1
|
Zigovski G, Bez ICC, Garrido LFC, Rodrigues CC, de Oliveira ACDF, Rupolo PE, de Azevedo LB, Hernandez EME, Genova JL, Weber SH, Carvalho PLDO, Costa LB. Ultra-diluted complex additive in the diet reveals benefits in the intestinal tract of nursery-phase piglets. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2385-2395. [PMID: 38801493 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess an ultra-diluted (UD) complex, as a replacement for an antimicrobial growth promoter in diets, on growth performance, intestinal health, and inflammatory response of nursery piglets. The experiment lasted 37 days and involved 126 animals weaned at 21 ± 1.3 d, with an initial body weight of 5.62 ± 1.16 kg. Piglets were assigned to six dietary treatments in a randomized block design with seven replicates and three piglets per pen as experimental unit. The treatments were: positive control (PC)- basal diet + 120 mg/kg of chlorohydroxyquinoline; negative control (NC)- basal diet without additives; and NC containing 4.5; 6.0; 7.5 or 9.0 kg of UD additive/ton diet. Performance data were calculated, and daily diarrhea was observed. Blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. At the end of the experiment, one animal per pen was slaughtered for organ weighing, pH, and the collection of intestinal samples for histopathology. Feces and cecal contents were collected for microbiological and antibiogram analyses. There was no difference in the performance between the treatments. Throughout the study, UD levels were equal to those of PC for diarrhea occurrence. Higher levels of UD complex led to higher total leukocyte counts. The 4.5 treatment showed a reduction in total and thermotolerant Enterobacteriaceae populations in piglet feces and an increase in lactic acid bacteria compared to PC. All treatments resulted in fewer duodenal histopathological alterations than those in the NC group. The use of UD additives, especially at 4.5 kg/ton, is a good alternative to chlorohydroxyquinoline in piglet diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Zigovski
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Isabela Cristina Colaço Bez
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Costa Garrido
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Caroline Cintra Rodrigues
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Evaristo Rupolo
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Paraná, 85960-000, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Liliana Bury de Azevedo
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Paraná, 85960-000, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Elmer Modesto Elvir Hernandez
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Jansller Luiz Genova
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Saulo Henrique Weber
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Batista Costa
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 80215-901, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park JE, Ko SM, Han HJ, Lee JY, Jeong DS, Lee DH, Heo IK, Shin YU, Kim YH, Son WC. Toxicology and safety study of L-tryptophan and its impurities for use in swine. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:1153-1165. [PMID: 38594832 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
L-tryptophan, an essential amino acid for physiological processes, metabolism, development, and growth of organisms, is widely utilized in animal nutrition and human health as a feed additive and nutritional supplement, respectively. Despite its known benefits, safety concerns have arisen due to an eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) outbreak linked to L-tryptophan consumed by humans. Extensive research has established that the EMS outbreak was caused by an L-tryptophan product that contained certain impurities. Therefore, safety validations are imperative to endorse the use of L-tryptophan as a supplement or a feed additive. This study was conducted in tertiary hybrid [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs to assess general toxicity and potential risks for EMS-related symptoms associated with L-tryptophan used as a feed additive. Our investigation elucidated the relationship between L-tryptophan and EMS in swine. No mortalities or clinical signs were observed in any animals during the administration period, and the test substance did not induce toxic effects. Hematological analysis and histopathological examination revealed no changes in EMS-related parameters, such as eosinophil counts, lung lesions, skin lesions, or muscle atrophy. Furthermore, no test substance-related changes occurred in other general toxicological parameters. Through analyzing the tissues and organs of swine, most of the L-tryptophan impurities that may cause EMS were not retained. Based on these findings, we concluded that incorporating L-tryptophan and its impurities into the diet does not induce EMS in swine. Consequently, L-tryptophan may be used as a feed additive throughout all growth stages of swine without safety concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Park
- Department of Medical Science, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Ko
- Department of Medical Science, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Han
- Department of Medical Science, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Som Jeong
- Department of Medical Science, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Medical Science, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyung Heo
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Uk Shin
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hee Kim
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pierce JL, Lyons JW, Chevalier TB, Lindemann MD. Effects of a second iron-dextran injection administered to piglets during lactation on differential gene expression in liver and duodenum at weaning. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae005. [PMID: 38219027 PMCID: PMC10874211 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Six female littermate piglets were used in an experiment to evaluate the mRNA expression in tissues from piglets given one or two 1 mL injections of iron dextran (200 mg Fe/mL). All piglets in the litter were administered the first 1 mL injection < 24 h after birth. On day 7, piglets were paired by weight (mean body weight = 1.72 ± 0.13 kg) and one piglet from each pair was randomly selected as control (CON) and the other received a second injection (+Fe). At weaning on day 22, each piglet was anesthetized, and samples of liver and duodenum were taken from the anesthetized piglets and preserved until mRNA extraction. differential gene expression data were analyzed with a fold change cutoff (FC) of |1.2| P < 0.05. Pathway analysis was conducted with Z-score cutoff of P < 0.05. In the duodenum 435 genes were significantly changed with a FC ≥ |1.2| P < 0.05. In the duodenum, Claudin 1 and Claudin 2 were inversely affected by + Fe. Claudin 1 (CLDN1) plays a key role in cell-to-cell adhesion in the epithelial cell sheets and was upregulated (FC = 4.48, P = 0.0423). Claudin 2 (CLDN2) is expressed in cation leaky epithelia, especially during disease or inflammation and was downregulated (FC = -1.41, P = 0.0097). In the liver, 362 genes were expressed with a FC ≥ |1.2| P < 0.05. The gene most affected by a second dose of 200 mg Fe was hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) with a FC of 40.8. HAMP is a liver-produced hormone that is the main circulating regulator of Fe absorption and distribution across tissues. It also controls the major flows of Fe into plasma by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin (SLC4A1). This leads to the retention of Fe in Fe-exporting cells and decreased flow of Fe into plasma. Gene expression related to metabolic pathway changes in the duodenum and liver provides evidence for the improved feed conversion and growth rates in piglets given two iron injections preweaning with contemporary pigs in a companion study. In the duodenum, there is a downregulation of gene clusters associated with gluconeogenesis (P < 0.05). Concurrently, there was a decrease in the mRNA expression of genes for enzymes required for urea production in the liver (P < 0.05). These observations suggest that there may be less need for gluconeogenesis, and possibly less urea production from deaminated amino acids. The genomic and pathway analyses provided empirical evidence linking gene expression with phenotypic observations of piglet health and growth improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Pierce
- James Pierce Consulting, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Tyler B Chevalier
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Merlin D Lindemann
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buddington KK, Pierzynowski SG, Holmes WE, Buddington RK. Selective and Concentrative Enteropancreatic Recirculation of Antibiotics by Pigs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:12. [PMID: 38275322 PMCID: PMC10812520 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics that are efficacious for infectious pancreatitis are present in pancreatic exocrine secretion (PES) after intravenous administration and above minimal inhibitory concentrations. We measured concentrations of four antibiotics by tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy in plasma and PES after enteral administration to juvenile pigs with jugular catheters and re-entrant pancreatic-duodenal catheters. Nystatin, which is not absorbed by the intestine nor used for infectious pancreatitis (negative control), was not detected in plasma or PES. Concentrations of amoxicillin increased in plasma after administration (p = 0.035), but not in PES (p = 0.51). Metronidazole and enrofloxacin that are used for infectious pancreatitis increased in plasma after enteral administration and even more so in PES, with concentrations in PES averaging 3.1 (±0.5)- and 2.3 (±0.6)-fold higher than in plasma, respectively (p's < 0.001). The increase in enrofloxacin in PES relative to plasma was lower after intramuscular administration (1.8 ± 0.5; p = 0.001). The present results demonstrate the presence of a selective and concentrative enteropancreatic pathway of secretion for some antibiotics. Unlike the regulated secretion of bile, the constitutive secretion of PES and intestinal reabsorption may provide a continuous exposure of pancreas tissue and the small intestine to recirculated antibiotics and potentially other therapeutic molecules. There is a need to better understand the enteropancreatic recirculation of antibiotics and the associated mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan G. Pierzynowski
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden;
- Department of Medical Biology, IMW, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - William E. Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA;
| | - Randal K. Buddington
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
- Stonewall Research Facility, LSU Health Sciences, Stonewall, LA 71078, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ayala L, Sánchez CJ, Hernández F, Madrid J, López MJ, Martínez-Miró S. A Comparison of Haematological and Biochemical Profiles between Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Normal Piglets at 72 Hours Postpartum. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3540. [PMID: 38003158 PMCID: PMC10668781 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction in piglets has been a problem in the pig industry due to genetic selection based on hyperprolificacy. This has led to an increase in the number of underweight piglets and a worsening of the survival rate. The goal of this study was to enhance the knowledge of differences between normal and IUGR piglets a few hours after birth in terms of haematological variables, biochemical parameters, and immunoglobulin levels. Two groups of 20 piglets each were assessed. The control group (N) was made up of piglets with weights greater than 1500 g, and the IUGR group consisted of piglets weighing 500-1000 g and with at least two IUGR features. Blood samples were collected 72 h after birth for analysis of the red and white blood cell parameters, reticulocyte indices, platelet indices, biochemical parameters, and immunoglobulin levels. Alterations in red blood cells and reticulocytes, a lower lymphocyte count, hyperinsulinemia, and high oxidative stress were observed in IUGR piglets (p < 0.05). In contrast, differences were not observed (p > 0.05) in the serum immunoglobulin level. It can be concluded that the haematological and biochemical differences in IUGR piglets with respect to normal-weight piglets are present at birth indicating possible alterations in immunity, metabolism, and redox status; therefore, IUGR piglets could be more vulnerable to illness and future disorders, such as metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.A.); (C.J.S.); (F.H.); (J.M.); (M.J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Golden RK, Sutkus LT, Bauer LL, Donovan SM, Dilger RN. Determining the safety and efficacy of dietary supplementation with 3'-sialyllactose or 6'-sialyllactose on growth, tolerance, and brain sialic acid concentrations. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1278804. [PMID: 37927504 PMCID: PMC10620723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1278804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialylated oligosaccharides, including 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), comprise a large portion of human milk and have been known to support development over the first year of life. While research has investigated the impact of early-life supplementation, longer-term supplementation remains relatively unexplored. Consequently, the following study assesses the impact of supplementation of either 3'-SL or 6'-SL on growth performance, tolerance, and brain sialic acid concentrations. Two-day-old piglets (n = 75) were randomly assigned to a commercial milk replacer ad libitum without or with 3'-SL or 6'-SL (added at 0.2673% on an as-is basis). Daily body weight and feed disappearance were recorded to assess growth performance and tolerance. Pigs were euthanized for sample collection on postnatal day 33 (n = 30) or 61 (n = 33), respectively. Across growth performance, clinical chemistry and hematology, histomorphology, and sialic acid quantification, dietary differences were largely unremarkable at either time-point. Overall, SA was well-tolerated both short-term and long-term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Golden
