyp1 isoforms (cyp1a, 1b and 1c) and PPAR isoforms (ppar-α, β and γ) were analyzed using validated real-time PCR. Fish were also analyzed for CF and muscle contaminant burden (aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls). A significant increase in mRNA expression of cyp1- and ppar isoforms was observed in fish from polluted areas, and these results paralleled data on PCBs and PAHs tissue concentrations. Further, cyp1 isoforms showed clear sex-related differences, with higher mRNA expression in male fish than in females. Principal component analysis revealed a relationship between cyp1 isoforms, ppar-α, β, PCBs and PAHs and these interactions may suggest a crosstalk between AhR- and PPARs mediated pathways on metabolic and energetic processes. The PCA biplot also highlighted a positive relationship between ppar-γ, body weight, total length and PAHs. The CF for fish from all the sites was ≥ 2 indicating that this parameter may not be a reliable index for evaluating fish growth and health condition, especially in wild fish population exposed to complex cocktails of environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aina O Adeogun
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oju R Ibor
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vafeiadi M, Roumeliotaki T, Myridakis A, Chalkiadaki G, Fthenou E, Dermitzaki E, Karachaliou M, Sarri K, Vassilaki M, Stephanou EG, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L. Association of early life exposure to bisphenol A with obesity and cardiometabolic traits in childhood. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:379-387. [PMID: 26821262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used extensively worldwide in the manufacture of plastic polymers. The environmental obesogen hypothesis suggests that early life exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as BPA may increase the risk for wt gain later in childhood but few prospective epidemiological studies have investigated this relationship. OBJECTIVES We examined the association of early life BPA exposure with offspring obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in 500 mother-child pairs from the RHEA pregnancy cohort in Crete, Greece. METHODS BPA concentrations were measured in spot urine samples collected at the 1st trimester of pregnancy) and from children at 2.5 and 4 years of age. We measured birth wt, body mass index (BMI) from 6 months to 4 years of age, waist circumference, skinfold thickness, blood pressure, serum lipids, C-reactive protein, and adipokines at 4 years of age. BMI growth trajectories from birth to 4 years were estimated by mixed effects models with fractional polynomials of age. Adjusted associations were obtained via multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 9% at 2, 13% at 3% and 17% at 4 years of age. Geometric mean BPA concentrations were 1.2μg/g creatinine±7.9 in 1st trimester, 5.1μg/g±13.3 in 2.5 years and 1.9μg/g±4.9 in 4 years. After confounder adjustment, each 10-fold increase in BPA at 4 years was associated with a higher BMI z-score (adj. β=0.2; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.4), waist circumference (adj. β=1.2; 95% CI: 0.1, 2.2) and sum of skinfold thickness (adj. β=3.7mm; 95% CI: 0.7, 6.7) at 4 years. Prenatal BPA was negatively associated with BMI and adiposity measures in girls and positively in boys. We found no associations of early life exposure to BPA with other offspring cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal BPA exposure was not consistently associated with offspring growth and adiposity measures but higher early childhood BPA was associated with excess child adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Chalkiadaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eleni Fthenou
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eirini Dermitzaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Marianna Karachaliou
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Sarri
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Vassilaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
de Cock M, Quaak I, Sugeng EJ, Legler J, van de Bor M. LInking EDCs in maternal Nutrition to Child health (LINC study) - protocol for prospective cohort to study early life exposure to environmental chemicals and child health. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:147. [PMID: 26873073 PMCID: PMC4752804 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of chemicals in the environment is ubiquitous. Human biomonitoring studies have shown that various chemicals can be detected in the majority of the population, including pregnant women. These compounds may pass the placenta, and reach the fetus. This early life exposure in particular may be detrimental as some chemicals may disrupt the endocrine system, which is involved in various processes during development. The LINC study is a prospective birth cohort designed to study associations between early life environmental exposures and child health, including growth and neurodevelopment. