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Taheri R, Mokhtari Y, Yousefi AM, Bashash D. The PI3K/Akt signaling axis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): From mechanistic insights into possible therapeutic targets. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:1049-1068. [PMID: 38812089 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an immensely debilitating chronic disease that progressively undermines the well-being of various bodily organs and, indeed, most patients succumb to the disease due to post-T2DM complications. Although there is evidence supporting the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway by insulin, which is essential in regulating glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, the significance of this pathway in T2DM has only been explored in a few studies. The current review aims to unravel the mechanisms by which different classes of PI3Ks control the metabolism of glucose; and also to discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on this topic. We also summarized the role of the PI3K/Akt signaling axis in target tissues spanning from the skeletal muscle to the adipose tissue and liver. Furthermore, inquiries regarding the impact of disrupting this axis on insulin function and the development of insulin resistance have been addressed. We also provide a general overview of the association of impaired PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of the most prevalent diabetes-related complications. The last section provides a special focus on the therapeutic potential of this axis by outlining the latest advances in active compounds that alleviate diabetes via modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Finally, we comment on the future research aspects in which the field of T2DM therapies using PI3K modulators might be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Taheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yazdan Mokhtari
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Mohammad Yousefi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Graelmann FJ, Gondorf F, Majlesain Y, Niemann B, Klepac K, Gosejacob D, Gottschalk M, Mayer M, Iriady I, Hatzfeld P, Lindenberg SK, Wunderling K, Thiele C, Abdullah Z, He W, Hiller K, Händler K, Beyer MD, Ulas T, Pfeifer A, Esser C, Weighardt H, Förster I, Reverte-Salisa L. Differential cell type-specific function of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its repressor in diet-induced obesity and fibrosis. Mol Metab 2024; 85:101963. [PMID: 38821174 PMCID: PMC11214421 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating xenobiotic responses as well as physiological metabolism. Dietary AhR ligands activate the AhR signaling axis, whereas AhR activation is negatively regulated by the AhR repressor (AhRR). While AhR-deficient mice are known to be resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO), the influence of the AhRR on DIO has not been assessed so far. METHODS In this study, we analyzed AhRR-/- mice and mice with a conditional deletion of either AhRR or AhR in myeloid cells under conditions of DIO and after supplementation of dietary AhR ligands. Moreover, macrophage metabolism was assessed using Seahorse Mito Stress Test and ROS assays as well as transcriptomic analysis. RESULTS We demonstrate that global AhRR deficiency leads to a robust, but not as profound protection from DIO and hepatosteatosis as AhR deficiency. Under conditions of DIO, AhRR-/- mice did not accumulate TCA cycle intermediates in the circulation in contrast to wild-type (WT) mice, indicating protection from metabolic dysfunction. This effect could be mimicked by dietary supplementation of AhR ligands in WT mice. Because of the predominant expression of the AhRR in myeloid cells, AhRR-deficient macrophages were analyzed for changes in metabolism and showed major metabolic alterations regarding oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial activity. Unbiased transcriptomic analysis revealed increased expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Mice with a genetic deficiency of the AhRR in myeloid cells did not show alterations in weight gain after high fat diet (HFD) but demonstrated ameliorated liver damage compared to control mice. Further, deficiency of the AhR in myeloid cells also did not affect weight gain but led to enhanced liver damage and adipose tissue fibrosis compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS AhRR-deficient mice are resistant to diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Although conditional ablation of either the AhR or AhRR in myeloid cells did not recapitulate the phenotype of the global knockout, our findings suggest that enhanced AhR signaling in myeloid cells deficient for AhRR protects from diet-induced liver damage and fibrosis, whereas myeloid cell-specific AhR deficiency is detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike J Graelmann
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Gondorf
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Yasmin Majlesain
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Birte Niemann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarina Klepac
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic Gosejacob
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Marlene Gottschalk
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle Mayer
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Irina Iriady
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Hatzfeld
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophie K Lindenberg
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Wunderling
- Biochemistry & Cell Biology of Lipids, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Biochemistry & Cell Biology of Lipids, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Wei He
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristian Händler
- PRECISE Platform for Single cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany; Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and University of Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marc D Beyer
- PRECISE Platform for Single cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany; Immunogenomics & Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulas
- PRECISE Platform for Single cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany; Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany; IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | - Laia Reverte-Salisa
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany.
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Chen L, Li L, Cui D, Huang Y, Tong H, Zabihi H, Wang S, Qi Y, Lakowski T, Leng L, Liu S, Wu H, Young LH, Bucala R, Qi D. Extracellular macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) downregulates adipose hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and contributes to obesity. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101834. [PMID: 37935315 PMCID: PMC10700858 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuation of adipose hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) may impair lipolysis and exacerbate obesity. We investigate the role of cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in regulating adipose HSL and adipocyte hypertrophy. Extracellular MIF downregulates HSL in an autocrine fashion, by activating the AMPK/JNK signaling pathway upon binding to its membrane receptor, CD74. WT mice fed high fat diet (HFD), as well as mice overexpressing MIF, both had high circulating MIF levels and showed suppression of HSL during the development of obesity. Blocking the extracellular action of MIF by a neutralizing MIF antibody significantly reduced obesity in HFD mice. Interestingly, intracellular MIF binds with COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (Csn5) and JNK, which leads to an opposing effect to inhibit JNK phosphorylation. With global MIF deletion, adipocyte JNK phosphorylation increased, resulting in decreased HSL expression, suggesting that the loss of MIF's intracellular inhibitory action on JNK was dominant in Mif-/- mice. Adipose tissue from Mif-/- mice also exhibited higher Akt and lower PKA phosphorylation following HFD feeding compared with WT, which may contribute to the downregulation of HSL activation during more severe obesity. Both intracellular and extracellular MIF have opposing effects to regulate HSL, but extracellular actions predominate to downregulate HSL and exacerbate the development of obesity during HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lisha Li
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiheng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Haibin Tong
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haleh Zabihi
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yadan Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ted Lakowski
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suixin Liu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lawrence H Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dake Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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Pan Y, Zhang Y, Ouyang H, Gong T, Zhang Z, Cao X, Fu Y. Targeted Delivery of Celastrol via Chondroitin Sulfate Derived Hybrid Micelles for Alleviating Symptoms in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4877-4893. [PMID: 37890075 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by an accumulation of excess fat in the liver leading to oxidative stress and liver cell injury, as well as overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. CD44 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in the development of NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Here, chondroitin sulfate (CS) is selected to construct a CD44-targeted delivery system for the treatment of NAFLD. Specifically, two CS-derived amphiphilic materials including CS conjugated with either 4-aminophenylboronic acid pinacol ester (CS-PBE) or phenformin (CS-PFM) were synthesized, respectively. The presence of PBE moieties on CS-PBE rendered the vehicle with enhanced loading capacity and scavenging potential against reactive oxygen species, while the presence of guanidine moieties on CS-PFM enhanced the internalization of vehicles in the differentiated hepatocytes. Next, celastrol (CLT) was encapsulated in the hybrid micelle to afford CS-Hybrid/CLT, which demonstrates sufficient stability, enhanced cellular uptake efficiencies in differentiated HepG2 cells, and therapeutic potential to alleviate lipid accumulation in differentiated HepG2 cells. In a high-fat-diet-induced NAFLD rat model, CS-Hybrid/CLT micelles demonstrated the capacity to dramatically decrease hepatic lipid accumulation and free fatty acid levels with greatly improved pathologic liver histology and downregulated hepatic inflammation levels. These results suggest that CS-based amphiphilic micelles may offer a promising strategy to effectively deliver therapeutic cargos to the liver for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongling Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administrate of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Zhang R, Meng J, Yang S, Liu W, Shi L, Zeng J, Chang J, Liang B, Liu N, Xing D. Recent Advances on the Role of ATGL in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:944025. [PMID: 35912266 PMCID: PMC9326118 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.944025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic state of the tumor microenvironment leads to reprogramming lipid metabolism in tumor cells. Adipose triglyceride lipase, also known as patatin-like phospholipase= domain-containing protein 2 and Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), as an essential lipid metabolism-regulating enzyme in cells, is regulated accordingly under hypoxia induction. However, studies revealed that ATGL exhibits both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing effects, which depend on the cancer cell type and the site of tumorigenesis. For example, elevated ATGL expression in breast cancer is accompanied by enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO), enhancing cancer cells’ metastatic ability. In prostate cancer, on the other hand, tumor activity tends to be negatively correlated with ATGL expression. This review outlined the regulation of ATGL-mediated lipid metabolism pathways in tumor cells, emphasizing the Hypoxia-inducible factors 1 (HIF-1)/Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated (HIG-2)/ATGL axis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)/G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2)/ATGL axis, and fat-specific protein 27 (FSP-27)/Early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1)/ATGL axis. In the light of recent research on different cancer types, the role of ATGL on tumorigenesis, tumor proliferation, and tumor metastasis was systemically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshuai Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingsen Meng
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanbo Yang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingyu Shi
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Liang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Liu, ; Dongming Xing,
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Liu, ; Dongming Xing,
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Impact of microRNA Regulated Macrophage Actions on Adipose Tissue Function in Obesity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081336. [PMID: 35456015 PMCID: PMC9024513 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced adipose tissue dysfunction is bolstered by chronic, low-grade inflammation and impairs systemic metabolic health. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) perpetuate local inflammation but are crucial to adipose tissue homeostasis, exerting heterogeneous, niche-specific functions. Diversified macrophage actions are shaped through finely regulated factors, including microRNAs, which post-transcriptionally alter macrophage activation. Numerous studies have highlighted microRNAs’ importance to immune function and potential as inflammation-modulatory. This review summarizes current knowledge of regulatory networks governed by microRNAs in ATMs in white adipose tissue under obesity stress.
