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Choi MY, Costenbader KH, Fritzler MJ. Environment and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: an overview and future directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1456145. [PMID: 39318630 PMCID: PMC11419994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1456145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite progress in our understanding of disease pathogenesis for systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD), these diseases are still associated with high morbidity, disability, and mortality. Much of the strongest evidence to date implicating environmental factors in the development of autoimmunity has been based on well-established, large, longitudinal prospective cohort studies. Methods Herein, we review the current state of knowledge on known environmental factors associated with the development of SARD and potential areas for future research. Results The risk attributable to any particular environmental factor ranges from 10-200%, but exposures are likely synergistic in altering the immune system in a complex interplay of epigenetics, hormonal factors, and the microbiome leading to systemic inflammation and eventual organ damage. To reduce or forestall the progression of autoimmunity, a better understanding of disease pathogenesis is still needed. Conclusion Owing to the complexity and multifactorial nature of autoimmune disease, machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, is increasingly utilized as an approach to analyzing large datasets. Future studies that identify patients who are at high risk of developing autoimmune diseases for prevention trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Y Choi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Karen H Costenbader
- Department of Medicine, Div of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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de Graaff AM, Cuijpers P, Boschloo L, Elsawy M, Hunaidy S, Seedat S, Witteveen AB, Huizink AC, Sijbrandij M. The associations of hair cortisol and DHEA with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in refugees. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 129:152438. [PMID: 38104462 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traumatic events, ongoing adversity, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with altered activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but findings are mixed. This may be explained in part by heterogeneity in PTSD symptom profiles. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the complex relationships between the number of traumatic events and post-displacement stressors, individual symptoms of PTSD, and HPA-axis hormones cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in refugees. METHODS Adult (18+ years) Syrian refugees with increased levels of distress participating in a randomized controlled trial completed baseline measures to assess traumatic events (trauma checklist), post-displacement stressors (Post-Migration Living Difficulties checklist), symptoms of PTSD (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PCL-5), and provided a hair sample for additional stress hormone analyses. We used R-packages qgraph and bootnet to perform network analysis on the number of traumatic events and post-displacement stressors, individual symptoms of PTSD, and HPA-axis hormones cortisol and DHEA. The final network model was corrected for depression severity. RESULTS 115 (53% male, M age = 36.9, SD = 12.7) of 206 participants provided a hair sample. A higher number of traumatic events was directly associated with three symptoms of the PTSD cluster arousal and reactivity, i.e., sleep disturbance, hypervigilance and physiological reactivity, and with three other PTSD symptoms, namely flashbacks, avoidance of reminders, and self-destructive behavior. A higher number of post-displacement stressors was associated with four symptoms of the PTSD cluster cognition and mood, i.e., trauma-related amnesia, negative beliefs, blaming of self/others, and detachment, as well as with intrusive thoughts, sleep disturbance, hypervigilance, and exaggerated startle response. The number of traumatic events and post-displacement stressors were not associated with cortisol or DHEA. Cortisol was positively associated with two symptoms of the PTSD cluster cognition and mood, i.e., negative beliefs and negative trauma-related emotions, and negatively associated with avoidance of reminders. DHEA was positively associated with restricted affect and with three symptoms of the PTSD symptom cluster arousal and reactivity, i.e., irritability/anger, sleep disturbance, and self-destructive behavior, and negatively associated with avoidance of thoughts. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that exposure to traumatic events and post-displacement stressors is not related to cortisol and DHEA, but that cortisol and DHEA are differentially related to individual symptoms of PTSD. While lower levels of both cortisol and DHEA were associated with increased avoidance, higher levels of cortisol were mostly associated with symptoms of the PTSD cluster cognition and mood and higher levels of DHEA were mostly associated with symptoms of the PTSD cluster arousal and reactivity. These findings contribute to explaining the variability of findings in the literature on HPA-axis activity in PTSD. ETHICS The study was approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee at VU Medical Center, the Netherlands (Protocol ID: NL61361.029.17, 7 September 2017) and prospectively registered online (https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6665).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M de Graaff
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands.
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Babeș-Bolyai University, International Institute for Psychotherapy, Strada Mihail Kogălniceanu 1, Cluj-Napoca 400347, Romania
| | - Lynn Boschloo
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | - Mariam Elsawy
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Sam Hunaidy
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Soraya Seedat
- SAMRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Clinical Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Anke B Witteveen
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Anja C Huizink
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Sijbrandij
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
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Miranda O, Fan P, Qi X, Wang H, Brannock MD, Kosten T, Ryan ND, Kirisci L, Wang L. Prediction of adverse events risk in patients with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder using electronic medical records by deep learning models. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 255:111066. [PMID: 38217979 PMCID: PMC10853953 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying co-occurring mental disorders and elevated risk is vital for optimization of healthcare processes. In this study, we will use DeepBiomarker2, an updated version of our deep learning model to predict the adverse events among patients with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD), a high-risk population. METHODS We analyzed electronic medical records of 5565 patients from University of Pittsburgh Medical Center to predict adverse events (opioid use disorder, suicide related events, depression, and death) within 3 months at any encounter after the diagnosis of PTSD+AUD by using DeepBiomarker2. We integrated multimodal information including: lab tests, medications, co-morbidities, individual and neighborhood level social determinants of health (SDoH), psychotherapy and veteran data. RESULTS DeepBiomarker2 achieved an area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) of 0.94 on the prediction of adverse events among those PTSD+AUD patients. Medications such as vilazodone, dronabinol, tenofovir, suvorexant, modafinil, and lamivudine showed potential for risk reduction. SDoH parameters such as cognitive behavioral therapy and trauma focused psychotherapy lowered risk while active veteran status, income segregation, limited access to parks and greenery, low Gini index, limited English-speaking capacity, and younger patients increased risk. CONCLUSIONS Our improved version of DeepBiomarker2 demonstrated its capability of predicting multiple adverse event risk with high accuracy and identifying potential risk and beneficial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Miranda
- Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Peihao Fan
- Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiguang Qi
- Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Haohan Wang
- School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | | | - Thomas Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neal David Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Levent Kirisci
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - LiRong Wang
- Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Guzman JM, Boone MH, Suarez GL, Mitchell C, Monk CS, Hyde LW, Lopez-Duran NL. Relationship between COVID-related stressors and internalizing symptoms: Gendered neuroendocrine risk profiles. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 159:106668. [PMID: 37944209 PMCID: PMC11214276 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic generated significant life stress and increases in internalizing disorders. Moreover, COVID-related stressors disproportionately impacted women, consistent with outcomes showing a gender gap in stress-related disorders. Gender-related stress vulnerability emerges in adolescence alongside gender-specific changes in neuroendocrine signaling. Most research on the neuroendocrinology of stress-related disorders has focused on differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis effector hormone cortisol. More recent studies, however, emphasize dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a neuroprotective and neuroactive hormone released concurrently with cortisol that balances its biobehavioral actions during stress. Notably, women show lower cortisol responses and higher DHEA responses to stress. However, lower cortisol and higher DHEA are associated with internalizing disorders in women, while those associations are opposite in men. Thus, gender-specific factors perhaps result in a neuroendocrine profile that places women at greater risk for stress-related disorders. The current study prospectively examined socially evaluated cold-pressor task (SECPT) induced neuroendocrine responses at age 15 and internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic at age 21 in a cohort of 175 primarily Black low-socioeconomic status participants, while controlling for internalizing symptoms at age 15. The association between COVID-related stress and internalizing symptoms was not stronger in women. Lower DHEA-cortisol ratios were associated with a weaker relationship between COVID-related stress and internalizing symptoms in women, while higher ratios were associated with a weaker relationship in men. These findings suggest gender differences in the relationship between DHEA and cortisol and internalizing outcomes during a stressful period, and support differential neuroendocrine protective and risk pathways for young men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Guzman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Montana H Boone
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriela L Suarez
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Colter Mitchell
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher S Monk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luke W Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Yeasmin S, Ullah A, Wu B, Zhang X, Cheng LJ. Hybrid Functional Polymer-Enabled Multiplexed Chemosensor Patch for Wearable Adrenocortex Stress Profiling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50034-50046. [PMID: 37851924 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Measuring bioactive stress hormones, including cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), allows for evaluating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, offering valuable insights into an individual's stress response through adrenocortex stress profiles (ASPs). Conventional methods for detecting steroid hormones involve sample collections and competitive immunoassays, which suffer from drawbacks such as time-consuming labeling and binding procedures, reliance on unstable biological receptors, and the need for sophisticated instruments. Here, we report a label-free and external redox reagent-free amperometric assay directly detecting sweat cortisol and DHEA levels on the skin. The approach utilizes multitarget sensors based on redox-active molecularly imprinted polymers (redox MIPs) capable of selectively binding cortisol and DHEA, inducing changes in electrochemical redox features. The redox MIP consists of imprinted cavities for specific capture of cortisol or DHEA in a poly(pyrrole-co-(dimethylamino)pyrrole) copolymer containing hydrophobic moieties to enhance affinity toward steroid hormones. The polymer matrix also incorporates covalently linked interpenetrating redox-active polyvinylferrocene, offering a stable electrochemical redox feature that enables sensitive current change in response to the target capture in the vicinity. The multiplexed sensor detects cortisol and DHEA within 5 min, with detection limits of 115 and 390 pM, respectively. Through the integration of redox MIP sensors into a wireless wearable sensing system, we successfully achieved ambulatory detection of these two steroid hormones in sweat directly on the skin. The new sensing method facilitates rapid, robust determination of the cortisol-DHEA ratio, providing a promising avenue for point-of-care assessment of an individual's physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjida Yeasmin
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ahasan Ullah
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Xueqiao Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Li-Jing Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Miranda O, Fan P, Qi X, Wang H, Brannock MD, Kosten T, Ryan ND, Kirisci L, Wang L. Prediction of Adverse Events Risk in Patients with Comorbid Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder Using Electronic Medical Records by Deep Learning Models. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3299369. [PMID: 37790550 PMCID: PMC10543461 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3299369/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Prediction of high-risk events in mental disorder patients is crucial. In our previous study, we developed a deep learning model: DeepBiomarker by using electronic medical records (EMR) to predict suicide related event (SRE) risk in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. Methods We applied DeepBiomarker2 through data integration of multimodal information: lab test, medication, co-morbidities, and social determinants of health. We analyzed EMRs of 5,565 patients from University of Pittsburgh Medical Center with a diagnosis of PTSD and alcohol use disorder (AUD) on risk of developing an adverse event (opioid use disorder, SREs, depression and death). Results DeepBiomarker2 predicted whether a PTSD + AUD patient will have a diagnosis of any adverse events (SREs, opioid use disorder, depression, death) within 3 months with area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) of 0.94. We found piroxicam, vilazodone, dronabinol, tenofovir, suvorexant, empagliflozin, famciclovir, veramyst, amantadine, sulfasalazine, and lamivudine to have potential to reduce risk. Conclusions DeepBiomarker2 can predict multiple adverse event risk with high accuracy and identify potential risk and beneficial factors. Our results offer suggestions for personalized interventions in a variety of clinical and diverse populations.
