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Vargas Y, Castro Tron AE, Rodríguez Rodríguez A, Uribe RM, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Food Intake in Mammals: An Update. Metabolites 2024; 14:302. [PMID: 38921437 PMCID: PMC11205479 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) is an intercellular signal produced mainly by neurons. Among the multiple pharmacological effects of TRH, that on food intake is not well understood. We review studies demonstrating that peripheral injection of TRH generally produces a transient anorexic effect, discuss the pathways that might initiate this effect, and explain its short half-life. In addition, central administration of TRH can produce anorexic or orexigenic effects, depending on the site of injection, that are likely due to interaction with TRH receptor 1. Anorexic effects are most notable when TRH is injected into the hypothalamus and the nucleus accumbens, while the orexigenic effect has only been detected by injection into the brain stem. Functional evidence points to TRH neurons that are prime candidate vectors for TRH action on food intake. These include the caudal raphe nuclei projecting to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and possibly TRH neurons from the tuberal lateral hypothalamus projecting to the tuberomammillary nuclei. For other TRH neurons, the anatomical or physiological context and impact of TRH in each synaptic domain are still poorly understood. The manipulation of TRH expression in well-defined neuron types will facilitate the discovery of its role in food intake control in each anatomical scene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (Y.V.); (A.E.C.T.); (A.R.R.); (R.M.U.); (P.J.-B.)
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2
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Cavalu S, Saber S, Hamad RS, Abdel-Reheim MA, Elmorsy EA, Youssef ME. Orexins in apoptosis: a dual regulatory role. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1336145. [PMID: 38699177 PMCID: PMC11064656 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The orexins, also referred to as hypocretins, are neuropeptides that originate from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) region of the brain. They are composed of two small peptides, orexin-A, and orexin-B, which are broadly distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Orexins are recognized to regulate diverse functions, involving energy homeostasis, the sleep-wake cycle, stress responses, and reward-seeking behaviors. Additionally, it is suggested that orexin-A deficiency is linked to sleepiness and narcolepsy. The orexins bind to their respective receptors, the orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R), and activate different signaling pathways, which results in the mediation of various physiological functions. Orexin receptors are widely expressed in different parts of the body, including the skin, muscles, lungs, and bone marrow. The expression levels of orexins and their receptors play a crucial role in apoptosis, which makes them a potential target for clinical treatment of various disorders. This article delves into the significance of orexins and orexin receptors in the process of apoptosis, highlighting their expression levels and their potential contributions to different diseases. The article offers an overview of the existing understanding of the orexin/receptor system and how it influences the regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Rabab S. Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A. Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E. Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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3
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Guo R, Vaughan DT, Rojo ALA, Huang YH. Sleep-mediated regulation of reward circuits: implications in substance use disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:61-78. [PMID: 35710601 PMCID: PMC9700806 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our modern society suffers from both pervasive sleep loss and substance abuse-what may be the indications for sleep on substance use disorders (SUDs), and could sleep contribute to the individual variations in SUDs? Decades of research in sleep as well as in motivated behaviors have laid the foundation for us to begin to answer these questions. This review is intended to critically summarize the circuit, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which sleep influences reward function, and to reveal critical challenges for future studies. The review also suggests that improving sleep quality may serve as complementary therapeutics for treating SUDs, and that formulating sleep metrics may be useful for predicting individual susceptibility to SUDs and other reward-associated psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dylan Thomas Vaughan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana Lourdes Almeida Rojo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yanhua H Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Wang Y, An Z, Lin D, Jin W. Targeting cancer cachexia: Molecular mechanisms and clinical study. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e164. [PMID: 36105371 PMCID: PMC9464063 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex systemic catabolism syndrome characterized by muscle wasting. It affects multiple distant organs and their crosstalk with cancer constitute cancer cachexia environment. During the occurrence and progression of cancer cachexia, interactions of aberrant organs with cancer cells or other organs in a cancer cachexia environment initiate a cascade of stress reactions and destroy multiple organs including the liver, heart, pancreas, intestine, brain, bone, and spleen in metabolism, neural, and immune homeostasis. The role of involved organs turned from inhibiting tumor growth into promoting cancer cachexia in cancer progression. In this review, we depicted the complicated relationship of cancer cachexia with the metabolism, neural, and immune homeostasis imbalance in multiple organs in a cancer cachexia environment and summarized the treatment progress in recent years. And we discussed the molecular mechanism and clinical study of cancer cachexia from the perspective of multiple organs metabolic, neurological, and immunological abnormalities. Updated understanding of cancer cachexia might facilitate the exploration of biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Fei Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center The First Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Zi‐Yi An
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center The First Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Dong‐Hai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Wei‐Lin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center The First Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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Benton D, Bloxham A, Gaylor C, Brennan A, Young HA. Carbohydrate and sleep: An evaluation of putative mechanisms. Front Nutr 2022; 9:933898. [PMID: 36211524 PMCID: PMC9532617 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.933898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep problems are extremely common in industrialized countries and the possibility that diet might be used to improve sleep has been considered. The topic has been reviewed many times, resulting in the frequent suggestion that carbohydrate increases the uptake of tryptophan by the brain, where it is metabolized into serotonin and melatonin, with the suggestion that this improves sleep. An alternative mechanism was proposed based on animal literature that has been largely ignored by those considering diet and sleep. The hypothesis was that, as in the hypothalamus there are glucose-sensing neurons associated with the sleep-wake cycle, we should consider the impact of carbohydrate-induced changes in the level of blood glucose. A meta-analysis found that after consuming a lower amount of carbohydrate, more time was spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and less in rapid-eye-movement sleep. As the credibility of alternative mechanisms has tended not to have been critically evaluated, they were considered by examining their biochemical, nutritional, and pharmacological plausibility. Although high carbohydrate consumption can increase the uptake of tryptophan by the brain, it only occurs with such low levels of protein that the mechanism is not relevant to a normal diet. After entering the brain tryptophan is converted to serotonin, a neurotransmitter known to influence so many different aspects of sleep and wakefulness, that it is not reasonable to expect a uniform improvement in sleep. Some serotonin is converted to melatonin, although the exogenous dose of melatonin needed to influence sleep cannot be credibly provided by the diet. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020223560).