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Kang X, Liang H, Luo Y, Li Z, He F, Han X, Zhang L. Streptococcus thermophilus MN-ZLW-002 Can Inhibit Pre-adipocyte Differentiation through Macrophage Activation. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:316-324. [PMID: 33390424 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that obesity and metabolic syndrome have a deep association with the intestinal immune system of the host animal. Recent studies indicate that some selected probiotics can modulate the immune responses of the host animal, thereby altering its lipid metabolism. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of probiotics to activate macrophages in the hosts, thus alter the differentiation of pre-adipocytes. In this study, Streptococcus thermophilus MN-ZLW-002 (MN-ZLW-002) was co-cultured with RAW264.7 macrophages, with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) as a control. The conditioned medium (CM) of the co-culture was collected and then added to 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Viable and heat-killed (80 °C, 30 min) MN-ZLW-002 stimulated RAW264.7 cells to produce significant amounts of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and induced intense phosphorylation of P38, p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Cytokine production reduced dramatically when heat-killed MN-ZLW-002 was treated with Ribonuclease. Viable and heat-killed LGG induced less cytokine production and little signaling protein activation. Viable and heat-killed MN-ZLW-002-stimulated RAW264.7-CM notably suppressed pre-adipocytes differentiation. However, viable LGG-stimulated RAW264.7-CM had a weaker effect and heat-killed LGG-stimulated RAW264.7-CM had no effect. These findings suggest that viable and heat-killed (80 °C, 30 min) MN-ZLW-002 may alter its lipid metabolism by regulating its immune response, possibly via the release of cytokine, particularly TNF-α. The RNA of heat-killed MN-ZLW-002 may be a key component in its immune activation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology
| | - Huijing Liang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Yating Luo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Zhouyong Li
- R&D Center, Inner Mongolia Meng Niu Dairy Industry (Group) Co., Ltd
| | - Fang He
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Xue Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
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Yan S, Sun M, Gao L, Yao N, Feng T, Yang Y, Li X, Hu W, Cui W, Li B. Identification of Key LncRNAs and Pathways in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for Hypertriglyceridemia Patients Based on Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:800123. [PMID: 35140684 PMCID: PMC8818867 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) are increasing worldwide. Key lncRNAs were detected to provide a reference for searching potential biomarkers of prediabetes and T2DM in hypertriglyceridemia patients. METHODS The study included 18 hypertriglyceridemia patients: 6 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients, 6 samples with prediabetes and 6 samples with normal blood glucose. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to construct co-expression network and obtain modules related to blood glucose, thus detecting key lncRNAs. RESULTS The green, yellow and yellow module was significantly related to blood glucose in T2DM versus normal controls, T2DM versus prediabetes, prediabetes versus normal controls, respectively. ENST00000503273, ENST00000462720, ENST00000480633 and ENST00000485392 were detected as key lncRNAs for the above three groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For hypertriglyceridemia patients with different blood glucose levels, ENST00000503273, ENST00000462720 and ENST00000480633 could be potential biomarkers of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoumeng Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengzi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lichao Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyu Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yixue Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyu Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Cui, ; Bo Li,
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Cui, ; Bo Li,
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9
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Kang X, Liang H, Luo Y, Li Z, He F, Han X, Zhang L. Anti-adipogenesis and metabolism-regulating effects of heat-inactivated Streptococcus thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:677-687. [PMID: 32981107 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and obesity have become serious threats to public health worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-adipogenesis and metabolism-regulating effects of heat-inactivated Streptococcus thermophilus MN-ZLW-002 (MN-ZLW-002), which can be used as a yogurt starter. In vitro study suggested that MN-ZLW-002 stimulated the RAW264.7 macrophages to produce significant amounts of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and induced intense phosphorylation of P38, p44/42 MAPK and nuclear factor κB. MN-ZLW-002-stimulated RAW264.7-conditioned medium (CM) notably suppressed the differentiation and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. The 12-week in vivo study suggested that orally administered MN-ZLW-002 significantly reduced the weight gain of mice caused by the high-fat diet (HFD) at weeks 3-8; decreased fasting blood glucose levels at week 4 and week 8; decreased serum total triglyceride level at week 12. MN-ZLW-002 also reduced serum IL-1β and chemokine ligand 3 levels in the HFD-fed mice. These findings suggest that heat-inactivated MN-ZLW-002 can suppress adipocytes differentiation and lipid accumulation by regulating the immune response, possibly via the release of cytokines, particularly TNF-α; MN-ZLW-002 can improve metabolism-related indicators in the early stage of HFD intervention and regulate the related pro-inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H Liang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Luo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Li
- R&D Center, Inner Mongolia Meng Niu Dairy Industry (Group) Co., Ltd, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - F He
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - L Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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10
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Magalhães SC, de Oliveira KA, Freiras PA, Moreira Gomes MD, Pereira LM, Boa LF, de Carvalho DP, Fortunato RS, Carneiro Loureiro AC, Brito LC, de Oliveira AC. High-dose Nandrolone Decanoate induces oxidative stress and inflammation in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of male rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 203:105728. [PMID: 32712213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-therapeutic use of the androgenic anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate is popular due to its effects on physical performance and body composition, especially for its lipolytic and anabolic effects associated. However, high doses of such drugs are often associated with a series of pathologies related to unbalanced redox homeostasis, which, in turn, can be linked to inflammation. The oxidative stress onset could deregulate the secretion of cytokines, evidencing a dysfunctional adipocyte. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supraphysiological doses of Nandrolone Decanoate on redox homeostasis of retroperitoneal fatpad of male rats and its relationship with cytokines-based inflammatory signaling. Hydrogen peroxide production was assessed in the retroperitoneal fat pad of adult male rats which received either 10 mg kg of Nandrolone Decanoate or only a vehicle. Also, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured, together with total reduced thiols and protein carbonylation, as well as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 local levels. High doses of Nandrolone Decanoate caused an increase in the hydrogen peroxide production, together with lower activities of the antioxidant enzymes and lower levels of total reduced thiol. There were also higher protein carbonylation and greater levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the treated group compared to control group. Therefore, it was possible to verify that high doses of Nandrolone Decanoate cause oxidative stress and induce higher inflammatory signaling in retroperitoneal fat pad of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Chaves Magalhães
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Keciany Alves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paula Alexandre Freiras
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Diana Moreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Matta Pereira
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fonte Boa
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Dóris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Sinalização Redox, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cesar Carneiro Loureiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Catunda Brito
- Instututo de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ariclécio Cunha de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil.