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Xie H, Shih CH, Aldoohan SD, Wall JT, Wang X. Hypothalamus volume mediates the association between adverse childhood experience and PTSD development after adulthood trauma. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:274. [PMID: 37542036 PMCID: PMC10403516 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is critical for regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and response to stress. Adverse childhood experience (ACE) can affect brain structure, which may contribute to development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after subsequent adult trauma. It is unclear, however, if ACE history is particularly associated with aspects of hypothalamic structure which contribute to development of PTSD. To address this issue, the present study longitudinally assessed hypothalamic volumes and their associations with ACE and early post-trauma stress symptoms in subjects who did or did not develop PTSD during 12 months after adult trauma. 109 subjects (18-60 years, F/M = 75/34) completed the PTSD Checklist (PCL) questionnaire for post-trauma stress symptoms, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) for ACE assessment, and an initial MRI brain scan for hypothalamic volume measurement, within 2 weeks after adult trauma. At post-trauma 12 months, subjects underwent a subsequent PTSD diagnosis interview using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), and a follow-up MRI scan. Left and right hypothalamus volumes at 2 weeks after adult trauma negatively correlated with CTQ scores. Right hypothalamus volume at this early time mediated an association between ACE and PTSD symptoms 12 months later. Right hypothalamus volumes also remained persistently smaller from 2 weeks to 12 months after trauma in survivors who developed PTSD. These results suggest that smaller right hypothalamus volume may be related to ACE history in ways that contribute to PTSD development after trauma in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Chia-Hao Shih
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - John T Wall
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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Sakai M, Yu Z, Taniguchi M, Picotin R, Oyama N, Stellwagen D, Ono C, Kikuchi Y, Matsui K, Nakanishi M, Yoshii H, Furuyashiki T, Abe T, Tomita H. N-Acetylcysteine Suppresses Microglial Inflammation and Induces Mortality Dose-Dependently via Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043798. [PMID: 36835209 PMCID: PMC9968039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant that prevents tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced cell death, but it also acts as a pro-oxidant, promoting reactive oxygen species independent apoptosis. Although there is plausible preclinical evidence for the use of NAC in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, deleterious side effects are still of concern. Microglia, key innate immune cells in the brain, play an important role in inflammation in psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial and deleterious effects of NAC on microglia and stress-induced behavior abnormalities in mice, and its association with microglial TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) production. The microglial cell line MG6 was stimulated by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using NAC at varying concentrations for 24 h. NAC inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and NO synthesis, whereas high concentrations (≥30 mM) caused MG6 mortality. Intraperitoneal injections of NAC did not ameliorate stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice, but high-doses induced microglial mortality. Furthermore, NAC-induced mortality was alleviated in microglial TNF-α-deficient mice and human primary M2 microglia. Our findings provide ample evidence for the use of NAC as a modulating agent of inflammation in the brain. The risk of side effects from NAC on TNF-α remains unclear and merits further mechanistic investigations.
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Grants
- 20dm0107099h0005, JP19dm0107099, JP18ek0109183, JP22gm0910012, and JP22wm0425001 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, the Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences, and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- KAKENHI 21390329, 16K07210, 18H05429, 21H04812, and 19K16372 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- No. 24116007 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Sakai
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Zhiqian Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-717-7261
| | - Masayuki Taniguchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Rosanne Picotin
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nanami Oyama
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - David Stellwagen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Chiaki Ono
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshie Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ko Matsui
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Miharu Nakanishi
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Yoshii
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- Division of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Regenerative and Biomedical Engineering Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute for Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
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Goldschen L, Ellrodt J, Amonoo HL, Feldman CH, Case SM, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD, Costenbader KH. The link between post-traumatic stress disorder and systemic lupus erythematosus. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:292-301. [PMID: 36535611 PMCID: PMC10018810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous, multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by unpredictable disease flares. Although the pathogenesis of SLE is complex, an epidemiologic link between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the development of SLE has been identified, suggesting that stress-related disorders alter the susceptibility to SLE. Despite the strong epidemiologic evidence connecting PTSD and SLE, gaps remain in our understanding of how the two may be connected. Perturbations in the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine system, and at the genomic level may cause and sustain immune dysregulation that could lower the threshold for the development and propagation of SLE. We first describe shared risk factors for SLE and PTSD. We then describe potential biological pathways which may facilitate excessive inflammation in the context of PTSD. Among those genetically predisposed to SLE, systemic inflammation that accompanies chronic stress may fan the flames of smoldering SLE by priming immune pathways. Further studies on the connection between trauma and inflammation will provide important data on pathogenesis, risk factors, and novel treatments for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Goldschen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jack Ellrodt
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hermioni L Amonoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, MA 02115, USA; Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Candace H Feldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siobhan M Case
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen H Costenbader
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Palmer BW, Hussain MA, Lohr JB. Loneliness in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Neglected Factor in Accelerated Aging? JOURNAL OF AGEING AND LONGEVITY 2022; 2:326-339. [PMID: 36567873 PMCID: PMC9783482 DOI: 10.3390/jal2040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that people with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may experience a form of accelerated biological aging. In other populations, loneliness has been shown to elevate risk for many of the same components of accelerated biological aging, and other deleterious outcomes, as seen in people with PTSD. Although standard diagnostic criteria for PTSD include "feelings of detachment or estrangement from others", the relationship of such feelings to the concept of loneliness remains uncertain, in par potentially due to a failure to distinguish between loneliness versus objective social isolation. In order to catalyze wider research attention to loneliness in PTSD, and the potential contribution to accelerated biological aging, the present paper provides three components: (1) a conceptual overview of the relevant constructs and potential interrelationships, (2) a review of the limited extant empirical literature, and (3) suggested directions for future research. The existing empirical literature is too small to support many definitive conclusions, but there is evidence of an association between loneliness and symptoms of PTSD. The nature of this association may be complex, and the causal direction(s) uncertain. Guided by the conceptual overview and review of existing literature, we also highlight key areas for further research. The ultimate goal of this line of work is to elucidate mechanisms underlying any link between loneliness and accelerated aging in PTSD, and to develop, validate, and refine prevention and treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton W. Palmer
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Mariam A. Hussain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - James B. Lohr
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
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11
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Parental post-traumatic stress disorder and increased risk of chronic pain conditions and major psychiatric disorders in their offspring. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2022; 79:152-157. [PMID: 36379154 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have higher risk of chronic pain symptoms. It remains unknown whether risk of chronic pain symptoms occurs in the offspring of parents with PTSD. This study aimed to explore the risk of chronic pain conditions and depression in the offspring of parents with PTSD. METHODS Between 1996 and 2011, we included subjects whose parents had PTSD and controls with parents without PTSD or any major psychiatric disorders (MPDs) from the Taiwan National Health Research Database. The controls (1:10) were matched for age, sex, time of birth, income, and residence. Poisson regression was applied to estimate the risk of chronic pain conditions and MPDs between case and control cohorts during the study period. The chronic pain conditions assessed were migraine, tension headache, fibromyalgia, peripheral neuropathy, dorsopathies, dysmenorrhea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and dyspepsia. RESULTS We included 1139 cases and 11,390 matched controls. After adjusting for demographics and family history of psychiatric comorbidities, offspring of parents with PTSD had higher risk for depressive disorder [reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.59, 1.71-3.92] than controls. For chronic pain conditions, offspring of parents with PTSD had higher risk for migraine (2.01, 1.01-3.98) and IBS (1.55, 1.02-2.34) than controls. CONCLUSIONS Healthcare workers should be aware that offspring of parents with PTSD have a higher risk of chronic pain conditions and depressive disorder. Further intervention to mitigate the risk is warranted.