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Berisha A, Shutkind K, Borniger JC. Sleep Disruption and Cancer: Chicken or the Egg? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:856235. [PMID: 35663547 PMCID: PMC9160986 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.856235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a nearly ubiquitous phenomenon across the phylogenetic tree, highlighting its essential role in ensuring fitness across evolutionary time. Consequently, chronic disruption of the duration, timing, or structure of sleep can cause widespread problems in multiple physiological systems, including those that regulate energy balance, immune function, and cognitive capacity, among others. Many, if not all these systems, become altered throughout the course of cancer initiation, growth, metastatic spread, treatment, and recurrence. Recent work has demonstrated how changes in sleep influence the development of chronic diseases, including cancer, in both humans and animal models. A common finding is that for some cancers (e.g., breast), chronic disruption of sleep/wake states prior to disease onset is associated with an increased risk for cancer development. Additionally, sleep disruption after cancer initiation is often associated with worse outcomes. Recently, evidence suggesting that cancer itself can affect neuronal circuits controlling sleep and wakefulness has accumulated. Patients with cancer often report difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and severe fatigue, during and even years after treatment. In addition to the psychological stress associated with cancer, cancer itself may alter sleep homeostasis through changes to host physiology and via currently undefined mechanisms. Moreover, cancer treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal, and surgical) may further worsen sleep problems through complex biological processes yet to be fully understood. This results in a "chicken or the egg" phenomenon, where it is unclear whether sleep disruption promotes cancer or cancer reciprocally disrupts sleep. This review will discuss existing evidence for both hypotheses and present a framework through which the interactions between sleep and cancer can be dissociated and causally investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Berisha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Kyle Shutkind
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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Suchak V, Sathyanath S, Kakunje A. Neuropeptides in psychiatry. ARCHIVES OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/amhs.amhs_91_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Brain PCO2 is sensed primarily via changes in [H+]. Small pH changes are detected in the medulla oblongata and trigger breathing adjustments that help maintain arterial PCO2 constant. Larger perturbations of brain CO2/H+, possibly also sensed elsewhere in the CNS, elicit arousal, dyspnea, and stress, and cause additional breathing modifications. The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a rostral medullary cluster of glutamatergic neurons identified by coexpression of Phoxb and Nmb transcripts, is the lynchpin of the central respiratory chemoreflex. RTN regulates breathing frequency, inspiratory amplitude, and active expiration. It is exquisitely responsive to acidosis in vivo and maintains breathing autorhythmicity during quiet waking, slow-wave sleep, and anesthesia. The RTN response to [H+] is partly an intrinsic neuronal property mediated by proton sensors TASK-2 and GPR4 and partly a paracrine effect mediated by astrocytes and the vasculature. The RTN also receives myriad excitatory or inhibitory synaptic inputs including from [H+]-responsive neurons (e.g., serotonergic). RTN is silenced by moderate hypoxia. RTN inactivity (periodic or sustained) contributes to periodic breathing and, likely, to central sleep apnea. RTN development relies on transcription factors Egr2, Phox2b, Lbx1, and Atoh1. PHOX2B mutations cause congenital central hypoventilation syndrome; they impair RTN development and consequently the central respiratory chemoreflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice G Guyenet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Douglas A Bayliss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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9
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Borniger JC. Cancer as a tool for preclinical psychoneuroimmunology. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100351. [PMID: 34988496 PMCID: PMC8710415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents a novel homeostatic challenge to the host system. How the brain senses and responds to changes in peripheral physiology elicited by tumor growth is a largely untapped area of research. This is especially relevant given the widespread prevalence of systemic problems that people with various types of cancer experience. These include disruptions in sleep/wake cycles, cognitive function, depression, and changes in appetite/food intake, among others. Critically, many of these problems are evident prior to diagnosis, indicating that their etiology is potentially distinct from the effects of cancer treatment or the stress of a cancer diagnosis. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is well equipped to tackle these types of problems, as it uses approaches from multiple disciplines to understand how specific stimuli (endogenous and environmental) are transduced into neural, endocrine, and immune signals that ultimately regulate health and behavior. In this article, I first provide a brief historical perspective of cancer and PNI, introduce the idea of cancer as a systemic homeostatic challenge, and provide examples from preclinical literature supporting this hypothesis. Given the rise of advanced tools in neuroscience (e.g., calcium imaging), we can now monitor and manipulate genetically defined neural circuits over the extended time scales necessary to disentangle distal communication between peripheral tumors and the brain.
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10
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Francis N, Borniger JC. Cancer as a homeostatic challenge: the role of the hypothalamus. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:903-914. [PMID: 34561122 PMCID: PMC9901368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The initiation, progression, and metastatic spread of cancer elicits diverse changes in systemic physiology. In this way, cancer represents a novel homeostatic challenge to the host system. Here, we discuss how the hypothalamus, a critical brain region involved in homeostasis senses, integrates and responds to cancer-induced changes in physiology. Through this lens, cancer-associated changes in behavior (e.g., sleep disruption) and physiology (e.g., glucocorticoid dysregulation) can be viewed as the result of an inability to re-establish homeostasis. We provide examples at each level (receptor sensing, integration of systemic signals, and efferent regulatory pathways) of how homeostatic organization becomes disrupted across different cancers. Finally, we lay out predictions of this hypothesis and highlight outstanding questions that aim to guide further work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Francis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724,Correspondence:
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11
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De Groote A, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A. Thalamo-Nucleus Accumbens Projections in Motivated Behaviors and Addiction. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:711350. [PMID: 34335197 PMCID: PMC8322971 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.711350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral striatum, also called nucleus accumbens (NAc), has long been known to integrate information from cortical, thalamic, midbrain and limbic nuclei to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Until recently thalamic afferents have been overlooked when studying the functions and connectivity of the NAc. However, findings from recent studies have shed light on the importance and roles of precise Thalamus to NAc connections in motivated behaviors and in addiction. In this review, we summarize studies using techniques such as chemo- and optogenetics, electrophysiology and in vivo calcium imaging to elucidate the complex functioning of the thalamo-NAc afferents, with a particular highlight on the projections from the Paraventricular Thalamus (PVT) to the NAc. We will focus on the recent advances in the understanding of the roles of these neuronal connections in motivated behaviors, with a special emphasis on their implications in addiction, from cue-reward association to the mechanisms driving relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie De Groote
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alban de Kerchove d'Exaerde
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Niiranen L, Mäkelä KA, Dona A, Krumsiek J, Karhu T, Mäkinen MJ, Thalmann O, Saarela S, Herzig KH. Seasonal Regulation of Metabolism: The Effect of Wintertime Fasting and Autumnal Fattening on Key Central Regulators of Metabolism and the Metabolic Profile of the Raccoon Dog ( Nyctereutes Procyonoides). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094965. [PMID: 34067001 PMCID: PMC8125260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the mechanisms regulating obesity are frantic and novel translational approaches are needed. The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid species representing a promising model to study metabolic regulation in a species undergoing cycles of seasonal obesity and fasting. To understand the molecular mechanisms of metabolic regulation in seasonal adaptation, we analyzed key central nervous system and peripheral signals regulating food intake and metabolism from raccoon dogs after autumnal fattening and winter fasting. Expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin-2 receptor (OX2R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and leptin receptor (ObRb) were analyzed as examples of orexigenic and anorexigenic signals using qRT-PCR from raccoon dog hypothalamus samples. Plasma metabolic profiles were measured with 1H NMR-spectroscopy and LC-MS. Circulating hormones and cytokines were determined with canine specific antibody assays. Surprisingly, NPY and POMC were not affected by the winter fasting nor autumn fattening and the metabolic profiles showed a remarkable equilibrium, indicating conserved homeostasis. However, OX2R and ObRb expression changes suggested seasonal regulation. Circulating cytokine levels were not increased, demonstrating that the autumn fattening did not induce subacute inflammation. Thus, the raccoon dog developed seasonal regulatory mechanisms to accommodate the autumnal fattening and prolonged fasting making the species unique in coping with the extreme environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Niiranen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Kari A. Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Anthony Dona
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O Box 8000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Olaf Thalmann
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| | - Seppo Saarela
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-448-5280
