Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes

Fish oil a source of omega-3 fatty acids affects hypothalamus heat resistance genes expressions and fatty acid composition in heat-stressed chicks

This study investigated the effects of fish oil (FO) supplementation on the hypothalamus heat resistance gene expressions and fatty acid composition of chicks under acute high-temperature stress, for treating Cholestasis. A total of 48 chicks (Ross 308) at age of 14 days were acclimatized to corn oil or FO (n = 24 for each) by oral gavaging for 10 days, and then subjected to heat stress (35 ± 1 °C, HT) for 3 h or maintained at the normal temperature (26 ± 1 °C, NT) as grouped as NT and FO-NT control and HT and FO-HT (n = 12 for each).. The results showed that FO supplementation had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on feed intake or body weight. The FO-HT group exhibited (P<0.05) a lower rectal temperature, and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), triglyceride and corticosterone levels, in accompany with lower expressions of hypothalamic adenine nucleotide translocators (ANT) and uncoupling protein (UCP) but increased (P<0.05) plasma superoxide dismutase activity and hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) expressions.. Additionally, the FO-HT group (P < 0.05) demonstrated a higher unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) ratio in the breast muscle. These findings suggest that FO supplementation can enhance the heat resistance of broiler chicks under acute heat stress and alter the fatty acid composition of their breast muscle. However, further studies are needed to determine whether desirable fatty acids can cross the blood-brain barrier and their implications for human health.

Investigation of the Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratios in Human SH-SY5Y Cells by in vitro Methods

Objectives

Neuroblastoma, an embryonic tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, is the deadliest type of cancer, accounting for 6-9% of all childhood cancers. The omega (ω)-6 [linoleic acid (LA)]: ω-3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)]=13/1 ratio is associated with the presence of chronic disease, and it has been reported that reducing this ratio to 7/1 protects against cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of different ratios of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids in human neuroblastoma cells (SHSY-5Y).

Materials and Methods

SHSY-5Y cells were treated with different ratios of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids for 48 and 72 h. The viability of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid-treated cells was measured using the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide. The percentage of cell apoptosis was detected using the Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-conjugated Annexin-V/PI assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis was performed using flow cytometry. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) genes were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

EPA and LA separately significantly inhibited the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells within 48 h (p<0.001). It was found that apoptosis decreased significantly in all groups due to the application of polyunsaturated fatty acids at different ratios, and the most effective dose was ω-3:ω-6 ratio: 1/1. ROS levels were significantly decreased compared with the control group and the lowest ROS level was observed in the ω-3:ω-6 ratio: 1/4 group. Both TNF-α, IL-6, and TGFβ1 mRNA expressions increased significantly after the addition of fatty acid mixtures compared with the control; they were observed to decrease with an increasing ω-6 ratio.

Conclusion

This study is the first to examine the effects of the ω-3:ω-6 ratio on neuroblastoma cancer cells. The application of ω fatty acids decreased apoptosis at all ratios. In contrast, when the ω-3: ω-6 ratio increased, the amount of ROS. Additionally, as the ω-3:ω-6 ratio increases, a decrease in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is noted.

Plant-Based Foods for Chronic Skin Diseases: A Focus on the Mediterranean Diet

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

In this narrative review, we provide an overview of how adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern can complement traditional treatment strategies for psoriasis, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa. We emphasize the importance of an integrated approach, with dietary interventions as a key component of holistic patient care.

RECENT FINDINGS

Psoriasis, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa are immune-mediated chronic diseases marked by systemic inflammation, with genetic and environmental factors influencing their onset. The Mediterranean diet, rich in plant-based foods with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties-such as whole-grain cereals, extra-virgin olive oil, vegetables, legumes, fruits, and nuts-has been shown to reduce the clinical severity of these conditions. It also supports weight control and positively impacts metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors, which are closely linked to these diseases. Dietary education, particularly about the Mediterranean diet, plays a crucial role in the management of these skin diseases and serves as an important non-pharmacological treatment option that can influence patient prognosis. This review offers specific nutrition recommendations for prescribing the Mediterranean diet to patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases.

Multimodal mass spectrometry imaging reveals spatial metabolic reprogramming in diabetic liver disease

Diabetic liver injury (DLI) is a significant complication of diabetes mellitus, leading to severe liver dysfunction and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Understanding the metabolic alterations and reprogramming in DLI is critical for identifying therapeutic targets. Despite the prevalence of DLI, its underlying metabolic mechanisms remain poorly understood, and effective treatments are lacking. In this study, we employed a multimodal mass spectrometry imaging approach, combining air-flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (AFADESI-MSI) with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-MSI) to achieve a comprehensive spatial analysis of metabolic changes in DLI model rats, focusing on the potential therapeutic effects of ferulic acid, a compound known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This approach allowed for the wide-coverage and high-resolution visualization of over 200 metabolites in the liver tissues of DLI model rats. The study involved comparing metabolic profiles between control, DLI, and ferulic acid-treated groups, with ferulic acid administered at a dosage of 50 mg/kg daily for 20 weeks. The analysis revealed significant metabolic reprogramming in DLI, characterized by alterations in glucose, lipid, bile acid, and nucleotide metabolism. Specifically, we identified over 100 metabolites with heterogeneous distributions across liver sections, highlighting region-specific metabolic impairments. Ferulic acid treatment notably reversed many of these metabolic disturbances, particularly in glucose and lipid metabolism, suggesting its potential to restore metabolic homeostasis in DLI. This study provides critical insights into the metabolic underpinnings of DLI and demonstrates the therapeutic potential of ferulic acid in modulating these pathways. The findings underscore the utility of AFADESI- and MALDI-MSI in studying liver diseases and suggest that the metabolites identified could serve as novel biomarkers for DLI diagnosis and treatment.

Nutritional Psychology: Review the Interplay Between Nutrition and Mental Health

Nutritional psychology is a burgeoning field that examines the intricate relationship between nutrition and mental health. This concept, its historical development, and its current significance in understanding the complex interplay between diet and psychological well-being are explored in this article. The influence of various nutrients on mental health, the role of dietary patterns, and the impact of nutrition on specific mental disorders are examined. Highlighted are the potential mechanisms underlying the nutrition-mental health connection, and the implications for clinical practice and public health interventions are discussed. The discussion in this article underscores the importance of considering nutrition as essential in mental health promotion and treatment.

Recent Advancements and Strategies for Omega-3 Fatty Acid Production in Yeast

Recently, the biosynthesis of omega-3 fatty acids (ω3 FAs) in yeast has witnessed significant advancements. Notably, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play crucial roles in overall human growth, encompassing neurological development, cardiovascular health, and immune function. However, traditional sources of ω3 FAs face limitations such as environmental concerns. Yeast, as a genetically tractable organism, offers a promising alternative for its sustainable production. Recent advancements and strategies in yeast through metabolic engineering led to significant improvements in ω3 FA production, including the optimization of metabolic pathways, enhancement of precursor supplies, and manipulation of gene expression. Moreover, innovative bioprocess approaches, such as fermentation conditions and bioreactor design, have been devised to further maximize its yields. This review aims to comprehensively summarize recent strategies in ω3 FA production within yeast systems, highlighting their contribution to meeting global ω3 FA demand while mitigating environmental impact and ensuring food security.

A Bayesian Analysis of the VITAL Trial: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events

BACKGROUNDS

Effects of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes have been investigated in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL) is the largest trial that tested the effect of omega-3 FA supplementation (840 mg/d of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in 1.2:1) in a primary prevention population in the U.S., with non-significant results (P>0.05) for major CVD events. We sought to re-analyze VITAL using Bayesian methods accounting for prior evidence.

METHODS

The VITAL randomized 25,871 older US adults with median follow-up of 5.3 years. Based on prior evidence from RCTs, we used Weibull proportional hazards models adopting the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling method to estimate posterior hazard ratio for total CHD, myocardial infarction (MI), composite major CVD events (CHD/Stroke/CVD death), CVD death, all-cause death, and stroke. Several distinct informative priors were formulated based on Bayesian hierarchical models of previous trials similar to VITAL.

RESULTS

Bayesian analyses with use of non-informative prior yielded essentially the same results as the corresponding frequentist analyses. Effects of omega-3 FA supplementation on CHD and MI were robust across the priors, with the posterior hazard ratio (HR) estimates varying from 0.88-0.93 and 0.82-0.90, respectively. Without skepticism into the priors, posterior HRs were 0.95-0.96 in CVD, 0.91-0.92 in cardiovascular death, and 0.95-0.96 in all-cause death risks, respectively. Stroke risk was unchanged by the intervention. According to primary informed priors, probabilities of omega-3 FA being effective were 99.7% for CHD, 99.6% for total MI, 98.4% for CVD, 98.8% for all-cause death, 99.8% for cardiovascular death, and 33.7% for stroke, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Bayesian analyses of VITAL incorporating previous RCT evidence suggest that daily omega-3 FA supplementation robustly lowers risk of coronary events but not stroke, providing enhanced support for the primary prevention use of omega-3 FA supplementation for coronary events. (VITAL clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01169259).