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Loretta T. Sutkus
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Laura L. Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu J, Noel SJ, Lauridsen C, Lærke HN, Canibe N. Liquid fermented cereals with added Pediococcus acidilactici did not reduce post-weaning diarrhea in pigs - an Escherichia coli challenge study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1147165. [PMID: 37252380 PMCID: PMC10213407 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1147165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of feeding fermented liquid feed (FLF) with added Pediococcus acidilactici to weaning piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 on aspects of diarrhea, performance, immune responses, and intestinal epithelial barrier function was investigated. A total of 46 weaners (weaning at 27-30 days of age) were assigned to four treatments: (1) Non-challenged and dry feed (Non-Dry); (2) Challenged and dry feed (Ch-Dry); (3) Non-challenged and FLF (Non-Ferm); (4) Challenged and FLF (Ch-Ferm). All groups received the same feed, either dry (Non-Dry and Ch-Dry), or in liquid form (Non-Ferm and Ch-Ferm) in which the cereals with added P. acidilactici (106 CFU/g cereals) had been fermented for 24 h at 30°C. On day 1 and 2 post weaning, Ch-Dry and Ch-Ferm were orally inoculated with 5 mL × 109 CFU ETEC F4/mL, whereas the Non-Dry and Non-Ferm received the same amount of saline. Fecal samples and blood samples were collected through the study period. The microbial composition, concentration of microbial metabolites and nutrient composition indicated that the quality of the FLF was high. In the first week, ADFI of both non-challenged groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the Ch-Ferm group. The two challenged groups had higher fecal levels of FaeG gene (ETEC F4 fimbriae) from day 2 to 6 post weaning (p < 0.01), and higher risk of having ETEC F4 present in feces from day 3 to 5 post weaning (p < 0.05) compared to non-challenged groups, indicating the validity of the ETEC challenge model. Generally, ADG of the two groups fed FLF were numerically higher than those fed dry feed. Neither challenge nor FLF affected diarrhea. No significant differences were measured between Ch-Ferm and Ch-Dry regarding the level of plasma haptoglobin and C-reactive protein, hematological parameters or parameters related to epithelial barrier. The data indicated a low level of infection caused by the ETEC challenge, while recovery from weaning stress could be observed. The study showed that a strategy like this can be a way of providing a high level of probiotics to pigs by allowing their proliferation during fermentation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jerez-Bogota K, Jensen M, Højberg O, Cormican P, Lawlor PG, Gardiner GE, Canibe N. Antibacterial plant combinations prevent postweaning diarrhea in organically raised piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1095160. [PMID: 37077951 PMCID: PMC10106643 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1095160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and zinc oxide restrictions encourage the search for alternatives to combat intestinal pathogens, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a major cause of postweaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs. PWD causes important economic losses for conventional and organic farming. This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with garlic and apple pomace or blackcurrant on infection indicators and the fecal microbiota of organic-raised piglets challenged with ETEC-F18. For 21 days, 32 piglets (7-weeks-old) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: non-challenge (NC); ETEC-challenged (PC); ETEC-challenged receiving garlic and apple pomace (3 + 3%; GA); ETEC-challenged receiving garlic and blackcurrant (3 + 3%; GB). ETEC-F18 was administered (8 mL; 109 CFU/ml) on days 1 and 2 postweaning. The 1st week, PC had lower average daily gain than those in the NC, GA, and GB groups (P < 0.05). NC pigs showed neither ETEC-F18 shedding nor signs of diarrhea. The PC group had higher diarrhea incidence and lower fecal dry matter than NC (≈5–10 days; 95% sEBCI). The GA and GB groups showed reduced ETEC-F18 and fedA gene shedding, higher fecal dry matter, and lower diarrhea incidence than the PC (≈5–9 days; 95% sEBCI). The NC, GA, and GB had normal hematology values during most of the study, whereas the PC had increased (P < 0.05) red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit on day 7. Haptoglobin and pig-MAP increased in all groups, peaking on day 7, but PC showed the greatest increase (P < 0.05). The fecal microbiota of PC pigs had reduced α-diversity (day 7; P < 0.05) and higher volatility (days 3–14; P < 0.05). Escherichia, Campylobacter, and Erysipelothrix were more abundant in the PC than in the NC, GB, and GA groups (log2FC > 2; P < 0.05), whereas Catenibacterium, Dialister, and Mitsoukella were more abundant in the NC, GB, and GA than in the PC group (log2FC > 2; P < 0.05). Prevotella and Lactobacillus were more abundant in the GB group (log2FC > 2, P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of GA and GB limited ETEC proliferation, reduced PWD, and beneficially impacted the fecal microbiota's diversity, composition, and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jerez-Bogota
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Martin Jensen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Højberg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc Grange, Meath, Ireland
| | - Peadar G. Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Gillian E. Gardiner
- Department of Science, Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Southeast Technological University, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Nuria Canibe
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Osman T, Probo M, Monaco D, Shafiek HK, Freccero F. Blood Gas, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Analysis in Healthy Dromedary Camel Calves up to 21 Days of Life. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061117. [PMID: 36978657 PMCID: PMC10044397 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of prompt evaluation and care of the newborn is essential for reducing neonatal mortality, which represents a major cause of loss in camelids. This study investigated the blood gases, acid-base and electrolyte profiles in healthy dromedary calves during the first 3 weeks of life, assessing possible associations with age. Twenty-one dromedary camel calves aged 1 to 21 days were sampled, and venous whole blood analyzed through a VETSTAT® analyzer. The following parameters were measured: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), partial pressure carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure oxygen (pO2), total hemoglobin concentration (tHb), hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2), total carbon dioxide (tCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3-), base excess (BE) and anion gap (AG). Calves were divided in two groups; younger calves (1-10 d), and older calves (11-21 d). Statistical analysis showed an effect of age, with lower K+ (p < 0.001) and higher Na+ and Cl- (p < 0.05) mean concentrations in the younger calves compared to the older ones, and higher pCO2 and lower sO2 mean concentrations in the older group. These preliminary results firstly described the blood gas, acid-base and electrolyte profiles in the healthy dromedary calf during the first 3 weeks of age, suggesting an effect of age on some parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taher Osman
- Department of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, Salam Veterinary Group, Buraydah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monica Probo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Davide Monaco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Hazem Karem Shafiek
- Department of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, Salam Veterinary Group, Buraydah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang XL, Zhou YR, Xu SS, Xu S, Xiong YJ, Xu K, Xu CJ, Che JJ, Huang L, Liu ZG, Wang BY, Mu YL, Xiao SB, Li K. Characterization of Gut Microbiota Compositions along the Intestinal Tract in CD163/pAPN Double Knockout Piglets and Their Potential Roles in Iron Absorption. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0190622. [PMID: 36625575 PMCID: PMC9927099 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01906-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is known to play a role in regulating host metabolism, yet the mechanisms underlying this regulation are not well elucidated. Our study aimed to characterize the differences in gut microbiota compositions and their roles in iron absorption between wild-type (WT) and CD163/pAPN double-gene-knockout (DKO) weaned piglets. A total of 58 samples along the entire digestive tract were analyzed for microbial community using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The colonic microbiota and their metabolites were determined by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), respectively. Our results showed that no alterations in microbial community structure and composition were observed between DKO and WT weaned piglets, with the exception of colonic microbiota. Interestingly, the DKO piglets had selectively increased the relative abundance of the Leeia genus belonging to the Neisseriaceae family and decreased the Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 genus abundance. Functional capacity analysis showed that organic acid metabolism was enriched in the colon in DKO piglets. In addition, the DKO piglets showed increased iron levels in important tissues compared with WT piglets without any pathological changes. Pearson's correlation coefficient indicated that the specific bacteria such as Leeia and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 genus played a key role in host iron absorption. Moreover, the iron levels had significantly (P < 0.05) positive correlation with microbial metabolites, particularly carboxylic acids and their derivatives, which might increase iron absorption by preventing iron precipitation. Overall, this study reveals an interaction between colonic microbiota and host metabolism and has potential significance for alleviating piglet iron deficiency. IMPORTANCE Iron deficiency is a major risk factor for iron deficiency anemia, which is among the most common nutritional disorders in piglets. However, it remains unclear how the gut microbiota interacts with host iron absorption. The current report provides the first insight into iron absorption-microbiome connection in CD163/pAPN double knockout piglets. The present results showed that carboxylic acids and their derivatives contributed to the absorption of nonheme iron by preventing ferric iron precipitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song-Song Xu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Che
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao-Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Belanche A, Diago S, Fondevila M. Inclusion of a fish oil processing fraction as additive in diets for weaning piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
12
|
Zhang S, Yu B, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Shi L, Chen H. Assessment of Hematologic and Biochemical Parameters for Healthy Commercial Pigs in China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182464. [PMID: 36139329 PMCID: PMC9494985 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic and biochemical data are useful for indicating disease diagnosis and growth performance in swine. However, the assessment of these parameters in healthy commercial pigs is rare in China. Thus, blood samples were collected from 107 nursery pigs and 87 sows and were analyzed for 25 hematologic and 14 biochemical variables. After the rejection of the outliers and the detection of the data distribution, the correlations between the blood parameters were analyzed and the hematologic/biochemical RIs were preliminarily established using the 95% percentile RI. Correlation analysis showed that albumin was the hub parameter among the blood parameters investigated, and genes overlapping with key correlated variables were discovered. Most of the hematologic and biochemical parameters were significantly different between nursery pigs and sows. The 95% RIs of white blood cells and red blood cells were 7.18–24.52 × 109/L and 5.62–7.84 × 1012/L, respectively, for nursery pigs, but 9.34–23.84 × 109/L and 4.98–8.29 × 1012/L for sows. The 95% RIs of total protein and albumin were 43.16–61.23 g/dL and 19.35–37.86 g/dL, respectively, for nursery pigs, but 64.96–88.68 g/dL and 31.91–43.28 g/dL for sows. In conclusion, our study highlights the variability in blood parameters between nursery pigs and sows and provides fundamental data for the health monitoring of commercial pigs in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yongjin Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture & Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Mengjin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangyu Shi
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-027-83956175 (H.C.)