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11
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Motoyama S, Yamada H, Yamamoto K, Wakana N, Terada K, Kikai M, Wada N, Saburi M, Sugimoto T, Kubota H, Miyawaki D, Kami D, Ogata T, Ibi M, Yabe-Nishimura C, Matoba S. Social Stress Increases Vulnerability to High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance by Enhancing Neutrophil Elastase Activity in Adipose Tissue. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040996. [PMID: 32316265 PMCID: PMC7226953 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Social stress (SS) has been linked to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is closely associated with insulin resistance (IR); however, the causal effect of SS on IR remains unclear. The 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to SS by housing with a larger CD-1 mouse in a shared home cage without physical contact for 10 consecutive days followed by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Control mice were housed in the same cage without a CD-1 mouse. After 6 weeks of HFD, insulin sensitivity was significantly impaired in stressed mice. While the percentage of classically activated macrophages in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) was equivalent between the two groups, the percentage of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D (Ly-6G)/neutrophil elastase (NE)-double positive cells markedly increased in stressed mice, accompanied by augmented NE activity assessed by ex vivo eWAT fluorescent imaging. Treatment with an NE inhibitor completely abrogated the insulin sensitivity impairment of stressed mice. In vitro NE release upon stimulation with a formyl peptide receptor 1 agonist was significantly higher in bone marrow neutrophils of stressed mice. Our findings show that SS-exposed mice are susceptible to the development of HFD-induced IR accompanied by augmented NE activity. Modulation of neutrophil function may represent a potential therapeutic target for SS-associated IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Motoyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5511
| | - Keita Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Wakana
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kensuke Terada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kikai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Wada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Makoto Saburi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyawaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ogata
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yabe-Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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12
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Delarue J. Are marine n-3 fatty acids protective towards insulin resistance? From cell to human. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-11. [PMID: 32138806 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids improve most of the biochemical alterations associated with insulin resistance (IR). Experimental models of dietary-induced IR in rodents have shown their ability (often at a very high dose) to prevent IR, but with sometimes a tissue specific effect. However, in a high sucrose diet-induced IR rat model, they are unable to reverse IR once installed; in other rodent models (dexamethasone, Zucker rats), they are inefficacious perhaps because of the severity of IR. The very low incidence of type-2 diabetes (T2D) in Inuits in the 1960s, which largely increased over the following decades in parallel to the replacement of their traditional marine food for a western diet strongly suggests a protective effect of marine n-3 towards the risk of T2D; this was confirmed by reversal of its incidence in intervention studies reintroducing their traditional food. In healthy subjects and insulin-resistant non-diabetic patients, most trials and meta-analyses conclude to an insulin-sensitising effect and to a very probable preventive or alleviating effect towards IR. Concerning the risk of T2D, concordant data allow us to conclude the protective effect of marine n-3 in Asians while suspicion exists of an aggravation of risk in Westerners, but with the possibility that it could be explained by a high heterogeneity of studies performed in this population. Some longitudinal cohorts in US/European people showed no association or a decreased risk. Further studies using more homogeneous doses, sources of n-3 and assessment of insulin sensitivity methods are required to better delineate their effects in Westerners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Laboratory of Human Nutrition, University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine/University of Brest, Brittany, France
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13
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Herrera-Marcos LV, Sancho-Knapik S, Gabás-Rivera C, Barranquero C, Gascón S, Romanos E, Martínez-Beamonte R, Navarro MA, Surra JC, Arnal C, García-de-Jalón JA, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Tena-Sempere M, Sánchez-Ramos C, Monsalve M, Osada J. Pgc1a is responsible for the sex differences in hepatic Cidec/Fsp27β mRNA expression in hepatic steatosis of mice fed a Western diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E249-E261. [PMID: 31846369 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00199.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fat-specific protein 27 [cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation effector protein C (Cidec)/Fsp27] mRNA levels have been associated with hepatic lipid droplet extent under certain circumstances. To address its hepatic expression under different dietary conditions and in both sexes, apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-deficient mice were subjected to different experimental conditions for 11 wk to test the influence of cholesterol, Western diet, squalene, oleanolic acid, sex, and surgical castration on Cidec/Fsp27 mRNA expression. Dietary cholesterol increased hepatic Cidec/Fsp27β expression, an effect that was suppressed when cholesterol was combined with saturated fat as represented by Western diet feeding. Using the latter diet, neither oleanolic acid nor squalene modified its expression. Females showed lower levels of hepatic Cidec/Fsp27β expression than males when they were fed Western diets, a result that was translated into a lesser amount of CIDEC/FSP27 protein in lipid droplets and microsomes. This was also confirmed in low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient mice. Incubation with estradiol resulted in decreased Cidec/Fsp27β expression in AML12 cells. Whereas male surgical castration did not modify the expression, ovariectomized females did show increased levels compared with control females. Females also showed increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α (Pgc1a), suppressed by ovariectomy, and the values were significantly and inversely associated with those of Cidec/Fsp27β. When Pgc1a-deficient mice were used, the sex differences in Cidec/Fsp27β expression disappeared. Therefore, hepatic Cidec/Fsp27β expression has a complex regulation influenced by diet and sex hormonal milieu. The mRNA sex differences are controlled by Pgc1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis V Herrera-Marcos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Sancho-Knapik
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clara Gabás-Rivera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Barranquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Gascón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Romanos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín C Surra
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Arnal
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A García-de-Jalón
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María J Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba e Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Daemen S, Schilling JD. The Interplay Between Tissue Niche and Macrophage Cellular Metabolism in Obesity. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3133. [PMID: 32038642 PMCID: PMC6987434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with the development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The presence of chronic, low-grade inflammation appears to be an important mechanistic link between excess nutrients and clinical disease. The onset of these metabolic disorders coincides with changes in the number and phenotype of macrophages in peripheral organs, particularly in the liver and adipose tissue. Macrophage accumulation in these tissues has been implicated in tissue inflammation and fibrosis, contributing to metabolic disease progression. Recently, the concept has emerged that changes in macrophage metabolism affects their functional phenotype, possibly triggered by distinct environmental metabolic cues. This may be of particular importance in the setting of obesity, where both liver and adipose tissue are faced with a high metabolic burden. In the first part of this review we will discuss current knowledge regarding macrophage dynamics in both adipose tissue and liver in obesity. Then in the second part, we will highlight data linking macrophage metabolism to functional phenotype with an emphasis on macrophage activation in metabolic disease. The importance of understanding how tissue niche influences macrophage function in obesity will be highlighted. In addition, we will identify important knowledge gaps and outstanding questions that are relevant for future research in this area and will facilitate the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention in associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Daemen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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15
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Akhtar DH, Iqbal U, Vazquez-Montesino LM, Dennis BB, Ahmed A. Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2019; 7:362-370. [PMID: 31915606 PMCID: PMC6943204 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the developed world, with a global prevalence of around 25%. NAFLD is considered to be the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD-related dyslipidemia, which ultimately increases the risk of premature cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with NAFLD. Insulin affects hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by hepatic or extrahepatic pathways. Aside from insulin resistance, several other factors also contribute to the pathogenesis of atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with NAFLD. These include diet composition, gut microbiota and genetic factors, to name a few. The identification of potentially modifiable risk factors of NAFLD is of importance, so as to target those who may benefit from lifestyle changes and to help develop targeted therapies that decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud H. Akhtar
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Umair Iqbal
- Department of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, PA, USA
- *Correspondence to: Umair Iqbal, Department of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, PA 17821, USA. Tel: +1-570-271-6211, E-mail:
| | | | - Brittany B. Dennis
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Oates JR, McKell MC, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Damen MSMA, Deepe GS, Qualls JE, Divanovic S. Macrophage Function in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Mac Attack. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2893. [PMID: 31921154 PMCID: PMC6922022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent predisposing factor to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease in the developed world. NAFLD spectrum of disease involves progression from steatosis (NAFL), to steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite clinical and public health significance, current FDA approved therapies for NAFLD are lacking in part due to insufficient understanding of pathogenic mechanisms driving disease progression. The etiology of NAFLD is multifactorial. The induction of both systemic and tissue inflammation consequential of skewed immune cell metabolic state, polarization, tissue recruitment, and activation are central to NAFLD progression. Here, we review the current understanding of the above stated cellular and molecular processes that govern macrophage contribution to NAFLD pathogenesis and how adipose tissue and liver crosstalk modulates macrophage function. Notably, the manipulation of such events may lead to the development of new therapies for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarren R Oates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Melanie C McKell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michelle S M A Damen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - George S Deepe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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17