Fish by-products as reliable proxies to evaluate nutritional fatty acid contents in commercial fish fillets

Despite seafood being the primary source of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the fatty acid (FA) contents of numerous exploited fish species remain unknown, partly due to the prohibitive costs associated with sourcing commercial fish fillets. We assessed whether fish by-products can reliably be used to estimate key nutritional FA contents in fillets by testing for consistent relationships between FA contents in fillet, and those in the breast, cheek, occiput, and tail tissue of three commercial coral reef fish species. Breast tissue was most suitable for estimating concentrations and proportions of FAs in the fillet due to strong and consistent relationships across FA types and species. In contrast, relationships between FA contents in the fillet and in other by-products were inconsistent across species and/or FA types. Through reducing research costs and food waste, utilising by-products will encourage FA research, particularly in tropical regions where omega-3 deficiency rates are highest.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection unevenly impacts metabolism in the coronal periphery of the lungs

SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is a highly contagious virus that can lead to hospitalization and death. COVID-19 is characterized by its involvement in the lungs, particularly the lower lobes. To improve patient outcomes and treatment options, a better understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 impacts the body, particularly the lower respiratory system, is required. In this study, we sought to understand the spatial impact of COVID-19 on the lungs of mice infected with mouse-adapted SARS2-N501YMA30. Overall, infection caused a decrease in fatty acids, amino acids, and most eicosanoids. When analyzed by segment, viral loads were highest in central lung tissue, while metabolic disturbance was highest in peripheral tissue. Infected peripheral lung tissue was characterized by lower levels of fatty acids and amino acids when compared to central lung tissue. This study highlights the spatial impacts of SARS-CoV-2 and helps explain why peripheral lung tissue is most damaged by COVID-19.

Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses for understanding the mechanism underlying amantadine-induced toxicity in Laminaria japonica

The antiviral agent, amantadine, is widely present in marine ecosystems and poses a significant threat to marine organisms. However, studies on the toxicity of amantadine across the full life cycle of the brown alga Laminaria japonica, particularly during the microscopic gametophyte stage, remain lacking. A comprehensive approach combing biochemical analyses and multi-omics techniques was employed to investigate the mechanisms underlying amantadine-induced toxicity in L. japonica gametophytes. The development rate of algal cells was less than 3 % from 103 to 107 ng/L of amantadine. In total, 1049 differentially expressed genes and 215-231 differential metabolites were detected, with the majority involved in amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Integrated analysis showed that alginate biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism were affected, suggesting damage to the cell wall and membrane structure. Key genes (e.g., SOD2) and metabolites (e.g., arachidonic acid and α-linolenic acid), associated with the antioxidant system and arachidonic acid metabolism, were identified, leading to oxidative stress in the algae. Furthermore, the downregulation of genes and metabolites involved in porphyrin metabolism, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway may inhibit ATP supply and NADPH generation, negatively affecting metabolic processes and inhibiting algal cell growth. In contrast to disrupting protein synthesis in juvenile sporophytes, amantadine primarily interferes with photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in gametophytes. These findings offer new insights into the mechanisms by which amantadine impedes the growth and metabolism of algae throughout their life cycle in aquatic ecosystems.

Interplay of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Intestinal Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota in Celiac Disease Pathogenesis

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder driven by both genetic and environmental factors, with the HLA DQ2/DQ8 genotypes playing a central role in its development. Despite the genetic predisposition, only a small percentage of individuals carrying these genotypes develop the disease. Gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, is the primary environmental trigger, but other factors, such as the intestinal microbiota, may also contribute to disease progression. While the gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the cornerstone of treatment, many CD patients experience persistent inflammation and gut dysbiosis, leading to ongoing symptoms and complications. This chronic inflammation, which impairs nutrient absorption, increases the risk of malnutrition, anemia, and other autoimmune disorders. Recent studies have identified an altered gut microbiota in CD patients, both on and off the GFD, highlighting the potential role of the microbiota in disease pathogenesis. An emerging area of interest is the supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), known for their anti-inflammatory properties, as a potential therapeutic strategy. n-3 PUFAs, found in fish oil and certain plant oils, modulate the immune cell function and cytokine production, making them a promising intervention for controlling chronic inflammation in CD. This review explores the current understanding of n-3 PUFAs' effects on the gut microbiota's composition and inflammation in CD, with the goal of identifying new avenues for complementary treatments to improve disease management.

Effect of docosahexaenoic acid as an anti-inflammatory for Caco-2 cells and modulating agent for gut microbiota in children with obesity (the DAMOCLE study)

PURPOSE

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. We investigated the dual health ability of DHA to modulate gut microbiota in children with obesity and to exert anti-inflammatory activity on human intestinal Caco-2 cells.

METHODS

In a pilot study involving 18 obese children (8-14 years), participants received a daily DHA supplement (500 mg/day) and dietary intervention from baseline (T0) to 4 months (T1), followed by dietary intervention alone from 4 months (T1) to 8 months (T2). Fecal samples, anthropometry, biochemicals and dietary assessment were collected at each timepoint. At preclinical level, we evaluated DHA's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on Caco-2 cells stimulated with Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), by measuring also Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels and cytokines, respectively.

RESULTS

Ten children were included in final analysis. No major changes were observed for anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and participants showed a low dietary compliance at T1 and T2. DHA supplementation restored the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio that was conserved also after the DHA discontinuation at T2. DHA supplementation drove a depletion in Ruminococcaceae and Dialisteraceae, and enrichment in Bacteroidaceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Akkermansiaceae. At genus level, Allisonella was the most decreased by DHA supplementation. In Caco-2 cells, DHA decreased H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production via iNOS pathway modulation. Additionally, DHA modulated proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine production in LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells.

CONCLUSION

An improvement in gut dysbiosis of children with obesity seems to be triggered by DHA and to continue after discontinuation. The ability to modulate gut microbiota, matches also with an anti-inflammatory effect of DHA on Caco-2 cells.

Dietary Eicosapentaenoic Acid Improves Ozone-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation in C57BL/6 Mice

BACKGROUND

Ambient concentrations of the air pollutant, ozone, are rising with increasing global temperatures. Ozone is known to increase incidence and exacerbation of chronic lung diseases, which will increase as ambient ozone levels rise. Studies have identified diet as a variable that is able to modulate the pulmonary health effects associated with ozone exposure. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an n-3 (ω-3) PUFA consumed through diet, which lowers inflammation through conversion to oxylipins including hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acids (HEPEs). However, the role of dietary EPA in ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

Therefore, we hypothesized increasing dietary EPA will decrease ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury through the production of HEPEs.

METHODS

To test this, male C57BL/6J mice were fed a purified control diet or EPA-supplemented diet for 4 wk and then exposed to filtered air or 1 part per million ozone for 3 h. 24 or 48 h after exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected to assess airspace inflammation/injury and lung tissue was collected for targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry lipidomics.

RESULTS

Following ozone exposure, EPA supplementation did not alter markers of lung injury but decreased ozone-induced airspace neutrophilia. Targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry lipidomics revealed dietary EPA supplementation increased pulmonary EPA-derived metabolites including 5-HEPE and 12-HEPE. Additionally, EPA supplementation decreased pulmonary amounts of proinflammatory arachidonic acid-derived metabolites. To evaluate whether dietary EPA reduces ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation through increased pulmonary HEPEs, C57BL/6J mice were administered 5-HEPEs and 12-HEPEs systemically before filtered air or ozone exposure. Pretreatment with 5-HEPEs and 12-HEPEs reduced ozone-driven increases in airspace macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, these data indicate that an EPA-supplemented diet protects against ozone-induced airspace inflammation which is, in part, due to increasing pulmonary amounts of 5-HEPEs and 12-HEPEs. These findings suggest that dietary EPA and/or increasing EPA-derived metabolites in the lung can reduce ozone-driven incidences and exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases.