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-027-83956175 (H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ventrella D, Maya-Vetencourt JF, Elmi A, Barone F, Aniballi C, Muscatello LV, Mete M, Pertile G, Benfenati F, Bacci ML. The p-ERG spatial acuity in the biomedical pig under physiological conditions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15479. [PMID: 36104429 PMCID: PMC9474814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are becoming an important pre-clinical animal species for translational ophthalmology, due to similarities with humans in anatomical and physiological patterns. Different models of eye disorders have been proposed, and they are good candidates to assess biocompatibility/functionality of retinal prostheses. Electroretinography is a common tool allowing to gain information on retinal function, with several types of electroretinogram (ERG) been implemented including full field (ff-ERG), multifocal (mf-ERG) and pattern (p-ERG). p-ERG represents a valuable tool to monitor Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) activity and can be used to calculate p-ERG spatial acuity. Unfortunately, scarce methodological data are available regarding recording/interpretation of p-ERG and retinal acuity in biomedical pigs yet enhancing knowledge regarding pig vision physiology will allow for more refined and responsible use of such species. Aim of this study was to record p-ERG in juvenile pigs to functionally assess visual acuity. Six female hybrid pigs underwent two p-ERG recording sessions at 16 and 19 weeks of age. Photopic ff-ERG were also recorded; optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histology were used to confirm retinal integrity. ff-ERG signals were repeatable within/across sessions. All p-ERG traces consistently displayed characterizing peaks, and the progressive decrease of amplitude in response to the increment of spatial frequency revealed the reliability of the method. Mean p-ERG spatial acuities were 5.7 ± 0.14 (16 weeks) and 6.2 ± 0.15 cpd (19 weeks). Overall, the p-ERG recordings described in the present work seem reliable and repeatable, and may represent an important tool when it comes to vision assessment in pigs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Escobar J, Dobbs M, Ellenberger C, Parker A, Latorre JD, Gabor L. Oral supplementation of alkaline phosphatase in poultry and swine. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac079. [PMID: 35795069 PMCID: PMC9249143 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in maintaining gut health and intestinal homeostasis is well established. The objective of this study was to investigate the tolerance of poultry and swine to dietary supplementation of a novel microbial-derived alkaline phosphatase (AP; E.C. 3.1.3.1 produced by Paenibacillus lentus strain CMG3709). Studies were conducted on day-old Ross 308 chicken (n = 1,000; Study 1) and weaned piglets (n = 180; Study 2) for a duration of 42 d; and consisted of four treatment groups (TG) based on the concentration of microbial-derived AP supplemented in their diet at 0; 12,000; 20,000; and 200,000 U/kg of feed. Parameters such as animal survival, hematology, coagulation, and biochemical indices were assessed at the end of the study. The effect of microbial AP on nutrient absorption through skin pigmentation and intestinal permeability were also investigated in broilers (n = 600; Study 3). In poultry (Study 1), there were no statistically significant differences between control and TG for any of the hematological and biochemical parameters, except for a marginal increase (P < 0.05) in serum phosphorus at the highest dose. This variation was not dose-dependent, was well within the reference range, and was not associated with any clinical correlates. In swine (Study 2), hematological parameters such as leukocyte, basophil, and lymphocyte counts were lower (P < 0.05) for the two highest doses but were traced back to individual variations within the group. The biochemical indices in piglets showed no significant differences between control and supplemental groups except for glucose (P = 0.0005), which showed a high effect (P = 0.008) of the random blood collection order. Nonetheless, glucose was within the normal reference range, and were not related to in-feed supplementation of AP as they had no biological significance. The survival rate in all three studies was over 98%. Dietary supplementation of microbial-derived AP up to 16.7 times the intended use (12,000 U/kg feed) level had no negative effects in both poultry and swine. In-feed supplementation of microbial-derived AP for 28 d improved intestinal pigment absorption (P < 0.0001) and reduced intestinal paracellular permeability (P = 0.0001) in broilers (Study 3). Based on these results, it can be concluded that oral supplementation of microbial-derived AP is safe for poultry and swine and effective at improving gut health in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Merilyn Dobbs
- Elanco Australasia Pty. Ltd., Kemps Creek, NSW 2178, Australia
| | | | - Alysia Parker
- Elanco Australasia Pty. Ltd., Kemps Creek, NSW 2178, Australia
| | | | - Leslie Gabor
- Elanco Australasia Pty. Ltd., Kemps Creek, NSW 2178, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma J, Liu S, Piao X, Wang C, Wang J, Lin YS, Hsu TP, Liu L. Dietary Supplementation of Ferrous Glycine Chelate Improves Growth Performance of Piglets by Enhancing Serum Immune Antioxidant Properties, Modulating Microbial Structure and Its Metabolic Function in the Early Stage. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:876965. [PMID: 35548055 PMCID: PMC9083199 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.876965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research aimed to explore the effect of dietary ferrous glycine chelate supplementation on performance, serum immune-antioxidant parameters, fecal volatile fatty acids, and microbiota in weaned piglets. A total of 80 healthy piglets (weaned at 28 day with an initial weight of 7.43 ± 1.51 kg) were separated into two treatments with five replicates of eight pigs each following a completely randomized block design. The diet was a corn-soybean basal diet with 2,000 mg/kg ferrous glycine chelates (FGC) or not (Ctrl). The serum and fecal samples were collected on days 14 and 28 of the experiment. The results indicated that dietary FGC supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the average daily gain and average daily feed intake overall, alleviated (p < 0.05) the diarrhea rate of piglets at the early stage, enhanced (p < 0.05) the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase on day 14 and lowered (p < 0.05) the MDA level overall. Similarly, the levels of growth hormone and serum iron were increased (p < 0.05) in the FGC group. Moreover, dietary FGC supplementation was capable of modulating the microbial community structure of piglets in the early period, increasing (p < 0.05) the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria Tezzerella, decreasing (p < 0.05) the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria Slackia, Olsenella, and Prevotella as well as stimulating (p < 0.05) the propanoate and butanoate metabolisms. Briefly, dietary supplemented FGC ameliorates the performance and alleviated the diarrhea of piglets by enhancing antioxidant properties, improving iron transport, up-regulating the growth hormone, modulating the fecal microbiota, and increasing the metabolism function. Therefore, FGC is effective for early iron supplementation and growth of piglets and may be more effective in neonatal piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangshu Piao
| | - Chunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-sheng Lin
- Shanghai Bestar Biochemical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Tzu-ping Hsu
- Shanghai Bestar Biochemical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Tianjin Zhongsheng Feed Co. Ltd., Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rosa F, Yelvington B, Terry N, Tripp P, Pittman HE, Fay BL, Ross TJ, Sikes JD, Flowers JB, Bar-Yoseph F, Yeruva L. Evaluation of the Safety of a Plant-Based Infant Formula Containing Almonds and Buckwheat in a Neonatal Piglet Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:1499. [PMID: 35406111 PMCID: PMC9002815 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized neonatal piglet trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and the effects of a plant-based formula containing almonds and buckwheat as the main ingredients on growth and plasma parameters. From postnatal day (PND) 2 to 21, the piglets were fed a dairy-based milk formula (Similac Advance) or a plant-based formula (Else Nutrition) and all piglets were euthanized at day 21. No diarrhea was observed after PND 8 and all the piglets completed the trial. Body growth, kcal intake, the complete plasma count parameters and hematological parameters were within the reference range in both groups. Organ growth and development was similar between the two groups. Plasma glucose was higher in the dairy-based-fed piglets relative to the plant-based at 2 weeks of age. Liver function biomarkers levels were greater in the plasma of the plant-based compared to the dairy-based fed group. In addition, calcium levels were higher in the plant-based fed piglets at 1 week of age. Thus, the plant-based formula tested in this study was well tolerated by the piglets and supported similar growth compared to dairy-based milk formula. Therefore, the results support the safety of the tested plant-based infant formula during the neonatal period in comparison to the dairy-based formula fed group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rosa
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79415, USA
| | - Brooke Yelvington
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Nathan Terry
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Patricia Tripp
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Hoy E. Pittman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Bobby L. Fay
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Taylor J. Ross
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - James D. Sikes
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | | | | | - Laxmi Yeruva
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bento MH, Lewis EA, Santos RR, Molist F, McGuire P, Richardson K. Effects of Nonanoic Acid on Performance and Hematological and Biochemical Parameters for Weaned Piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
18
|
Ji F, Gu L, Rong G, Hu C, Sun W, Wang D, Peng W, Lin D, Liu Q, Wu H, Dai H, Zhou H, Xu T. Using Extract From the Stems and Leaves of Yizhi (Alpiniae oxyphyllae) as Feed Additive Increases Meat Quality and Intestinal Health in Ducks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:793698. [PMID: 35174238 PMCID: PMC8841826 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.793698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yizhi (Alpiniae Oxyphyllae, A. oxyphylla) has been widely used as an important traditional Chinese medicinal herb for centuries. Existing studies have shown that A. oxyphylla has numerous benefits in human and animal health. We hypothesized that extract from the stems and leaves of A. oxyphylla (AOE) as a feed additive may have positive effects on animal health and products. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of AOE as a feed additive on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, microbial composition, and meat quality in Jiaji ducks. A total of 240 Jiaji ducks of 42 days old (1675.8 ± 44.2 g, male: female ratio = 1:1) were blocked based on body weight and randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with three replicates that each had 20 duck individuals. The dietary treatments included: basal diet, control group (CK); basal diet supplementation with 30 mg/kg (Y1), 80 mg/kg (Y2), and 130 mg/kg (Y3) AOE, respectively, and lasted for 49 days. The results showed that average daily feed intake from day 42 to day 60 was decreased with the increasing level of AOE (P < 0.05). Compared with the CK group, the groups with AOE supplementation decreased serum LDL-C level (P < 0.05), the addition of 30 mg/kg AOE increased total amino acids, essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, nonessential amino acids, and umami taste amino acids (P < 0.05), but decreased selenium and zinc concentrations in breast muscle (P < 0.05). In addition, the supplementation of 30 or 130 mg/kg AOE significantly increased jejunal villus height (P < 0.05) and tended to increase the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum (P = 0.092) compared to the CK group. Moreover, the addition of 30 mg/kg AOE showed a higher abundance of genus unclassified Bacteroidales and genus unclassified Ruminococcaceae than the CK group (P < 0.05). Therefore, dietary supplementation with 30 mg/kg AOE increased meat nutrition profile and flavor through promoting amino acid contents in breast muscle, as well as maintained intestine integrity and modulated the microbial composition. In conclusion, AOE as an antibiotic alternative displayed potential in maintaining intestinal health and improving meat quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Ji
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Lihong Gu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Guang Rong
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chengjun Hu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Weiping Sun
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dingfa Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Weiqi Peng
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dajie Lin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Quanwei Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hongzhi Wu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Haofu Dai
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hanlin Zhou
| | - Tieshan Xu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Tieshan Xu
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dimitrakakis N, Waterhouse A, Lightbown S, Leslie DC, Jiang A, Bolgen DE, Lightbown K, Cascio K, Aviles G, Pollack E, Jurek S, Donovan K, Hicks-Berthet JB, Imaizumi K, Super M, Ingber DE, Nedder A. Biochemical and Hematologic Reference Intervals for Anesthetized, Female, Juvenile Yorkshire Swine. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2022; 61:21-30. [PMID: 34903312 PMCID: PMC8786382 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Swine are widely used in biomedical research, translational research, xenotransplantation, and agriculture. For these uses, physiologic reference intervals are extremely important for assessing the health status of the swine and diagnosing disease. However, few biochemical and hematologic reference intervals that comply with guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology are available for swine. These guidelines state that reference intervals should be determined by using 120 subjects or more. The aim of this study was to generate hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for female, juvenile Yorkshire swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) and to compare these values with those for humans and baboons (Papio hamadryas). Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery or vein of female, juvenile Yorkshire swine, and standard hematologic and biochemical parameters were analyzed in multiple studies. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals were calculated for arterial blood samples from Yorkshire swine (n = 121 to 124); human and baboon reference intervals were obtained from the literature. Arterial reference intervals for Yorkshire swine differed significantly from those for humans and baboons in all commonly measured parameters except platelet count, which did not differ significantly from the human value, and glucose, which was not significantly different from the baboon value. These data provide valuable information for investigators using female, juvenile Yorkshire swine for biomedical re- search, as disease models, and in xenotransplantation studies as well as useful physiologic information for veterinarians and livestock producers. Our findings highlight the need for caution when comparing data and study outcomes between species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dimitrakakis
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shanda Lightbown