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12
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Smiley CE, Wood SK. Stress- and drug-induced neuroimmune signaling as a therapeutic target for comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108212. [PMID: 35580690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress and substance use disorders remain two of the most highly prevalent psychiatric conditions and are often comorbid. While individually these conditions have a debilitating impact on the patient and a high cost to society, the symptomology and treatment outcomes are further exacerbated when they occur together. As such, there are few effective treatment options for these patients, and recent investigation has sought to determine the neural processes underlying the co-occurrence of these disorders to identify novel treatment targets. One such mechanism that has been linked to stress- and addiction-related conditions is neuroimmune signaling. Increases in inflammatory factors across the brain have been heavily implicated in the etiology of these disorders, and this review seeks to determine the nature of this relationship. According to the "dual-hit" hypothesis, also referred to as neuroimmune priming, prior exposure to either stress or drugs of abuse can sensitize the neuroimmune system to be hyperresponsive when exposed to these insults in the future. This review completes an examination of the literature surrounding stress-induced increases in inflammation across clinical and preclinical studies along with a summarization of the evidence regarding drug-induced alterations in inflammatory factors. These changes in neuroimmune profiles are also discussed within the context of their impact on the neural circuitry responsible for stress responsiveness and addictive behaviors. Further, this review explores the connection between neuroimmune signaling and susceptibility to these conditions and highlights the anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies that may be used for the treatment of stress and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora E Smiley
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America; WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America.
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America; WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America.
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13
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Peruzzolo TL, Pinto JV, Roza TH, Shintani AO, Anzolin AP, Gnielka V, Kohmann AM, Marin AS, Lorenzon VR, Brunoni AR, Kapczinski F, Passos IC. Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3150-3163. [PMID: 35477973 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with persistent, low-degree inflammation, which could explain the increased prevalence of autoimmune conditions and accelerated aging among patients. The aim of the present study is to assess which inflammatory and oxidative stress markers are associated with PTSD. We carried out a meta-analytic and meta-regression analysis based on a systematic review of studies comparing inflammatory and oxidative stress markers between patients with PTSD and controls. We undertook meta-analyses whenever values of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were available in two or more studies. Overall, 28,008 abstracts were identified, and 54 studies were included, with a total of 8394 participants. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. Concentrations of C-reactive protein (SMD = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.21 to 1.06; p = 0.0031; k = 12), interleukin 6 (SMD = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.36 to 1.52; p = 0.0014; k = 32), and tumor necrosis factor-α (SMD = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.23 to 1.55; p = 0.0080; k = 24) were significantly increased in patients with PTSD in comparison with healthy controls. Interleukin 1β levels almost reached the threshold for significance (SMD = 1.20; 95% CI: -0.04 to 2.44; p = 0.0569; k = 15). No oxidative stress marker was associated with PTSD. These findings may explain why PTSD is associated with accelerated aging and illnesses in which immune activation has a key role, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In addition, they pointed to the potential role of inflammatory markers as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lauxen Peruzzolo
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jairo Vinícius Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Roza
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Ossamu Shintani
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Anzolin
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Gnielka
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Moura Kohmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Salvador Marin
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitória Ruschel Lorenzon
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Russowsky Brunoni
- Centro de Pesquisas Clínicas e Epidemiológicas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Departamentos de Clínica Médica e Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Psiquiatria (IMBION), Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ives Cavalcante Passos
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Choi MY, Costenbader KH. Understanding the Concept of Pre-Clinical Autoimmunity: Prediction and Prevention of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Identifying Risk Factors and Developing Strategies Against Disease Development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890522. [PMID: 35720390 PMCID: PMC9203849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that preceding the diagnosis or classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), patients undergo a preclinical phase of disease where markers of inflammation and autoimmunity are already present. Not surprisingly then, even though SLE management has improved over the years, many patients will already have irreversible disease-related organ damage by time they have been diagnosed with SLE. By gaining a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of preclinical SLE, we can potentially identify patients earlier in the disease course who are at-risk of transitioning to full-blown SLE and implement preventative strategies. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of SLE preclinical pathogenesis and propose a screening and preventative strategy that involves the use of promising biomarkers of early disease, modification of lifestyle and environmental risk factors, and initiation of preventative therapies, as examined in other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Y Choi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Karen H Costenbader
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Adverse Childhood Events, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Infectious Encephalopathies and Immune-Mediated Disease. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061127. [PMID: 35742178 PMCID: PMC9222834 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse Childhood Events (ACE), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and infectious encephalopathies are associated with immune-mediated diseases. Data supporting this are reviewed, and an integrated hypothesis is provided. All three can be associated with intrusive symptoms and temporal lobe pathology. ACE and PTSD are accompanied by an impaired mental capacity to differentiate external danger vs. safety. Infectious encephalopathies are accompanied by a failure of adaptive immunity and an impaired immune capacity to differentiate internal danger vs. safety. All three conditions are associated with impairments to differentiate danger vs. safety and adapt effectively. There are reciprocal interactions between ACE, PTSD, and infectious encephalopathies with accompanying persistent immune activation. This is associated with immune dysregulation, chronic hyperarousal, activation of the stress response, and impairments of the fear recognition and response neural circuits, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, amygdala, and hippocampus. The pathophysiological processes can result in a broad spectrum of chronic neuropsychiatric and somatic symptoms and diseases. Understanding the psychodynamic, neurological, neuroimmune, inflammatory and autoimmune components of this interactive process expands the effective treatment opportunities.
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16
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Buchmann A, Ritter C, Müller ST, Haynes M, Ghisleni C, Tuura R, Hasler G. Associations between heart rate variability, peripheral inflammatory markers and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 304:93-101. [PMID: 35196535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures for the irregularity of the heartbeat, for example respiratory sinus arrhythmia, have been implicated as a measure for restorative functions of the vegetative nervous system. METHODS In the current observational study, we investigated 265 subjects, 70 of whom had a lifetime history of major depression, with a plethysmographic heartbeat monitor, blood sampling, as well as a range of psychiatric questionnaires. RESULTS Subjects with a history of MDE had significantly reduced respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as compared to never-depressed controls; in the whole sample, higher RSA went with lower anxiety/fear variables, especially in subscores related to cardiac symptoms as well as being afraid of dying. A reduced RSA was also associated with an increased concentration of cytokines (TNFa, IL1a, IL6, IFNg) and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum, pointing to a possible triangular relationship between immune system, vegetative nervous system, and emotional dysregulation. LIMITATIONS We used a plethysmographic device for the measurement of heartbeat instead of an electrocardiogram, and had a single time point only. CONCLUSIONS This data corroborate the idea that a disequilibrium of the vegetative nervous, especially if accompanied by a dysregulation system in immune function, can increase the risk for depression. Conversely, vagal stimulation and anti-inflammatory treatments may support the treatment with antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Buchmann
- Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland; Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Cardinal-Journet 3, 1752 Villars-sur-Glâne, Fribourg, Switzerland; Center of MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher Ritter
- Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland; Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Cardinal-Journet 3, 1752 Villars-sur-Glâne, Fribourg, Switzerland; Center of MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Theresia Müller
- Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Haynes
- Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Ghisleni
- Center of MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Tuura
- Center of MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hasler
- Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Cardinal-Journet 3, 1752 Villars-sur-Glâne, Fribourg, Switzerland
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17
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Wiley JW, Higgins GA, Hong S. Chronic psychological stress alters gene expression in rat colon epithelial cells promoting chromatin remodeling, barrier dysfunction and inflammation. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13287. [PMID: 35509963 PMCID: PMC9059753 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is commonly associated with enhanced abdominal pain (visceral hypersensitivity), but the cellular mechanisms underlying how chronic stress induces visceral hypersensitivity are poorly understood. In this study, we examined changes in gene expression in colon epithelial cells from a rat model using RNA-sequencing to examine stress-induced changes to the transcriptome. Following chronic stress, the most significantly up-regulated genes included Atg16l1, Coq10b, Dcaf13, Nat2, Ptbp2, Rras2, Spink4 and down-regulated genes including Abat, Cited2, Cnnm2, Dab2ip, Plekhm1, Scd2, and Tab2. The primary altered biological processes revealed by network enrichment analysis were inflammation/immune response, tissue morphogenesis and development, and nucleosome/chromatin assembly. The most significantly down-regulated process was the digestive system development/function, whereas the most significantly up-regulated processes were inflammatory response, organismal injury, and chromatin remodeling mediated by H3K9 methylation. Furthermore, a subpopulation of stressed rats demonstrated very significantly altered gene expression and transcript isoforms, enriched for the differential expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response, including upregulation of cytokine and chemokine receptor gene expression coupled with downregulation of epithelial adherens and tight junction mRNAs. In summary, these findings support that chronic stress is associated with increased levels of cytokines and chemokines, their downstream signaling pathways coupled to dysregulation of intestinal cell development and function. Epigenetic regulation of chromatin remodeling likely plays a prominent role in this process. Results also suggest that super enhancers play a primary role in chronic stress-associated intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Wiley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Gerald A. Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Shuangsong Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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18
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Neuroinflammation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050953. [PMID: 35625690 PMCID: PMC9138406 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a well-known mental illness, which is caused by various stressors, including memories of past physical assaults and psychological pressure. It is diagnosed as a mental and behavioral disorder, but increasing evidence is linking it to the immune system and inflammatory response. Studies on the relationship between inflammation and PTSD revealed that patients with PTSD had increased levels of inflammatory cytokine biomarkers, such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κB, and C-reactive protein, compared with healthy controls. In addition, animal model experiments imitating PTSD patients suggested the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of PTSD. In this review, we summarize the definition of PTSD and its association with increased inflammation, its mechanisms, and future predictable diseases and treatment possibilities. We also discuss anti-inflammatory treatments to address inflammation in PTSD.