Ferroptosis in schizophrenia: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials (Review)

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, presents with multifaceted symptoms and important challenges in treatment, primarily due to its pathophysiological complexity, which involves oxidative stress and aberrant iron metabolism. Recent insights into ferroptosis, a unique form of iron‑dependent cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system failures, open new avenues for understanding the neurobiological foundation of schizophrenia. The present review explores the interplay between ferroptosis and schizophrenia, emphasizing the potential contributions of disrupted iron homeostasis and oxidative mechanisms to the pathology and progression of this disease. The emerging evidence linking ferroptosis with the oxidative stress observed in schizophrenia provides a compelling narrative for re‑evaluating current therapeutic strategies and exploring novel interventions targeting these molecular pathways, such as the glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway and the ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 pathway. By integrating recent advances in ferroptosis research, the current review highlights innovative therapeutic potentials, including N‑acetylcysteine, selenium, omega‑3 fatty acids and iron chelation therapy, which could address the limitations of existing treatments and improve clinical outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia.

High-Density Lipoproteins from Coronary Artery Disease and Aortic Valve Stenosis Patients Differentially Regulate Gene Expression in a Model of Cardiac Adipocytes

Previous reports have described a statistical association between high-density lipoproteins (HDL) subclasses and the expression of genes coding for pro-calcifying proteins in the epicardial adipose tissue of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and aortic valvular stenosis (AVS). These results suggest a causal relationship between HDL and the regulation of gene expression in epicardial adipose tissue. However, there is no experimental evidence that supports this causal relationship. Therefore, we explored the effect of HDL isolated from CAD or AVS patients on the expression of OPN, BMP2, and BMP4, genes coding for proteins related to calcification, osteopontin, and bone morphogenetic proteins -2 and -4, respectively, and LEP, UCP, and PER, coding for leptin, uncoupling protein-1, and perilipin-2, respectively, proteins that confer phenotypic characteristics to adipocytes. The experiments were performed using a novel model of cardiac adipocytes differentiated in vitro from stromal cells of rabbit cardiac adipose tissue. AVS or CAD patients' HDL differentially modulated the expression of BMP4 and LEP, whereas HDL from both kinds of patients upregulated the OPN gene expression. A high concentration of triglycerides associated to small HDL and a higher concentration of phospholipids of large HDL from CAD patients than those from AVS individuals were the most remarkable structural differences. Finally, we demonstrated that cholesterol from reconstituted HDL was internalized to the adipocytes. The regulation of genes related to the secretory activity of cardiac adipocytes mediated by HDL has clinical implications as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of CAD and AVS. In summary, the HDL isolated from the CAD and AVS patients differentially regulated gene expression in adipocytes by a mechanism that seems to be dependent on HDL lipid internalization to the cells and structural characteristics of the lipoproteins.

Effect of fish oil in Iberian sow diets on fatty acid, oxylipins and immune traits of colostrum and milk, and suckling piglets' growth performance

Iberian sow productivity is characterised by a low number of weaned piglets with higher within-litter variation in piglet birth BW compared with conventional breeds. To overcome this, nutritional strategies, such as the dietary addition of n-3 fatty acids (FAs), are being studied to improve sow performance, as well as colostrum and milk composition. In addition, n-3 FAs and their derived oxylipins could also be beneficial for the offspring due to their anti-inflammatory roles. The present study was conducted in an outdoor production system where sows were group-fed during the mating and gestation periods, while feed intake was provided individually during lactation. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of including fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA, respectively) in Iberian sow diets on litter size, piglet growth during lactation, and the concentrations of anti-inflammatory molecules in colostrum and milk. Forty sows were randomly assigned to either a control or fish oil diet during pregnancy and lactation. Sow performance and litter traits were monitored until weaning. Colostrum and milk were collected after the birth of the first piglet and at weaning, respectively. Their FA composition, oxylipin profile, and immune indicators were analysed. Despite the piglets from the control group having greater average birth BW than those from the fish oil litters (P = 0.016), the fish oil piglets were heavier at weaning (P < 0.028). Total n-3 FA concentration was increased in the colostrum and milk of fish oil-fed sows (all P < 0.001), mainly due to increases in EPA and DHA concentrations (all P < 0.001). In the same way, most of their oxygenated derivatives were also increased in both colostrum and milk (P ≤ 0.045). The colostrum from fish oil-fed sows also presented higher concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) G and A than that from control sows (P = 0.025 and P = 0.026, respectively). In conclusion, the inclusion of fish oil in sow diets increased the levels of IgG and IgA in colostrum, n-3 FAs and their derived oxylipins in colostrum and milk, and piglet BW at weaning.

The Role of Nutrition, Oxidative Stress, and Trace Elements in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside repetitive behaviors, and atypical sensory-motor patterns. The growing prevalence of ASD has driven substantial advancements in research aimed at understanding its etiology, preventing its onset, and mitigating its impact. This ongoing effort necessitates continuous updates to the body of knowledge and the identification of previously unexplored factors. The present study addresses this need by examining the roles of nutrition, oxidative stress, and trace elements in the pathophysiology of ASD. In this review, an overview is provided of the key dietary recommendations for individuals with ASD, including gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diets, ketogenic diets (KDs), and other nutritional interventions. Furthermore, it explores the involvement of oxidative stress in ASD and highlights the significance of trace elements in maintaining neuropsychiatric health. The impact of these factors on molecular and cellular mechanisms was discussed, alongside therapeutic strategies and their efficacy in managing ASD.

Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation from late pregnancy to early lactation attenuates the endocannabinoid system and immune proteome in preovulatory follicles and endometrium of Holstein dairy cows

Activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) elicits negative effects on the reproductive system in mammals. Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) supplementation lowers ECS activation and has anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, we hypothesized that supplementing cows with n-3 FA will downregulate components of the ECS and immune system in preovulatory follicles and in the endometrium. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows were supplemented from d 256 of pregnancy to d 70 postpartum as follows: (i) control (CTL; n = 12) prepartum with 250 g/d/cow calcium salts of FA and postpartum at 1.6% of the diet (DM basis); (ii) FLX (n = 12) prepartum with 700 g/d/cow of extruded flaxseed supplement rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3), and postpartum at 6.4% of diet (DM basis) of the same supplement. Ovaries were monitored at 30 DIM, and following estrous cycle synchronization we aspirated the follicular fluids (FF) of follicles ≥7 mm, separated the granulosa cells (GC), and performed endometrium biopsies at 58 ± 5 DIM. The FF were analyzed for concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), and E2-active follicles were declared when E2/P4 was >1. The FA and endocannabinoid (eCB) profiles were determined in plasma and in the reproductive tissues. Proteomic analyses and mRNA abundances were determined in GC and endometrium. Supplementation of n-3 FA increased the proportion of total n-3 FA and decreased the omega-6 (n-6) to n-3 FA ratio in plasma, FF and GC compared with CTL. In plasma and FF, n-3 FA supplementation decreased the proportion of the n-6 FA eCB precursor arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4n-6), and increased the abundance of the n-3 FA-derived eCB eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide compared with CTL. In the endometrium, n-3 FA supplementation reduced the abundance of the n-6 FA-derived eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) compared with CTL. Proteomic analysis of GC showed that n-3 FA supplementation increased the abundance of FA-binding-protein-5, which is involved in intracellular transport of eCB, as well as the abundances of the cytokine-receptor-like-factor-2 and glutathione-S-transferase-LANCL1, whereas it reduced the abundances of several complement proteins: complement factors I, D, H, complement components C7 chain and C8 β chain, and complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein, mitochondrial (C1QBP). In addition, the abundance of superoxide-dismutase (SOD3) was lower in FLX GC than in CTL. In the endometrium, n-3 FA supplementation decreased the abundance of a few immune-related proteins. In the GC, n-3 FA supplementation reduced the relative mRNA abundances of type 1 and type 2 cannabinoids receptors compared with CTL. Across treatments, a positive correlation was found between the relative abundance in FF of the eCB anandamide with C7, C1QBP and SOD3 in GC; while FF 2-AG had a negative correlation with them. Overall, in line with our premise, dietary n-3 FA supplementation attenuated the levels of some eCB and reduced the expression of several proteins and genes related to the ECS and immune system in the preovulatory follicle and in the endometrium, which may be part of the etiology of the positive effects of n-3 FA on the reproductive system in dairy cows.

Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Supplementation Could Attenuate Negative Effects of Maternal Metabolic Syndrome on Liver Lipid Metabolism and Liver Betacellulin Expression in Male and Female Rat Offspring

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the effects of maternal metabolic syndrome during pregnancy on hepatic fatty acid metabolism and betacellulin expression in rat offspring. A rat model of maternal metabolic syndrome was created with a high-fructose diet (15% fructose in drinking water for six months). Methods: The females with metabolic syndrome were divided into the CON group, the HF group, which received fructose in drinking water, and the HF-DHA group, which received fructose in water and increased amounts of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) in the diet (2.5% fish oil in the diet). The male and female offspring were killed at birth and their liver tissue was analyzed for the fatty acid profile and expression of Δ-9-desaturase and betacellulin. Results: When the rat offspring were exposed in utero to maternal fatty acids altered by the high-fructose diet, this resulted in a similarly altered fatty acid profile in the liver, with the most significant changes being Δ-9 desaturation and a dramatic increase in monounsaturated fatty acids. The offspring also showed an overexpression of hepatic betacellulin. Supplementation with DHA and EPA increased the DHA content and normalized the fatty acid composition of oleic acid, saturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and n3-docosapentaenoic acid in the offspring of mothers on a high-fructose diet. In addition, the DHA/EPA supplementation of fructose-fed mothers normalized hepatic Δ-9-desaturase and betacellulin overexpression in the offspring, suggesting that DHA/EPA supplementation affects not only the fatty acid content but also the liver function. Conclusions: The changes observed in this study suggest that DHA/EPA supplementation may modulate the effects of maternal programming on disorders of the lipid metabolism in the offspring.

The profile of oxidative stress markers (arachidonic and linoleic acid derivatives) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in relation to metabolic syndrome

So far, it has been proven that benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is strongly associated with inflammation resulting from, i.a. the presence of infectious agent, autoimmune disease, aging process and lipid disorders associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). We analyzed the association between serum eicosanoides (HETE, HODE, lipoxins, prostaglandin, and leucotrien) in aging man with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and healthy controls. The study involved 219 men (with BPH, n = 144; healthy controls, n = 75). We assessed the content arachidonic and linoleic acid derivatives in the serum samples of the study participants using liquid chromatography (HPLC). The levels of: RvE1 (p < 0.001); LXA4 5S,6R,15R (p = 0.001); 10S,17R-DiDHA (p < 0.001); MaR1 (p = 0.002); 9S-HODE (p < 0.05); 15S-HETE (p < 0.05); 12S-HETE (p < 0.001); 5-oxoETE (p < 0.05) and 5-HETE (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in patients with BPH than in the control group. PGE2 (p = 0.007), LTB4 (p < 0.001), and 18RS-HEPE (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in control group. We also analyzed the relationship between LXA4 5S,6R,15R serum levels of oxidative stress markers and concomitance of MetS. We noticed a relationship between levels and MetS (F1216 = 6.114965, p = 0.01). Our research results suggest that pro-inflammatory mediators and suppressors of inflammation are involved in the development of BPH, but their exact contribution has yet to be investigated.

Metabolic response to burn injury: a comprehensive bibliometric study

Objective

Burns lead to systemic changes manifested by systemic disturbances in water-electrolyte balance and systemic metabolic and inflammatory responses. The hypermetabolic response after a burn injury relies on metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory dysregulation mechanisms. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the burn metabolism research field, identifying key trends, influential contributors, and emerging research hotspots to inform future investigative efforts. Ultimately, we conducted an extensive review of the literature, synthesizing the findings to clarify the present understanding within our field of study.

Methods

We obtained 8,823 scientific publications on burn injury and metabolism from the core Web of Science (WOS) database collection. In this work, biblioshiny was used to visualize and analyze the data, and VOSviewer was used to verify the results.

Results

From a total of 8,823 publications, we found a general upward trend in annual publications and citation frequency. According to Bradford's Law, 21 high-production journals were classified as core sources based on the number of publications, and the most productive journal was Burns. The most published countries and authors in this field were the United States and Herndon DN. The most local cited document in this field was the article titled "Catecholamines: Mediator of the Hypermetabolic Response to Thermal Injury" authored by Wilmore DW. The thematic map showed that studies on injury, thermal injury, and sepsis were relatively mature. In contrast, research on metabolism, stress, and responses, and research on mortality, resistance, and management were less well-developed but were essential for the field.

Conclusion

Research on burns and metabolism is increasing. Based on the bibliometric analysis, our study summarized the complex interplay between burn-induced systemic metabolic alterations and inflammatory responses, emphasizing the significance of hypermetabolism and its management. The role of propranolol, insulin, oxandrolone, and nutritional interventions in modulating the hypermetabolic state was discussed. Additionally, our study underscored the challenges of managing sepsis and drug-resistant infections in burn patients as an important future area of research.

Impact of Mediterranean Diet Adherence on the Incidence of New-Onset Hypertension in Adults With Obesity in Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study

This study investigated the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and new-onset hypertension (HTN) in a cohort of community-dwelling, middle-aged, older Korean individuals with obesity. We used data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. The Korean version of the MD Adherence Screener was used to evaluate compliance with the MD. The primary endpoint was the incidence of new-onset HTN. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval for HTN incidence with increasing MD adherence. Data from 1995 participants with obesity without HTN at baseline were analyzed. After adjusting for confounders, participants with moderate (Group 2) and high adherence (Group 3) to the MD had HRs for new-onset HTN of 0.72 (0.57-0.90) and 0.73 (0.56-0.95), respectively, compared with those with low adherence (Group 1). Sex and age differences were associated with MD adherence and HTN incidence. The association between MD adherence and HTN incidence was only significant in males and in participants aged 40-64 years. There was no significant association between MD adherence and new-onset HTN in females or those aged ≥ 65 years. In conclusion, this study found a significant association between adherence to the MD and a reduction in new-onset HTN in Korean adults with obesity. Considering its value and sustainability, the adoption of the MD may contribute to the prevention of new-onset HTN in populations with obesity.

Malnutrition management in children with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) encompasses diverse conditions such as congenital anomalies, glomerulonephritis, and hereditary nephropathies, necessitating individualized nutritional interventions. Early detection is pivotal due to the heightened risk of adverse outcomes, including compromised growth and increased healthcare costs. The nutritional assessment in pediatric CKD employs a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach, considering disease-specific factors, growth metrics, and dietary habits. The prevalence of malnutrition, as identified through diverse tools and guidelines, underscores the necessity for regular and vigilant monitoring. Nutritional management strategies seek equilibrium in calorie intake, protein requirements, and electrolyte considerations. Maintaining a well-balanced nutritional intake is crucial for preventing systemic complications and preserving the remaining kidney function. The nuanced landscape of enteral nutrition, inclusive of gastrostomy placement, warrants consideration in scenarios requiring prolonged support, with an emphasis on minimizing risks for optimized outcomes. In conclusion, the ongoing challenge of managing nutrition in pediatric CKD necessitates continuous assessment and adaptation. This review underscores the significance of tailored dietary approaches, not only to foster growth and prevent complications but also to enhance the overall quality of life for children grappling with CKD.

EPA/DHA but Not ALA Reduces Visceral Adiposity and Adipocyte Size in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Delta-6 Desaturase Knockout Mice

The objective of this omega-3 feeding study was to elucidate the independent effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA) versus eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on visceral adiposity and inflammatory signaling in diet-induced obese delta-6 desaturase (Fads2) knockout (KO) mice. Male wildtype (WT) and Fads2 KO mice were fed a high-fat diet (45% kcal from fat) containing either lard (no omega-3s), flaxseed (ALA), or menhaden (EPA/DHA) for 21 weeks. Epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) was analyzed for changes in tissue weight, adipocyte size, triacylglycerol (TAG) and fatty acid content, and inflammatory markers. Despite no differences in final body weight, menhaden-fed mice had lower eWAT weight, smaller adipocytes, and lower TAG content compared to lard-fed mice regardless of Fads2 genotype. The eWAT of flaxseed-fed WT mice resembled menhaden-fed mice, while the eWAT of flaxseed-fed KO mice resembled lard-fed mice. No differences were observed in the expression of genes regulating eWAT inflammatory signaling (Tnfα, Nfκb, Mapk14, Mcp1, Ccl5, Tlr4, Nlrp3, or Adipoq) or the abundance of select proteins (p38-MAPK or MCP-1). In conclusion, a high-fat diet containing EPA/DHA, but not ALA, attenuates adipocyte hypertrophy and lowers TAG content but has no effect on eWAT inflammation in a mouse model of long-term diet-induced obesity.