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Hjelholt AJ, Lee KY, Arlien-Søborg MC, Pedersen SB, Kopchick JJ, Puri V, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL. Temporal patterns of lipolytic regulators in adipose tissue after acute growth hormone exposure in human subjects: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Mol Metab 2019; 29:65-75. [PMID: 31668393 PMCID: PMC6731350 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Growth hormone (GH) stimulates lipolysis, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We examined the effect of GH on the expression of lipolytic regulators in adipose tissue (AT). Methods In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, nine men were examined after injection of 1) a GH bolus and 2) a GH-receptor antagonist (pegvisomant) followed by four AT biopsies. In a second study, eight men were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design including GH infusion and 36-h fasting with AT biopsies obtained during a basal period and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Expression of GH-signaling intermediates and lipolytic regulators were studied by PCR and western blotting. In addition, mechanistic experiments in mouse models and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were performed. Results The GH bolus increased circulating free fatty acids (p < 0.0001) together with phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) (p < 0.0001) and mRNA expression of the STAT5-dependent genes cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) and IGF-1 in AT. This was accompanied by suppressed mRNA expression of G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) (p = 0.007) and fat specific protein 27 (FSP27) (p = 0.002) and upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA expression (p = 0.03). Suppression of G0S2 was also observed in humans after GH infusion and fasting, as well as in GH transgene mice, and in vitro studies suggested MEK-PPARγ signaling to be involved. Conclusions GH-induced lipolysis in human subjects in vivo is linked to downregulation of G0S2 and FSP27 and upregulation of PTEN in AT. Mechanistically, in vitro data suggest that GH acts via MEK to suppress PPARγ-dependent transcription of G0S2. ClinicalTrials.govNCT02782221 and NCT01209429. Acute GH exposure in human subjects in vivo stimulates lipolysis and release of FFA together with GH signaling in adipose tissue. GH-induced lipolysis is associated with suppression of G0S2 and FSP27 and upregulation of PTEN in human subjects in vivo. Inhibition of MEK and activation of PPARγ abrogate GH-induced suppression of G0S2 mRNA expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Johannesson Hjelholt
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 204 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center 108, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Mai Christiansen Arlien-Søborg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 2., 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - John J Kopchick
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 204 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center, 172 Water Tower Dr., Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 204 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center 108, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 2., 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Wilh. Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto L Jørgensen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Chen Y, Yu CY, Deng WM. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipid metabolism of metabolic diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:249-266. [PMID: 31353985 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1645138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been considered as a crucial source of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines; conversely, these pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of adipocytes, promoting lipolysis, inhibiting lipid synthesis and decreasing blood lipids, etc. In recent decades, extensive studies have indicated that pro-inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the development of lipid metabolism of metabolic diseases, including obesity, atherosclerosis, steatohepatitis and hyperlipoproteinemia. However, the involved pro-inflammatory cytokines types and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The "re-discovery" of cancer as a metabolic disorder largely occurred in the last five years. Although pro-inflammatory cytokines have been intensively investigated in cancer research, there are very few studies about the roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lipid metabolism of cancer. In the current review, we provide an overview of the progress that has been made in the roles of different pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipid metabolism of metabolic diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chun-Yan Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Min Deng
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Bariatric Surgery in Rats Upregulates FSP27 Expression in Fat Tissue to Affect Fat Hydrolysis and Metabolism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6415732. [PMID: 31205943 PMCID: PMC6530210 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6415732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To explore the changes in FSP27 expression and fat metabolism in adipose tissue and their relationship after bariatric surgery in rats. Method Food intake, body weight, triglyceride content, fat distribution, and fat cell morphology were evaluated in rats grouped into control, sham, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) groups. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to detect protein expression and real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expression. Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used to assess the effects of different energy levels and nutrient factors on FSP27 in adipocytes. Result Food intake, body weight, and triglyceride levels were reduced in RYGB and SG rats within 28 days after surgery, with a more pronounced effect in the RYGB group. Weight loss was mainly due to loss of fat mass rather than loss of lean mass, with the most pronounced decrease in trunk fat. FSP27 expression increased in lean rat adipocytes accompanied by increased lipid droplets (LDs). In SG and RYGB rats, the FSP27 protein concentration gradually increased in white adipose tissue (WAT) after operation. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), p-HSL/HSL, Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL), and Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58) gradually decreased in SG and RYGB rats, but they were always higher than in control and sham animals. FSP27 was also decreased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes of animals with a high-energy diet. Conclusion FSP27 is associated with rat lipid metabolism and its expression varies with energy and nutrient supply. It can inhibit excessive hydrolysis and fat accumulation by regulating HSL and ATGL expression and by mediating LDs formation.
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Slayton M, Gupta A, Balakrishnan B, Puri V. CIDE Proteins in Human Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030238. [PMID: 30871156 PMCID: PMC6468517 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death-Inducing DNA Fragmentation Factor Alpha (DFFA)-like Effector (CIDE) proteins have emerged as lipid droplet-associated proteins that regulate fat metabolism. There are three members in the CIDE protein family—CIDEA, CIDEB, and CIDEC (also known as fat-specific protein 27 (FSP27)). CIDEA and FSP27 are primarily expressed in adipose tissue, while CIDEB is expressed in the liver. Originally, based upon their homology with DNA fragmentation factors, these proteins were identified as apoptotic proteins. However, recent studies have changed the perception of these proteins, redefining them as regulators of lipid droplet dynamics and fat metabolism, which contribute to a healthy metabolic phenotype in humans. Despite various studies in humans and gene-targeting studies in mice, the physiological roles of CIDE proteins remains elusive. This review will summarize the known physiological role and metabolic pathways regulated by the CIDE proteins in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slayton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Bijinu Balakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Lefere S, Tacke F. Macrophages in obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Crosstalk with metabolism. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:30-43. [PMID: 32149275 PMCID: PMC7052781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, and a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is intimately linked with other metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance. Metabolic diseases are driven by chronic inflammatory processes, in which macrophages perform essential roles. The polarization status of macrophages is itself influenced by metabolic stimuli such as fatty acids, which in turn affect the progression of metabolic dysfunction at multiple disease stages and in various tissues. For instance, adipose tissue macrophages respond to obesity, adipocyte stress and dietary factors by a specific metabolic and inflammatory programme that stimulates disease progression locally and in the liver. Kupffer cells and monocyte-derived macrophages represent ontologically distinct hepatic macrophage populations that perform a range of metabolic functions. These macrophages integrate signals from the gut-liver axis (related to dysbiosis, reduced intestinal barrier integrity, endotoxemia), from overnutrition, from systemic low-grade inflammation and from the local environment of a steatotic liver. This makes them central players in the progression of NAFLD to steatohepatitis (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH) and fibrosis. Moreover, the particular involvement of Kupffer cells in lipid metabolism, as well as the inflammatory activation of hepatic macrophages, may pathogenically link NAFLD/NASH and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we highlight the polarization, classification and function of macrophage subsets and their interaction with metabolic cues in the pathophysiology of obesity and NAFLD. Evidence from animal and clinical studies suggests that macrophage targeting may improve the course of NAFLD and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Lefere
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hepatology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Hepatology/Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Peng G, Huang E, Ruan J, Huang L, Liang H, Wei Q, Xie X, Zeng Q, Huang J. Effects of a high energy and low protein diet on hepatic and plasma characteristics and Cidea and Cidec mRNA expression in liver and adipose tissue of laying hens with fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. Anim Sci J 2018; 90:247-254. [PMID: 30523654 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cidea and Cidec are two members of Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-alpha-like effector family proteins, which could be involved in lipid or fat metabolism. To better understand the roles of Cidea and Cidec in fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS), 150 healthy 155-day-old Hyline Brown laying hens were randomly divided into control group (fed with basic diet) and experimental group (fed with high-energy low-protein [HELP] diet). Analysis of the liver by tissue sectioning and hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the HELP diet induced micro-vesicular steatosis in laying hens. Subsequently, based on the liver color scores and the range of lipid accumulation observed in histological examination, we classified livers with <50% vacuolization as mild FLHS and >50% as severe FLHS. The results showed that the levels of Cidea and Cidec mRNA expression were markedly elevated in the liver and adipose tissues with FLHS and the levels of Cidea and Cidec mRNA expression in the liver with severe FLHS were significantly higher than that in the liver with mild FLHS. Thus, the present study revealed that the Cidea and Cidec genes may be involved in pathways of FLHS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Peng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Enfu Huang
- Jiangxi Biotech Vocational College, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiming Ruan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liumei Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiping Liang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianhua Xie