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19
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Carbone JT, Dell NA, Issa M, Watkins MA. Associations between Allostatic Load and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Scoping Review. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2022; 47:132-142. [PMID: 35244700 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic events may lead to the development of PTSD or PTSD symptomology that can negatively impact health outcomes. Allostatic load, which represents the cumulative biological wear and tear of exposure to stress, can be employed to better understand the physiological etiology of PTSD. A scoping review, informed by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, was completed to identify published and unpublished empirical studies that explored the relationship of allostatic load and PTSD. Eight databases were searched yielding four studies, with the results summarized narratively and in tabular form. Findings were mixed as to the association between allostatic load and PTSD. Allostatic load was positively associated with PTSD diagnosis; however, studies measuring only PTSD symptomatology found no relationship. Few PTSD researchers have tested the relationship of a comprehensive measure of allostatic load to PTSD. Among those who have, studies show that allostatic load can be a beneficial tool and applicable theoretical framework for understanding the biological changes associated with PTSD. Future research should focus on standardizing measures of both allostatic load and PTSD and identifying potential confounders. A better understanding of the physiological changes associated with PTSD could lead to more effective prevention and treatment efforts.
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20
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Chouliara Z, Barlow PG. Trust, inflammatory biomarkers and adversity: a novel investigation and clinical implications. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2022.2039899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Chouliara
- Independent Practice, Edinburgh, UK
- SE NHS Trust Ulster Hospital Psychology Post COVID Service, Locum Consultant, Belfast, UK
| | - Peter G. Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Yrondi A, Colineaux H, Claudet I, Sales de Gauzy J, Huo S, Taib S, Bui E, Birmes P. Prevalence and prediction of PTSD and depression in mothers of children surviving a motor vehicle crash. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2121014. [PMID: 36212115 PMCID: PMC9543172 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2121014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Few studies have examined the psychopathological consequences for parents of children who were survivors of a motor vehicle crash (MVC). This study assessed the impact of dissociation and peritraumatic distress on the severity of PTSD and post-traumatic major depressive episode (MDE) symptoms in mothers during the first years after the MVC and the role that cortisol response might play in this association. Methods: 125 mothers were included. Peritraumatic distress and dissociation were assessed. Morning salivary cortisol was tested at the baseline. Participants were assessed for a probable diagnosis of PTSD and MDE at 5 weeks, 6 months and 12 months. Results: At 5 weeks, 12 (13.6%) mothers exhibited probable PTSD. During the first year, the PCL score was higher when the (i) Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) score increased and (ii) the Peritraumatic Dissociation Experience Questionnaire (PDEQ) score increased. Cortisol levels were lower when the PDI score increased. Conclusion: This is the first study to assess the mothers of MVC survivors for one year following the trauma. We confirm that peritraumatic responses are useful for predicting the severity of PTSD symptoms. These results could encourage the implementation of follow-up programmes not only for survivors but also for their mothers. HIGHLIGHTS Mothers of children involved in motor vehicle accident are at risk for developing PTSD.Peritraumatic responses (distress and dissociation) are associated to the severity of PTSD symptoms.Low salivary cortisol levels were associated with high peritraumatic distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Yrondi
- Service de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHU Toulouse, Hopital Purpan, ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Colineaux
- UMR1027, Université Toulouse III, Inserm, Toulouse, France.,Département d'Epidemiologie, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Claudet
- Département des Urgences Pédiatriques, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérome Sales de Gauzy
- Département de chirurgie orthopédique, Hopital des enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Samantha Huo
- Département d'Epidemiologie, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Taib
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Bui
- Université de Caen Normandie et CHU Caen, Caen, France.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Philippe Birmes
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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22
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Jayan D, deRoon-Cassini TA, Sauber G, Hillard CJ, Fitzgerald JM. A cluster analytic approach to examining the role of cortisol in the development of post-traumatic stress and dysphoria in adult traumatic injury survivors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 135:105450. [PMID: 34775251 PMCID: PMC8686692 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Identification of specific risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) versus depression after trauma has been challenging, in part due to the high comorbidity of these disorders. As exposure to trauma triggers activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis, examining atypical stress responses via HPA-axis hormones, namely cortisol, may help in the delineation of these disorders. Indeed, extant research demonstrates that, following stress, individuals with chronic PTSD exhibit hypocortisolism (e.g., lower cortisol response than controls), while those with chronic depression exhibit hypercortisolism (e.g., higher response than controls). Less is known about the role of cortisol and these seemingly disparate profiles immediately following traumatic injury as well as whether cortisol can be used as a predictor of future development of PTSD versus depression symptoms. In this study cortisol was measured blood from 172 traumatic injury survivors during hospitalization (on average 2.5 days post-injury). PTSD and depression severity were assessed from Clinician Assessed PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) six-eight months later using a two-factor dimensional approach that measures trauma-specific symptoms of PTSD versus dysphoria (akin to depression). Cluster analysis was used to group individuals based on post-injury cortisol, PTSD, and dysphoria. Results demonstrated that trauma survivors who only developed symptoms of dysphoria at six months (with minimal symptoms of PTSD) were differentiated by high post-injury cortisol compared to other groups. By contrast, individuals who developed symptoms of both PTSD and dysphoria were differentiated by low post-injury cortisol and most severe symptoms of PTSD. Findings provide support for the presence of subgroups of trauma survivors defined, in part, by post-trauma cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Jayan
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, 317 Cramer Hall, Milwaukee 53233, USA
| | - Terri A deRoon-Cassini
- Departments of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, and the Institute for Health & Equity, Comprehensive Injury Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Garrett Sauber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jacklynn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, 317 Cramer Hall, Milwaukee 53233, USA.
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23
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Sayers B, Wijeyesekera A, Gibson G. Exploring the potential of prebiotic and polyphenol-based dietary interventions for the alleviation of cognitive and gastrointestinal perturbations associated with military specific stressors. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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24
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Bremner JD, Wittbrodt MT, Gurel NZ, Shandhi MH, Gazi AH, Jiao Y, Levantsevych OM, Huang M, Beckwith J, Herring I, Murrah N, Driggers EG, Ko YA, Alkhalaf ML, Soudan M, Shallenberger L, Hankus AN, Nye JA, Park J, Woodbury A, Mehta PK, Rapaport MH, Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Pearce BD, Inan OT. Transcutaneous Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Pilot Study of Effects on PTSD Symptoms and Interleukin-6 Response to Stress. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 6:100190. [PMID: 34778863 PMCID: PMC8580056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly disabling condition associated with alterations in multiple neurobiological systems, including increases in inflammatory and sympathetic function, responsible for maintenance of symptoms. Treatment options including medications and psychotherapies have limitations. We previously showed that transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tcVNS) blocks inflammatory (interleukin (IL)-6) responses to stress in PTSD. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of tcVNS on PTSD symptoms and inflammatory responses to stress. METHODS Twenty patients with PTSD were randomized to double blind active tcVNS (N=9) or sham (N=11) stimulation in conjunction with exposure to personalized traumatic scripts immediately followed by active or sham tcVNS and measurement of IL-6 and other biomarkers of inflammation. Patients then self administered active or sham tcVNS twice daily for three months. PTSD symptoms were measured with the PTSD Checklist (PCL) and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), clinical improvement with the Clinical Global Index (CGI) and anxiety with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (Ham-A) at baseline and one-month intervals followed by a repeat of measurement of biomarkers with traumatic scripts. After three months patients self treated with twice daily open label active tcVNS for another three months followed by assessment with the CGI. RESULTS Traumatic scripts increased IL-6 in PTSD patients, an effect that was blocked by tcVNS (p<.05). Active tcVNS treatment for three months resulted in a 31% greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to sham treatment as measured by the PCL (p=0.013) as well as hyperarousal symptoms and somatic anxiety measured with the Ham-A p<0.05). IL-6 increased from baseline in sham but not tcVNS. Open label tcVNS resulted in improvements measured with the CGI compared to the sham treatment period p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results suggest that tcVNS reduces inflammatory responses to stress, which may in part underlie beneficial effects on PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Matthew T. Wittbrodt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nil Z. Gurel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - MdMobashir H. Shandhi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Asim H. Gazi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yunshen Jiao
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Oleksiy M. Levantsevych
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Minxuan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joy Beckwith
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Isaias Herring
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nancy Murrah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily G. Driggers
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - MhmtJamil L. Alkhalaf
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Majd Soudan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lucy Shallenberger
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Allison N. Hankus
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathon A. Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeanie Park
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna Woodbury
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Puja K. Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark H. Rapaport
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bradley D. Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Omer T. Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Coulter Department of Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Salivary stress markers in dogs: Potential markers of acute stress. Res Vet Sci 2021; 141:48-55. [PMID: 34673347 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Along with the growing awareness of psychological stress in companion animals, several treatments have become available to address fear- and anxiety-related behaviors in dogs. To detect vulnerable individuals and apply effective treatments, reliable evaluations that can quantify individual stress responses are in high demand. To develop measurable variables that have clinical applications, more investigations are needed to increase our knowledge. When stress responses are activated by the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes, the immune system is also activated. Although the peripheral cortisol level is commonly used as a stress biomarker, it primarily reflects the HPA axis response and does not sufficiently reflect the complexity of the stress response. Thus, this review primarily focuses on the available salivary biomarkers that mainly reflect the acute stress response through the activity of the SAM axis and the immune system in dogs. We hope that this review will promote the validation of these biomarkers in dogs and aid in the development of future studies to evaluate stress responses in dogs.