Targeted nutritional strategies in postoperative care

Immunonutrition, which uses specific nutrients to modulate the immune response, has emerged as a vital adjunct to perioperative care. Surgery-induced stress triggers immune responses that can lead to complications, such as infections and delayed wound healing. Traditional nutritional support often overlooks the immunological needs of surgical patients. Immunonutrition addresses this oversight by providing key nutrients, such as arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, glutamine, nucleotides, and antioxidants (vitamins C and E) to enhance immune function and support tissue repair. This review examined the efficacy and safety of immunonutrition in surgical settings, guided by the recommendations of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Both organizations recommend immunonutrition for high-risk or malnourished patients undergoing major surgery and support its use in reducing complications and improving recovery. The key nutrients in immunonutrition aim to improve immune cell function, reduce inflammation, and enhance wound healing. Clinical studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated that immunonutrition lowers the infection rate, shortens the length of hospital stay, and accelerates recovery. Challenges hindering the clinical application of immunonutrition include cost, logistics, and a lack of standardized and personalized protocols. Future studies should focus on biomarker-driven approaches, pharmacogenomics, and innovative nutrient formulations. Addressing these issues will help to integrate immunonutrition into clinical practice, ultimately improving surgical outcomes and patient recovery.

Sex-Stratified Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis of Eating Habits and Female Pelvic Peritoneal Adhesions

Background

Female pelvic peritoneal adhesions (FPPA) represent a significant global health burden. Dietary habits play a crucial role in health outcomes, yet their influence on FPPA remains unclear. This study aims to explore the bidirectional causal relationships between 72 eating habits and FPPA using sex-stratified Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

We employed a bidirectional MR approach, utilizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with 72 different eating habits as instrumental variables. The causal relationships were assessed using five MR methods, including inverse variance weighting (IVW). After Bonferroni correction, eating habits with a p-value < 0.05 were considered to have a significant causal relationship with FPPA. For those habits with significant associations, reverse MR was conducted to assess potential reverse causality. Sensitivity analyses, including IVW, MR-Egger, and leave-one-out tests, were performed to ensure the robustness of the results.

Results

Before Bonferroni correction, five eating habits showed potential associations with FPPA, including non-oily fish intake (OR: 0.989, 95% CI: 0.982-0.995, p=0.000521), side salad intake: OR 1.003 (95% CI: 1.001-1.006), p=0.007779, poultry intake: OR 1.005 (95% CI: 1.001-1.009), p=0.018016, spirits intake: OR 1.010 (95% CI: 1.001-1.019), p=0.036152, hard cheese intake: OR 0.995 (95% CI: 0.991-1.000), p=0.043784. After correction, only non-oily fish intake remained significantly associated with a lower risk of FPPA. No reverse causal relationship was observed between non-oily fish intake and FPPA, and sensitivity analyses revealed no abnormalities, further confirming the robustness of the findings.

Discussion

Our study identifies non-oily fish intake as a protective dietary factor against FPPA, with no evidence of reverse causality. These findings highlight the importance of dietary interventions in managing FPPA risk and suggest potential avenues for future research and public health strategies.

Molecular Mechanisms Linking Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Gut-Brain Axis

The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a complex communication network connecting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the central nervous system (CNS) through neuronal, endocrine, metabolic, and immune pathways. Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are crucial food components that may modulate the function of this axis through molecular mechanisms. Derived mainly from marine sources, these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are integral to cell membrane structure, enhancing fluidity and influencing neurotransmitter function and signal transduction. Additionally, n-3 fatty acids modulate inflammation by altering eicosanoid production, reducing proinflammatory cytokines, and promoting anti-inflammatory mediators. These actions help preserve the integrity of cellular barriers like the intestinal and blood-brain barriers. In the CNS, EPA and DHA support neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmission, improving cognitive functions. They also regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by reducing excessive cortisol production, associated with stress responses and mental health disorders. Furthermore, n-3 fatty acids influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota, promoting beneficial bacterial populations abundance that contribute to gut health and improve systemic immunity. Their multifaceted roles within the GBA underscore their significance in maintaining homeostasis and supporting mental well-being.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health: A Key to Modern Nutritional Balance in Association with Polyphenolic Compounds from Food Sources

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are vital dietary elements that play a significant role in human nutrition. They are highly regarded for their positive contributions to overall health and well-being. Beyond the fact that they provide a substantial supply of energy to the body (a role that saturated fats can also perform), these unsaturated fatty acids and, especially, the essential ones are involved in cell membrane structure, blood pressure regulation, and coagulation; participate in the proper functioning of the immune system and assimilation of fat-soluble vitamins; influence the synthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory substances; and protect the cardiovascular system. Modern diets like the Western diet and the American diet are rich in saturated fats found especially in fast food products, sweets, and processed foods, a fact that has led to an increase in the prevalence of metabolic diseases worldwide (obesity, type II diabetes, gout, cardiovascular disease). Nutritionists have drawn attention to the moderate consumption of saturated fats and the need to increase the intake of unsaturated fats to the detriment of saturated ones. This paper examines the biochemical roles of polyunsaturated fats, particularly essential fatty acids, and contrasts their benefits with the detrimental effects of saturated fat overconsumption. Furthermore, it highlights the necessity for dietary shifts towards increased PUFA intake to mitigate the global burden of diet-related health issues. The co-occurrence of PUFAs and polyphenols in plant-based foods highlights the sophistication of nature's design. These bioactive compounds are not randomly distributed but are present in foods humans have consumed together historically. From traditional diets like the Mediterranean, which pairs olive oil (PUFAs and polyphenols) with vegetables and legumes, to Asian cuisines combining sesame seeds with turmeric, cultural practices have long harnessed this natural synergy.

The Effects of Novel Co-Amorphous Naringenin and Fisetin Compounds on a Diet-Induced Obesity Murine Model

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

In recent studies, it has been shown that dietary bioactive compounds can produce health benefits; however, it is not known whether an improvement in solubility can enhance their biological effects. Thus, the aim of this work was to study whether co-amorphous (CoA) naringenin or fisetin with enhanced solubility modify glucose and lipid metabolism, thermogenic capacity and gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFSD) diet.

METHODS

Mice were fed with an HFSD with or without CoA-naringenin or CoA-fisetin for 3 months. Body weight, food intake, body composition, glucose tolerance, hepatic lipid composition and gut microbiota were assessed.

RESULTS

CoA-naringenin demonstrated significant reductions in fat-mass gain, improved cholesterol metabolism, and enhanced glucose tolerance. Mice treated with CoA-naringenin gained 45% less fat mass and exhibited improved hepatic lipid profiles, with significant reductions seen in liver triglycerides and cholesterol. Additionally, both CoA-flavonoids increased oxygen consumption (VO2), contributing to enhanced energy expenditure and improved metabolic flexibility. Thermogenic activation, indicated by increased UCP1 and PGC-1α levels, was observed with CoA-fisetin, supporting its role in fat oxidation and adipocyte size reduction. Further, both CoA-flavonoids modulated gut microbiota, restoring diversity and promoting beneficial bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, which has been linked to improved metabolic health.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that co-amorphous naringenin or fisetin offers promising applications in improving solubility, metabolic health, and thermogenesis, highlighting the potential of both as therapeutic agents against obesity and related disorders.

The Interplay of Uterine Health and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review

Uterine physiology encompasses the intricate processes governing the structure, function, and regulation of the uterus, a pivotal organ within the female reproductive system. The escalating prevalence of obesity has emerged as a significant global health issue, profoundly impacting various facets of well-being, including female reproductive health. These effects extend to uterine structure and function, influencing reproductive health outcomes in women. They encompass alterations in uterine morphology, disruptions in hormonal signaling, and inflammatory processes. Insulin and leptin, pivotal hormones regulating metabolism, energy balance, and reproductive function, play crucial roles in this context. Insulin chiefly governs glucose metabolism and storage, while leptin regulates appetite and energy expenditure. However, in obesity, resistance to both insulin and leptin can develop, impacting uterine function. Inflammation and oxidative stress further exacerbate the development of uterine dysfunction in obesity. Chronic low-grade inflammation and heightened oxidative stress, characteristic of obesity, contribute to metabolic disruptions and tissue damage, including within the uterus. Obesity significantly disrupts menstrual cycles, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes in women. The accumulation of excess adipose tissue disrupts hormonal equilibrium, disturbs ovarian function, and fosters metabolic irregularities, all of which detrimentally impact reproductive health.

Effects of host modulation through omega-3 dietary supplementation on inflammatory outcomes in periodontitis: a scoping review

OBJECTIVE

Inflammation causes the progressive destruction of the supporting tissues around teeth in patients with periodontitis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the immunological effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) as adjunctive therapy in patients with periodontal disease and identify potential biomarkers for the disease.

METHODS

This scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to investigate the impact of omega-3 therapy with or without acetylsalicylic acid on the immunological parameters of periodontal treatment. Eligible studies included those conducted on patients with normoglycemia and diabetes, published after 2002 in English, and containing relevant keywords. The exclusion criteria included pre-2002 publications, literature reviews, animal studies, and articles without immunological analysis. This review involved careful study selection by two double-blind researchers using the Rayyan software, with data extraction and analysis performed by the third and fourth reviewers.