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Harris T, Bugescu R, Kelly J, Makela A, Sotzen M, Sisk C, Atkin G, Pratt R, Crockett E, Leinninger G. DLK1 Expressed in Mouse Orexin Neurons Modulates Anxio-Depressive Behavior but Not Energy Balance. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120975. [PMID: 33322758 PMCID: PMC7764426 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) neurons expressing the neuropeptide orexin (OX) are implicated in obesity and anxio-depression. However, these neurons release OX as well as a host of other proteins that might contribute to normal physiology and disease states. We hypothesized that delta-like homolog 1 (DLK1), a protein reported to be co-expressed by all OX neurons, contributes to the regulation of energy balance and/or anxio-depression. Consistent with previous reports, we found that all rat OX neurons co-express DLK1. Yet, in mice and humans only a subset of OX neurons co-expressed DLK1. Since human OX-DLK1 distribution is more similar to mice than rats, mice are a comparable model to assess the human physiologic role of DLK1. We therefore used a viral lesion strategy to selectively delete DLK1 within the LHA of adult mice (DLK1Null) to reveal its role in body weight and behavior. Adult-onset DLK1 deletion had no impact on body weight or ingestive behavior. However, DLK1Null mice engaged in more locomotor activity than control mice and had decreased anxiety and depression measured via the elevated plus maze and forced swim tests. These data suggest that DLK1 expression via DLK1-expressing OX neurons primarily contributes to anxio-depression behaviors without impacting body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiyana Harris
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (T.H.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Raluca Bugescu
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (T.H.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Jaylyn Kelly
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (T.H.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Makela
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (T.H.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Morgan Sotzen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (T.H.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Cheryl Sisk
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Graham Atkin
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Rebecca Pratt
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
| | - Elahé Crockett
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Gina Leinninger
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (T.H.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Vasquez JH, Borniger JC. Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Consequences of Hyperglycemia in Cancer. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5810322. [PMID: 32193527 PMCID: PMC7174055 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of cancer is the disruption of cellular metabolism during the course of malignant growth. Major focus is now on how these cell-autonomous processes propagate to the tumor microenvironment and, more generally, to the entire host system. This chain of events can have major consequences for a patient's health and wellbeing. For example, metabolic "waste" produced by cancer cells activates systemic inflammatory responses, which can interfere with hepatic insulin receptor signaling and glucose homeostasis. Research is just now beginning to understand how these processes occur, and how they contribute to systemic symptoms prevalent across cancers, including hyperglycemia, fatigue, pain, and sleep disruption. Indeed, it is only recently that we have begun to appreciate that the brain does not play a passive role in responding to cancer-induced changes in physiology. In this review, we provide a brief discussion of how oncogene-directed metabolic reprogramming disrupts host metabolism, with a specific emphasis on cancer-induced hyperglycemia. We further discuss how the brain senses circulating glucose concentrations and how this process goes awry as a response to distant neoplastic growth. Finally, as glucose-sensing neurons control diverse aspects of physiology and behavior, we link cancer-induced changes in energy balance to neuroendocrine and behavioral consequences for the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan H Vasquez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas – San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Correspondence: Jeremy C. Borniger, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724. E-mail:
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15
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Hoyer D, Allen A, Jacobson LH. Hypnotics with novel modes of action. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:244-249. [PMID: 31756268 PMCID: PMC7015741 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insomnia and, more generally, lack of sleep are on the rise. Traditionally treated by classical hypnotics, such as benzodiazepines and Z drugs, which both act on the GABAA receptor, and other modalities, including nondrug therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, there is a range of new hypnotics which are being developed or have recently received market approval. Suvorexant and the like target the orexin/hypocretin system: they should have less side effects in terms of drug-drug interactions with e.g. alcohol, less memory impairment and dependence potential compared to classical hypnotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Andrew Allen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Laura H. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
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16
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Cohen S, Matar MA, Vainer E, Zohar J, Kaplan Z, Cohen H. Significance of the orexinergic system in modulating stress-related responses in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:10. [PMID: 32066707 PMCID: PMC7026175 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that orexins (ORXs), the regulatory neuropeptides, are implicated in anxiety- and depression-related behaviors via the modulation of neuroendocrine, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems. This study evaluated the role of the orexinergic system in stress-associated physiological responses in a controlled prospective animal model. The pattern and time course of activation of hypothalamic ORX neurons in response to predator-scent stress (PSS) were examined using c-Fos as a marker for neuronal activity. The relationship between the behavioral response pattern 7 days post-exposure and expressions of ORXs was evaluated. We also investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular microinfusion of ORX-A or almorexant (ORX-A/B receptor antagonist) on behavioral responses 7 days following PSS exposure. Hypothalamic levels of ORX-A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed. Compared with rats whose behaviors were extremely disrupted (post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]-phenotype), those whose behaviors were minimally selectively disrupted displayed significantly upregulated ORX-A and ORX-B levels in the hypothalamic nuclei. Intracerebroventricular microinfusion of ORX-A before PSS reduced the prevalence of the PTSD phenotype compared with that of artificial cerebrospinal fluid or almorexant, and rats treated with almorexant displayed a higher prevalence of the PTSD phenotype than did untreated rats. Activated ORX neurons led to upregulated expressions of BDNF and NPY, which might provide an additional regulatory mechanism for the modulation of adaptive stress responses. The study indicates that the activated ORX system might promote adaptive responses to PSS probably via stimulation of BDNF and NPY secretion, and early intervention with ORX-A reduces the prevalence of the PTSD phenotype and increases the prevalence of adaptive phenotypes. The findings provide some insights into the mechanisms underlying the involvement of the ORX system in stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Cohen
- Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer- Sheva, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael A Matar
- Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer- Sheva, Israel
| | - Ella Vainer
- Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer- Sheva, Israel
| | - Joseph Zohar
- Division of Psychiatry, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Medical School, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Zeev Kaplan
- Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer- Sheva, Israel
| | - Hagit Cohen
- Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer- Sheva, Israel.
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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17
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Meffre J, Sicre M, Diarra M, Marchessaux F, Paleressompoulle D, Ambroggi F. Orexin in the Posterior Paraventricular Thalamus Mediates Hunger-Related Signals in the Nucleus Accumbens Core. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3298-3306.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Zhan S, Che P, Zhao X, Li N, Ding Y, Liu J, Li S, Ding K, Han L, Huang Z, Wu L, Wang Y, Hu M, Han X, Ding Q. Molecular mechanism of tumour necrosis factor alpha regulates hypocretin (orexin) expression, sleep and behaviour. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6822-6834. [PMID: 31386303 PMCID: PMC6787512 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 (orexin A and B) regulate sleep, wakefulness and emotion. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an important neuroinflammation mediator. Here, we examined the effects of TNF-α treatment on hypocretin expression in vivo and behaviour in mice. TNF-α decreased hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 expression in a dose-dependent manner in cultured hypothalamic neurons. TNF-α decreased mRNA stability of prepro-hypocretin, the single precursor of hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2. Mice challenged with TNF-α demonstrated decreased expression of prepro-hypocretin, hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 in hypothalamus. In response to TNF-α, prepro-hypocretin mRNA decay was increased in hypothalamus. TNF-α neutralizing antibody restored the expression of prepro-hypocretin, hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 in vivo in TNF-α challenged mice, supporting hypocretin system can be impaired by increased TNF-α through decreasing hypocretin expression. Repeated TNF-α challenge induced muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep and sleep fragmentation, but decreased learning, cognition and memory in mice. TNF-α neutralizing antibody blocked the effects of TNF-α; in contrast, hypocretin receptor antagonist enhanced the effects of TNF-α. The data support that TNF-α is involved in the regulation of hypocretin expression, sleep and cognition. The findings shed some lights on the role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeuromodulationBeijingChina
| | - Pulin Che
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
- NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Xue‐ke Zhao
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeuromodulationBeijingChina
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeuromodulationBeijingChina
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeuromodulationBeijingChina
| | - Spring Li
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Karyn Ding
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Lynn Han