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26
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Bhatt S, Hillmer AT, Rusowicz A, Nabulsi N, Matuskey D, Angarita GA, Najafzadeh S, Kapinos M, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Carson RE, Huang Y, Cosgrove KP. Imaging brain cortisol regulation in PTSD with a target for 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150452. [PMID: 34651587 DOI: 10.1172/jci150452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDInvestigations of stress dysregulation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have focused on peripheral cortisol, but none have examined cortisol in the human brain. This study used positron emission tomography (PET) to image 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), a cortisol-producing enzyme, as a putative brain cortisol marker in PTSD.METHODSSixteen individuals with PTSD and 17 healthy, trauma-exposed controls (TCs) underwent PET imaging with [18F]AS2471907, a radioligand for 11β-HSD1.RESULTSPrefrontal-limbic 11β-HSD1 availability, estimated as [18F]AS2471907 volume of distribution (VT), was significantly higher in the PTSD group compared with the TC group (β = 1.16, P = 0.0057). Lower prefrontal-limbic 11β-HSD1 availability was related to greater overall PTSD severity (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.038) in the PTSD group. 11β-HSD1 availability was not related to plasma cortisol levels (R2 = 0.026, P = 0.37). In a PTSD subset (n = 10), higher 11β-HSD1 availability was associated with higher availability of translocator protein (TSPO), a microglial marker (β = 4.40, P = 0.039).CONCLUSIONHigher brain cortisol-producing 11β-HSD1 in the PTSD group may represent a resilience-promoting neuroadaptation resulting in lower PTSD symptoms. Along with preliminary associations between 11β-HSD1 and TSPO, corroborating previous evidence of immune suppression in PTSD, these findings collectively challenge previous hypotheses of the deleterious effects of both excessive brain glucocorticoid and brain immune signaling in PTSD.FUNDINGBrain and Behavior Research Foundation Independent Investigator Grant, National Institute of Mental Health grants F30MH116607 and R01MH110674, the Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Foundation Fellowship, Clinical and Translational Science Awards grant UL1 TR000142 from the NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Bhatt
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Michael Kapinos
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven M Southwick
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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27
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Tuckey B, Srbely J, Rigney G, Vythilingam M, Shah J. Impaired Lymphatic Drainage and Interstitial Inflammatory Stasis in Chronic Musculoskeletal and Idiopathic Pain Syndromes: Exploring a Novel Mechanism. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2:691740. [PMID: 35295453 PMCID: PMC8915610 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.691740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A normal functioning lymphatic pump mechanism and unimpaired venous drainage are required for the body to remove inflammatory mediators from the extracellular compartment. Impaired vascular perfusion and/or lymphatic drainage may result in the accumulation of inflammatory substances in the interstitium, creating continuous nociceptor activation and related pathophysiological states including central sensitization and neuroinflammation. We hypothesize that following trauma and/or immune responses, inflammatory mediators may become entrapped in the recently discovered interstitial, pre-lymphatic pathways and/or initial lymphatic vessels. The ensuing interstitial inflammatory stasis is a pathophysiological state, created by specific pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1b. These cytokines can disable the local lymphatic pump mechanism, impair vascular perfusion via sympathetic activation and, following transforming growth factor beta 1 expression, may lead to additional stasis through direct fascial compression of pre-lymphatic pathways. These mechanisms, when combined with other known pathophysiological processes, enable us to describe a persistent feed-forward loop capable of creating and maintaining chronic pain syndromes. The potential for concomitant visceral and/or vascular dysfunction, initiated and maintained by the same feed-forward inflammatory mechanism, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tuckey
- Department of Physical Therapy, Tuckey and Associates Physical Therapy, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - John Srbely
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Grant Rigney
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Meena Vythilingam
- Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Health Innovation, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jay Shah
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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28
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Keeler JL, Patsalos O, Chung R, Schmidt U, Breen G, Treasure J, Himmerich H, Dalton B. Reduced MIP-1β as a Trait Marker and Reduced IL-7 and IL-12 as State Markers of Anorexia Nervosa. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080814. [PMID: 34442458 PMCID: PMC8399452 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in certain inflammatory markers have been found in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, their relation to clinical characteristics has not been extensively explored, nor is it clear whether they are trait or state features of the disorder. This cross-sectional study measured serum concentrations of 36 inflammatory markers in people with acute AN (n = 56), recovered AN (rec-AN; n = 24) and healthy controls (HC; n = 51). The relationship between body mass index (BMI), eating disorder psychopathology, depression symptoms and inflammatory markers was assessed. Statistical models controlled for variables known to influence cytokine concentrations (i.e., age, ethnicity, smoking status and medication usage). Overall, most inflammatory markers including pro-inflammatory cytokines were unchanged in AN and rec-AN. However, in AN and rec-AN, concentrations of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β were lower than HCs. Interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-12/IL-23p40 were reduced in AN, and concentrations of macrophage-derived chemokine, MIP-1α and tumor necrosis factor-α were reduced in rec-AN compared to HC. In conclusion, a reduction in MIP-1β may be a trait marker of the illness, whereas reductions in IL-7 and IL-12/IL-23p40 may be state markers. The absence of increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in AN is contradictory to the wider literature, although the inclusion of covariates may explain our differing findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Louise Keeler
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (U.S.); (J.T.); (H.H.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)20-7848-0187
| | - Olivia Patsalos
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (U.S.); (J.T.); (H.H.); (B.D.)
| | - Raymond Chung
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (U.S.); (J.T.); (H.H.); (B.D.)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (U.S.); (J.T.); (H.H.); (B.D.)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (U.S.); (J.T.); (H.H.); (B.D.)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Bethan Dalton
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (U.S.); (J.T.); (H.H.); (B.D.)