RESULTS

Seven randomized clinical trials that compared control/placebo and n-3 PUFA groups or the follow-ups of the n-3 PUFA groups were included. The concentration of inflammatory cytokines was reduced following dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA in the reviewed studies. Specifically, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and RANKL levels were reduced after dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA as an adjunctive therapy for periodontitis. Changes in inflammatory outcomes were associated with the clinical benefits of periodontitis. However, significant divergence in the evaluated inflammatory markers, samples, and methods impairs direct comparisons and quantitative analyses in the available literature.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the need for clinical trials to advance our understanding and assessment of inflammatory outcomes in patients with periodontitis.

Biophysics of ACL Injuries

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries rank among the most prevalent and severe types of injuries, significantly impacting both athletes and non-athletes alike. These injuries not only result in immediate physical impairment, such as intense pain, substantial swelling, and a marked loss of mobility, but also carry long-term health consequences that can alter a person's quality of life. Chronic pain, persistent instability, and an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis are among the lasting effects that can follow an ACL injury. An in-depth understanding of the biophysics behind ACL injuries is paramount for devising effective prevention and treatment protocols. Biophysics, which combines principles from physics with biological systems, provides crucial insights into the mechanical and structural integrity of the ACL and its susceptibility to injury under various conditions. This systematic review aims to collate and synthesize the current knowledge surrounding the biophysical mechanisms that underlie ACL injuries.

Feasibility of Fish Oil Supplementation on Headache Symptoms and Blood Lipids in Migraine Patients

OBJECTIVES

Migraine is a chronic, recurring, and disabling disease. Fish oil intervention was used to investigate its effects on headache symptoms and blood lipids of migraine patients.

DESIGN

All subjects were collected at the Kuang Tian General Hospital from March 2020 to May 2021. Experimental group subjects took 1 g/time of fish oil (including EPA 900 mg/tablet) after breakfast and dinner. Placebo group subjects took 100% soybean oil twice daily. Before and after the test, the migraine improvement questionnaire was used to analyze headaches during attacks, dietary intake, and headache triggers.

RESULTS

The average age of the 47 subjects in this study was 40.3 ± 9.2 years old, the body mass index (BMI) was 24.3 ± 6.0 kg/m2. At Week 12, subjects in the fish oil group were significantly improved relative to the control group (p < 0.05). Blood lipid indexes TC, LDL-C, and TG were reduced, and the frequency, duration, and pain degree of migraine.

CONCLUSION

Fish oil may be used as an adjunctive therapeutic food for relieving migraine attack symptoms and blood lipids.

TET1 displays catalytic and non-catalytic functions in the adult mouse cortex

TET1/2/3 dioxygenases iteratively demethylate 5-methylcytosine, beginning with the formation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). The post-mitotic brain maintains higher levels of 5hmC than most peripheral tissues, and TET1 ablation studies have underscored the critical role of TET1 in brain physiology. However, deletion of Tet1 precludes the disentangling of the catalytic and non-catalytic functions of TET1. Here, we dissect these functions of TET1 by comparing adult cortex of Tet1 wildtype (Tet1 WT), a novel Tet1 catalytically dead mutant (Tet1 HxD), and Tet1 knockout (Tet1 KO) mice. Using DNA methylation array, we uncover that Tet1 HxD and KO mutations perturb the methylation status of distinct subsets of CpG sites. Gene ontology (GO) analysis on specific differential 5hmC regions indicates that TET1's catalytic activity is linked to neuronal-specific functions. RNA-Seq further shows that Tet1 mutations predominantly impact the genes that are associated with alternative splicing. Lastly, we performed High-performance Liquid Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry lipidomics on WT and mutant cortices and uncover accumulation of lysophospholipids lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine in Tet1 HxD cortex. In summary, we show that Tet1 HxD does not completely phenocopy Tet1 KO, providing evidence that TET1 modulates distinct cortical functions through its catalytic and non-catalytic roles.

Adherence to the Healthy Nordic Food Index is associated with reduced plasma levels of inflammatory markers in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Background and aims

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disease associated with hypercholesterolemia, and dietary treatment is part of the treatment. We aimed to assess the dietary pattern in relation to the Healthy Nordic Food Index (HNFI) in adults with and without heterozygous FH (HeFH), and to examine the associations between dietary quality and biomarkers related to cardiovascular disease in adults with HeFH.

Methods

We included 205 adults (≥18 years) with HeFH who received follow-up at the Lipid Clinic in Oslo and compared them to controls (n = 228). Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and dietary quality was assessed using the HNFI. Blood samples were analysed for levels of blood lipids, plasma fatty acids (FAs), and markers of inflammation and platelet activation.

Results

The HeFH patients (median 60 years; 50.2 % female; 25.9 % in secondary prevention) had lower intake of total and saturated fat compared to controls (32.6 energy percent (E%) vs. 34.9 E%, and 9.6 E% vs 12.0 E%, respectively; p < 0.001 for both). In the HeFH patients, increasing dietary quality was associated with increased plasma levels of the n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, and the n-6 PUFA linoleic acid, and lower plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor and interleukin-6, and of the platelet-derived inflammatory cytokines Platelet Factor 4 and Neutrophil-Activating Peptide-2.

Conclusion

Norwegian patients with HeFH followed up at a Lipid Clinic eat healthier than controls. Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is associated with higher plasma levels of n-3 and n-6 PUFA, and lower levels of inflammatory markers, including platelet markers. This may suggest that adherence to an overall healthy dietary pattern might be beneficial for HeFH patients independent of the cholesterol-lowering effect of the diet.

Fish skin dressing for wound regeneration: A bioactive component review of omega-3 PUFAs, collagen and ECM

Wound healing is a complex biological process that involves several stages, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Traditional wound dressings, to a certain extent, can provide wound protection but are limited in promoting wound healing, reducing scar formation, and preventing bacterial infections. In recent years, with the advancement of research in biomedical materials, fish skin dressings have become a research hotspot in the field of tissue regeneration due to their remarkable biocompatibility and precious bioactive components. However, current research on fish skin dressings remains focused on clinical treatment. To further deepen and promote the development of fish skin dressings, we put emphasis on discussing main bioactive components in fish skin. This article has reviewed the advantages of fish skin dressings in wound regeneration, especially the promotive effects of its main bioactive components-Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, collagen derived from fish skin, and the extracellular matrix of fish skin-on the wound healing process. Besides, by critically summarizing the research issues of each bioactive component, this review assists researchers in better defining the next direction of research, thereby designing the optimal dressing for different types of wounds.

Proinflammatory factors inhibition and fish oil treatment: A promising therapy for neonatal seizures

Brain injury is one of the most important causes of infant mortality and chronic neurological disabilities. Hypoxia is an acute brain injury which led to various cognitive, behavioral, and memory disorders throughout life. Previous studies reported neuroprotective possibilities for fish oil (FO) in brain-injured situations. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the FO diet during the lactation period on seizure activity, behavioral performance, histomorphometry, and inflammatory changes in the brains of hypoxia rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in to 4 groups: Sham (intact rats), hypoxia, FO and FO+hypoxia groups. Hypoxia was induced by keeping neonate rats at PND12 in a hypoxic chamber (7 % oxygen and 93 % nitrogen intensity) for 15 minutes. In the FO groups, rats received oral FO (1 ml/day) for 12 days during the lactation period. Seizure activity was assessed by measuring the number of tonic-clonic seizures and seizure thresholds. Novel object recognition tests (NORT), rotarod, and open field tests were used to measure behavioral performances. A Histological study was performed to evaluate histomorphometric changes in the hippocampus and cerebellum. The gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was measured using RT-PCR. Findings showed that the number of tonic-clonic seizures, atrophy, and cell death in the hippocampus and cerebellum, the gene expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in the hippocampus, and behavioral disorders were significantly increased in the hypoxia rats compared to the sham group. Administration of FO in the hypoxia groups significantly decreased the gene expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, the number of tonic-clonic seizures, and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus and cerebellum compared to the hypoxia groups. Furthermore, it can improve behavioral tasks and cognitions.