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingjie Zeng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianzhen Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Boudreau A, Richard AJ, Burrell JA, King WT, Dunn R, Schwarz JM, Ribnicky DM, Rood J, Salbaum JM, Stephens JM. An ethanolic extract of Artemisia scoparia inhibits lipolysis in vivo and has antilipolytic effects on murine adipocytes in vitro. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1053-E1061. [PMID: 30153067 PMCID: PMC6293162 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00177.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An ethanolic extract of Artemisia scoparia (SCO) has metabolically favorable effects on adipocyte development and function in vitro and in vivo. In diet-induced obese mice, SCO supplementation significantly reduced fasting glucose and insulin levels. Given the importance of adipocyte lipolysis in metabolic health, we hypothesized that SCO modulates lipolysis in vitro and in vivo. Free fatty acids and glycerol were measured in the sera of mice fed a high-fat diet with or without SCO supplementation. In cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the effects of SCO on lipolysis were assessed by measuring glycerol and free fatty acid release. Microarray analysis, qPCR, and immunoblotting were used to assess gene expression and protein abundance. We found that SCO supplementation of a high-fat diet in mice substantially reduces circulating glycerol and free fatty acid levels, and we observed a cell-autonomous effect of SCO to significantly attenuate tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-induced lipolysis in cultured adipocytes. Although several prolipolytic and antilipolytic genes were identified by microarray analysis of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue from SCO-fed mice, regulation of these genes did not consistently correlate with SCO's ability to reduce lipolytic metabolites in sera or cell culture media. However, in the presence of TNFα in cultured adipocytes, SCO induced antilipolytic changes in phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin. Together, these data suggest that the antilipolytic effects of SCO on adipose tissue play a role in the ability of this botanical extract to improve whole body metabolic parameters and support its use as a dietary supplement to promote metabolic resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Boudreau
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Allison J Richard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jasmine A Burrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - William T King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Ruth Dunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | | | - David M Ribnicky
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - J Michael Salbaum
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2133-2223. [PMID: 30067154 PMCID: PMC6170977 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1350] [Impact Index Per Article: 225.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some discoveries have matured, coalescing into solid and fertile ground for clinical application; others remain incompletely investigated and scientifically controversial. Here, we attempt to synthesize this work to guide further mechanistic investigation and to inform the development of novel therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The rational development of such therapies necessitates detailed knowledge of one of the key pathophysiological processes involved in T2D: insulin resistance. Understanding insulin resistance, in turn, requires knowledge of normal insulin action. In this review, both the physiology of insulin action and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance are described, focusing on three key insulin target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. We aim to develop an integrated physiological perspective, placing the intricate signaling effectors that carry out the cell-autonomous response to insulin in the context of the tissue-specific functions that generate the coordinated organismal response. First, in section II, the effectors and effects of direct, cell-autonomous insulin action in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue are reviewed, beginning at the insulin receptor and working downstream. Section III considers the critical and underappreciated role of tissue crosstalk in whole body insulin action, especially the essential interaction between adipose lipolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The pathophysiology of insulin resistance is then described in section IV. Special attention is given to which signaling pathways and functions become insulin resistant in the setting of chronic overnutrition, and an alternative explanation for the phenomenon of ‟selective hepatic insulin resistanceˮ is presented. Sections V, VI, and VII critically examine the evidence for and against several putative mediators of insulin resistance. Section V reviews work linking the bioactive lipids diacylglycerol, ceramide, and acylcarnitine to insulin resistance; section VI considers the impact of nutrient stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria on insulin resistance; and section VII discusses non-cell autonomous factors proposed to induce insulin resistance, including inflammatory mediators, branched-chain amino acids, adipokines, and hepatokines. Finally, in section VIII, we propose an integrated model of insulin resistance that links these mediators to final common pathways of metabolite-driven gluconeogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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Huang X, Liu G, Guo J, Su Z. The PI3K/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1483-1496. [PMID: 30263000 PMCID: PMC6158718 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 797] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are complicated metabolic diseases that affect multiple organs and are characterized by hyperglycaemia. Currently, stable and effective treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are not available. Therefore, the mechanisms leading to obesity and diabetes and more effective ways to treat obesity and diabetes should be identified. Based on accumulated evidences, the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is required for normal metabolism due to its characteristics, and its imbalance leads to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the role of PI3K/AKT signalling in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, brain and pancreas, and discusses how this signalling pathway affects the development of the aforementioned diseases. We also summarize evidences for recently identified therapeutic targets of the PI3K/AKT pathway as treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. PI3K/AKT pathway damaged in various tissues of the body leads to obesity and type 2 diabetes as the result of insulin resistance, and in turn, insulin resistance exacerbates the PI3K/AKT pathway, forming a vicious circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen (518055), China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China
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26
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Eosinophils support adipocyte maturation and promote glucose tolerance in obesity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9894. [PMID: 29967467 PMCID: PMC6028436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data have indicated a fundamental role of eosinophils in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis. Here, we performed whole-genome RNA sequencing of the small intestinal tract, which suggested the presence of impaired lipid metabolism in eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA mice. ΔdblGATA mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) showed reduced body fat mass, impaired enlargement of adipocytes, decreased expression of adipogenic genes, and developed glucose intolerance. HFD induced accumulation of eosinophils in the perigonadal white adipose tissue. Concordantly, adipocyte-differentiated 3T3-L1 cells promoted the migration of eosinophils through the expression of CCL11 (eotaxin-1) and likely promoted their survival through the expression of interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice showed increased infiltration of macrophages, CD4+ T-cells, and B-cells, increased expression of interferon-γ, and decreased expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in white adipose tissue. Interferon-γ treatment significantly decreased lipid deposition in adipocyte-differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, while IL-4 treatment promoted lipid accumulation. Notably, HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice showed increased lipid storage in the liver as compared with wild-type mice. We propose that obesity promotes the infiltration of eosinophils into adipose tissue that subsequently contribute to the metabolic homeostasis by promoting adipocyte maturation.
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Engin A. Fat Cell and Fatty Acid Turnover in Obesity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:135-160. [PMID: 28585198 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of free fatty acid (FFA) turnover decreases significantly with the expansion of white adipose tissue. Adipose tissue and dietary saturated fatty acid levels significantly correlate with an increase in fat cell size and number. Inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase leads to an accumulation of triglyceride, whereas inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase leads to the accumulation of diacylglycerol. The G0/G1 switch gene 2 increases lipid content in adipocytes and promotes adipocyte hypertrophy through the restriction of triglyceride turnover. Excess triacylglycerols (TAGs), sterols and sterol esters are surrounded by the phospholipid monolayer surface and form lipid droplets. Following the release of lipid droplets from endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic lipid droplets increase their volume either by local TAG synthesis or by homotypic fusion. The number and the size of lipid droplet distribution is correlated with obesity. Obesity-associated adipocyte death exhibits feature of necrosis-like programmed cell death. NOD-like receptors family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activation in hypertrophic adipocytes induces obese adipocyte death by pyroptosis. Actually adipocyte death may be a prerequisite for the transition from hypertrophic to hyperplastic obesity. Major transcriptional factors, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins beta and delta, play a central role in the subsequent induction of critical regulators, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, in the transcriptional control of adipogenesis in obesity.Collectively, in this chapter the concept of adipose tissue remodeling in response to adipocyte death or adipogenesis, and the complexity of lipid droplet interactions with the other cellular organelles are reviewed. Furthermore, in addition to lipid droplet growth, the functional link between the adipocyte-specific lipid droplet-associated protein and fatty acid turn-over is also debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey. .,, Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Chen W, Balland E, Cowley MA. Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance in Obesity: Effects on Glucose Homeostasis. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 104:364-381. [PMID: 28122381 DOI: 10.1159/000455865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The central link between obesity and type 2 diabetes is the development of insulin resistance. To date, it is still not clear whether hyperinsulinemia causes insulin resistance, which underlies the pathogenesis of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes, owing to the sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that exist in the periphery and in the brain. In recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the existence of insulin resistance within the hypothalamus. In this review, we have integrated the recent discoveries surrounding both central and peripheral insulin resistance to provide a comprehensive overview of insulin resistance in obesity and the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis. In particular, this review will discuss how hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia in obesity impair insulin sensitivity in tissues such as the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the brain. In addition, this review highlights insulin transport into the brain, signaling pathways associated with hypothalamic insulin receptor expression in the regulation of hepatic glucose production, and finally the perturbation of systemic glucose homeostasis as a consequence of central insulin resistance. We also suggest future approaches to overcome both central and peripheral insulin resistance to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Chen
- Department of Physiology/Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Lee JH, Han JS, Kong J, Ji Y, Lv X, Lee J, Li P, Kim JB. Protein Kinase A Subunit Balance Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mammalian Adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20315-28. [PMID: 27496951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.740464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) is a cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits and involved in various physiological phenomena, including lipid metabolism. Here we demonstrated that the stoichiometric balance between catalytic and regulatory subunits is crucial for maintaining basal PKA activity and lipid homeostasis. To uncover the potential roles of each PKA subunit, Caenorhabditis elegans was used to investigate the effects of PKA subunit deficiency. In worms, suppression of PKA via RNAi resulted in severe phenotypes, including shortened life span, decreased egg laying, reduced locomotion, and altered lipid distribution. Similarly, in mammalian adipocytes, suppression of PKA regulatory subunits RIα and RIIβ via siRNAs potently stimulated PKA activity, leading to potentiated lipolysis without increasing cAMP levels. Nevertheless, insulin exerted anti-lipolytic effects and restored lipid droplet integrity by antagonizing PKA action. Together, these data implicate the importance of subunit stoichiometry as another regulatory mechanism of PKA activity and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Lee