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Zhaoyang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeuromodulationBeijingChina
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of NeuromodulationBeijingChina
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaosi Han
- NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
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19
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Targeting the orexinergic system: Mainly but not only for sleep-wakefulness therapies. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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20
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Li G, Zhang K, Wang L, Cao C, Fang R, Liu P, Luo S, Liberzon I. The preliminary investigation of orexigenic hormone gene polymorphisms on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 100:131-136. [PMID: 30326460 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Orexigenic hormones are a group of hormones that can up-regulate appetite. Current studies have shown that orexigenic hormones also play important roles in stress responses and may be implicated in regulation of fear memory. However, these conclusions lack evidence from human studies. In this study, we examined associations between orexigenic hormone genes and fear-related mental disorders by investigating main, G × E, and G × G effects of ghrelin and orexin gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on human posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 1134 Chinese earthquake survivors. SNPs Leu72Met of the GHRL gene (rs696217), Ile408Val of the HCRTR1 gene (rs2271933) and Val308Ile of the HCRTR2 gene (rs2653349) were genotyped. None of the SNPs showed significant main or G × E effects. However, a significant interaction effect between GHRL rs696217 and HCRTR1 rs2271933 was found to predict the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5) total score (P = 0.007). Further analysis revealed different interaction patterns in males and females. For females, the rs2271933 G allele was associated with an increased PCL-5 total score (B = 2.59, P = 0.024) when the rs696217 genotype TT/TG was present. For males, the rs696217 T allele is associated with an increased PCL-5 total score (B = 3.62, P = 0.040) when the rs2271933 genotype GG/GA was present. These current findings expand our knowledge of physiological function of the orexigenic hormone system, and suggest its involvement in development of fear-related mental disorders such as PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlin Zhang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Chengqi Cao
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruojiao Fang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu Luo
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan and Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Paul JR, Davis JA, Goode LK, Becker BK, Fusilier A, Meador-Woodruff A, Gamble KL. Circadian regulation of membrane physiology in neural oscillators throughout the brain. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:109-138. [PMID: 30633846 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four-hour rhythmicity in physiology and behavior are driven by changes in neurophysiological activity that vary across the light-dark and rest-activity cycle. Although this neural code is most prominent in neurons of the primary circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, there are many other regions in the brain where region-specific function and behavioral rhythmicity may be encoded by changes in electrical properties of those neurons. In this review, we explore the existing evidence for molecular clocks and/or neurophysiological rhythms (i.e., 24 hr) in brain regions outside the SCN. In addition, we highlight the brain regions that are ripe for future investigation into the critical role of circadian rhythmicity for local oscillators. For example, the cerebellum expresses rhythmicity in over 2,000 gene transcripts, and yet we know very little about how circadian regulation drives 24-hr changes in the neural coding responsible for motor coordination. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of how our understanding of circadian regulation of electrical properties may yield insight into disease mechanisms which may lead to novel chronotherapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi R Paul
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer A Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lacy K Goode
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bryan K Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Allison Fusilier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aidan Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Karen L Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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22
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Lu M, Fang F, Wang Z, Wei P, Hu C, Wei Y. Association between serum/plasma levels of adiponectin and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome: a meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:30. [PMID: 30684961 PMCID: PMC6347767 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and a variety of disease from obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease has been investigated previously. Reduced adiponectin levels are also associated with increased risk of these disease. However, whether serum/plasma adiponectin levels in OSAHS patients are lower than their counterparts remain controversial. Therefore, this study evaluated the association between serum/plasma adiponectin levels and OSAHS. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature search to locate eligible articles published on electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, WANFANG (Chinese database), VIP (Chinese Database) and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated as effect size. Heterogeneity test was performed by Cochrane Q test and I2 test. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis were employed to detect the sources of the heterogeneity. RevMan 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software were used in this meta-analysis for data synthesis. Results A total of 20 eligible studies with 28 databases involving 1356 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Results revealed that serum/plasma adiponectin levels in OSAHS patients were significantly lower than that in controls [SMD = − 0.71, 95% CI = − 0.92 to − 0.49, p < 0.001]. Subgroup analysis indicated that the heterogeneity would decreased when subgroup analysis was stratified by race. In addition, meta-regression analysis also suggested that the adiponectin levels were only significantly correlated with race. The removal of any independent study did not affect the pooled SMD in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion The serum/plasma adiponectin levels were significantly lower in OSAHS patients than that in control subjects, suggesting a possible role of adiponectin in OSAHS pathogenesis, deserves further studies as a potential marker of OSAHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China.,Department of Sleep Medical Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fang Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China.,Department of Sleep Medical Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhenjia Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Sleep Medical Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Department of Sleep Medical Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, China.
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23
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Latifi B, Adamantidis A, Bassetti C, Schmidt MH. Sleep-Wake Cycling and Energy Conservation: Role of Hypocretin and the Lateral Hypothalamus in Dynamic State-Dependent Resource Optimization. Front Neurol 2018; 9:790. [PMID: 30344503 PMCID: PMC6183196 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocretin (Hcrt) system has been implicated in a wide range of physiological functions from sleep-wake regulation to cardiovascular, behavioral, metabolic, and thermoregulagtory control. These wide-ranging physiological effects have challenged the identification of a parsimonious function for Hcrt. A compelling hypothesis suggests that Hcrt plays a role in the integration of sleep-wake neurophysiology with energy metabolism. For example, Hcrt neurons promote waking and feeding, but are also sensors of energy balance. Loss of Hcrt function leads to an increase in REM sleep propensity, but a potential role for Hcrt linking energy balance with REM sleep expression has not been addressed. Here we examine a potential role for Hcrt and the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in state-dependent resource allocation as a means of optimizing resource utilization and, as a result, energy conservation. We review the energy allocation hypothesis of sleep and how state-dependent metabolic partitioning may contribute toward energy conservation, but with additional examination of how the loss of thermoregulatory function during REM sleep may impact resource optimization. Optimization of energy expenditures at the whole organism level necessitates a top-down network responsible for coordinating metabolic operations in a state-dependent manner across organ systems. In this context, we then specifically examine the potential role of the LH in regulating this output control, including the contribution from both Hcrt and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons among a diverse LH cell population. We propose that this hypothalamic integration system is responsible for global shifts in state-dependent resource allocations, ultimately promoting resource optimization and an energy conservation function of sleep-wake cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blerina Latifi
- Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Adamantidis
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus H Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute, Dublin, OH, United States
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24
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Sabetghadam A, Grabowiecka-Nowak A, Kania A, Gugula A, Blasiak E, Blasiak T, Ma S, Gundlach AL, Blasiak A. Melanin-concentrating hormone and orexin systems in rat nucleus incertus: Dual innervation, bidirectional effects on neuron activity, and differential influences on arousal and feeding. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:238-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Brown J, Sagante A, Mayer T, Wright A, Bugescu R, Fuller PM, Leinninger G. Lateral Hypothalamic Area Neurotensin Neurons Are Required for Control of Orexin Neurons and Energy Balance. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3158-3176. [PMID: 30010830 PMCID: PMC6669822 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is essential for motivated ingestive and locomotor behaviors that impact body weight, yet it remains unclear how the neurochemically defined subpopulations of LHA neurons contribute to energy balance. In particular, the role of the large population of LHA neurotensin (Nts) neurons has remained ambiguous due to the lack of methods to easily visualize and modulate these neurons. Because LHA Nts neurons are activated by leptin and other anorectic cues and they modulate dopamine or local LHA orexin neurons implicated in energy balance, they may have important, unappreciated roles for coordinating behaviors necessary for proper body weight. In this study, we genetically ablated or chemogenetically inhibited LHA Nts neurons in adult mice to determine their necessity for control of motivated behaviors and body weight. Genetic ablation of LHA Nts neurons resulted in profoundly increased adiposity compared with mice with intact LHA Nts neurons, as well as diminished locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and water intake. Complete loss of LHA Nts neurons also led to downregulation of orexin, revealing important cross-talk between the LHA Nts and orexin populations in maintenance of behavior and body weight. In contrast, chemogenetic inhibition of intact LHA Nts neurons did not disrupt orexin expression, but it suppressed locomotor activity and the adaptive response to leptin. Taken together, these data reveal the necessity of LHA Nts neurons and their activation for controlling energy balance, and that LHA Nts neurons influence behavior and body weight via orexin-dependent and orexin-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Andrew Sagante