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel C Leslie
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dana E Bolgen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kayla Lightbown
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly Cascio
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriela Aviles
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Pollack
- Animal Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Sam Jurek
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn Donovan
- Animal Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Julia B Hicks-Berthet
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kazuo Imaizumi
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Super
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Arthur Nedder
- Animal Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Establishment of normal reference intervals in serum biochemical parameters of domestic sows in Korea. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.12750/jarb.36.4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
21
|
Crespo-Piazuelo D, Lawlor PG, Ranjitkar S, Cormican P, Villodre C, Bouwhuis MA, Marsh A, Crispie F, Rattigan R, Gardiner GE. Intestinal microbiota modulation and improved growth in pigs with post-weaning antibiotic and ZnO supplementation but only subtle microbiota effects with Bacillus altitudinis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23304. [PMID: 34857778 PMCID: PMC8639915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary Bacillus altitudinis spore supplementation during day (D)0–28 post-weaning (PW) and/or D29–56 PW compared with antibiotic and zinc oxide (AB + ZnO) supplementation on pig growth and gut microbiota. Eighty piglets were selected at weaning and randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments: (1) negative control (Con/Con); (2) probiotic spores from D29–56 PW (Con/Pro); (3) probiotic spores from D0–28 PW (Pro/Con); (4) probiotic spores from D0–56 PW (Pro/Pro) and (5) AB + ZnO from D0–28 PW. Overall, compared with the AB + ZnO group, the Pro/Con group had lower body weight, average daily gain and feed intake and the Pro/Pro group tended to have lower daily gain and feed intake. However, none of these parameters differed between any of the probiotic-treated groups and the Con/Con group. Overall, AB + ZnO-supplemented pigs had higher Bacteroidaceae and Prevotellaceae and lower Lactobacillaceae and Spirochaetaceae abundance compared to the Con/Con group, which may help to explain improvements in growth between D15–28 PW. The butyrate-producing genera Agathobacter, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia were more abundant in the Pro/Con group compared with the Con/Con group on D35 PW. Thus, whilst supplementation with B. altitudinis did not enhance pig growth performance, it did have a subtle, albeit potentially beneficial, impact on the intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Samir Ranjitkar
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carmen Villodre
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Meike A Bouwhuis
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Marsh
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruth Rattigan
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Gillian E Gardiner
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
López M, Madrid J, Hernández F, Ros MA, Segura JC, López MJ, Pallarés FJ, Sánchez CJ, Martínez-Miró S. Effect of Feed Supplementation with Clostridium butyricum, Alone or in Combination with Carob Meal or Citrus Pulp, on Digestive and Metabolic Status of Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102924. [PMID: 34679945 PMCID: PMC8532904 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the intensive production of weaned piglets, frequent digestive disorders need to be avoided, as it is a critical phase; however, there are limitations to using antibiotics and ZnO at high levels. In this study, we investigate the inclusion of a probiotic (Clostridium butyricum) in combination with sources of fiber that might have a potential prebiotic effect, generating an optimal digestive status for weaned piglets. A trial is carried out using 30 post-weaning piglets for 27 days using five dietary treatments: a negative control, a positive control with high levels of ZnO, and three dietary treatments supplemented with Clostridium butyricum (alone or in combination with carob meal or citrus pulp). Supplementation with this probiotic could improve the piglets’ intestinal wellness status by increasing butyric acid, without being altered by the inclusion of carob meal or citrus pulp at 5%, obtaining digestibility values comparable with those realized by the incorporation of high levels of ZnO in the diet. In addition, carob meal could decrease the concentration of serum interleukin-8 (a type of pro-inflammatory cytokine). However, a growth performance trial of piglets in commercial conditions needs to be developed to confirm these effects. Abstract This work studied the effects of the inclusion of Clostridium butyricum on feed, alone or with carob meal or citrus pulp, on the digestive and metabolic status of weaned piglets. A total of 30 male piglets (weaned at 21 days) is used. There are five dietary treatments: negative without ZnO at high doses (C−), a positive control supplemented with ZnO at 2500 ppm of Zn (C+), supplemented with Clostridium butyricum as a probiotic (PRO), and supplemented with probiotic and 5% carob meal (PROC) or 5% citrus pulp (PROP). During the experiment (27 days), the piglets were periodically weighed and sampled for a serum biochemical, fecal microbiological, intestine histological, and digestive status analysis. The body weight, apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), and fecal microbiology were not affected by the treatments (p ≥ 0.05). However, the apparent fecal digestibility of DM was lower for the C− treatment than for C+ (p < 0.05), and the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in feces with C+ was lower than that for the PROC treatment (p < 0.05). The treatments with the probiotic had a higher molar proportion of butyric acid in feces than C+, and it was found that C− reached an intermediate value (p < 0.01). No general effects of diet were found on the histological measures performed on the jejunum and ileum, and in the serum biochemical analysis (p ≥ 0.05), only the concentration of interleukin-8 was lower for the PROC treatment compared to the C−, C+, and PRO treatments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the intestinal wellness of piglets could be improved with the supplementation of Clostridium butyricum by increasing butyric acid, and this effect was not altered with the inclusion of carob meal or citrus pulp. More studies under commercial conditions are needed, as the effects might be different in more challenging environmental circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina López
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.L.); (F.H.); (M.J.L.); (C.J.S.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Josefa Madrid
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.L.); (F.H.); (M.J.L.); (C.J.S.); (S.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-884-750
| | - Fuensanta Hernández
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.L.); (F.H.); (M.J.L.); (C.J.S.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Martín Antonio Ros
- Agrarian Transformation Society, Number 2439, La Hoya, 30816 Lorca, Spain; (M.A.R.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Juan Carlos Segura
- Agrarian Transformation Society, Number 2439, La Hoya, 30816 Lorca, Spain; (M.A.R.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Miguel José López
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.L.); (F.H.); (M.J.L.); (C.J.S.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Francisco José Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence–ceiA3, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Cristian Jesús Sánchez
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.L.); (F.H.); (M.J.L.); (C.J.S.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.L.); (F.H.); (M.J.L.); (C.J.S.); (S.M.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mazgaj R, Lipiński P, Szudzik M, Jończy A, Kopeć Z, Stankiewicz AM, Kamyczek M, Swinkels D, Żelazowska B, Starzyński RR. Comparative Evaluation of Sucrosomial Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Oral Supplements in Iron Deficiency Anemia in Piglets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9930. [PMID: 34576090 PMCID: PMC8466487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most common mammalian nutritional disorder. However, among mammalian species iron deficiency anemia (IDA), occurs regularly only in pigs. To cure IDA, piglets are routinely injected with high amounts of iron dextran (FeDex), which can lead to perturbations in iron homeostasis. Here, we evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of non-invasive supplementation with Sucrosomial iron (SI), a highly bioavailable iron supplement preventing IDA in humans and mice and various iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Analysis of red blood cell indices and plasma iron parameters shows that not all iron preparations used in the study efficiently counteracted IDA comparable to FeDex-based supplementation. We found no signs of iron toxicity of any tested iron compounds, as evaluated based on the measurement of several toxicological markers that could indicate the occurrence of oxidative stress or inflammation. Neither SI nor IONPs increased hepcidin expression with alterations in ferroportin (FPN) protein level. Finally, the analysis of the piglet gut microbiota indicates the individual pattern of bacterial diversity across taxonomic levels, independent of the type of supplementation. In light of our results, SI but not IONPs used in the experiment emerges as a promising nutritional iron supplement, with a high potential to correct IDA in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Mazgaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Zuzanna Kopeć
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Adrian M. Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Marian Kamyczek
- Pig Hybridization Centre, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 43-246 Pawłowice, Poland;
| | - Dorine Swinkels
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (TLM 830), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Hepcidin Analysis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Beata Żelazowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Boulbria G, Costa CT, Normand V, Bachy V, Rochel D, Brissonnier M, Berton P, Bouchet F, Lebret A. Haematological reference intervals of sows at end gestation in ten French herds, the impact of parity on haematological parameters and the consequences on reproductive performance. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:47. [PMID: 34404488 PMCID: PMC8369811 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in haematological values occur during the reproductive cycle. In veterinary swine practice, haematological reference intervals for this period are scarce. Over past decades, there has been a remarkable increase in reproductive prolificacy, possibly making previously established haematological reference intervals for sows outdated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to provide updated haematological reference intervals for sows at end-gestation, to study the influence of parity on those haematological parameters and to evaluate the impact of haemoglobin levels on production performance. METHODS The data presented in this article were obtained using blood samples from 198 apparently healthy and conventionally managed group-housed sows at end-gestation from ten breeding herds located in France. The samples were analysed for haematological variables using impedance technique on Horiba ABX analyser (Horiba, Kyoto, Japan). The reference intervals were calculated according to the guidelines of The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology using SUMMARY procedure in R Studio. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were used to evaluate the influence of parity on each haematological parameter and the impact of haemoglobin values on production performances at farrowing. Differences were considered as significant if p < 0.05. RESULTS Reference intervals produced in this study were similar to previously published references but we noticed marked differences in white blood cell values. The study of the impact of parity revealed significant changes for gilts and parity 5 + sows regarding haematological values. Gilts had higher red and white blood cells counts, haemoglobin values and haematocrit values. Regarding haemoglobin values, the higher the number of liveborn and weaned piglets per litter, the lower the haemoglobin value at end-gestation. For sows of fifth or higher gestation, we found that the higher the percentage of stillborn piglets, the lower the haemoglobin value at end-gestation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides haematological reference intervals for sows at end-gestation. These will be useful for swine veterinarians and researchers for a better understanding of the influence of parity on haematological parameters and haemoglobin values and their relation to reproductive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
| | - Charlotte Teixeira Costa
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
| | - Véronique Bachy
- Orbio - Finalab Veterinary Laboratories Group, 12, rue du 35 ème régiment d’aviation, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Daphné Rochel
- Orbio - Finalab Veterinary Laboratories Group, 12, rue du 35 ème régiment d’aviation, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Mathieu Brissonnier
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
| | - Franck Bouchet
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
| | - Arnaud Lebret
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Étienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal- Pontivy, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rymut HE, Rund LA, Bolt CR, Villamil MB, Southey BR, Johnson RW, Rodriguez-Zas SL. The Combined Effect of Weaning Stress and Immune Activation during Pig Gestation on Serum Cytokine and Analyte Concentrations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2274. [PMID: 34438732 PMCID: PMC8388404 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning stress can elicit changes in the metabolic, hormone and immune systems of pigs and interact with prolonged disruptions stemming from maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation. The present study advances the characterization of the combined effects of weaning stress and MIA on blood chemistry, immune and hormone indicators that inform on the health of pigs. Three-week-old female and male offspring of control gilts or gilts infected with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus were allocated to weaned or nursed groups. The anion gap and bilirubin profiles suggest that MIA enhances tolerance to the effects of weaning stress. Interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 2 were highest among weaned MIA females, and cortisol was higher among weaned relative to nursed pigs across sexes. Canonical discriminant analysis demonstrated that weaned and nursed pigs have distinct chemistry profiles, whereas MIA and control pigs have distinct cytokine profiles. The results from this study can guide management practices that recognize the effects of the interaction between MIA and weaning stress on the performance and health of pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haley E. Rymut
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (H.E.R.); (L.A.R.); (C.R.B.); (B.R.S.); (R.W.J.)
| | - Laurie A. Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (H.E.R.); (L.A.R.); (C.R.B.); (B.R.S.); (R.W.J.)
| | - Courtni R. Bolt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (H.E.R.); (L.A.R.); (C.R.B.); (B.R.S.); (R.W.J.)
| | - Maria B. Villamil
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Bruce R. Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (H.E.R.); (L.A.R.); (C.R.B.); (B.R.S.); (R.W.J.)
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (H.E.R.); (L.A.R.); (C.R.B.); (B.R.S.); (R.W.J.)
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (H.E.R.); (L.A.R.); (C.R.B.); (B.R.S.); (R.W.J.)