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Lamontagne SJ, Pizzagalli DA, Olmstead MC. Does inflammation link stress to poor COVID-19 outcome? Stress Health 2021; 37:401-414. [PMID: 33315291 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to ravage communities across the world. Despite its primary effect on the respiratory system, the virus does not solely impact those with underlying lung conditions as initially predicted. Indeed, prognosis is worsened (often fatal) in patients with pre-existing hyperinflammatory responses (e.g., hypertension, obesity and diabetes), yet the mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. A number of psychological conditions are associated with inflammation, suggesting that these may also be significant risk factors for negative outcomes of COVID-19. In this review, we evaluate preclinical and clinical literature suggesting that chronic stress-induced hyperinflammation interacts synergistically with COVID-19-related inflammation, contributing to a potentially fatal cytokine storm syndrome. In particular, we hypothesize that both chronic stress and COVID-19-related hyperinflammation are a product of glucocorticoid insufficiency. We discuss the devastating effects of SARS-CoV-2 on structural and functional aspects of the biological stress response and how these induce exaggerated inflammatory responses, particularly interleukin (IL)-6 hypersecretion. We postulate that chronic stress should be considered a significant risk factor for adverse COVID-19-related health outcomes, given overlapping peripheral and central immune dysregulation in both conditions. We conclude by discussing how people with a history of chronic stress could mitigate their risk for COVID-19 complications, identifying specific strategies that can be implemented during self-isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lamontagne
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary C Olmstead
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Abstract
This study explored the associations between specific profiles of biological dysregulation and mental health outcomes in a national, community sample of healthy adults in the United States. A latent class analysis of data from the Midlife Development in the United States study (n = 1,757) was conducted to determine classes of biological dysregulation. Multinomial logistic regressions of class membership were employed to determine associations with measures related to depression, including whether or not individuals had sought treatment, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and both the generalized distress and anhedonia subscales of the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire. Four classes of dysregulation emerged: baseline/low dysregulation, metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation, parasympathetic dysregulation, and SAM pathway dysregulation. Individuals who met the criteria for depression measures were more likely to be in the metabolic and immune dysregulation and parasympathetic dysregulation groups as compared to the baseline group. The results suggest that mental health outcomes, such as depression, are differentially associated with specific profiles of biological dysregulation. A more nuanced approach to profiles of dysregulation could better inform treatment decisions.Lay summaryHigher levels of allostatic load, which represents the cumulative wear and tear of exposure to stress, are associated with increased rates of depression and anhedonia. Specifically, parasympathetic dysregulation and immunometabolic dysregulation are associated with negative mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Carbone
- School of Social Work, Integrative Biosciences (IBio) Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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31
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West GL, Kurdi V, Fouquet C, Schachar R, Boivin M, Hastings P, Robaey P, Bohbot VD. Differential stress response to psychological and physical stressors in children using spatial versus response-dependent navigation strategies. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 6:100043. [PMID: 35757366 PMCID: PMC9216353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work from our lab has shown that basal cortisol levels are different between healthy young adults who spontaneously use caudate nucleus-dependent response strategies compared to young adults who use hippocampus-dependent spatial navigation strategies. Young adults who use caudate nucleus dependent strategies display lower basal cortisol levels compared to those who use hippocampus-dependent strategies. In the current study, we assessed navigation strategies in children using a virtual navigation task and measured cortisol at baseline as well as cortisol reactivity to both a psychological and to a physical stressor. Replicating what is observed in adults, we found that children who used caudate nucleus-dependent navigation strategies displayed lower cortisol levels at baseline compared to those who used hippocampus-dependent strategies. The psychological stressor, knowledge that a blood draw would be performed by a nurse, caused a significant increase in cortisol uniquely in response learners. The physical stressor, the actual blood draw, produced a significant increase in cortisol amongst spatial learners that was then comparable to levels observed in response learners. Lower baseline cortisol and higher cortisol psychological stress response observed amongst children who used response strategies may therefore reflect early biological changes during development which may have an impact later in life when considering risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. Both adults and children rely of different navigation strategies to learn new environments. Cortisol levels differ between people dependent on spontaneous navigation strategy. We show a differential cortisol stress response in children dependent on navigational strategy.
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32
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The Enigma of the Adrenarche: Identifying the Early Life Mechanisms and Possible Role in Postnatal Brain Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094296. [PMID: 33919014 PMCID: PMC8122518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated metabolite (DHEAS) are dynamically regulated before birth and the onset of puberty. Yet, the origins and purpose of increasing DHEA[S] in postnatal development remain elusive. Here, we draw attention to this pre-pubertal surge from the adrenal gland—the adrenarche—and discuss whether this is the result of intra-adrenal gene expression specifically affecting the zona reticularis (ZR), if the ZR is influenced by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and the possible role of spino-sympathetic innervation in prompting increased ZR activity. We also discuss whether neural DHEA[S] synthesis is coordinately regulated with the developing adrenal gland. We propose that DHEA[S] is crucial in the brain maturation of humans prior to and during puberty, and suggest that the function of the adrenarche is to modulate, adapt and rewire the pre-adolescent brain for new and ever-changing social challenges. The etiology of DHEA[S] synthesis, neurodevelopment and recently described 11-keto and 11-oxygenated androgens are difficult to investigate in humans owing to: (i) ethical restrictions on mechanistic studies, (ii) the inability to predict which individuals will develop specific mental characteristics, and (iii) the difficulty of conducting retrospective studies based on perinatal complications. We discuss new opportunities for animal studies to overcome these important issues.
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Lee DB, Peckins MK, Miller AL, Hope MO, Neblett EW, Assari S, Muñoz-Velázquez J, Zimmerman MA. Pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol/DHEA imbalance: protective role of religious involvement. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2021; 26:413-430. [PMID: 30198761 PMCID: PMC6409100 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2018.1520815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Racial discrimination (RD) is hypothesized to dysregulate the production of stress reactive hormones among African Americans. Psychological processes that may mediate the association between RD and such dysregulation (e.g. cortisol/DHEA ratio) are not well articulated. Organizational religious involvement (ORI) has been discussed as a psychological protective factor within the context of RD, but our understanding of ORI as a physiological protective factor remains limited. We evaluated whether RD was directly and indirectly (through depressive symptoms) associated with an imbalance of cortisol and DHEA hormones, and whether ORI buffered these direct and/or indirect pathways.Design: Data were drawn from the Flint Adolescent Study, an ongoing interview study of youth that began in 1994. Participants were 188 African American emerging adults (47.3% Female, ages 20-22). We used mediation and moderated-mediation analyses, as outlined by Hayes [2012. PROCESS SPSS Macro. [Computer Software and Manual]. http://www.afhayes.com/public/process.pdf], to evaluate the study aims.Results: We found that depressive symptoms mediated the association between RD and the cortisol/DHEA ratio. We also found that depressive symptoms mediated the association between RD and the cortisol/DHEA ratio for individuals reporting low and moderate levels of ORI, but not at high levels.Conclusions: Our findings support the socio-psychobiological model of racism and health [Chae et al. 2011. "Conceptualizing Racial Disparities in Health: Advancement of a Socio-Psychobiological Approach." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8 (1): 63-77. doi:10.1017/S1742058X11000166] and suggest that the psychological toll of RD can confer physiological consequences. Moreover, ORI may disrupt pathways from RD to cortisol/DHEA ratio by buffering the psychological toll of RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Lee
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Alison L. Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meredith O. Hope
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | - Enrique W. Neblett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
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Hair cortisol concentrations in mental disorders: A systematic review. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cannabis use and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity: Epidemiology, biology and the potential for novel treatment approaches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 157:143-193. [PMID: 33648669 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is increasing among some demographics in the United States and is tightly linked to anxiety, trauma, and stress reactivity at the epidemiological and biological level. Stress-coping motives are highly cited reasons for cannabis use. However, with increased cannabis use comes the increased susceptibility for cannabis use disorder (CUD). Indeed, CUD is highly comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Importantly, endogenous cannabinoid signaling systems play a key role in the regulation of stress reactivity and anxiety regulation, and preclinical data suggest deficiencies in this signaling system could contribute to the development of stress-related psychopathology. Furthermore, endocannabinoid deficiency states, either pre-existing or induced by trauma exposure, could provide explanatory insights into the high rates of comorbid cannabis use in patients with PTSD. Here we review clinical and preclinical literature related to the cannabis use-PTSD comorbidity, the role of endocannabinoids in the regulation of stress reactivity, and potential therapeutic implications of recent work in this area.
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Modulation of attention and stress with arousal: The mental and physical effects of riding a motorcycle. Brain Res 2021; 1752:147203. [PMID: 33482998 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Existing theories suggest that moderate arousal improves selective attention, as would be expected in the context of competitive sports or sensation-seeking activities. Here we investigated how riding a motorcycle, an attention-demanding physical activity, affects sensory processing. To do so, we implemented the passive auditory oddball paradigm and measured the EEG response of participants as they rode a motorcycle, drove a car, and sat at rest. Specifically, we measured the N1 and mismatch negativity to auditory tones, as well as alpha power during periods of no tones. We investigated whether riding and driving modulated non-CNS metrics including heart rate and concentrations of the hormones epinephrine, cortisol, DHEA-S, and testosterone. While participants were riding, we found a decrease in N1 amplitude, increase in mismatch negativity, and decrease in relative alpha power, together suggesting enhancement of sensory processing and visual attention. Riding increased epinephrine levels, increased heart rate, and decreased the ratio of cortisol to DHEA-S. Together, these results suggest that riding increases focus, heightens the brain's passive monitoring of changes in the sensory environment, and alters HPA axis response. More generally, our findings suggest that selective attention and sensory monitoring seem to be separable neural processes.