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Thomas Mayer
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Anna Wright
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Raluca Bugescu
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gina Leinninger
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Borniger JC, Walker Ii WH, Surbhi, Emmer KM, Zhang N, Zalenski AA, Muscarella SL, Fitzgerald JA, Smith AN, Braam CJ, TinKai T, Magalang UJ, Lustberg MB, Nelson RJ, DeVries AC. A Role for Hypocretin/Orexin in Metabolic and Sleep Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Non-metastatic Breast Cancer. Cell Metab 2018; 28:118-129.e5. [PMID: 29805100 PMCID: PMC6031468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated relationships among immune, metabolic, and sleep abnormalities in mice with non-metastatic mammary cancer. Tumor-bearing mice displayed interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated peripheral inflammation, coincident with altered hepatic glucose processing and sleep. Tumor-bearing mice were hyperphagic, had reduced serum leptin concentrations, and enhanced sensitivity to exogenous ghrelin. We tested whether these phenotypes were driven by inflammation using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against IL-6; despite the reduction in IL-6 signaling, metabolic and sleep abnormalities persisted. We next investigated neural populations coupling metabolism and sleep, and observed altered activity within lateral-hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (HO) neurons. We used a dual HO-receptor antagonist to test whether increased HO signaling was causing metabolic abnormalities. This approach rescued metabolic abnormalities and enhanced sleep quality in tumor-bearing mice. Peripheral sympathetic denervation prevented tumor-induced increases in serum glucose. Our results link metabolic and sleep abnormalities via the HO system, and provide evidence that central neuromodulators contribute to tumor-induced changes in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Borniger
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - William H Walker Ii
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Surbhi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn M Emmer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abigail A Zalenski
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stevie L Muscarella
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julie A Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alexandra N Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cornelius J Braam
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tial TinKai
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ulysses J Magalang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maryam B Lustberg
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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27
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Nguyen PH, Greene E, Kong BW, Bottje W, Anthony N, Dridi S. Acute Heat Stress Alters the Expression of Orexin System in Quail Muscle. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1079. [PMID: 29311994 PMCID: PMC5742252 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidences indicate that the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexins or hypocretins are involved in stress-induced responses in mammals. Recently, we found that orexin is expressed and secreted from avian muscle cells, however its regulation is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of heat and oxidative stress, the most challenging stressors in poultry production, on the expression of orexin system in quail muscle tissues and myoblast cell lines. Four week-old genetically selected susceptible and resistant Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) lines were exposed to acute heat stress (HS, 37°C for 1.5 h) or maintained at thermoneutral conditions (24°C). Quail myoblast (QM7) cell line was exposed to heat stress (45°C) for 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 h. The control cells were maintained at 37°C. The cells were also treated with several doses of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 10-200 μM) or 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE, 10-30 μM) as oxidative stress. Untreated cells were used as controls. Acute HS significantly induced the expression of HSP70 and down-regulated orexin system in both quail muscle tissue and QM7 cells. Similarly, H2O2 but not 4-HNE treatment significantly increased HSP70 protein levels and dysregulated the expression of orexin and its related receptors in a dose-dependent manner in QM7 cells. Transient overexpression of HSP70 down-regulated the expression of orexin system in QM7 cells. Taken together, these data indicate that orexin may be a key player in stress response in avian muscle by demonstrating that heat and oxidative stress alter the expression of orexin system in quail muscle. This effect might be mediated through HSP70. Unraveling the upstream regulators and downstream effectors of orexin in avian muscle merits further in depth investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H Nguyen
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Elisabeth Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Byung-Whi Kong
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Walter Bottje
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Nicholas Anthony
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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28
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Abstract
The discovery of the orexin system represents the single major progress in the sleep field of the last three to four decades. The two orexin peptides and their two receptors play a major role in arousal and sleep/wake cycles. Defects in the orexin system lead to narcolepsy with cataplexy in humans and dogs and can be experimentally reproduced in rodents. At least six orexin receptor antagonists have reached Phase II or Phase III clinical trials in insomnia, five of which are dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) that target both OX1 and OX2 receptors (OX2Rs). All clinically tested DORAs induce and maintain sleep: suvorexant, recently registered in the USA and Japan for insomnia, represents the first hypnotic principle that acts in a completely different manner from the current standard medications. It is clear, however, that in the clinic, all DORAs promote sleep primarily by increasing rapid eye movement (REM) and are almost devoid of effects on slow-wave (SWS) sleep. At present, there is no consensus on whether the sole promotion of REM sleep has a negative impact in patients suffering from insomnia. However, sleep onset REM (SOREM), which has been documented with DORAs, is clearly an undesirable effect, especially for narcoleptic patients and also in fragile populations (e.g. elderly patients) where REM-associated loss of muscle tone may promote an elevated risk of falls. Debate thus remains as to the ideal orexin agent to achieve a balanced increase in REM and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Here, we review the evidence that an OX2R antagonist should be at least equivalent, or perhaps superior, to a DORA for the treatment of insomnia. An OX2R antagonist may produce more balanced sleep than a DORA. Rodent sleep experiments show that the OX2R is the primary target of orexin receptor antagonists in sleep modulation. Furthermore, an OX2R antagonist should, in theory, have a lower narcoleptic/cataplexic potential. In the clinic, the situation remains equivocal, since OX2R antagonists are in early stages: MK-1064 has completed Phase I, and MIN202 is currently in clinical Phase II/III trials. However, data from insomnia patients have not yet been released. Promotional material suggests that balanced sleep is indeed induced by MIN-202, whereas in volunteers MK-1064 has been reported to act similarly to DORAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sanjida Mir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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29
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Al-Abri MA, Jaju D, Al-Sinani S, Al-Mamari A, Albarwani S, Al-Resadi K, Bayoumi R, Hassan M, Al-Hashmi K. Habitual Sleep Deprivation is Associated with
Type 2 Diabetes: A Case-Control Study. Oman Med J 2016; 31:399-403. [PMID: 27974953 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is suggested that a minimum of eight hours of sleep per night is needed for metabolism to work normally. The aim of the study was to determine the association of habitual sleep deprivation and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We conducted a case-control study comparing patients with T2DM with age and sex matched healthy controls. Standard sleep questionnaires (the Berlin and Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and a weekly diary were used by patients to self-report habitual sleep. RESULTS A total of 172 diabetics and 188 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. There was a significant difference between T2DM and healthy controls in nocturnal sleep duration (p = 0.033). There was a significant association between nocturnal sleep duration of fewer than six hours and T2DM (χ2 = 14.0; p = 0.0001). There was no significant difference in daytime sleepiness and daytime naps between the T2DM and control groups (p = 0.452; p = 0.581, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A nocturnal sleep duration < 6 hours is associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Al-Abri
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Deepali Jaju
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sawsan Al-Sinani
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali Al-Mamari
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sulayma Albarwani
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khalid Al-Resadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Riyadh Bayoumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khamis Al-Hashmi
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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30