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
- Center for Digital Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wen C, van Dixhoorn I, Schokker D, Woelders H, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Rebel JMJ, Smidt H. Environmentally enriched housing conditions affect pig welfare, immune system and gut microbiota in early life. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:52. [PMID: 34321110 PMCID: PMC8320228 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional pig housing and management conditions are associated with gastrointestinal pathophysiology and disease susceptibility in early life. Developing new strategies to reduce both therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic use is urgent for the sustainable swine production globally. To this end, housing methodology providing effective environmental enrichment could be a promising alternative approach to reduce antibiotic usage, as it has been proven to positively influence pig welfare and immune status and reduce susceptibility to infections. It is, however, poorly understood how this enriched housing affects systemic and local pulmonary immune status and gut microbiota colonization during early life. In the present study, we compared the effects of two housing conditions, i.e., conventional housing: (CH) versus enriched housing (EH), on immune status and gut microbiota from birth until 61 days of age. RESULTS The expected benefits of enrichment on pig welfare were confirmed as EH pigs showed more positive behaviour, less aggression behaviour during the weaning transition and better human animal relation during the post weaning phase. Regarding the pigs' immune status, EH pigs had higher values of haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume in haematological profiles and higher percentages of T cells and cytotoxic T cells in peripheral blood. Furthermore, EH pigs showed higher ex vivo secretion of IL1ß and TNF-α after lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood than CH pigs. The structure of the developing faecal microbiota of CH and EH pigs significantly differed as early as day 12 with an increase in the relative abundance of several bacterial groups known to be involved in the production of short chain fatty acids, such as Prevotella_2, Christensenellaceae_R_7_group and Ruminococcus gauvreauii group. Furthermore, the main difference between both housing conditions post weaning was that on day 61, CH pigs had significantly larger inter-individual variation of ileal and colonic microbiota than EH pigs. In addition to housing, other intrinsic factors (e.g., sex) were associated with gut microbiota development and immune competence. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the known welfare benefits for pigs, environmentally enriched housing also positively drives important aspects of the development of the immune system and the establishment of gut microbiota in early life. Consequently, EH may contribute to increasing productivity of pigs and reducing antibiotic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caifang Wen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Dixhoorn
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Woelders
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna M. J. Rebel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hahn K, Hardimon JR, Caskey D, Jost DA, Roady PJ, Brenna JT, Dilger RN. Safety and Efficacy of Sodium and Potassium Arachidonic Acid Salts in the Young Pig. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051482. [PMID: 33925724 PMCID: PMC8145490 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n3) are polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) naturally present in breast milk and added to most North American infant formulas (IF). We investigated the safety and efficacy of novel sodium and potassium salts of arachidonic acid as bioequivalent to support tissue levels of ARA comparable to the parent oil; M. alpina oil (Na-ARA and K-ARA) and including a Na-DHA group. Pigs of both sexes were randomized to one of five dietary treatments (n = 16 per treatment; 8 male and 8 female) from postnatal day 2 to 23. ARA and DHA were included as either triglyceride (TG) or salt. Target dietary ARA/DHA concentrations as percent of total FA by weight were as follows: TT (0.47 TG/0.32 TG), NaT (0.47 Na-salt/0.32 TG), KT (0.47 K-salt/0.32 TG), and Na0 (0.47 Na-salt/0.00), NaNa (0.47 Na-salt/0.32 Na-salt). The primary outcome in this study was bioequivalence of ARA brain accretion. Growth performance; blood and tissue fatty acid levels; liver histology; complete blood cell counts; and serum chemistries were all evaluated. Overall, diets containing test sources of ARA and DHA did not affect growth performance; liver histology; or substantially influence hematological outcomes as compared with TT. The results confirm that the use of Na and K salt forms of ARA yield bioequivalent ARA accretion in the cerebral cortex and retinal tissue compared to TG-ARA. These findings confirm that use of Na-ARA and K-ARA salts in the young pig was safe and nutritionally bioequivalent to TG-ARA for critical neural tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee Hahn
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | | | - Doug Caskey
- Jost Chemical Co, St., Louis, MO 63114, USA; (J.R.H.); (D.C.); (D.A.J.)
| | - Douglas A. Jost
- Jost Chemical Co, St., Louis, MO 63114, USA; (J.R.H.); (D.C.); (D.A.J.)
| | - Patrick J. Roady
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vasilevskaya ER, Fedulova LV, Chernukha IM, Kotenkova EA, Fokina AI. Effects of tissue-specific biomolecules on piglets after-weaning period. Vet World 2021; 14:168-175. [PMID: 33642801 PMCID: PMC7896913 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.168-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Now-a-days antibiotics are the main tool for correcting the pathological conditions of pigs; unfortunately, antibiotics are a potential threat to the environment, as they lead to the spread of antibiotic-resistant infections. This study aimed to study the immunomodulatory encapsulated biomolecules on piglets in the post-weaning period. Materials and Methods An immunomodulator based on biomolecules obtained from animal raw materials included in alginate capsules to improve absorption has been developed. The study presents the results of a study on 25 weaned piglets (25-30 days old) which received biomolecules at a dose of 200 mg/piglet for 14 days, followed by 400 mg/piglet from days 15 to 28. Blood was taken from animals for analysis (biochemical, hematological, cytometric, and enzyme immunoassay) and the integral index of blood serum antimicrobial activity was determined. Results Experimental animals, whose initial weight was 1.6 times less than that of the control animals, were able to bridge this gap and, on the 28th day, there were no differences in weight. Stimulation of the production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 was observed and the antimicrobial resistance of blood serum to Escherichia coli also increased. A positive effect on the metabolism of piglets was noted, which helped them adapt to a change in diet (from colostrum to solid food). Conclusion The results show that the immunomodulation at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight has a great potential for improving weaned pigs.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li C, Wang F, Li R, Ishfaq M, Chen H, Liu F, Liu Y. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for 1-month-old specific-pathogen-free Landrace pigs. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:76-80. [PMID: 33550680 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals (RIs) provide valuable data for the nutritional status and clinical diagnosis of animals. However, the specific hematologic and biochemical RIs for specific-pathogen-free (SPF) Landrace pigs has not been determined. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to establish the hematologic and biochemical RIs for SPF 1-month-old Landrace pigs. METHODS Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 105 SPF 1-month-old Landrace pigs (50 males and 55 females), and complete blood counts and biochemical examinations were performed. The mean, RI, and 90% confidence interval were calculated for each variable, and gender differences were analyzed. RESULTS Reference intervals for SPF 1-month-old Landrace pigs were generated. The results revealed that there was generally no significant difference between male and female hematologic and serum biochemical variables (P > .05). However, a significant difference was noted in serum triglyceride concentrations between male and female pigs (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides hematologic and biochemical RIs for SPF 1-month-old Landrace pigs and provides basic data for the research and application of SPF Landrace pigs as a laboratory animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fangping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jakobsen N, Pedersen MLM, Amdi C. Peroral iron supplementation can be provided to piglets through a milk cup system with results comparable to parenteral iron administration. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab004. [PMID: 33604520 PMCID: PMC7881258 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate if iron can be allocated to piglets through sow milk replacer fed in a milk cup system with efficacies comparable to intramuscular (IM) administration of 200 mg gleptoferron. Two hundred and ninety-four piglets from 21 litters were allocated to three different iron treatments (n = 98). The treatments were 1) Control (CON) provided no supplemental iron, 2) Injected iron (II) provided 200 mg gleptoferron IM on day 3 postpartum, and 3) Milk iron (MI) provided sow milk replacer “DanMilk Supreme” added 1 % “Piglet Boozt” ad libitum from day 0 until 21 days postpartum. All piglets had access to dry feed from day 6. Initial and final body weight was registered and hemoglobin (Hb) levels were analyzed on day 0, 3, 7, 10, 17, and 21 after farrowing. In order to correlate drinking pattern with Hb level and growth, video cameras were installed, and drinking pattern was recorded on day 18 postpartum. A blood sample was drawn from piglets from three litters per treatment on day 21 for a complete hematology profile. The results showed that iron treatment had an effect on Hb levels (P < 0.001) that were different between all groups from day 10, resulting in a mean Hb level of 76.2 g/L (CON), 120.9 g/L (II), and 105.4 g/L (MI) on day 21. The mean Hb level for both MI and II was above the anemia threshold of 90 g/L and the Hb level of the II group was above 110 g/L and the piglets thus defined as normal. Treatment had a significant effect on Hb, hematocrit (hct), mean corposcular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), lymphocytes (%), neutrophils (bill/L) (P < 0.05), neutrophils (%) (P < 0.01), with CON being significantly different from MI and II that were similar or tended to differ. Total visits at the cup was not correlated to Hb level (r = 0.08) and growth was not affected by treatment (P = 0.99). It is concluded that iron can be supplemented to piglets through a milk cup system with efficacies comparable to parenteral administration of 200 mg gleptoferron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Jakobsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotte Amdi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pickering BS, Smith G, Pinette MM, Embury-Hyatt C, Moffat E, Marszal P, Lewis CE. Susceptibility of Domestic Swine to Experimental Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:104-112. [PMID: 33350904 PMCID: PMC7774549 DOI: 10.3201/eid2701.203399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent that causes coronavirus disease, has been shown to infect several species. The role of domestic livestock and associated risks for humans in close contact with food production animals remains unknown for many species. Determining the susceptibility of pigs to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to a One Health approach to manage potential risk for zoonotic transmission. We found that pigs are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 after oronasal inoculation. Among 16 animals, we detected viral RNA in group oral fluids and in nasal wash from 2 pigs, but live virus was isolated from only 1 pig. Antibodies also were detected in only 2 animals at 11 and 13 days postinoculation but were detected in oral fluid samples at 6 days postinoculation, indicating antibody secretion. These data highlight the need for additional livestock assessment to determine the potential role of domestic animals in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Collapse
|
32
|
Hahn KE, Dahms I, Butt CM, Salem N, Grimshaw V, Bailey E, Fleming SA, Smith BN, Dilger RN. Impact of Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Neural and Immune Development in the Young Pig. Front Nutr 2020; 7:592364. [PMID: 33195377 PMCID: PMC7658628 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.592364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human milk contains both arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Supplementation of infant formula with ARA and DHA results in fatty acid (FA) profiles, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and immune responses in formula-fed infants that are more like those observed in breastfed infants. Consequently, ARA and DHA have been historically added together to infant formula. This study investigated the impact of ARA or DHA supplementation alone or in combination on tissue FA incorporation, immune responses, and neurodevelopment in the young pig. Methods: Male pigs (N = 48 total) received one of four dietary treatments from postnatal day (PND) 2–30. Treatments targeted the following ARA/DHA levels (% of total FA): CON (0.00/0.00), ARA (0.80/0.00), DHA (0.00/0.80), and ARA+DHA (0.80/0.80). Plasma, red blood cells (RBC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were collected for FA analysis. Blood was collected for T cell immunophenotyping and to quantify a panel of immune outcomes. Myelin thickness in the corpus callosum was measured by transmission electron microscopy and pig movement was measured by actigraphy. Results: There were no differences in formula intake or growth between dietary groups. DHA supplementation increased brain DHA, but decreased ARA, compared with all other groups. ARA supplementation increased brain ARA compared with all other groups but did not affect brain DHA. Combined supplementation increased brain DHA levels but did not affect brain ARA levels compared with the control. Pigs fed ARA or ARA+DHA exhibited more activity than those fed CON or DHA. Diet-dependent differences in activity suggested pigs fed ARA had the lowest percent time asleep, while those fed DHA had the highest. No differences were observed for immune or myelination outcomes. Conclusion: Supplementation with ARA and DHA did not differentially affect immune responses, but ARA levels in RBC and PFC were reduced when DHA was provided without ARA. Supplementation of either ARA or DHA alone induced differences in time spent asleep, and ARA inclusion increased general activity. Therefore, the current data support the combined supplementation with both ARA and DHA in infant formula and raise questions regarding the safety and nutritional suitability of ARA or DHA supplementation individually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee E Hahn