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of this cohort. Methods and design Recruitment for this cohort has started in 2011 in three Dutch areas and is still ongoing. To date over 300 mother-child pairs have been included. Women are preferably included during the first trimester of pregnancy. Major congenital anomalies and twin births are reasons for exclusion. To assess exposure to environmental chemicals, cord blood, placenta, meconium and vernix are collected. Parents collect urine of the child shortly after birth and breast milk in the second month of life. Exposure to a broad range of environmental chemicals are determined in cord plasma and breast milk. Furthermore various hormones, including leptin and cortisone, are determined in cord plasma, and in heel prick blood spots (thyroxine). Data on anthropometry of the child is collected through midwives and youth health care centres on various time points until the child is 18 months of age. Furthermore cognitive development is monitored by means of the van Wiechen scheme, and information on behavioral development is collected by means of the infant behavior questionnaire and the child behavior checklist. When the child is 12 months of age, a house visit is scheduled to assess various housing characteristics, as well as hand-to-mouth behavior of the child. At this visit exposure of the child to flame retardants (with endocrine disrupting properties) in house dust is determined by means of body wipes. They are furthermore also measured in a saliva sample of the child. Next to these measurements, women receive questionnaires each trimester regarding amongst others lifestyle of the parents, general health of the parents and the child, and mental state of the mother. Discussion This study was approved by the medical ethics committee of the VU University Medical Centre. Consent for the infant is given by the mother, who is specifically required to give consent for both herself as well as her child. Results will be published regardless of the findings of this study, and will be widely disseminated among related medical stakeholders (e.g. midwives and pediatricians), policy makers, and the general public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke de Cock
- VU University, Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilona Quaak
- VU University, Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva J Sugeng
- VU University, Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- Brunel University London, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, room HALB 144, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.,VU University, Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margot van de Bor
- VU University, Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stigum H, Iszatt N, Polder A, Mandal S, Eggesbø M. A novel model to characterize postnatal exposure to lipophilic environmental toxicants and application in the study of hexachlorobenzene and infant growth. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:156-162. [PMID: 26398043 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants are exposed to persistent environmental contaminants through breast milk, yet studies assessing the health effects of postnatal exposure are lacking. Existing postnatal exposure assessment is either too simple (lactation exposure model, LEM) or requires complex physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. OBJECTIVES We present equations for postnatal exposure calculations. We applied these equations to study the effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on infant growth in the two first years of life. METHODS HCB was measured in breast milk samples in 449 mother-child pairs participating in the Norwegian birth cohort study HUMIS. We used these concentrations, mother's weight, height and age, together with child's weight at 8 age points, and proportion of milk consumed each month, to calculate HCB concentrations in the infant over age. We then estimated the association between HCB and infant growth using a linear mixed model. RESULTS Children exposed to HCB via mother's milk reached concentrations 1-5 times higher than the mother. HCB was associated with lower weight gain in the first 2years (-33g per unit HCB and month, 95% CI: -38, -27 at 6months). Associations were stronger during the first 3months (-57g per unit HCB and month, 95% CI: -67, -49 at 1month), indicating a critical window of effect. Our equations gave more precise estimates than the LEM. CONCLUSION Our equations for postnatal exposure of lipophilic environmental toxicants give better results than the LEM and are easier to implement than the complex PBPK models. HCB exposure, especially during the first three months of life, has a negative effect on infant growth up to 2years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hein Stigum
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nina Iszatt
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anuschka Polder
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway; National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siddhartha Mandal