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Seul Han
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinuk Kong
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea
| | - Yul Ji
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea
| | - Xuchao Lv
- the MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China and
| | - Junho Lee
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea, the Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08862, Korea
| | - Peng Li
- the MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China and
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea,
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Heckmann BL, Zhang X, Saarinen AM, Liu J. Regulation of G0/G1 Switch Gene 2 (G0S2) Protein Ubiquitination and Stability by Triglyceride Accumulation and ATGL Interaction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156742. [PMID: 27248498 PMCID: PMC4889065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis or lipolysis is catalyzed by the key intracellular triglyceride hydrolase, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). The G0/G1 Switch Gene 2 (G0S2) was recently identified as the major selective inhibitor of ATGL and its hydrolase function. Since G0S2 levels are dynamically linked and rapidly responsive to nutrient status or metabolic requirements, the identification of its regulation at the protein level is of significant value. Earlier evidence from our laboratory demonstrated that G0S2 is a short-lived protein degraded through the proteasomal pathway. However, little is currently known regarding the underlying mechanisms. In the current study we find that 1) protein degradation is initiated by K48-linked polyubiquitination of the lysine- 25 in G0S2; and 2) G0S2 protein is stabilized in response to ATGL expression and TG accumulation. Mutation of lysine-25 of G0S2 abolished ubiquitination and increased protein stability. More importantly, G0S2 was stabilized via different mechanisms in the presence of ATGL vs. in response to fatty acid (FA)-induced TG accumulation. Furthermore, G0S2 protein but not mRNA levels were reduced in the adipose tissue of ATGL-deficient mice, corroborating the involvement of ATGL in the stabilization of G0S2. Taken together our data illustrate for the first time a crucial multifaceted mechanism for the stabilization of G0S2 at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradlee L. Heckmann
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Metabolic HEALth Program, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Metabolic HEALth Program, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alicia M. Saarinen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Metabolic HEALth Program, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Metabolic HEALth Program, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sharma VM, Puri V. Mechanism of TNF-α-induced lipolysis in human adipocytes uncovered. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:990. [PMID: 27061059 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishva M Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Tan X, Cao Z, Li M, Xu E, Wang J, Xiao Y. TNF-α downregulates CIDEC via MEK/ERK pathway in human adipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1070-80. [PMID: 27062372 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector C (CIDEC) is a lipid droplet-coating protein that promotes triglyceride accumulation and inhibits lipolysis. TNF-α downregulates CIDEC levels to enhance basal lipolysis, whereas CIDEC overexpression could block this effect. This study aimed to investigate the signaling pathway of TNF-α-mediated CIDEC downregulation in human adipocytes. METHODS First CIDEC expression was detected in adipose tissue of lean and human subjects with obesity. Next, the temporal- and dose-dependent effects of TNF-α on CIDEC expression in human SW872 adipocytes were investigated. Selective inhibitors or RNAi or constitutively active MEK1 mutant was used to suppress or stimulate MEK/ERK cascade. Immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation technique were used to study PPARγ redistribution after TNF-α treatment. Reporter assay was performed to confirm the direct effects of TNF-α on CIDEC transcription. RESULTS CIDEC expression decreased in adipose tissue of subjects with obesity and negatively correlated with adipose TNF-α levels and systemic lipolysis. TNF-α reduced CIDEC expression in vitro, but suppression of MEK/ERK cascade prevented TNF-α-mediated CIDEC downregulation. PPARγ, the transcription factor of CIDEC, was phosphorylated and redistributed by TNF-α in a MEK/ERK-dependent manner. Reporter assay confirmed that TNF-α reduced CIDEC transcription. CONCLUSIONS TNF-α downregulates CIDEC expression through phosphorylation and nuclear export of PPARγ by MEK/ERK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Erdi Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Lopategi A, López-Vicario C, Alcaraz-Quiles J, García-Alonso V, Rius B, Titos E, Clària J. Role of bioactive lipid mediators in obese adipose tissue inflammation and endocrine dysfunction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:44-59. [PMID: 26433072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue is recognized as an active endocrine organ implicated in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. However, adipose tissue function, which has a crucial role in the development of obesity-related comorbidities including insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is dysregulated in obese individuals. This review explores the physiological functions and molecular actions of bioactive lipids biosynthesized in adipose tissue including sphingolipids and phospholipids, and in particular fatty acids derived from phospholipids of the cell membrane. Special emphasis is given to polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-6 and omega-3 families and their conversion to bioactive lipid mediators through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. The participation of omega-3-derived lipid autacoids in the resolution of adipose tissue inflammation and in the prevention of obesity-associated hepatic complications is also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritz Lopategi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| | - Cristina López-Vicario
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - José Alcaraz-Quiles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Verónica García-Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Bibiana Rius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Esther Titos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain; CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Joan Clària
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain; CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences I, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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Samuel VT, Shulman GI. The pathogenesis of insulin resistance: integrating signaling pathways and substrate flux. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:12-22. [PMID: 26727229 DOI: 10.1172/jci77812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance arises when the nutrient storage pathways evolved to maximize efficient energy utilization are exposed to chronic energy surplus. Ectopic lipid accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle triggers pathways that impair insulin signaling, leading to reduced muscle glucose uptake and decreased hepatic glycogen synthesis. Muscle insulin resistance, due to ectopic lipid, precedes liver insulin resistance and diverts ingested glucose to the liver, resulting in increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and hyperlipidemia. Subsequent macrophage infiltration into white adipose tissue (WAT) leads to increased lipolysis, which further increases hepatic triglyceride synthesis and hyperlipidemia due to increased fatty acid esterification. Macrophage-induced WAT lipolysis also stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis, promoting fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia through increased fatty acid delivery to the liver, which results in increased hepatic acetyl-CoA content, a potent activator of pyruvate carboxylase, and increased glycerol conversion to glucose. These substrate-regulated processes are mostly independent of insulin signaling in the liver but are dependent on insulin signaling in WAT, which becomes defective with inflammation. Therapies that decrease ectopic lipid storage and diminish macrophage-induced WAT lipolysis will reverse the root causes of type 2 diabetes.
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Reynolds TH, Banerjee S, Sharma VM, Donohue J, Couldwell S, Sosinsky A, Frulla A, Robinson A, Puri V. Effects of a High Fat Diet and Voluntary Wheel Running Exercise on Cidea and Cidec Expression in Liver and Adipose Tissue of Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130259. [PMID: 26176546 PMCID: PMC4503728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cidea and Cidec play an important role in regulating triglyceride storage in liver and adipose tissue. It is not known if the Cidea and Cidec genes respond to a high fat diet (HFD) or exercise training, two interventions that alter lipid storage. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a HFD and voluntary wheel running (WR) on Cidea and Cidec mRNA and protein expression in adipose tissue and liver of mice. A HFD promoted a significant increase in Cidea and Cidec mRNA levels in adipose tissue and liver. The increase in Cidea and Cidec mRNAs in adipose tissue and liver in response to a HFD was prevented by WR. Similar to the changes in Cidea mRNA, Cidea protein levels in adipose tissue significantly increased in response to a HFD, a process that was, again, prevented by WR. However, in adipose tissue the changes in Cidec mRNA did not correspond to the changes in Cidec protein levels, as a HFD decreased Cidec protein abundance. Interestingly, in adipose tissue Cidea protein expression was significantly related to body weight (R=.725), epididymal adipose tissue (EWAT) mass (R=.475) and insulin resistance (R=.706), whereas Cidec protein expression was inversely related to body weight (R=-.787), EWAT mass (R=-.706), and insulin resistance (R=-.679). Similar to adipose tissue, Cidea protein expression in liver was significantly related to body weight (R=.660), EWAT mass (R=.468), and insulin resistance (R=.599); however, unlike adipose tissue, Cidec protein levels in liver were not related to body weight or EWAT mass and only moderately associated with insulin resistance (R=-.422, P=0.051). Overall, our findings indicate that Cidea is highly associated with adiposity and insulin resistance, whereas Cidec is related to insulin sensitivity. The present study suggests that Cide proteins might play an important functional role in the development of obesity, hepatic steatosis, as well as the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Reynolds
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sayani Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, United States of America
| | - Vishva Mitra Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, United States of America
| | - Jacob Donohue
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Sandrine Couldwell
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Sosinsky
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Ashton Frulla
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Allegra Robinson
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, United States of America
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Booth A, Magnuson A, Foster M. Detrimental and protective fat: body fat distribution and its relation to metabolic disease. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 17:13-27. [PMID: 25372727 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is linked to numerous comorbidities that include, but are not limited to, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Current evidence suggests, however, obesity itself is not an exclusive predictor of metabolic dysregulation but rather adipose tissue distribution. Obesity-related adverse health consequences occur predominately in individuals with upper body fat accumulation, the detrimental distribution, commonly associated with visceral obesity. Increased lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue, however, is associated with a reduced risk of obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation and even enhanced insulin sensitivity, thus, storage in this region is considered protective. The proposed mechanisms that causally relate the differential outcomes of adipose tissue distribution are often attributed to location and/or adipocyte regulation. Visceral adipose tissue effluent to the portal vein drains into the liver where hepatocytes are directly exposed to its metabolites and secretory products, whereas the subcutaneous adipose tissue drains systemically. Adipose depots are also inherently different in numerous ways such as adipokine release, immunity response and regulation, lipid turnover, rate of cell growth and death, and response to stress and sex hormones. Proximal extrinsic factors also play a role in the differential drive between adipose tissue depots. This review focuses on the deleterious mechanisms postulated to drive the differential metabolic response between central and lower body adipose tissue distribution.