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutrition Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Irina Dahms
- DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD, United States
| | | | - Eileen Bailey
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD, United States
| | - Stephen A Fleming
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Brooke N Smith
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutrition Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Maya-Vetencourt JF, Di Marco S, Mete M, Di Paolo M, Ventrella D, Barone F, Elmi A, Manfredi G, Desii A, Sannita WG, Bisti S, Lanzani G, Pertile G, Bacci ML, Benfenati F. Biocompatibility of a Conjugated Polymer Retinal Prosthesis in the Domestic Pig. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:579141. [PMID: 33195139 PMCID: PMC7605258 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.579141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors is one of the most significant causes of blindness in humans. Conjugated polymers represent an attractive solution to the field of retinal prostheses, and a multi-layer fully organic prosthesis implanted subretinally in dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats was able to rescue visual functions. As a step toward human translation, we report here the fabrication and in vivo testing of a similar device engineered to adapt to the human-like size of the eye of the domestic pig, an excellent animal paradigm to test therapeutic strategies for photoreceptors degeneration. The active conjugated polymers were layered onto two distinct passive substrates, namely electro-spun silk fibroin (ESF) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Naive pigs were implanted subretinally with the active device in one eye, while the contralateral eye was sham implanted with substrate only. Retinal morphology and functionality were assessed before and after surgery by means of in vivo optical coherence tomography and full-field electroretinogram (ff-ERG) analysis. After the sacrifice, the retina morphology and inflammatory markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry of the excised retinas. Surprisingly, ESF-based prostheses caused a proliferative vitreoretinopathy with disappearance of the ff-ERG b-wave in the implanted eyes. In contrast, PET-based active devices did not evoke significant inflammatory responses. As expected, the subretinal implantation of both PET only and the PET-based prosthesis locally decreased the thickness of the outer nuclear layer due to local photoreceptor loss. However, while the implantation of the PET only substrate decreased the ff-ERG b-wave amplitude with respect to the pre-implant ERG, the eyes implanted with the active device fully preserved the ERG responses, indicating an active compensation of the surgery-induced photoreceptor loss. Our findings highlight the possibility of developing a new generation of conjugated polymer/PET-based prosthetic devices that are highly biocompatible and potentially suitable for subretinal implantation in patients suffering from degenerative blindness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Fernando Maya-Vetencourt
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Marco
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mete
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Mattia Di Paolo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Barone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Elmi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Desii
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Walter G Sannita
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Bisti
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Rome, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Pertile
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Szudzik M, Lipiński P, Jończy A, Mazgaj R, Pieszka M, Kamyczek M, Smuda E, Starzyński RR. Long-term Effect of Split Iron Dextran/Hemoglobin Supplementation on Erythrocyte and Iron Status, Growth Performance, Carcass Parameters, and Meat Quality of Polish Large White and 990 Line Pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:472-480. [PMID: 31701465 PMCID: PMC7306016 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heme is an efficient dietary iron supplement applied in humans and animals to prevent iron deficiency anemia (IDA). We have recently reported that the use of bovine hemoglobin as a dietary source of heme iron efficiently counteracts the development of IDA in young piglets, which is the common problem in pig industry. Here, we used maternal Polish Large White and terminal sire breed (L990) pigs differing in traits for meat production to evaluate the long-term effect of split supplementation with intramuscularly administered small amount of iron dextran and orally given hemoglobin on hematological indices, iron status, growth performance, slaughter traits, and meat quality at the end of fattening. Results of our study show that in pigs of both breeds split supplementation was effective in maintaining physiological values of RBC and blood plasma iron parameters as well as growth performance, carcass parameters, and meat quality traits. Our results prove the effectiveness of split iron supplementation of piglets in a far-reach perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, ul. Postępu 36a, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, ul. Postępu 36a, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, ul. Postępu 36a, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Mazgaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, ul. Postępu 36a, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Marek Pieszka
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marian Kamyczek
- Pig Hybridization Centre, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Pawłowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Smuda
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, ul. Postępu 36a, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, ul. Postępu 36a, 05-552, Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Evaluation of 6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt Supplementation to Formula on Growth and Clinical Parameters in Neonatal Piglets. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041030. [PMID: 32283716 PMCID: PMC7230961 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are complex, non-digestible glycans found in large abundance in human milk. The abundance and the profile of bovine milk oligosaccharides and bovine milk based in infant formula differ from those in human milk. Recently, some human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been supplemented to infant formula, however, not all forms have been available in large scale. The objective of the study was to investigate the dose-dependent effects of an enzymatically-synthesized 6′-sialyllactose (6′-SL) sodium salt supplemented to swine milk replacer on growth, hematological parameters, and organ microscopic assessment in our pre-clinical neonatal pig model. Two-day-old male and female pigs (n = 47) were provided one of four experimental diets for 21 days. Diets were formulated to contain 0 (CON), 300 (LOW), 600 (MOD), or 1200 (HIGH) mg/L of 6′-SL sodium salt. On days 8 and 22, samples were collected for hematological and histological analyses. Supplemental 6′-SL sodium salt at all doses supported growth and development comparable to those observed in control animals. In addition, serum chemistries, hematology, and organ microscopic structure were unaffected by 6′-SL (p > 0.05). Thus, addition of enzymatically-synthesized 6′-SL to a milk replacer formula supported growth and clinical outcomes similar to the control formula in the neonatal piglet.
Collapse
|
36
|
Satessa GD, Tamez-Hidalgo P, Kjærulff S, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Dhakal R, Nielsen MO. Effects of Increasing Doses of Lactobacillus Pre-Fermented Rapeseed Product with or without Inclusion of Macroalgae Product on Weaner Piglet Performance and Intestinal Development. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E559. [PMID: 32230825 PMCID: PMC7222423 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of increasing doses of pre-fermented rapeseed meal (FRM) without or with inclusion of the brown macroalgae Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) on weaner piglets' performance and gut development. Ten days pre-weaning, standardized litters were randomly assigned to one of nine isoenergetic and isoproteic diets comprising (on DM basis): no supplement (negative control, NC), 2500 ppm ZnO (positive control, PC), 8, 10, 12, 15 or 25% FRM, and 10% FRM plus 0.6 or 1.0% AN. Fifty piglets receiving the same pre-weaning diets were weaned at 28 days of age and transferred to one pen, where they continued on the pre-weaning diet until day 92. At 41 days, six piglets per treatment were sacrificed for blood and intestinal samplings. The average daily gain was at least sustained at any dose of FRM (increased at 8% FRM, 28-41 days) from 18-41 days similar to PC but unaffected by inclusion of AN. The percentage of piglets that completed the experiment was increased by FRM compared to NC, despite detection of diarrhea symptoms. FRM showed quadratic dose-response effects on colon and mid-jejunum crypts depth, and enterocyte and mid-jejunum villus heights with optimum development at 8% or 10% FRM, respectively, but this was abolished when AN was also added. In conclusion, FRM sustained piglet growth performance and intestinal development similar to ZnO with an optimum inclusion level of 8-10% of dietary DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizaw Dabessa Satessa
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (E.V.-B.-P.); (R.D.)
| | | | - Søren Kjærulff
- Fermentationexperts A/S, Vorbassevej 12, DK-6622 Copenhagen, Denmark (S.K.)
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (E.V.-B.-P.); (R.D.)
| | - Rajan Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (E.V.-B.-P.); (R.D.)
| | - Mette Olaf Nielsen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Falk M, Bernhoft A, Reinoso-Maset E, Salbu B, Lebed P, Framstad T, Fuhrmann H, Oropeza-Moe M. Beneficial antioxidant status of piglets from sows fed selenomethionine compared with piglets from sows fed sodium selenite. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 58:126439. [PMID: 31830704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in mammals proved dietary organic selenium (Se) being superior to inorganic Se regarding effects on growth performance, antioxidative status, immune response, and Se homeostasis. However, the picture of possible effects of different Se sources and - levels can be expanded. The present field study evaluated the effects on weight gain, hematological and selected biochemical variables as well as plasma concentrations of vitamin E (vitE), total Se and selenobiomolecules in piglets throughout the suckling period. METHODS Piglets were monitored from birth to 38 days of age (d). The mother sows' diets were enriched with l-selenomethionine (SeMet-0.26 and -0.43 mg Se/kg feed) or sodium selenite (NaSe-0.40 and -0.60 mg Se/kg feed) from 1 month prior to farrowing until the end of lactation period. Piglets received pelleted feed supplemented with Se similarly to the sows' diets from one week of age. Selenite at 0.40 mg Se/kg (NaSe-0.40) represents a common Se source and -level in pig feed and served as control diet. RESULTS From 24d, piglets in SeMet-groups had higher mean body weight (BW) compared with piglets from sows fed NaSe-0.40. Furthermore, from five-d and above, piglets from sows fed NaSe-0.60 had significantly higher BW than offspring from sows fed NaSe-0.40. Neonatal piglets in group SeMet-0.43 had significantly lower red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct) concentrations compared with piglets from sows fed with NaSe-0.40. Neonatal and 5d-old piglets in group SeMet-0.26 showed higher gamma-glutamyl transferase activity than piglets in group NaSe-0.40. From five d and above, group NaSe-0.60 excelled with increased specific hematological variables culminating at age 38d with increased Hct, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and MC hemoglobin (MCH) as well as increased activities of aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase compared with the other groups. Generally, offspring in the SeMet groups had higher total Se-concentrations in plasma than those from sows fed selenite, and showed a dose-response effect on plasma Se-concentrations. Furthermore, SeMet-fed piglets had higher plasma levels of the selenoproteins (Sel) glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and SelP as well as selenoalbumin. Plasma vitE levels were significantly negatively correlated with RBC throughout trial period. CONCLUSIONS Maternal supplementation with SeMet during gestation influenced hematology and clinical biochemistry in neonatal piglets in a different way than in offspring from sows receiving selenite enriched diets. Growth performance was positively influenced by both dietary Se source and Se level. Higher plasma levels of GPx3 observed in piglets receiving SeMet probably improved the protection against birth or growth related oxidative stress. These might prime the piglets for demanding situations as indicated by higher weight gain in offspring from sows fed with SeMet-supplemented diets. Our results on some enzyme activities might indicate that piglets fed NaSe-0.60 had to cope with increased levels of oxidative stress compared with those originating from sows fed SeMet or lower dietary levels of selenite. We assume that combining inorganic and organic Se sources in complete feed for breeding sows might be beneficial fro reproduction and the offspring's performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Falk
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 4325, Sandnes, Norway.