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vafeiadi M, Georgiou V, Chalkiadaki G, Rantakokko P, Kiviranta H, Karachaliou M, Fthenou E, Venihaki M, Sarri K, Vassilaki M, Kyrtopoulos SA, Oken E, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L. Association of Prenatal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants with Obesity and Cardiometabolic Traits in Early Childhood: The Rhea Mother-Child Cohort (Crete, Greece). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1015-21. [PMID: 25910281 PMCID: PMC4590761 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may increase risk of obesity later in life. OBJECTIVE We examined the relation of in utero POPs exposure to offspring obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors at 4 years of age in the Rhea mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece (n = 689). METHODS We determined concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in first-trimester maternal serum. We measured child weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, blood pressure (BP), blood levels of lipids, C-reactive protein, and adipokines at 4 years of age. Childhood obesity was defined using age- and sex-specific cut points for body mass index (BMI) as recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS On multivariable regression analyses, a 10-fold increase in HCB was associated with a higher BMI z-score (adjusted β = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.86), obesity [relative risk (RR) = 8.14; 95% CI: 1.85, 35.81], abdominal obesity (RR = 3.49; 95% CI: 1.08, 11.28), greater sum of skinfold thickness (β = 7.71 mm; 95% CI: 2.04, 13.39), and higher systolic BP (β = 4.34 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.63, 8.05) at 4 years of age. Prenatal DDE exposure was associated with higher BMI z-score (β = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.5), abdominal obesity (RR = 3.76; 95% CI: 1.70, 8.30), and higher diastolic BP (β = 1.79 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.13, 3.46). PCBs were not significantly associated with offspring obesity or cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to DDE and HCB was associated with excess adiposity and higher blood pressure levels in early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Agay-Shay K, Martinez D, Valvi D, Garcia-Esteban R, Basagaña X, Robinson O, Casas M, Sunyer J, Vrijheid M. Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals during Pregnancy and Weight at 7 Years of Age: A Multi-pollutant Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1030-7. [PMID: 25956007 PMCID: PMC4590760 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may induce weight gain and obesity in children, but the obesogenic effects of mixtures have not been studied. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the associations between pre- and perinatal biomarker concentrations of 27 EDCs and child weight status at 7 years of age. METHODS In pregnant women enrolled in a Spanish birth cohort study between 2004 and 2006, we measured the concentrations of 10 phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, cadmium, arsenic, and lead in two maternal pregnancy urine samples; 6 organochlorine compounds in maternal pregnancy serum; mercury in cord blood; and 6 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in colostrum. Among 470 children at 7 years, body mass index (BMI) z-scores were calculated, and overweight was defined as BMI > 85th percentile. We estimated associations with EDCs in single-pollutant models and applied principal-component analysis (PCA) on the 27 pollutant concentrations. RESULTS In single-pollutant models, HCB (hexachlorobenzene), βHCH (β-hexachlorocyclohexane), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners 138 and 180 were associated with increased child BMI z-scores; and HCB, βHCH, PCB-138, and DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) with overweight risk. PCA generated four factors that accounted for 43.4% of the total variance. The organochlorine factor was positively associated with BMI z-scores and with overweight (adjusted RR, tertile 3 vs. 1: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.19, 5.63), and these associations were robust to adjustment for other EDCs. Exposure in the second tertile of the phthalate factor was inversely associated with overweight. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to organochlorines was positively associated with overweight at age 7 years in our study population. Other EDCs exposures did not confound this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Agay-Shay
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Background fish feminization effects in European remote sites. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11292. [PMID: 26061088 PMCID: PMC4462152 DOI: 10.1038/srep11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activity has spread trace amounts of chemically stable endocrine-disrupting pollutants throughout the biosphere. These compounds have generated a background level of estrogenic activity that needs to be assessed. Fish are adequate sentinels for feminization effects as male specimens are more sensitive than humans to exogenous estrogenic compounds. High mountain lakes, the most distant environments of continental areas, only receive semi-volatile compounds from atmospheric deposition. We analyzed the expression levels of estrogen-regulated genes in male fish from these mountain lakes in Europe. Incipient feminization involving expression of estrogen receptor and zona radiata genes revealed a widespread diffuse estrogenic impact. This effect was correlated with the concentrations of some organochlorine compounds in fish and was consistent with the persistent occurrence of these tropospheric pollutants in the most remote planet regions. These results should be of general concern given the increasing endocrine disruption effects in human populations.
Collapse
|