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Barandas R, Landgraf D, McCarthy MJ, Welsh DK. Circadian Clocks as Modulators of Metabolic Comorbidity in Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:98. [PMID: 26483181 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder are often accompanied by metabolic dysfunction symptoms, including obesity and diabetes. Since the circadian system controls important brain systems that regulate affective, cognitive, and metabolic functions, and neuropsychiatric and metabolic diseases are often correlated with disturbances of circadian rhythms, we hypothesize that dysregulation of circadian clocks plays a central role in metabolic comorbidity in psychiatric disorders. In this review paper, we highlight the role of circadian clocks in glucocorticoid, dopamine, and orexin/melanin-concentrating hormone systems and describe how a dysfunction of these clocks may contribute to the simultaneous development of psychiatric and metabolic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Barandas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - David K Welsh
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
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31
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Mavanji V, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM, Billington CJ, Parthasarathy S, Sinton CM, Teske JA. Promotion of Wakefulness and Energy Expenditure by Orexin-A in the Ventrolateral Preoptic Area. Sleep 2015; 38:1361-70. [PMID: 25845696 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) and the orexin/hypocretin neuronal system are key regulators of sleep onset, transitions between vigilance states, and energy homeostasis. Reciprocal projections exist between the VLPO and orexin/hypocretin neurons. Although the importance of the VLPO to sleep regulation is clear, it is unknown whether VLPO neurons are involved in energy balance. The purpose of these studies was to determine if the VLPO is a site of action for orexin-A, and which orexin receptor subtype(s) would mediate these effects of orexin-A. We hypothesized that orexin-A in the VLPO modulates behaviors (sleep and wakefulness, feeding, spontaneous physical activity [SPA]) to increase energy expenditure. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS Sleep, wakefulness, SPA, feeding, and energy expenditure were determined after orexin-A microinjection in the VLPO of male Sprague-Dawley rats with unilateral cannulae targeting the VLPO. We also tested whether pretreatment with a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA, TCS-1102) or an OX2R antagonist (JNJ-10397049) blocked the effects of orexin-A on the sleep/wake cycle or SPA, respectively. RESULTS Orexin-A injected into the VLPO significantly increased wakefulness, SPA, and energy expenditure (SPA-induced and total) and reduced NREM sleep and REM sleep with no effect on food intake. Pretreatment with DORA blocked the increase in wakefulness and the reduction in NREM sleep elicited by orexin-A, and the OX2R antagonist reduced SPA stimulated by orexin-A. CONCLUSIONS These data show the ventrolateral preoptic area is a site of action for orexin-A, which may promote negative energy balance by modulating sleep/wakefulness and stimulating spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio E Perez-Leighton
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis, MN.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Charles J Billington
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Sairam Parthasarathy
- Arizona Respiratory Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Medicine University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Christopher M Sinton
- Arizona Respiratory Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Medicine University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
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32
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Abstract
Sleep and wake are fundamental behavioral states whose molecular regulation remains mysterious. Brain states and body functions change dramatically between sleep and wake, are regulated by circadian and homeostatic processes, and depend on the nutritional and emotional condition of the animal. Sleep-wake transitions require the coordination of several brain regions and engage multiple neurochemical systems, including neuropeptides. Neuropeptides serve two main functions in sleep-wake regulation. First, they represent physiological states such as energy level or stress in response to environmental and internal stimuli. Second, neuropeptides excite or inhibit their target neurons to induce, stabilize, or switch between sleep-wake states. Thus, neuropeptides integrate physiological subsystems such as circadian time, previous neuron usage, energy homeostasis, and stress and growth status to generate appropriate sleep-wake behaviors. We review the roles of more than 20 neuropeptides in sleep and wake to lay the foundation for future studies uncovering the mechanisms that underlie the initiation, maintenance, and exit of sleep and wake states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Richter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Division of Sleep Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; ,
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33
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Chien YL, Liu CM, Shan JC, Lee HJ, Hsieh MH, Hwu HG, Chiou LC. Elevated plasma orexin A levels in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia associated with fewer negative and disorganized symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 53:1-9. [PMID: 25560205 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orexin A and B, a pair of hypothalamic neuropeptides also named hypocretin 1 and 2, play a role in the regulation of arousal, appetite, reward, attention, and cognition. Animal studies showed that antipsychotics can activate orexin neurons in a manner correlated with their weight gain liability. However, little is known about the role of orexin in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of plasma orexin level with clinical symptom profile, neurocognitive functioning and weight gain liability of the antipsychotics taken in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We measured plasma levels of orexin A in 127 patients with schizophrenia and 34 healthy controls by radioimmunoassay. In patients, we assessed clinical symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and executive function by the Wisconsin Card Sorting test (WCST), and examined their associations with plasma orexin A level. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia had a significantly higher mean orexin A level than healthy controls (60.7±37.9 vs. 38.8±15.5pg/ml). Patients were divided into two subgroups based on their orexin A levels that were distributed in two clusters divided by 80pg/ml. Patients in the high-orexin subgroup had significantly fewer negative and disorganized symptoms, and tended to have fewer perseverative errors, more failure to maintain set yet comparable category achieved on the WCST than the normal-orexin subgroup. There was no significant difference in orexin A levels among patients taking antipsychotics with different weight gain liabilities. CONCLUSION Higher level of orexin A seems to be related to favorable clinical symptom profiles of schizophrenia, but the causal relationship needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Chi Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming H Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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34
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Jennings JH, Ung RL, Resendez SL, Stamatakis AM, Taylor JG, Huang J, Veleta K, Kantak PA, Aita M, Shilling-Scrivo K, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Otte S, Stuber GD. Visualizing hypothalamic network dynamics for appetitive and consummatory behaviors. Cell 2015; 160:516-27. [PMID: 25635459 PMCID: PMC4312416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Optimally orchestrating complex behavioral states, such as the pursuit and consumption of food, is critical for an organism's survival. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a neuroanatomical region essential for appetitive and consummatory behaviors, but whether individual neurons within the LH differentially contribute to these interconnected processes is unknown. Here, we show that selective optogenetic stimulation of a molecularly defined subset of LH GABAergic (Vgat-expressing) neurons enhances both appetitive and consummatory behaviors, whereas genetic ablation of these neurons reduced these phenotypes. Furthermore, this targeted LH subpopulation is distinct from cells containing the feeding-related neuropeptides, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and orexin (Orx). Employing in vivo calcium imaging in freely behaving mice to record activity dynamics from hundreds of cells, we identified individual LH GABAergic neurons that preferentially encode aspects of either appetitive or consummatory behaviors, but rarely both. These tightly regulated, yet highly intertwined, behavioral processes are thus dissociable at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Jennings
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Randall L Ung
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shanna L Resendez
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alice M Stamatakis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Johnathon G Taylor
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan Huang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katie Veleta
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pranish A Kantak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Megumi Aita
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kelson Shilling-Scrivo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Garret D Stuber
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Levitas-Djerbi T, Yelin-Bekerman L, Lerer-Goldshtein T, Appelbaum L. Hypothalamic leptin-neurotensin-hypocretin neuronal networks in zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:831-48. [PMID: 25421126 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NTS) is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed in the hypothalamus. In mammals, NTS-producing neurons that express leptin receptor (LepRb) regulate the function of hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) and dopamine neurons. Thus, the hypothalamic leptin-NTS-HCRT neuronal network orchestrates key homeostatic output, including sleep, feeding, and reward. However, the intricate mechanisms of the circuitry and the unique role of NTS-expressing neurons remain unclear. We studied the NTS neuronal networks in zebrafish and cloned the genes encoding the NTS neuropeptide and receptor (NTSR). Similar to mammals, the ligand is expressed primarily in the hypothalamus, while the receptor is expressed widely throughout the brain in zebrafish. A portion of hypothalamic nts-expressing neurons are inhibitory and some coexpress leptin receptor (lepR1). As in mammals, NTS and HCRT neurons are localized adjacently in the hypothalamus. To track the development and axonal projection of NTS neurons, the NTS promoter was isolated. Transgenesis and double labeling of NTS and HCRT neurons showed that NTS axons project toward HCRT neurons, some of which express ntsr. Moreover, another target of NTS neurons is ntsr-expressing dopaminergeric neurons. These findings suggest structural circuitry between leptin, NTS, and hypocretinergic or dopaminergic neurons and establish the zebrafish as a model to study the role of these neuronal circuits in the regulation of feeding, sleep, and reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Levitas-Djerbi
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel; The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