| | - A Bernhoft
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454, Oslo, Norway
| | - Estela Reinoso-Maset
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA)/Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD) CoE, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1433Ås, Norway
| | - B Salbu
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA)/Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD) CoE, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1433Ås, Norway
| | - P Lebed
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA)/Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD) CoE, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1433Ås, Norway
| | - T Framstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Fuhrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Oropeza-Moe
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 4325, Sandnes, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ventrella D, Forni M, Bacci ML, Annaert P. Non-clinical Models to Determine Drug Passage into Human Breast Milk. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:534-548. [PMID: 30894104 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190320165904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful practice of clinical perinatal pharmacology requires a thorough understanding of the pronounced physiological changes during lactation and how these changes affect various drug disposition processes. In addition, pharmacokinetic processes unique to lactation have remained understudied. Hence, determination of drug disposition mechanisms in lactating women and their babies remains a domain with important knowledge gaps. Indeed, lack of data regarding infant risk during breastfeeding far too often results in discontinuation of breastfeeding and subsequent loss of all the associated benefits to the breastfed infant. In the absence of age-specific toxicity data, human lactation data alone are considered insufficient to rapidly generate the required evidence regarding risks associated with medication use during lactation. METHODS Systematic review of literature to summarize state-of-the art non-clinical approaches that have been developed to explore the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. RESULTS Several studies have reported methods to predict (to some extent) milk drug excretion rates based on physicochemical properties of the compounds. In vitro studies with primary mammary epithelial cells appear excellent approaches to determine transepithelial drug transport rates across the mammary epithelium. Several of these in vitro tools have been characterized in terms of transporter expression and activity as compared to the mammary gland tissue. In addition, with the advent of physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, these in vitro transport data may prove instrumental in predicting drug milk concentration time profiles prior to the availability of data from clinical lactation studies. In vivo studies in lactating animals have proven their utility in elucidating the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. CONCLUSION By combining various non-clinical tools (physicochemistry-based, in vitro and PBPK, in vivo animal) for drug milk excretion, valuable and unique information regarding drug milk concentrations during lactation can be obtained. The recently approved IMI project ConcePTION will address several of the challenges outlined in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ventrella
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Barone F, Muscatello LV, Ventrella D, Elmi A, Romagnoli N, Mandrioli L, Maya-Vetencourt JF, Bombardi C, Mete M, Sarli G, Benfenati F, Pertile G, Bacci ML. The porcine iodoacetic acid model of retinal degeneration: Morpho-functional characterization of the visual system. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107979. [PMID: 32087230 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine models of ophthalmological diseases are often used in pre-clinical translational studies due to pigs' similarities to humans. In particular, the iodoacetic acid (IAA) model of photoreceptor degeneration seems to mimic well the endstage phenotype of human pathologies as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, with high potential for prosthesis/retinal devices testing. IAA is capable of inducing photoreceptor death by blockage of glycolysis, and its effects on the retina have been described. Nonetheless, up to date, literature lacks of a comprehensive morpho-functional characterization of the entire visual system of this model. This gap is particularly critical for prosthesis testing as inner retinal structures and optic pathways must be preserved to elicit cortical responses and restore vision. In this study, we investigated the functional and anatomical features of the visual system of IAA-treated pigs and compared them to control animals. IAA was administered intravenously at 12 mg/kg; control animals received saline solution (NaCl 0.9% w/v). Electrophysiological analyses included full-field (ffERGs) and pattern (PERGs) electroretinograms and flash visually evoked potentials (fVEPs). Histological evaluations were performed on the retina and the optic pathways and included thickness of the different retinal layers, ganglion cells count, and immunohistochemistry for microglial cells, macroglial cells, and oligodendrocytes. The histological results indicate that IAA treatment does not affect the morphology of the inner retina and optic pathways. Electrophysiology confirms the selective rod and partial cone degeneration, but is ambiguous as to the functionality of the optic pathways, seemingly preserved as indicated by the still detectable fVEPs. Overall, the work ameliorates the characterization of such rapid and cost-effective model, providing more strength and reliability for future pre-clinical translational trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barone
- National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, 20814, MD, USA; Ophthalmology Department, Sacro Cuore Hospital - Don Calabria, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, Negrar, 37024, VR, Italy
| | - Luisa Vera Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univerisity of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univerisity of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy.
| | - Alberto Elmi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univerisity of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univerisity of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univerisity of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Josè Fernando Maya-Vetencourt
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, GE, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Alessandro Volta 4Bis, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univerisity of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mete
- Ophthalmology Department, Sacro Cuore Hospital - Don Calabria, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, Negrar, 37024, VR, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univerisity of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, GE, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via Leon Battista Alberti 2, Genova, 16132, GE, Italy
| | - Grazia Pertile
- Ophthalmology Department, Sacro Cuore Hospital - Don Calabria, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, Negrar, 37024, VR, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Univerisity of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Merino KM, Slisarenko N, Taylor JM, Falkenstein KP, Gilbert MH, Bohm RP, Blanchard JL, Ardeshir A, Didier ES, Kim WK, Kuroda MJ. Clinical and Immunological Metrics During Pediatric Rhesus Macaque Development. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:388. [PMID: 32766187 PMCID: PMC7378395 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical measurements commonly used to evaluate overall health of laboratory animals including complete blood count, serum chemistry, weight, and immunophenotyping, differ with respect to age, development, and environment. This report provides comprehensive clinical and immunological reference ranges for pediatric rhesus macaques over the first year of life. Methods: We collected and analyzed blood samples from 151 healthy rhesus macaques, aged 0-55 weeks, and compared mother-reared infants to two categories of nursery-reared infants; those on an active research protocol and those under derivation for the expanded specific-pathogen-free breeding colony. Hematology was performed on EDTA-anticoagulated blood using a Sysmex XT2000i, and serum clinical chemistry was performed using the Beckman AU480 chemistry analyzer. Immunophenotyping of whole blood was performed with immunofluorescence staining and subsequent flow cytometric analysis on a BD LSRFortessa. Plasma cytokine analysis was performed using a Millipore multiplex Luminex assay. Results: For hematological and chemistry measurements, pediatric reference ranges deviate largely from adults. Comparison of mother-reared and nursery-reared animals revealed that large differences depend on rearing conditions and diet. Significant differences found between two nursery-reared cohorts (research and colony animals) indicate large influences of experimental factors and anesthetic events on these parameters. Immune cells and cytokine responses presented with distinct patterns for infants depending on age, birth location, and rearing conditions. Conclusions: Our results illustrate how the immune system changed over time and that there was variability among pediatric age groups. Reference ranges of results reported here will support interpretations for how infection and treatment may skew common immune correlates used for assessment of pathology or protection in research studies as well as help veterinarians in the clinical care of infant non-human primates. We highlighted the importance of using age-specific reference comparisons for pediatric studies and reiterated the utility of rhesus macaques as a model for human studies. Given the rapid transformation that occurs in multiple tissue compartments after birth and cumulative exposures to antigens as individuals grow, a better understanding of immunological development and how this relates to timing of infection or vaccination will support optimal experimental designs for developing vaccines and treatment interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Merino
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Fellow, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Joshua M Taylor
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kathrine P Falkenstein
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Margaret H Gilbert
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James L Blanchard
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Amir Ardeshir
- California National Primate Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jeličová M, Lierová A, Šinkorová Z, Pejchal J. CHANGES IN BLOOD COUNT AND LYMPHOCYTE MICRONUCLEI IN PIGLETS AFTER WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 186:176-180. [PMID: 31711213 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodosimetry is focused on effects of ionizing radiation at cellular and molecular levels of living organisms so that a qualified retrospective estimate of radiation load can be made. Two biodosimetry methods were evaluated in irradiated piglets: complete blood count analysis and quantification of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes using a micronucleus test. Animals were whole-body irradiated with gamma radiation at doses of 0-10 Gy. The analysis of complete blood count was performed at intervals ranging from 0 to 48 hours. Micronuclei were measured at 4 hours after irradiation. Changes in lymphocyte counts and increased levels of micronuclei reflected received dose of ionizing radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Jeličová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Lierová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Šinkorová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li R, Wang F, Zhang Y, Li C, Xia C, Chen H, Lu X, Liu F. Comparison of hematologic and biochemical reference values in specific-pathogen-free 1-month-old Yorkshire pigs and Yorkshire-Landrace crossbred pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2019; 83:285-290. [PMID: 31571729 PMCID: PMC6753882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of hematologic and biochemical values in pigs is an important basis for biomedical research and veterinary clinical diagnosis. Reference values for specific-pathogen-free (SPF) 1-month-old Yorkshire (Y) pigs and Yorkshire-Landrace crossbred (YL) pigs are limited. The present research aimed to describe and compare the reference values for hematologic and biochemical parameters in such pigs. Blood samples were obtained from 90 Y pigs (52 males and 38 females) and 88 YL pigs (55 males and 33 females), all 1 month old and bred in an SPF environment. Among the 16 hematologic and 15 serum biochemical parameters tested, no significant differences between the Y and YL pigs were found except in the concentration of triglyceride (P < 0.05), and heterosis was not observed. Thus, the values determined in this study can be used as basic reference values for 1-month-old Y and YL pigs and will contribute to the use of SPF pigs in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China (R. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu); Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China (R. Li, Liu); Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China (C. Li, Xia, Chen, Lu)
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China (R. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu); Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China (R. Li, Liu); Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China (C. Li, Xia, Chen, Lu)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China (R. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu); Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China (R. Li, Liu); Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China (C. Li, Xia, Chen, Lu)
| | - Changwen Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China (R. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu); Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China (R. Li, Liu); Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China (C. Li, Xia, Chen, Lu)
| | - Changyou Xia
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China (R. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu); Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China (R. Li, Liu); Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China (C. Li, Xia, Chen, Lu)
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China (R. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu); Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China (R. Li, Liu); Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China (C. Li, Xia, Chen, Lu)
| | - Xiaoye Lu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China (R. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu); Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China (R. Li, Liu); Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China (C. Li, Xia, Chen, Lu)
| | - Fangping Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China (R. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu); Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China (R. Li, Liu); Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China (C. Li, Xia, Chen, Lu)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Knight LC, Wang M, Donovan SM, Dilger RN. Early-Life Iron Deficiency and Subsequent Repletion Alters Development of the Colonic Microbiota in the Pig. Front Nutr 2019; 6:120. [PMID: 31440513 PMCID: PMC6692694 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Iron deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide, affecting over two billion people. Early-life iron deficiency may alter the developing microbiota, which may or may not be reversible with subsequent dietary iron repletion. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether early-life iron deficiency and subsequent repletion alter colonic microbial composition and fermentation end-product concentrations in pigs. Methods: Forty-two male pigs received either control (CONT, 21.3 mg Fe/L) or iron-deficient (ID, 2.72 mg Fe/L) milk replacer treatments from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 32. Subsequently, 20 pigs continued through a series of age-appropriate, iron-adequate diets from PND 33 to 61. Contents from the ascending colon (AC) and rectum (feces) were collected at PND 32 and/or 61. Assessments included microbiota composition by 16S rRNA sequencing and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations by gas chromatography methods. Data were analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA and PERMANOVA to assess the main effects of early-life iron status on all outcomes. Results: In AC samples, 15 genera differed (P < 0.05) between ID and CONT pigs, while 27 genera differed (P < 0.05) in fecal samples at PND 32. Early-life ID pigs had higher (P = 0.012) relative abundance of Lactobacillus in AC samples compared with CONT pigs. In feces, ID pigs had lower (P < 0.05) relative abundances of Bacteroides and Clostridium from the families of Clostridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae. At PND 61, only two genera differed between treatment groups in AC samples, with ID pigs having a higher (P = 0.043) relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and lower (P = 0.047) relative abundance of Prevotella. Beta diversity differed at PND 32 in both AC and feces between CONT and ID pigs but no differences remained at PND 61. At PND 32, the total VFA concentration was higher in ID pigs compared with CONT pigs in both AC (P = 0.003) and feces (P = 0.001), but no differences in VFA concentrations persisted to PND 61. Conclusion: Early-life iron status influenced microbial composition and VFA concentrations within the large intestine, but these differences were largely normalized following subsequent dietary iron repletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Knight