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Puri V. FSP27β, a novel fat-specific protein 27 isoform promoting hepatic steatosis. Hepatology 2015; 61:748-50. [PMID: 25331330 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajeet Puri
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Xu X, Park JG, So JS, Lee AH. Transcriptional activation of Fsp27 by the liver-enriched transcription factor CREBH promotes lipid droplet growth and hepatic steatosis. Hepatology 2015; 61:857-69. [PMID: 25125366 PMCID: PMC4329115 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fat-specific protein 27 (Fsp27) is a lipid droplet-associated protein that promotes lipid droplet (LD) growth and triglyceride (TG) storage in white adipocytes. Fsp27 is also highly expressed in the steatotic liver and contributes to TG accumulation. In this study we discovered that the liver produces Fsp27β, an alternative Fsp27 isoform, which contains 10 additional amino acids at the N-terminus of the original Fsp27 (Fsp27α). White adipose tissue (WAT) and the liver specifically expressed Fsp27α and Fsp27β transcripts, respectively, which were driven by distinct promoters. The Fsp27β promoter was activated by the liver-enriched transcription factor cyclic-AMP-responsive-element-binding protein H (CREBH) but not by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which activated the Fsp27α promoter. Enforced expression of the constitutively active CREBH strongly induced Fsp27β and the human ortholog CIDEC2 in mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 cells, respectively. In contrast, loss of CREBH decreased hepatic Fsp27β in fasted mice, suggesting that CREBH plays a critical role in Fsp27β expression in the liver. Similar to Fsp27α, Fsp27β localized on the surface of lipid droplets and suppressed lipolysis. Consequently, enforced expression of Fsp27β or CREBH promoted lipid droplet enlargement and TG accumulation in the liver. CONCLUSION The CREBH-Fsp27β axis is important for regulating lipid droplet dynamics and TG storage in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ann-Hwee Lee
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA. Tel: 1-212-746-9087
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Abstract
Fat-specific protein 27 (FSP27) plays a pivotal role in controlling the formation of large lipid droplet and energy metabolism. The cellular levels of FSP27 are tightly regulated through the proteasomal ubiquitin-mediated degradation. However, the upstream signals that trigger FSP27 degradation and the underlying mechanism(s) have yet to be identified. Here we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation by AICAR (5-amino-1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide) or phenformin induced the ubiquitination of FSP27 and promoted its degradation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The levels of FSP27 protein could be maintained by either knocking down AMPKα1 or blocking proteasomal pathway. Moreover, AICAR treatment induced multilocularization of LDs in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, reminiscent of the morphological changes in cells depleted of FSP27. Furthermore, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis identified heat shock cognate 70 (HSC70) as a novel binding protein of FSP27. The specific interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of both ectopically expressed and endogenous proteins. Importantly, knockdown of HSC70 by small interference RNA resulted in increased half-life of FSP27 in cells treated with a protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) or AICAR. However, silencing of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP (COOH terminus of HSC70-interacting protein) failed to alter the stability of FSP27 protein under both conditions. Taken together, our data indicate that AMPK is a negative regulator of FSP27 stability through the proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Promotion of FSP27 degradation may be an important factor responsible for the beneficial effect of AMPK activators on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, HEAL Program, and
| | - Bradlee L Heckmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, HEAL Program, and Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xitao Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, HEAL Program, and
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, HEAL Program, and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona; and
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Hajifathali A, Saba F, Atashi A, Soleimani M, Mortaz E, Rasekhi M. The role of catecholamines in mesenchymal stem cell fate. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:651-65. [PMID: 25173883 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells found in many adult tissues, especially bone marrow (BM) and are capable of differentiation into various lineage cells such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and myocytes. Moreover, MSCs can be mobilized from connective tissue into circulation and from there to damaged sites to contribute to regeneration processes. MSCs commitment and differentiation are controlled by complex activities involving signal transduction through cytokines and catecholamines. There has been an increasing interest in recent years in the neural system, functioning in the support of stem cells like MSCs. Recent efforts have indicated that the catecholamine released from neural and not neural cells could be affected characteristics of MSCs. However, there have not been review studies of most aspects involved in catecholamines-mediated functions of MSCs. Thus, in this review paper, we will try to describe the current state of catecholamines in MSCs destination and discuss strategies being used for catecholamines for migration of these cells to damaged tissues. Then, the role of the nervous system in the induction of osteogenesis, adipogenesis, chondrogenesis and myogenesis from MSCs is discussed. Recent progress in studies of signaling transduction of catecholamines in determination of the final fate of MSCs is highlighted. Hence, the knowledge of interaction between MSCs with the neural system could be applied towards the development of new diagnostic and treatment alternatives for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Hajifathali
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chen Y, Varghese Z, Ruan XZ. The molecular pathogenic role of inflammatory stress in dysregulation of lipid homeostasis and hepatic steatosis. Genes Dis 2014; 1:106-112. [PMID: 30258859 PMCID: PMC6150078 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is becoming the leading cause of chronic liver injury in developed countries and China. Chronic systemic inflammation plays a decisive role and is fundamental in the progression of NAFLD from simple steatosis (SS) toward higher risk nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) states. However, the exact mechanisms by which inflammation leading to NASH are incompletely understood. In this review, we focus the role of the cross talk between inflammation and lipid homeostasis on the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zac Varghese
- John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
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42
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Tkachuk VA, Vorotnikov AV. Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance Development. DIABETES MELLITUS 2014. [DOI: 10.14341/dm2014229-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a phenomenon associated with an impaired ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by target cells and to reduce the blood glucose level. A response increase in insulin secretion by the pancreas and hyperinsulinemia are compensatory reactions of the body. The development of IR leads to the inability of target cells to respond to insulin that results in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. For this reason, the metabolic syndrome is defined in practice as a combination of IR with one or more pathologies such as T2DM, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some others. However, a combination of high blood glucose and insulin levels always serves as its physiological criterion. IR should be considered as a systemic failure of the endocrine regulation in the body. Physiological causes of IR are diverse. The main ones are nutritional overload and accumulation of certain lipids and their metabolites in cells, low physical activity, chronic inflammation and stress of various nature, including oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (impairment of damaged protein degradation in the cell). Recent studies have demonstrated that these physiological mechanisms likely act through a single intracellular scenario. This is the impairment of signal transduction from the insulin receptor to its targets via the negative feedback mechanism in intracellular insulin-dependent signaling cascades. This review describes the physiological and intracellular mechanisms of insulin action and focuses on their abnormalities upon IR development. Finally, feasible trends in early molecular diagnosis and therapy of IR are discussed.
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Abstract
In adipocytes the hydrolysis of TAG to produce fatty acids and glycerol under fasting conditions or times of elevated energy demands is tightly regulated by neuroendocrine signals, resulting in the activation of lipolytic enzymes. Among the classic regulators of lipolysis, adrenergic stimulation and the insulin-mediated control of lipid mobilisation are the best known. Initially, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was thought to be the rate-limiting enzyme of the first lipolytic step, while we now know that adipocyte TAG lipase is the key enzyme for lipolysis initiation. Pivotal, previously unsuspected components have also been identified at the protective interface of the lipid droplet surface and in the signalling pathways that control lipolysis. Perilipin, comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) and other proteins of the lipid droplet surface are currently known to be key regulators of the lipolytic machinery, protecting or exposing the TAG core of the droplet to lipases. The neuroendocrine control of lipolysis is prototypically exerted by catecholaminergic stimulation and insulin-induced suppression, both of which affect cyclic AMP levels and hence the protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of HSL and perilipin. Interestingly, in recent decades adipose tissue has been shown to secrete a large number of adipokines, which exert direct effects on lipolysis, while adipocytes reportedly express a wide range of receptors for signals involved in lipid mobilisation. Recently recognised mediators of lipolysis include some adipokines, structural membrane proteins, atrial natriuretic peptides, AMP-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Lipolysis needs to be reanalysed from the broader perspective of its specific physiological or pathological context since basal or stimulated lipolytic rates occur under diverse conditions and by different mechanisms.