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Bremner JD, Gurel NZ, Jiao Y, Wittbrodt MT, Levantsevych OM, Huang M, Jung H, Shandhi MH, Beckwith J, Herring I, Rapaport MH, Murrah N, Driggers E, Ko YA, Alkhalaf ML, Soudan M, Song J, Ku BS, Shallenberger L, Hankus AN, Nye JA, Park J, Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Inan OT, Pearce BD. Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation blocks stress-induced activation of Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ in posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 9:100138. [PMID: 34589887 PMCID: PMC8474180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly disabling condition associated with alterations in multiple neurobiological systems, including increases in inflammatory function. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) decreases inflammation, however few studies have examined the effects of non-invasive VNS on physiology in human subjects, and no studies in patients with PTSD. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS) on inflammatory responses to stress. Thirty subjects with a history of exposure to traumatic stress with (N = 10) and without (N = 20) PTSD underwent exposure to stressful tasks immediately followed by active or sham tcVNS and measurement of multiple biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-(IL)-6, IL-2, IL-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) and Interferon gamma (IFNγ) over multiple time points. Stressful tasks included exposure to personalized scripts of traumatic events on day 1, and public speech and mental arithmetic (Mental Stress) tasks on days 2 and 3. Traumatic scripts were associated with a pattern of subjective anger measured with Visual Analogue Scales and increased IL-6 and IFNγ in PTSD patients that was blocked by tcVNS (p < .05). Traumatic stress had minimal effects on these biomarkers in non-PTSD subjects and there was no difference between tcVNS or sham. No significant differences were seen between groups in IL-2, IL-1β, or TNFα. These results demonstrate that tcVNS blocks behavioral and inflammatory responses to stress reminders in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Douglas Bremner
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Radiology, and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Nil Z. Gurel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yunshen Jiao
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew T. Wittbrodt
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Minxuan Huang
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hewon Jung
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - MdMobashir H. Shandhi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joy Beckwith
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Isaias Herring
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark H. Rapaport
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy Murrah
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Driggers
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Departments of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Majd Soudan
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiawei Song
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benson S. Ku
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lucy Shallenberger
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allison N. Hankus
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathon A. Nye
- Departments of Radiology, and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeanie Park
- Departments of Renal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Departments of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Departments of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Omer T. Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Coulter Department of Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bradley D. Pearce
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Allostatic load and the cannabinoid system: implications for the treatment of physiological abnormalities in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CNS Spectr 2020; 25:743-749. [PMID: 31303187 PMCID: PMC6960358 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852919001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is not simply a psychiatric disorder, but one that involves pervasive physiological impairments as well. These physiological disturbances deserve attention in any attempt at integrative treatment of PTSD that requires a focus beyond the PTSD symptoms themselves. The physiological disturbances in PTSD range over many systems, but a common thread thought to underlie them is that the chronic effects of PTSD involve problems with allostatic control mechanisms that result in an excess in what has been termed "allostatic load" (AL). A pharmacological approach to reducing AL would be valuable, but, because of the large range of physiological issues involved - including metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular systems - it is unclear whether there exists a simple comprehensive way to address the AL landscape. In this paper, we propose that the cannabinoid system may offer just such an approach, and we outline evidence for the potential utility of cannabinoids in reducing many of the chronic physiological abnormalities seen in PTSD which are thought to be related to excess AL.
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Cheng X, D'Orsogna MR, Chou T. Mathematical modeling of depressive disorders: Circadian driving, bistability and dynamical transitions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:664-690. [PMID: 33510869 PMCID: PMC7815682 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a key neuroendocrine system implicated in stress response, major depression disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. We present a new, compact dynamical systems model for the response of the HPA axis to external stimuli, representing stressors or therapeutic intervention, in the presence of a circadian input. Our work builds upon previous HPA axis models where hormonal dynamics are separated into slow and fast components. Several simplifications allow us to derive an effective model of two equations, similar to a multiplicative-input FitzHugh-Nagumo system, where two stable states, a healthy and a diseased one, arise. We analyze the effective model in the context of state transitions driven by external shocks to the hypothalamus, but also modulated by circadian rhythms. Our analyses provide mechanistic insight into the effects of the circadian cycle on input driven transitions of the HPA axis and suggest a circadian influence on exposure or cognitive behavioral therapy in depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Cheng
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maria R D'Orsogna
- Dept. of Mathematics, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, United States
- Dept. of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tom Chou
- Dept. of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Dept. of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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40
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Sukiasyan SG, Tadevosyan MY. [Combat stress and organic brain injury: type of the dynamics of posttraumatic stress disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:19-27. [PMID: 33081443 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012009119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study a role of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in ex combatants. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty-seven ex combatants were studied. The duration of follow-up was 15-18 years. The diagnosis was established in accordance with ICD-10 criteria. Patients were stratified by diagnosis into main group (PTSD) and comparison group (organic brain injury with reduced symptoms of PTSD ). A psychopathological method and a battery of questionnaires and scales, including those adapted for assessment of consequences of combat trauma, were administered. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Clinical presentations of both groups in posttraumatic period show the similarity and homogeneity of posttraumatic disorders in these groups. In the future, the pathogenetic role of TBI severity appears more clearly, which, depending on the severity, leads to the formation of an organic lesion of the brain or performs only a pathoplastic role, giving some features to the clinical picture of PTSD. It was found that the more severe the injury, the greater the likelihood of PTSD transition to organic brain damage. It is emphasized that PTSD treatment is a continuous, long-term, complex and graded process that includes pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, psychosocial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sukiasyan
- Medical Rehabilitation Center «Artmed», Yerevan, Armenia.,Armenian Medical Institute, Yerevan, Armenia.,Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M Ya Tadevosyan
- Medical Rehabilitation Center «Artmed», Yerevan, Armenia.,Armenian Medical Institute, Yerevan, Armenia.,Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
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Schulz A, Schultchen D, Vögele C. Interoception, Stress, and Physical Symptoms in Stress-Associated Diseases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The brain and peripheral bodily organs continuously exchange information. Exemplary, interoception refers to the processing and perception of ascending information from the body to the brain. Stress responses involve a neurobehavioral cascade, which includes the activation of peripheral organs via neural and endocrine pathways and can thus be seen as an example for descending information on the brain-body axis. Hence, the interaction of interoception and stress represents bi-directional communication on the brain-body axis. The main hypothesis underlying this review is that the dysregulation of brain-body communication represents an important mechanism for the generation of physical symptoms in stress-related disorders. The aims of this review are, therefore, (1) to summarize current knowledge on acute stress effects on different stages of interoceptive signal processing, (2) to discuss possible patterns of abnormal brain-body communication (i.e., alterations in interoception and physiological stress axes activation) in mental disorders and chronic physical conditions, and (3) to consider possible approaches to modify interoception. Due to the regulatory feedback loops underlying brain-body communication, the modification of interoceptive processes (ascending signals) may, in turn, affect physiological stress axes activity (descending signals), and, ultimately, also physical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schulz
- Research Group Self-Regulation and Health, Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dana Schultchen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Claus Vögele
- Research Group Self-Regulation and Health, Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Rauch SAM, Sripada R, Burton M, Michopoulos V, Kerley K, Marx CE, Kilts JD, Naylor JC, Rothbaum BO, McLean CP, Smith A, Norrholm SD, Jovanovic T, Liberzon I, Williamson DE, Yarvis CJS, Dondanville KA, Young-McCaughan S, Keane TM, Peterson AL. Neuroendocrine biomarkers of prolonged exposure treatment response in military-related PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 119:104749. [PMID: 32554173 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with dysregulation of the neuroendocrine system, including cortisol, allopregnanolone, and pregnanolone. Preliminary evidence from animal models suggests that baseline levels of these biomarkers may predict response to PTSD treatment. We report the change in biomarkers over the course of PTSD treatment. Biomarkers were sampled from individuals participating in (1) a randomized controlled trial comparing a web-version of Prolonged Exposure (Web-PE) therapy to in-person Present-Centered Therapy (PCT) and (2) from individuals participating in a nonrandomized effectiveness study testing PE delivered in-person as part of an intensive outpatient PTSD program. We found that higher cortisol reactivity during script-driven imagery was associated with higher baseline PTSD severity and that baseline allopregnanolone, pregnanolone, and cortisol reactivity were associated with PTSD treatment responder status over the course of intensive outpatient treatment. These findings demonstrate that peripherally assessed biomarkers are associated with PTSD severity and likelihood of successful treatment outcome of PE delivered daily over two weeks. These assessments could be used to determine which patients are likely to respond to treatment and which patients require augmentation to increase the likelihood of optimal response to PTSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A M Rauch
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12 Executive Park, 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30029, USA.
| | - Rebecca Sripada
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA; University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Mark Burton
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12 Executive Park, 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30029, USA.
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12 Executive Park, 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30029, USA.
| | - Kimberly Kerley
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12 Executive Park, 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30029, USA.
| | - Christine E Marx
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center and VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Jason D Kilts
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center and VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Naylor
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center and VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12 Executive Park, 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30029, USA.
| | - Carmen P McLean
- National Center for PTSD, Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Rd, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 291 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Alicia Smith
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 101 Woodruff Circle NE, Ste 4217, Atlanta, 30322, USA.
| | - Seth D Norrholm
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Wayne State University, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Wayne State University, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Texas A&M University, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Bryan, TX, 77808-3260, USA.
| | - Douglas E Williamson
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center and VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Col Jeffrey S Yarvis
- Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Health, 36065 Santa Fe Ave., Fort Hood, TX, 76544, USA.