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Čížková J, Erbanová M, Sochor J, Jindrová A, Strnadová K, Horák V. Relationship between haematological profile and progression or spontaneous regression of melanoma in the Melanoma-bearing Libechov Minipigs. Vet J 2019; 249:1-9. [PMID: 31239158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Haematological parameters, plasma iron concentration, and bodyweight were monitored in Melanoma-bearing Libechov Minipigs (MeLiM) from 5 to 18 weeks old. Animals with melanoma progression (P group) and spontaneous regression (SR group) were compared. The P group showed the lowest median values of red blood cell counts (RBC), haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin concentration (HGB), and bodyweight, whereas the control white (tumour-free) pigs (C group) revealed the highest mean values of these parameters. The mean values of pigs with SR fell between the P and C groups. In addition, a stable concentration of plasma iron was found in the C group, while iron deficiency that increases with age was observed in the MeLiM groups. These results indicate that MeLiM are affected by cancer-related microcytic hypochromic anaemia. The lowest values of HGB, RBC, and HCT, together with the highest number of platelets (PLT) in the P group correspond to melanoma progression. Higher values of these parameters and lower PLT in the MeLiM pigs with SR reflected health improvement due to the destruction of melanoma cells during spontaneous regression. Monitoring of these haematological parameters can help distinguish MeLiM piglets with progression and spontaneous regression of melanoma in the early stages of postnatal development. The findings of this study correspond to findings in human patients in which cancer-related anaemia, thrombocytosis, and iron deficiency are often diagnosed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Čížková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics,v.v.i., Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, and Laboratory of Tumour Biology, Rumburska 89, CZ-277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Kamycka 129, CZ-165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Erbanová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics,v.v.i., Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, and Laboratory of Tumour Biology, Rumburska 89, CZ-277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - J Sochor
- Mendel University in Brno, Department of Viticulture and Enology, Valticka 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Jindrová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Economics and Management, Department of Statistics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Strnadová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics,v.v.i., Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, and Laboratory of Tumour Biology, Rumburska 89, CZ-277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Kamycka 129, CZ-165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Horák
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics,v.v.i., Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, and Laboratory of Tumour Biology, Rumburska 89, CZ-277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yu K, Canalias F, Solà-Oriol D, Arroyo L, Pato R, Saco Y, Terré M, Bassols A. Age-Related Serum Biochemical Reference Intervals Established for Unweaned Calves and Piglets in the Post-weaning Period. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:123. [PMID: 31069239 PMCID: PMC6491529 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to establish the influence of age on serum biochemistry reference intervals (RIs) for unweaned calves and recently-weaned piglets using large number of animals sampled at different ages from populations under different season trials. Specifically, milk replacer (MR)-fed calves from April-July 2017 (n = 60); from December 2016-March 2017 (n = 76) and from April-August 2018 (n = 57) and one group of healthy weaned piglets (n = 72) were subjected to the study. Serum enzymes and metabolites of calves at age of 24 h (24 h after colostrum intake), 2, 5, and 7 weeks from merged trials and piglets at 0, 7, and 14 days post-weaning (at 21, 28, and 35 days of age) were studied. The main variable is age whereas no major trial- or sex-biased differences were noticed. In calves, ALT, AST, GGT, GPx, SOD, NEFAs, triglycerides, glucose, creatinine, total protein, and urea were greatly elevated (p < 0.001) at 24 h compared with other ages; glucose, creatinine, total protein, and urea constantly decreased through the age; cholesterol's lowest level (p < 0.001) was found in 24 h compared with other ages and the levels of haptoglobin remained unchanged (p > 0.1) during the study. In comparison with the adult RIs, creatinine from 24 h, NEFAs from 2 w, GGT from 5 w, and urea from 7 w are fully comparable with RIs or lie within RIs determined for adult. In piglets, no changes were noticed on glucose (p > 0.1) and haptoglobin (p > 0.1) and there were no major changes on hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT), total protein, creatinine and urea even though several statistical differences were noticed on 7 days post-weaning. Cholesterol, triglycerides, NEFAs, cortisol and PigMAP were found increased (p < 0.05) while TNF-alpha was found less concentrated (p < 0.001) at 0 days post-weaning compared with other times. Moreover, the RIs of creatinine and GGT are fully comparable with RIs or lie within RIs determined for adult. In conclusion, clinical biochemistry analytes RIs were established for unweaned calves and recently-weaned piglets and among them some can vary at different ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuai Yu
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Canalias
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Arroyo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Pato
- Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Saco
- Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Terré
- Departament de Producció de Remugants, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li Z, Kanitz E, Tuchscherer M, Tuchscherer A, Metges CC, Trakooljul N, Wimmers K, Murani E. Kinetics of Physiological and Behavioural Responses in Endotoxemic Pigs with or without Dexamethasone Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061393. [PMID: 30897706 PMCID: PMC6471452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dexamethasone (DEX) is a widely used immunoregulatory agent, knowledge about its pharmacological properties in farm animals, especially pigs, is insufficient. Previous studies suggest that compared to other species, pigs are less sensitive to the immunosuppression conferred by DEX and more sensitive to the threat of bacterial endotoxins. However, there is a paucity of studies examining DEX immunomodulation in endotoxemia in this species. In this study, a porcine endotoxemia model was established by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the effect of DEX-pretreatment on the magnitude and kinetics of neuroendocrine, metabolic, hematologic, inflammatory, and behavioural responses were examined. DEX decreased cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and lymphocyte whereas glucose concentration was increased under both normal and endotoxemic conditions. By contrast, DEX decreased triglyceride, lactate, and IL-6 concentrations and increased platelet count only under an endotoxemic condition. DEX also reduced the frequency of sickness behaviour following LPS challenge. PCA showed that glucose and triglyceride metabolism together with red blood cell count mainly contributed to the separation of clusters during DEX treatment. Our study demonstrates that DEX protects pigs from inflammation and morbidity in endotoxemia, in spite of their less sensitivity to DEX. Moreover, its considerable role in the regulation of the metabolic and hematologic responses in endotoxemic pigs is revealed for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Ellen Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Margret Tuchscherer
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Eduard Murani
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sánchez J, García A, Ruiz JM, Montes AM, Cabezas-Herrera J, Ros-Lara S, De la Cruz E, Gutiérrez AM. Porcine Breed, Sex, and Production Stage Influence the Levels of Health Status Biomarkers in Saliva Samples. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 30838222 PMCID: PMC6382678 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the influence of several factors such as breed, sex, and production stage over the normal range values of salivary biomarkers of health status was evaluated in pigs. A total of 409 pigs of 2 different breeds (conventional Large White × Duroc and Iberian pigs) were included in the study. Animals were divided into different groups according to their sex (male or female) and the stage of the production cycle they were in (post-weaning, nursery, fattening, and finishing). The levels of an inflammatory marker, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and two acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured in saliva samples. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity level (TAC) was quantified for the first time in porcine saliva; therefore, an analytical validation and stability analysis during storage at −80°C were also performed. Differences according to breed were observed for all the markers studied; thus, the influence of age and sex on the normal range values were studied separately for conventional and Iberian pigs. In Large White × Duroc pigs the overall median values of ADA, CRP, Hp and TAC were 282 U/L, 10.49 ng/mL, 0.88 μg/mL, and 21.73 μM Trolox equivalents, respectively. However, higher values of inflammatory marker and acute phase proteins were observed in males at the initial stages of the production cycle, while females presented higher values when they had reached sexual maturity. In Iberian pigs the overall median values observed were 585 U/L, 4.81 ng/mL, 0.63 μg/mL, and 21.21 μM Trolox equivalents for ADA, CRP, Hp, and TAC respectively with slight differences in the influence of the studied factors. Sex differences were not observed in the levels of acute phase proteins in Iberian pigs, probably due to the castration of males during the first days of life; however, ADA levels were found to be higher in male pigs at the end of the production cycle. It could be concluded that breed, sex, and production stage influence the range values of salivary markers of health status in pigs and should be taken into account to further establish reference intervals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana García
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José María Ruiz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana María Montes
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Susana Ros-Lara
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Cruz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana María Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rodents Versus Pig Model for Assessing the Performance of Serotype Chimeric Ad5/3 Oncolytic Adenoviruses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020198. [PMID: 30744019 PMCID: PMC6406826 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ad) are promising tools for cancer therapeutics. Most Ad-based therapies utilize species C serotypes, with Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) most commonly employed. Prior clinical trials demonstrated low efficiency of oncolytic Ad5 vectors, mainly due to the absence of Ad5 primary receptor (Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor, CAR) on cancer cells. Engineering serotype chimeric vectors (Ad5/3) to utilize Adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) receptors has greatly improved their oncolytic potential. Clinical translation of these infectivity-enhanced vectors has been challenging due to a lack of replication permissive animal models. In this study, we explored pigs as a model to study the performance of fiber-modified Ad5/3 chimeric vectors. As a control, the Ad5 fiber-unmodified virus was used. We analyzed binding, gene transfer, replication, and cytolytic ability of Ad5 and Ad5/3 in various non-human cell lines (murine, hamster, canine, porcine). Among all tested cell lines only porcine cells supported active binding and replication of Ad5/3. Syrian hamster cells supported Ad5 replication but showed no evidence of productive viral replication after infection with Ad5/3 vectors. Transduction and replication ability of Ad5/3 in porcine cells outperformed Ad5, a phenomenon often observed in human cancer cell lines. Replication of Ad5 and Ad5/3 was subsequently evaluated in vivo in immunocompetent pigs. Quantitative PCR analyses 7 days post infection revealed Ad5 and Ad5/3 DNA and replication-dependent luciferase activity in the swine lungs and spleen indicating active replication in these tissues. These studies demonstrated the flaws in using Syrian hamsters for testing serotype chimeric Ad5/3 vectors. This is the first report to validate the pig as a valuable model for preclinical testing of oncolytic adenoviruses utilizing Adenovirus type 3 receptors. We hope that these data will help to foster the clinical translation of oncolytic adenoviruses including those with Ad3 retargeted tropism.
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhuo Z, Yu X, Li S, Fang S, Feng J. Heme and Non-heme Iron on Growth Performances, Blood Parameters, Tissue Mineral Concentration, and Intestinal Morphology of Weanling Pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:411-417. [PMID: 29770950 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of heme and non-heme iron sources on growth performances, blood parameters, tissue mineral concentration, and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs. At 25 days of age, 32 newly weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 8.66 ± 0.59 kg) were allocated to one of the following dietary treatments: control group (basal diet with no extra iron addition), FeSO4 group (basal diet + 100 mg Fe/kg as FeSO4), Fe-Gly group (basal diet + 100 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Gly), and Heme group (basal diet + 100 mg Fe/kg as Heme). Each treatment had eight replicates and one pig per replicate. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed that compared with basal diet, supplement with 100 mg/kg iron can increase ADG of the piglets, especially in the late experiment period (15~28 days). Heme significantly increased the a* value of longissimus dorsi muscle of piglets when compared with other iron sources (P < 0.05). The iron supplementations had no significant effect on hematological parameters, while Fe-Gly and heme increased pigs' serum iron content on day 28 when compared with FeSO4 and basal diet (P < 0.05). The liver iron deposition in pigs fed Fe-Gly and heme was also higher than those fed FeSO4 or basal diet (P < 0.05). Besides, diet supplement with iron significantly increased villus height (P < 0.05) in duodenum and it had tendency to increase villus height and crypt depth ratio in duodenum (P = 0.095). In conclusion, iron supplementation in diets can improve piglet's body iron state and intestinal development, but Fe-Gly and heme exhibited better bioavailability than traditional additive of FeSO4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shenglin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Barone F, Laghi L, Gianotti A, Ventrella D, Saa DLT, Bordoni A, Forni M, Brigidi P, Bacci ML, Turroni S. In Vivo Effects of Einkorn Wheat (Triticum monococcum) Bread on the Intestinal Microbiota, Metabolome, and on the Glycemic and Insulinemic Response in the Pig Model. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010016. [PMID: 30577558 PMCID: PMC6356388 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum) is characterized by high content of proteins, bioactive compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, fructans, tocols, carotenoids, alkylresorcinols, and phytosterols, and lower α-, β-amylase and lipoxygenase activities compared to polyploid wheat. These features make einkorn flour a good candidate to provide healthier foods. In the present study, we investigated the effects of einkorn bread (EB) on the intestinal physiology and metabolism of the pig model by characterizing the glycemic and insulinemic response, and the microbiota and metabolome profiles. Sixteen commercial hybrid pigs were enrolled in the study; four pigs were used to characterize postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses and twelve pigs underwent a 30-day dietary intervention to assess microbiota and metabolome changes after EB or standard wheat bread (WB) consumption. The postprandial insulin rise after an EB meal was characterized by a lower absolute level, and, as also observed for glucose, by a biphasic shape in contrast to that in response to a WB meal. The consumption of EB led to enrichment in short-chain fatty acid producers (e.g., Blautia, Faecalibacterium, and Oscillospira) in the gut microbiota and to higher metabolic diversity with lower content of succinate, probably related to improved absorption and therefore promoting intestinal gluconeogenesis. The observed changes, at both a compositional and metabolic scale, strongly suggest that EB consumption may support a health-promoting configuration of the intestinal ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gianotti
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|