Cortical Gray Matter Volume Associations with Dietary Fiber and Calorie Density: A Pilot Study

Alzheimer's disease and related dementia are associated with significant societal costs and economic burdens and have been associated with decreases in cortical gray matter volume. This pilot cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between total fiber concentration in diet, total calorie density per diet, and regional GMV in a cohort of 190 patients aged 20 to 79 years, utilizing data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey Supplement and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) collected at the McCausland Center for Brain Imaging. Gray matter volumes were quantified using the CAT12 voxel-based morphometry toolbox and statistical correlations between GMV and dietary measures were assessed using Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient. Our exploratory analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between dietary fiber consumption and GMV in 16 different areas, including the right Hippocampus (r (190) = 0.196, p = 0.003) and left Hippocampus (r (190) = 0.135, p = 0.032), when controlling for age and race of participants. Our analyses revealed significantly negative correlations between total calorie density per diet and localized GMV in 3 different brain areas, including the right Precentral Gyrus (r (190) = -0.15, p = 0.039) and right Thalamic Pulvinar (r (190) = -0.155, p = 0.033), when controlling for participant race. Together, our initial findings suggest that dietary fiber and calorie density are associated with GMV even after controlling for relevant demographic variables. If replicated, these findings could have important implications for dietary advice given to individuals at risk for developing MCI or more serious forms of dementia.

Current Insights into Industrial Trans Fatty Acids Legal Frameworks and Health Challenges in the European Union and Spain

The presence of industrial trans-fatty acids (iTFAs) in processed foods poses significant public health concerns, necessitating comprehensive regulatory frameworks. In this study, the current legal landscape governing iTFA in the European Union and Spain is analyzed, with a particular focus on regulatory effectiveness and implementation challenges. The research methodology combines a systematic review of existing regulations, including EU Regulation No. 1169/2011 and Spanish Law 17/2011, with the analysis of the scientific literature on iTFA health impacts. The results reveal significant regulatory gaps, particularly in enforcement mechanisms and iTFA detection methods. Key challenges are also identified in the present study, including inconsistent compliance monitoring, varying analytical methods for iTFA detection, and contradictions between EU and Spanish regulatory frameworks. Additionally, in this work, the need for harmonized approaches to ultra-processed food regulation is emphasized. Further, the conclusion is that despite the current regulations providing a foundation for iTFA control, it is compulsory to enhance the monitoring systems, and clearer regulatory guidelines are necessary. These would contribute valuable insights for policymakers, food industry stakeholders, and public health professionals working towards effective iTFA regulation.

Synergistic Effects of Chitosan and Fish Oil on Lipid Metabolism in Rats Fed a High-Fat and Low-Carbohydrate Diet

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Although high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets are used for weight loss and type 2 diabetes management, their high-fat content may have negative effects. This study examines the effects of replacing cellulose with chitosan and part of the fat with fish oil in a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet on lipid metabolism in rats.

METHODS

The experiment involved 35 six-week-old male SD rats, divided into five groups: normal control diet (ND), high-fat diet (HF), high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (LC), LC with 5% chitosan (LC-CH), and LC with 5% chitosan and 5% fish oil (LC-CHF).

RESULTS

After 15 weeks, the HF group had the highest liver weight, and the LC group had the highest adipose tissue weight. The LC-CHF group showed significantly reduced body, liver, and adipose tissue weights, lower ALT, AST, TNF-α, and cholesterol levels, as well as improved liver enzyme activity and fat synthesis regulation. LC-CHF also promoted fat breakdown in adipose tissue, reducing adipocyte size.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest the modified high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet with chitosan and fish oil improved obesity and fatty liver outcomes compared to a standard high-fat diet.

Omega-3 Supplementation and Nutritional Status in Patients with Pancreatic Neoplasms: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the evidence regarding the effects of omega-3 supplementation on the nutritional status of pancreatic cancer patients.

METHODS

A systematic review of clinical trials was conducted, adhering to the PRISMA Statement. MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to 31 December 2022 without restrictions on the publication date or language. Independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. The internal validity and risk of bias in randomized controlled trials (RCT) were assessed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials-RoB2, while the risk of bias in non-randomized intervention studies was evaluated using the ROBINS-I tool.

RESULTS

Eight studies met all the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Five of them were RCT, with the majority (n = 4) classified as low risk of bias, and the three quasi-experiments were deemed to have a moderate risk of bias. Among the studies investigating the outcome of weight gain/maintenance, six reported statistically significant positive results (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the presented evidence indicates that omega-3 supplementation in pancreatic cancer patients is safe, well-tolerated, and beneficial, as it contributes to the stabilization or increase in body weight, as well as a reduction in inflammatory biomarkers.

Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Mental Health in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults

Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are promising nutrients for the prevention and management of psychiatric disorders. Both animal experiments and cohort studies have demonstrated the antidepressant effects of PUFAs, especially omega-3 PUFAs. However, inconsistent reports about specific types of PUFAs, such as the omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, still exist. Objectives: To assess the effects of specific PUFAs on mental disorders and related symptoms and explore the potential mechanisms involving white matter microstructure. Methods: Leveraging 102,252 residents from the UK Biobank, the effects of five PUFA measures on depressive disorder and anxiety disorder were explored through Cox regression models with full adjustment for possible confounders. Furthermore, the effects on related psychiatric symptoms and brain white matter microstructures were also estimated using logistic regression models and multiple linear regression models, respectively. Results: In this study, plasma levels of five PUFAs measured in quartile 4 were associated with lower risks of incident depressive disorder compared with the lowest quartile, with hazard ratios of 0.80 [95% confidence interval] = [0.71, 0.90] for total PUFAs, 0.86 [0.76, 0.97] for omega-3 PUFAs, 0.80 [0.71, 0.91] for docosahexaenoic acid, 0.79 [0.70, 0.89] for omega-6 PUFAs, and 0.77 [0.69, 0.87] for linoleic acid. Similar associations were observed between PUFAs and the incident risk of anxiety disorder. In addition, high plasma PUFA levels were also related to lower risks of occurrence of several adverse psychological symptoms, especially omega-3 PUFAs and DHA. Among the included participants, 8780 individuals with brain imaging information were included in further neuroimaging analyses, and significant associations with white matter microstructures were observed. Conclusions: Thus, this study provides population-based evidence to support the value of interventions to target PUFAs (specifically omega-3 PUFAs) for the prevention and improvement of mental health.

Exploring multi-omics and clinical characteristics linked to accelerated biological aging in Asian women of reproductive age: insights from the S-PRESTO study

BACKGROUND

Phenotypic age (PhenoAge), a widely used marker of biological aging, has been shown to be a robust predictor of all-cause mortality and morbidity in different populations. Existing studies on biological aging have primarily focused on individual domains, resulting in a lack of a comprehensive understanding of the multi-systemic dysregulation that occurs in aging.

METHODS

PhenoAge was evaluated based on a linear combination of chronological age (CA) and 9 clinical biomarkers in 952 multi-ethnic Asian women of reproductive age. Phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel), an aging biomarker, represents PhenoAge after adjusting for CA. This study conducts an in-depth association analysis of PhenoAgeAccel with clinical, nutritional, lipidomic, gut microbiome, and genetic factors.

RESULTS

Higher adiposity, glycaemia, plasma saturated fatty acids, kynurenine pathway metabolites, GlycA, riboflavin, nicotinamide, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins were positively associated with PhenoAgeAccel. Conversely, a healthier diet and higher levels of pyridoxal phosphate, all-trans retinol, betaine, tryptophan, glutamine, histidine, apolipoprotein B, and insulin-like growth factors were inversely associated with PhenoAgeAccel. Lipidomic analysis found 132 lipid species linked to PhenoAgeAccel, with PC(O-36:0) showing the strongest positive association and CE(24:5) demonstrating the strongest inverse association. A genome-wide association study identified rs9864994 as the top genetic variant (P = 5.69E-07) from the ZDHHC19 gene. Gut microbiome analysis revealed that Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-003 and Bacteroides vulgatus were inversely associated with PhenoAgeAccel. Integrative network analysis of aging-related factors underscored the intricate links among clinical, nutritional and lipidomic variables, such as positive associations between kynurenine pathway metabolites, amino acids, adiposity, and insulin resistance. Furthermore, potential mediation effects of blood biomarkers related to inflammation, immune response, and nutritional and energy metabolism were observed in the associations of diet, adiposity, genetic variants, and gut microbial species with PhenoAgeAccel.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide a comprehensive analysis of aging-related factors across multiple platforms, delineating their complex interconnections. This study is the first to report novel signatures in lipidomics, gut microbiome and blood biomarkers specifically associated with PhenoAgeAccel. These insights are invaluable in understanding the molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying biological aging and shed light on potential interventions to mitigate accelerated biological aging by targeting modifiable factors.