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Baimel C, Bartlett SE, Chiou LC, Lawrence AJ, Muschamp JW, Patkar O, Tung LW, Borgland SL. Orexin/hypocretin role in reward: implications for opioid and other addictions. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:334-48. [PMID: 24641197 PMCID: PMC4292951 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Addiction is a devastating disorder that affects 15.3 million people worldwide. While prevalent, few effective treatments exist. Orexin receptors have been proposed as a potential target for anti-craving medications. Orexins, also known as hypocretins, are neuropeptides produced in neurons of the lateral and dorsomedial hypothalamus and perifornical area, which project widely throughout the brain. The absence of orexins in rodents and humans leads to narcolepsy. However, orexins also have an established role in reward seeking. This review will discuss some of the original studies describing the roles of the orexins in reward seeking as well as specific works that were presented at the 2013 International Narcotics Research Conference. Orexin signalling can promote drug-induced plasticity of glutamatergic synapses onto dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a brain region implicated in motivated behaviour. Additional evidence suggests that orexin signalling can also promote drug seeking by initiating an endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic depression of GABAergic inputs to the VTA, and thereby disinhibiting dopaminergic neurons. Orexin neurons co-express the inhibitory opioid peptide dynorphin. It has been proposed that orexin in the VTA may not mediate reward per se, but rather occludes the 'anti-reward' effects of dynorphin. Finally, orexin signalling in the prefrontal cortex and the central amygdala is implicated in reinstatement of reward seeking. This review will highlight recent work describing the role of orexin signalling in cellular processes underlying addiction-related behaviours and propose novel hypotheses for the mechanisms by which orexin signalling may impart drug seeking. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Baimel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute, Institute for Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John W Muschamp
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Omkar Patkar
- Translational Research Institute, Institute for Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Li-Wei Tung
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
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Hu B, Yang N, Qiao QC, Hu ZA, Zhang J. Roles of the orexin system in central motor control. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 49:43-54. [PMID: 25511388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B are produced by one group of neurons located in the lateral hypothalamic/perifornical area. However, the orexins are widely released in entire brain including various central motor control structures. Especially, the loss of orexins has been demonstrated to associate with several motor deficits. Here, we first summarize the present knowledge that describes the anatomical and morphological connections between the orexin system and various central motor control structures. In the next section, the direct influence of orexins on related central motor control structures is reviewed at molecular, cellular, circuitry, and motor activity levels. After the summarization, the characteristic and functional relevance of the orexin system's direct influence on central motor control function are demonstrated and discussed. We also propose a hypothesis as to how the orexin system orchestrates central motor control in a homeostatic regulation manner. Besides, the importance of the orexin system's phasic modulation on related central motor control structures is highlighted in this regulation manner. Finally, a scheme combining the homeostatic regulation of orexin system on central motor control and its effects on other brain functions is presented to discuss the role of orexin system beyond the pure motor activity level, but at the complex behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Nian Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Qi-Cheng Qiao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Zhi-An Hu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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The energy allocation function of sleep: A unifying theory of sleep, torpor, and continuous wakefulness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:122-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Li J, Hu Z, de Lecea L. The hypocretins/orexins: integrators of multiple physiological functions. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:332-50. [PMID: 24102345 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Over the past decade, the orexin system has been associated with numerous physiological functions, including sleep/arousal, energy homeostasis, endocrine, visceral functions and pathological states, such as narcolepsy and drug abuse. Here, we review the discovery of Hcrt/orexins and their receptors and propose a hypothesis as to how the orexin system orchestrates these multifaceted physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Li
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current article is to review the shared pathophysiological mechanisms which may underlie the clinical association between headaches and sleep disorders. BACKGROUND The association between sleep and headache is well documented in terms of clinical phenotypes. Disrupted sleep-wake patterns appear to predispose individuals to headache attacks and increase the risk of chronification, while sleep is one of the longest established abortive strategies. In agreement, narcoleptic patients show an increased prevalence of migraine compared to the general population and specific familial sleep disorders have been identified to be comorbid with migraine with aura. CONCLUSION The pathophysiology and pharmacology of headache and sleep disorders involves an array of neural networks which likely underlie their shared clinical association. While it is difficult to differentiate between cause and effect, or simply a spurious relationship the striking brainstem, hypothalamic and thalamic convergence would suggest a bidirectional influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Holland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
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Bochorishvili G, Nguyen T, Coates MB, Viar KE, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG. The orexinergic neurons receive synaptic input from C1 cells in rats. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3834-46. [PMID: 24984694 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The C1 cells, located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), are activated by pain, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, infection, and hypotension and elicit cardiorespiratory stimulation, adrenaline and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release, and arousal. The orexin neurons contribute to the autonomic responses to acute psychological stress. Here, using an anatomical approach, we consider whether the orexin neurons could also be contributing to the autonomic effects elicited by C1 neuron activation. Phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase-immunoreactive (PNMT-ir) axons were detected among orexin-ir somata, and close appositions between PNMT-ir axonal varicosities and orexin-ir profiles were observed. The existence of synapses between PNMT-ir boutons labeled with diaminobenzidine and orexinergic neurons labeled with immunogold was confirmed by electron microscopy. We labeled RVLM neurons with a lentiviral vector that expresses the fusion protein ChR2-mCherry under the control of the catecholaminergic neuron-selective promoter PRSx8 and obtained light and ultrastructural evidence that these neurons innervate the orexin cells. By using a Cre-dependent adeno-associated vector and TH-Cre rats, we confirmed that the projection from RVLM catecholaminergic neurons to the orexinergic neurons originates predominantly from PNMT-ir catecholaminergic (i.e., C1 cells). The C1 neurons were found to establish predominantly asymmetric synapses with orexin-ir cell bodies or dendrites. These synapses were packed with small clear vesicles and also contained dense-core vesicles. In summary, the orexin neurons are among the hypothalamic neurons contacted and presumably excited by the C1 cells. The C1-orexin neuronal connection is probably one of several suprabulbar pathways through which the C1 neurons activate breathing and the circulation, raise blood glucose, and facilitate arousal from sleep.
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Wheeler DS, Wan S, Miller A, Angeli N, Adileh B, Hu W, Holland PC. Role of lateral hypothalamus in two aspects of attention in associative learning. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2359-77. [PMID: 24750426 PMCID: PMC4641454 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orexin (hypocretin) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons are unique to the lateral hypothalamic (LH) region, but project throughout the brain. These cell groups have been implicated in a variety of functions, including reward learning, responses to stimulants, and the modulation of attention, arousal and the sleep/wakefulness cycle. Here, we examined roles for LH in two aspects of attention in associative learning shown previously to depend on intact function in major targets of orexin and MCH neurons. In experiments 1 and 2, unilateral orexin-saporin lesions of LH impaired the acquisition of conditioned orienting responses (ORs) and bilaterally suppressed FOS expression in the amygdala central nucleus (CeA) normally observed in response to food cues that provoke conditioned ORs. Those cues also induced greater FOS expression than control cues in LH orexin neurons, but not in MCH neurons. In experiment 3, unilateral orexin-saporin lesions of LH eliminated the cue associability enhancements normally produced by the surprising omission of an expected event. The magnitude of that impairment was positively correlated with the amount of LH damage and with the loss of orexin neurons in particular, but not with the loss of MCH neurons. We suggest that the effects of the LH orexin-saporin lesions were mediated by their effect on information processing in the CeA, known to be critical to both behavioral phenomena examined here. The results imply close relations between LH motivational amplification functions and attention, and may inform our understanding of disorders in which motivational and attentional impairments co-occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Wheeler
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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Ghrelin and its interactions with growth hormone, leptin and orexins: implications for the sleep-wake cycle and metabolism. Sleep Med Rev 2013; 18:89-97. [PMID: 23816458 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that ghrelin administration promotes wakefulness in rodents, while in human males it induces sleep but has no effect in women. Ghrelin also plays an important role in metabolism and appetite regulation, and as described in this review may participate in the energy balance during sleep. In this review, we summarize some of the effects induced by ghrelin administration on the sleep-wake cycle in relation to the effects of other hormones, such as growth hormone, leptin, and orexin. Finally we discuss the relationship between sleep deprivation, obesity and ghrelin secretion pattern.