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Potent Lipolytic Activity of Lactoferrin in Mature Adipocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:566-71. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Singh M, Kaur R, Lee MJ, Pickering RT, Sharma VM, Puri V, Kandror KV. Fat-specific protein 27 inhibits lipolysis by facilitating the inhibitory effect of transcription factor Egr1 on transcription of adipose triglyceride lipase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14481-7. [PMID: 24742676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.563080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipolysis in fat tissue represents a major source of circulating fatty acids. Previously, we have found that lipolysis in adipocytes is controlled by early growth response transcription factor Egr1 that directly inhibits transcription of adipose triglyceride lipase, ATGL (Chakrabarti, P., Kim, J. Y., Singh, M., Shin, Y. K., Kim, J., Kumbrink, J., Wu, Y., Lee, M. J., Kirsch, K. H., Fried, S. K., and Kandror, K. V. (2013) Mol. Cell. Biol. 33, 3659-3666). Here we demonstrate that knockdown of the lipid droplet protein FSP27 (a.k.a. CIDEC) in human adipocytes increases expression of ATGL at the level of transcription, whereas overexpression of FSP27 has the opposite effect. FSP27 suppresses the activity of the ATGL promoter in vitro, and the proximal Egr1 binding site is responsible for this effect. FSP27 co-immunoprecipitates with Egr1 and increases its association with and inhibition of the ATGL promoter. Knockdown of Egr1 attenuates the inhibitory effect of FSP27. These results provide a new model of transcriptional regulation of ATGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneet Singh
- From the Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Rajween Kaur
- From the Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- From the Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - R Taylor Pickering
- From the Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | | | - Vishwajeet Puri
- From the Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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Abstract
Obesity is a major predisposing factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is an escalating public health issue around the world. The transition from obesity to T2D is preceded by the induction of a state of insulin resistance, which occurs in response to genetic factors and environmental influences, such as diet. Recent advances have implicated inflammatory immune cells and cytokines as critical pathogenic mediators of insulin resistance and T2D. In particular proinflammatory T helper (Th)1 cells and M1 macrophages are recruited to adipose tissue in response to high fat diet and directly promote the development of insulin resistance. The function of these two cell types is linked by the actions of the cytokine interferon (IFN)γ and one of its major transcriptional regulators T-bet. Recent studies in animal models of T2D demonstrate that T-bet is critical for the development of insulin resistance in response to high fat diet as T-bet-deficient animals are protected from the development of insulin resistance. These data indicate that T-bet and type 1 immunity may constitute novel sites of therapeutic intervention for the treatment of insulin resistance and T2D, in obese human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran A Wali
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew PR Sutherland
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Correspondence: Andrew PR Sutherland, Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065 Australia, Tel +61 3 9288 2480, Fax +61 3 9416 2676, Email
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Guebre-Egziabher F, Alix PM, Koppe L, Pelletier CC, Kalbacher E, Fouque D, Soulage CO. Ectopic lipid accumulation: A potential cause for metabolic disturbances and a contributor to the alteration of kidney function. Biochimie 2013; 95:1971-9. [PMID: 23896376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic lipid accumulation is now known to be a mechanism that contributes to organ injury in the context of metabolic diseases. In muscle and liver, accumulation of lipids impairs insulin signaling. This hypothesis accounts for the mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity, type 2 diabetes, aging and lipodystrophy. Increasing data suggest that lipid accumulation in the kidneys could also contribute to the alteration of kidney function in the context of metabolic syndrome and obesity. Furthermore and more unexpectedly, animal models of kidney disease exhibit a decreased adiposity and ectopic lipid redistribution suggesting that kidney disease may be a state of lipodystrophy. However, whether this abnormal lipid partitioning during chronic kidney disease (CKD) may have any functional impact in these tissues needs to be investigated. Here, we provide a perspective by defining the problem and analyzing the possible causes and consequences. Further human studies are required to strengthen these observations, and provide novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Guebre-Egziabher
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U1060, CarMeN, INSA de Lyon, Univ Lyon-1, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E Herriot, Lyon F-69003, France.
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Vuguin PM, Hartil K, Kruse M, Kaur H, Lin CLV, Fiallo A, Glenn AS, Patel A, Williams L, Seki Y, Katz EB, Charron MJ. Shared effects of genetic and intrauterine and perinatal environment on the development of metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63021. [PMID: 23690974 PMCID: PMC3656882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors, including the in utero environment, contribute to Metabolic Syndrome. Exposure to high fat diet exposure in utero and lactation increases incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in offspring. Using GLUT4 heterozygous (G4+/−) mice, genetically predisposed to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and wild-type littermates we demonstrate genotype specific differences to high fat in utero and lactation. High fat in utero and lactation increased adiposity and impaired insulin and glucose tolerance in both genotypes. High fat wild type offspring had increased serum glucose and PAI-1 levels and decreased adiponectin at 6 wks of age compared to control wild type. High fat G4+/− offspring had increased systolic blood pressure at 13 wks of age compared to all other groups. Potential fetal origins of adult Metabolic Syndrome were investigated. Regardless of genotype, high fat in utero decreased fetal weight and crown rump length at embryonic day 18.5 compared to control. Hepatic expression of genes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammation were increased with high fat in utero. Fetal serum glucose levels were decreased in high fat G4+/− compared to high fat wild type fetuses. High fat G4+/−, but not high fat wild type fetuses, had increased levels of serum cytokines (IFN-γ, MCP-1, RANTES and M-CSF) compared to control. This data demonstrates that high fat during pregnancy and lactation increases Metabolic Syndrome male offspring and that heterozygous deletion of GLUT4 augments susceptibility to increased systolic blood pressure. Fetal adaptations to high fat in utero that may predispose to Metabolic Syndrome in adulthood include changes in fetal hepatic gene expression and alterations in circulating cytokines. These results suggest that the interaction between in utero-perinatal environment and genotype plays a critical role in the developmental origin of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Vuguin
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PV); (MJC)
| | - Kirsten Hartil
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Chia-Lei Vivian Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ariana Fiallo
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Alan Scott Glenn
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Avanee Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Lyda Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Seki
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ellen B. Katz
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Maureen J. Charron
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PV); (MJC)
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Lee MJ, Fried SK. Glucocorticoids antagonize tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated lipolysis and resistance to the antilipolytic effect of insulin in human adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1126-33. [PMID: 22949029 PMCID: PMC3492859 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00228.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High concentrations of TNF within obese adipose tissue increase basal lipolysis and antagonize insulin signaling. Adipocytes of the obese are also exposed to elevated levels of glucocorticoids (GCs), which antagonize TNF actions in many cell types. We tested the hypothesis that TNF decreases sensitivity to the antilipolytic effect of insulin and that GCs antagonize this effect in differentiated human adipocytes. Lipolysis and expression levels of lipolytic proteins were measured after treating adipocytes with TNF, dexamethasone (DEX), or DEX + TNF for up to 48 h. TNF not only increased basal lipolysis, it caused resistance to the antilipolytic effects of insulin in human adipocytes. DEX alone did not significantly affect lipolysis. Cotreatment with DEX blocked TNF induction of basal lipolysis and insulin resistance by antagonizing TNF stimulation of PKA-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) at Ser⁵⁶³ and Ser⁶⁶⁰ and perilipin. TNF did not affect perilipin, HSL, or phosphodiesterase-3B mass but paradoxically suppressed adipose tissue triglyceride lipase expression, and this effect was blocked by DEX. The extent to which GCs can restrain the lipolytic actions of TNF may both diminish the potentially deleterious effects of excess lipolysis and contribute to fat accumulation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
Lipid homeostasis is maintained through the coordination of lipid metabolism in various tissues, including adipose tissue and the liver. The disruption of lipid homeostasis often results in the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, liver steatosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor 45-like effector family proteins, including Cidea, Cideb, and Fsp27 (Cidec), are emerging as important regulators of various lipid metabolic pathways and play pivotal roles in the development of metabolic disorders. This review summarizes the latest cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor 45-like effector protein discoveries related to the control of lipid metabolism, with emphasis on the role of these proteins in lipid droplet growth in adipocytes and in the regulation of very low-density lipoprotein lipidation and maturation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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