Accumulation of Bioactive Lipid Species in LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation Models Analysed with Multi-Modal Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process related to a variety of pathologies, often requiring better understanding in order to develop new, targeted therapeutic interventions. Within this context, multimodal Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) has been used to characterise molecular changes in neuroinflammation for biomarker discovery not possible to other techniques. In this study, molecules including bioactive lipids were detected across inflamed regions of the brain in rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The detected lipids may be acting as inflammatory mediators of the immune response. We identified that N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) species accumulated in the inflamed area. The presence of these lipids could be related to the endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling system, mediating an anti-inflammatory response from microglial cells at the site of injury to balance pro-inflammation and support neuronal protection. In addition, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically n-3 and n-6 species, were observed to accumulate in the area where LPS was injected. PUFAs are directly linked to anti-inflammatory mediators resolving inflammation. Finally, acylcarnitine species accumulated around the inflammation region. Accumulation of these molecules could be due to a deficient β-oxidation cycle.

Marine-Derived Bioactive Ingredients in Functional Foods for Aging: Nutritional and Therapeutic Perspectives

Aging is closely linked to various health challenges, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. This study emphasizes the critical role of bioactive compounds derived from marine sources, such as antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and polysaccharides, in addressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disorders closely related to aging. Incorporating these materials into functional foods not only provides essential nutrients but also delivers therapeutic effects, thereby promoting healthy aging and mitigating age-related diseases. The growth of the global anti-aging market, particularly in North America, Europe, and Asia, underscores the significance of this study. This review systematically analyzes the current research, identifying key bioactive compounds, their mechanisms of action, and their potential health benefits, thus highlighting the broad applicability of marine-derived bioactive compounds to enhancing healthy aging and improving the quality of life of aging populations.

Fatty Acid Metabolism Disruptions: A Subtle yet Critical Factor in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

The establishment and maintenance of pregnancy encompass a series of complex and high-energy-consuming physiological processes, resulting in a significant energy demand. Fatty acids, one of the most essential nutrients, play a crucial role in energy supply via oxidation and perform critical biological functions such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, which substantially impact human health. Disordered fatty acid metabolism can cause anomalies in fetal growth and development, as well as a range of pregnancy problems, which can influence the health of both the mother and the fetus. In this review, we innovatively explore the relationship between fatty acid metabolism abnormalities and pregnancy complications, emphasizing the potential of dietary interventions with polyunsaturated fatty acids in improving pregnancy outcomes. These findings provide important evidence for clinical interventions and enhance the understanding and practical application of health management during pregnancy.

Transcription factor ETV4 plays a critical role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

The Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) and ETS Variant Transcription Factor 4 (ETV4) are involved in the metabolic transition and carcinogenesis in the liver. However, the role of ETV4 in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently unknown. Our study reveals that ETV4 expression was upregulated in the diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and plays a critical role in the dysregulated lipid metabolism. We demonstrate a mechanism by which ANGPTL4 regulates lipid homeostasis via involving the AMPK/ETV4 axis. Transient knockdown of ETV4 abolished the ANGPTL4-induced expression of Srebp1c, Acc and Fasn. Insulin treatment potentially increased the physical association of ETV4 with SREBP1, and promotes nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of SREBP1. In addition, we show that combined therapy with omega-3 fatty acids and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase inhibitor 1 (DGAT1) inhibitor (A-922500) counteracted the ANGPTL4-ETV4 axis-induced lipogenesis in vitro, and in vivo in obese mice via activation of GPR120-βarrestin2-AMPK pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that targeted pharmacologic therapy using GalNac-ETV4 siRNA that specifically inhibits ETV4 gene expression in the liver protects against diet-induced NAFLD, obesity and dyslipidemia. Hence, our study reveal previously unrecognized role of ETV4 in the NAFLD, and provides rationale targeting ETV4 to treat NAFLD.

The Role of Breastfeeding in Acute Respiratory Infections in Infancy

BACKGROUND

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) affect the respiratory tract, are often caused by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus, and present symptoms such as coughing, fever, respiratory distress, and breathing difficulty. The global adherence to exclusive breastfeeding (BF) for the first 6 months of life has reached 44%, supported by the World Health Organization and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund efforts. BF provides vital nutrients and contributes to infant immune system development, protecting against infections. The role of BF in preventing and reducing complications of ARIs in infants is gaining attention, prompting a review of current data and future research needs. This review aims to summarize the evidence on the role of BF in reducing the risk and severity of ARIs in infants, elucidate the adaptations in breast milk composition during infections, and identify relevant research needs.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Human milk (HM) is rich in immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, and immunomodulatory factors that protect against various pathogens, including respiratory viruses. Several studies have demonstrated that BF is associated with a significant reduction in hospitalization, oxygen requirements, and mortality in infants with ARIs. The effectiveness of BF varies according to the specific respiratory virus, and a longer duration of exclusive BF appears to enhance its protective effect. It is documented that the composition of HM adjusts dynamically in response to infections, fortifying the infant's immune defenses. Specific immunological components of HM, including leukocytes and immunoglobulins, increase in response to infection in the infant, contributing to the enhancement of the immune defense in infants. Immune-boosting microRNAs enhance immune transfer to the infants and promote early gut maturation, and the HM microbiome along with other factors modifies the infant's gut microbiome and immune system.

CONCLUSIONS

BF defends infants from respiratory infections, and the investigation of the microRNAs in HM offers new insights into its antiviral properties. The promotion of BF, especially in vulnerable communities, is of paramount importance in alleviating the global burden of ARIs in infancy.

Childhood PUFA levels in relation to allergic sensitization and rhinitis up to young adulthood

BACKGROUND

Very long-chain (VLC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been hypothesized to influence the risk of allergic disease. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of plasma levels of omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) PUFA in childhood and adolescence, for the development of rhinitis and allergic sensitization up to young adulthood.

METHODS

The study included n = 933 participants from the BAMSE cohort. Proportions of n-3 and n-6 PUFA in plasma phospholipids were analyzed at 8 and 16 years using gas chromatography. Associations between PUFA and rhinitis as well as allergic sensitization, analyzed by IgE reactivity against airborne allergens, up to age 24 years were analyzed by generalized estimating equations and logistic regression models.

RESULTS

High plasma levels of VLC n-3 PUFA as well as the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) at 8 years were inversely associated with rhinitis (overall OR up to 24 years: 0.72, 95% CI 0.55, 0.0.93 and 0.69 [0.53, 0.89], respectively) and aeroallergen sensitization (0.64 [0.49, 0.83] and 0.71 [0.54, 0.92], respectively). However, excluding prevalent cases at 8 years attenuated the associations.

CONCLUSION

Plasma levels of n-3 and certain n-6 PUFA in childhood were inversely associated with allergic sensitization and allergic rhinitis up to young adulthood. The association may to some extent be explained by persistent childhood disease, rather than new incident cases in adolescence and young adulthood. To what extent these associations are driven by dietary PUFA intake versus metabolism remains to be clarified for the prevention of rhinitis and allergic sensitization.

Unveiling the Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook medicinal bioactivities: phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activities

Commonly used antimicrobial agents are no longer effective due to their overuse or misuse. In addition, many medicinal plant extracts can combat infectious diseases due to their main active constituents or secondary metabolites. The current study aimed to assess the bioactivities of Launaea nudicaulis (LN) leaf extract (LE) against different multi-drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates. The ethyl acetate extract of a Launaea nudicaulis (LN) leaf was analyzed using GC-MS, which identified 27 key bioactive compounds. The major constituents found were as follows: 7-acetyl-6-ethyl-1,1,4,4-tetramethyltetralin, isopropyl myristate, thiocarbamic acid, N,N-dimethyl, S-1,3-diphenyl-2-butenyl ester, hahnfett, cyclopentane acetic acid, 3-oxo-2-pentyl-, methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, and dotriacontane. Our study demonstrated that the LN leaf was a rich source of other important phytochemicals, including phenolic acids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The relative biosafety of the L. nudicaulis LE was determined from the elevated inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of 262 μg/mL, as calculated from the cytotoxicity assay against the Wi-38 normal cell line. Conversely, 12.7 and 24.5 μg/mL were the recorded low IC50 values for the tested extract against the MCF-7 and Hep-G2 cancerous cell lines, respectively, reflecting its potent activity against the tested cancerous cell lines. Microbiologically, the susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates to the tested extract showed a growth inhibition zone diameter, in the well diffusion assay, ranging from 11.34 ± 0.47 to 26.67 ± 0.47 mm, and a percent inhibition (PI) value of 50-106.2%, reflecting its acceptable activity. In addition, the broth microdilution assay recorded minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in the ranges of 15.625-1,000 μg/mL and 125-1,000 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the L. nudicaulis LE revealed showed promising activity and high selectivity against P. aeruginosa. Moreover, the extract exhibited natural anticancer activities with safe low concentrations, indicating its potential as a superior candidate for future studies of its active constituents.