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Perez-Leighton CE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Orexin modulation of adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:440-5. [PMID: 23791983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The orexins are neuropeptides with critical functions in the central nervous system. These neuropeptides have important roles in energy balance and obesity, and therefore on the accumulation of adipose tissue. Rodents lacking orexins, typically through genetic knockouts, experience increased weight gain and accumulation of adipose tissue. Evidence indicates that the lack of the orexins increase adiposity as a result of decreased energy expenditure, principally through a reduction of physical activity. Different lines of evidence suggest that other mechanisms are likely also in play, and neural influences on both white and brown adipose tissues remain to be fully and functionally defined. In addition, the orexin peptides and their receptors are expressed in adipose tissue, with little available information as to their significance. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the orexin peptides affect adipose tissue. We provide a brief introduction to the physiology of orexins and their effects on white and brown adipose tissues in the context of energy balance. We conclude this review by integrating this information in the context of the known physiology of the orexins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio E Perez-Leighton
- Veterans Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, Santiago, 8370071, Chile.
| | - Charles J Billington
- Veterans Health Care System, Endocrinology, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Veterans Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, USA
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Chiu CN, Prober DA. Regulation of zebrafish sleep and arousal states: current and prospective approaches. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:58. [PMID: 23576957 PMCID: PMC3620505 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Every day, we shift among various states of sleep and arousal to meet the many demands of our bodies and environment. A central puzzle in neurobiology is how the brain controls these behavioral states, which are essential to an animal's well-being and survival. Mammalian models have predominated sleep and arousal research, although in the past decade, invertebrate models have made significant contributions to our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of behavioral states. More recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a promising model system for sleep and arousal research. Here we review experimental evidence that the zebrafish, a diurnal vertebrate, exhibits fundamental behavioral and neurochemical characteristics of mammalian sleep and arousal. We also propose how specific advantages of the zebrafish can be harnessed to advance the field. These include tractable genetics to identify and manipulate molecular and cellular regulators of behavioral states, optical transparency to facilitate in vivo observation of neural structure and function, and amenability to high-throughput drug screens to discover novel therapies for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Prober
- Division of Biology, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA, USA
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46
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Abstract
Epigenetic control, which includes DNA methylation and histone modifications, leads to chromatin remodeling and regulated gene expression. Remodeling of chromatin constitutes a critical interface of transducing signals, such as light or nutrient availability, and how these are interpreted by the cell to generate permissive or silenced states for transcription. CLOCK-BMAL1-mediated activation of clock-controlled genes (CCGs) is coupled to circadian changes in histone modification at their promoters. Several chromatin modifiers, such as the deacetylases SIRT1 and HDAC3 or methyltransferase MLL1, have been shown to be recruited to the promoters of the CCGs in a circadian manner. Interestingly, the central element of the core clock machinery, the transcription factor CLOCK, also possesses histone acetyltransferase activity. Rhythmic expression of the CCGs is abolished in the absence of these chromatin modifiers. Here we will discuss the evidence demonstrating that chromatin remodeling is at the crossroads of circadian rhythms and regulation of metabolism and cellular proliferation.
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47
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Lima FF, Sita LV, Oliveira AR, Costa HC, da Silva JM, Mortara RA, Haemmerle CA, Xavier GF, Canteras NS, Bittencourt JC. Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone projections to the septo-hippocampal complex in the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 47:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jego S, Salvert D, Renouard L, Mori M, Goutagny R, Luppi PH, Fort P. Tuberal hypothalamic neurons secreting the satiety molecule Nesfatin-1 are critically involved in paradoxical (REM) sleep homeostasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52525. [PMID: 23300698 PMCID: PMC3531409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered Nesfatin-1 plays a role in appetite regulation as a satiety factor through hypothalamic leptin-independent mechanisms. Nesfatin-1 is co-expressed with Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) in neurons from the tuberal hypothalamic area (THA) which are recruited during sleep states, especially paradoxical sleep (PS). To help decipher the contribution of this contingent of THA neurons to sleep regulatory mechanisms, we thus investigated in rats whether the co-factor Nesfatin-1 is also endowed with sleep-modulating properties. Here, we found that the disruption of the brain Nesfatin-1 signaling achieved by icv administration of Nesfatin-1 antiserum or antisense against the nucleobindin2 (NUCB2) prohormone suppressed PS with little, if any alteration of slow wave sleep (SWS). Further, the infusion of Nesfatin-1 antiserum after a selective PS deprivation, designed for elevating PS needs, severely prevented the ensuing expected PS recovery. Strengthening these pharmacological data, we finally demonstrated by using c-Fos as an index of neuronal activation that the recruitment of Nesfatin-1-immunoreactive neurons within THA is positively correlated to PS but not to SWS amounts experienced by rats prior to sacrifice. In conclusion, this work supports a functional contribution of the Nesfatin-1 signaling, operated by THA neurons, to PS regulatory mechanisms. We propose that these neurons, likely releasing MCH as a synergistic factor, constitute an appropriate lever by which the hypothalamus may integrate endogenous signals to adapt the ultradian rhythm and maintenance of PS in a manner dictated by homeostatic needs. This could be done through the inhibition of downstream targets comprised primarily of the local hypothalamic wake-active orexin- and histamine-containing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jego
- Sleep-Waking Neuronal Networks, CNRS - UMR5292; INSERM - U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Denise Salvert
- Sleep-Waking Neuronal Networks, CNRS - UMR5292; INSERM - U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Leslie Renouard
- Sleep-Waking Neuronal Networks, CNRS - UMR5292; INSERM - U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Masatomo Mori
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Romain Goutagny
- Sleep-Waking Neuronal Networks, CNRS - UMR5292; INSERM - U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- Sleep-Waking Neuronal Networks, CNRS - UMR5292; INSERM - U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Fort
- Sleep-Waking Neuronal Networks, CNRS - UMR5292; INSERM - U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Bartfai T, Conti B. Molecules affecting hypothalamic control of core body temperature in response to calorie intake. Front Genet 2012; 3:184. [PMID: 23097647 PMCID: PMC3466567 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Core body temperature (CBT) and calorie intake are main components of energy homeostasis and two important regulators of health, longevity, and aging. In homeotherms, CBT can be influenced by calorie intake as food deprivation or calorie restriction (CR) lowers CBT whereas feeding has hyperthermic effects. The finding that in mice CBT prolonged lifespan independently of CR, suggested that the mechanisms modulating CBT may represent important regulators of aging. Here we summarize the current knowledge on the signaling molecules and their receptors that participate in the regulation of CBT responses to calorie intake. These include hypothalamic neuropeptides regulating feeding but also energy expenditure via modulation of thermogenesis. We also report studies indicating that nutrient signals can contribute to regulation of CBT by direct action on hypothalamic preoptic warm-sensitive neurons that in turn regulate adaptive thermogenesis and hence CBT. Finally, we show the role played by two orphans G protein-coupled receptor: GPR50 and GPR83, that were recently demonstrated to regulate temperature-dependent energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Bartfai
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
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50
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Hahn JD, Swanson LW. Connections of the lateral hypothalamic area juxtadorsomedial region in the male rat. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1831-90. [PMID: 22488503 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The connections of the lateral hypothalamic area juxtadorsomedial region (LHAjd) were investigated in a series of pathway-tracing experiments involving iontophoretic co-injection of the tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L; for outputs) and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB; for inputs). Results revealed that the LHAjd has connections with some 318 distinct gray matter regions encompassing all four subsystems-motor, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral state-included in a basic structure-function network model of the nervous system. Integration of these subsystems is necessary for the coordination and control of emotion and behavior, and in that regard the connections of the LHAjd indicate that it may have a prominent role. Furthermore, the LHAjd connections, together with the connections of other LHA differentiations studied similarly to date, indicate a distinct topographic organization that suggests each LHA differentiation has specifically differing degrees of involvement in the control of multiple behaviors. For the LHAjd, its involvement to a high degree in the control of defensive behavior, and to a lesser degree in the control of other behaviors, including ingestive and reproductive, is suggested. Moreover, the connections of the LHAjd suggest that its possible role in the control of these behaviors may be very broad in scope because they involve the somatic, neuroendocrine, and autonomic divisions of the nervous system. In addition, we suggest that connections between LHA differentiations may provide, at the level of the hypothalamus, a neuronal substrate for the coordinated control of multiple themes in the behavioral repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520, USA.
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