| | - Katherine A Dondanville
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Stacey Young-McCaughan
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Terence M Keane
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD (116B-2), 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02130, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 720 Harrison Avenue, Room 906, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Alan L Peterson
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Research and Development Service, 7400 Merton Minter, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Psychology, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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Sbarski B, Akirav I. Cannabinoids as therapeutics for PTSD. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107551. [PMID: 32311373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex disorder that involves dysregulation of multiple neurobiological systems. The traumatic stressor plays a causal role in producing psychological dysfunction and the pattern of findings suggests that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is instrumental for stress adaptation, is critically dysfunctional in PTSD. Given the lack of understanding of the basic mechanisms and underlying pathways that cause the disorder and its heterogeneity, PTSD poses challenges for treatment. Targeting the endocannabinoid (ECB) system to treat mental disorders, and PTSD in particular, has been the focus of research and interest in recent years. The ECB system modulates multiple functions, and drugs enhancing ECB signaling have shown promise as potential therapeutic agents in stress effects and other psychiatric and medical conditions. In this review, we focus on the interaction between the ECB-HPA systems in animal models for PTSD and in patients with PTSD. We summarize evidence supporting the use of cannabinoids in preventing and treating PTSD in preclinical and clinical studies. As the HPA system plays a key role in the mediation of the stress response and the pathophysiology of PTSD, we describe preclinical studies suggesting that enhancing ECB signaling is consistent with decreasing PTSD symptoms and dysfunction of the HPA axis. Overall, we suggest that a pharmacological treatment targeted at one system (e.g., HPA) may not be very effective because of the heterogeneity of the disorder. There are abnormalities across different neurotransmitter systems in the pathophysiology of PTSD and none of these systems function uniformly among all patients with PTSD. Hence, conceptually, enhancing ECB signaling may be a more effective avenue for pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Sbarski
- School of Psychological Sciences, Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Irit Akirav
- School of Psychological Sciences, Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
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44
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Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10020059. [PMID: 32069784 PMCID: PMC7071390 DOI: 10.3390/bs10020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and debilitating condition associated with psychological conditions and chronic diseases that may be underpinned by dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and chronic systemic low-grade inflammation. The objective of this pilot study was to determine psychological, ANS [heart rate variability (HRV)], HPA (salivary cortisol) and inflammatory (salivary C-Reactive Protein) responses to a bout of vigorous exercise in male first responders, military veterans and active duty personnel with (n = 4) and without (n = 4) PTSD. Participants (50.1 ± 14.8 years) performed a thirteen-minute, vigorous intensity (70%–80% of heart rate max), one-on-one boxing session with a certified coach. Physiological and psychological parameters were measured before, during, immediately after to 30 min post-exercise, and then at 24 h and 48 h post. The effect sizes demonstrated large to very large reductions in HRV that lasted up to 48 h post-exercise in the PTSD group compared with unclear effects in the trauma-exposed control (TEC) group. There were unclear effects for depression, anxiety and stress as well as salivary biomarkers for both groups at all time-points. Findings may reflect stress-induced changes to the ANS for PTSD sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Speer
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617 (ACT), Australia; (S.S.); or (A.J.M.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617 (ACT), Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Stuart Semple
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617 (ACT), Australia; (S.S.); or (A.J.M.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617 (ACT), Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617 (ACT), Australia; (S.S.); or (A.J.M.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617 (ACT), Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban (KwaZulu-Natal) 4041, South Africa
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González Ramírez C, Villavicencio Queijeiro A, Jiménez Morales S, Bárcenas López D, Hidalgo Miranda A, Ruiz Chow A, Tellez Cárdenas L, Guardado Estrada M. The NR3C1 gene expression is a potential surrogate biomarker for risk and diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112797. [PMID: 31982660 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder which occurs after a traumatic event. The NR3C1 gene codes for the Glucocorticoid Receptor, which participate in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and is altered in PTSD patients. To evaluate whether the NR3C1 gene expression in peripheral blood could be useful as a diagnosis biomarker, a total of 32 PTSD patients and 59 healthy controls were analyzed with quantitative RT-PCR. Also, to assess if NR3C1 dysregulation is associated with hypocortisolism in PTSD patients, serum cortisol was quantified by ELISA in a subset of these samples. Significant NR3C1 over-expression was found in PTSD patients compared with controls, and this was higher in patients with acute PTSD. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of NR3C1 gene expression was 0.797. The sensibility and specificity of NRC1 gene expression to diagnose PTSD was 62.5% and 89.8%, respectively. We also found that an up-regulation of NR3C1 increased the risk for being diagnosed with PTSD (OR= 12.8, 95%, CI 4-41.4). Finally, the NR3C1 gene expression was inversely related with serum cortisol in PTSD patients. The present results suggest that NR3C1 gene expression could be a promising biomarker for PTSD diagnosis and estimate the risk for disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia González Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Licenciatura en Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Alexa Villavicencio Queijeiro
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Licenciatura en Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | | | - Diego Bárcenas López
- Laboratorio Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico
| | | | - Angel Ruiz Chow
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico
| | | | - Mariano Guardado Estrada
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Licenciatura en Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
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Lee Y, Chang HY, Kim SH, Yang MS, Koh YI, Kang HR, Choi JH, Kim CW, Park HK, Kim JH, Nam YH, Kim TB, Hur GY, Jung JW, Park KH, Kim MA, Kim J, Yoon J, Ye YM. A Prospective Observation of Psychological Distress in Patients With Anaphylaxis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020; 12:496-506. [PMID: 32141262 PMCID: PMC7061156 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.3.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Anaphylaxis is an immediate allergic reaction characterized by potentially life-threatening, severe, systemic manifestations. While studies have evaluated links between serious illness and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), few have investigated PTSD after anaphylaxis in adults. We sought to investigate the psychosocial burden of recent anaphylaxis in Korean adults. Methods A total of 203 (mean age of 44 years, 120 females) patients with anaphylaxis were recruited from 15 university hospitals in Korea. Questionnaires, including the Impact of Event Scale-Revised-Korean version (IES-R-K), the Korean version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (K-BAI), and the Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI), were administered. Demographic characteristics, causes and clinical features of anaphylaxis, and serum inflammatory markers, including tryptase, platelet-activating factor, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein, were evaluated. Results PTSD (IES-R-K ≥ 25) was noted in 84 (41.4%) patients with anaphylaxis. Of them, 56.0% had severe PTSD (IES-R-K ≥ 40). Additionally, 23.2% and 28.1% of the patients had anxiety (K-BAI ≥ 22) and depression (K-BDI ≥ 17), respectively. IES-R-K was significantly correlated with both K-BAI (r = 0.609, P < 0.0001) and K-BDI (r = 0.550, P < 0.0001). Among the inflammatory mediators, tryptase levels were lower in patients exhibiting PTSD; meanwhile, platelet-activating factor levels were lower in patients exhibiting anxiety and depression while recovering from anaphylaxis. In multivariate analysis, K-BAI and K-BDI were identified as major predictive variables of PTSD in patients with anaphylaxis. Conclusions In patients with anaphylaxis, we found a remarkably high prevalence of PTSD and associated psychological distresses, including anxiety and depression. Physicians ought to be aware of the potential for psychological distress in anaphylactic patients and to consider psychological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Lee
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyoung Yoon Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Ha Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea
| | - Min Suk Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Il Koh
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Choi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Joo Hee Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Young Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae Bum Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyu Young Hur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Ae Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jiwon Yoon
- Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Micol VJ, Roberts AG, Taylor-Cavelier SJ, Geiss EG, Lopez-Duran N. Early trauma moderates the link between familial risk for depression and post-stress DHEA/cortisol ratios in adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 110:104424. [PMID: 31536943 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One proposed mechanism for familial transmission of depression risk is impaired ability to regulate stress. While much of this work has focused on the stress hormone cortisol, there is evidence that the neuroprotective hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may play a critical role in stress regulation and that the ratios of DHEA to cortisol may provide meaningful information about individual differences in stress processing. In this study, we examined DHEA and DHEA/cortisol ratios among teens at low and high risk for depression. METHODS Participants included 101 youth (12-16-year-old; 50 female) including 53 with a family history of depression (High Risk for depression). Adolescents and their parents completed diagnostic interviews, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Childhood Depression Inventory. Saliva samples were collected at multiple time points before and after adolescents underwent the Trier Social Stress Test. Cortisol and DHEA ratios were examined at baseline and 35 min post-stress initiation. RESULTS High risk (HR) and low risk (LR) participants did not differ on DHEA/cortisol ratios. However, childhood trauma moderated the relationship between risk group and DHEA/cortisol ratios, where at high levels of trauma, HR participants had significantly higher ratios than LR participants. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that higher DHEA/cortisol ratios may not be indicative of greater protection against risk for depression as previously conceptualized. In the context of early trauma, higher DHEA/cortisol ratios may reflect a blunting of the HPA-axis that is not observed when examining cortisol levels alone. This study has implications for our conceptualization of DHEA/cortisol ratios as an indicator of risk for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Micol
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, United States.
| | | | | | - Elisa G Geiss
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, United States
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Speer KE, Semple S, Naumovski N, D'Cunha NM, McKune AJ. HPA axis function and diurnal cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100180. [PMID: 31236437 PMCID: PMC6582238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is inconsistency in the literature regarding the nature of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functionality in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PURPOSE The review aimed to investigate HPA axis functionality via the diurnal profile of cortisol as it relates to PTSD. METHODS The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature from June 2017 - March 2019 in accordance with The PRISMA Statement in the following four databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect and PsycINFO with Full Text. The search strategy was limited to articles in English language, published in peer-reviewed journals within the last decade and human studies. Search terms included "post-traumatic stress disorder" OR "PTSD", AND "hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis" OR "HPA axis" AND "diurnal cortisol" OR "cortisol". PTSD sufferers of all trauma types, genders and socioeconomic statuses were included provided there was a "healthy" control group and an inclusion of reporting on inter-group measurements of diurnal cortisol profiles as a portrayal of HPA axis functionality. RESULTS A total of 10 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this review. The association between HPA axis functionality and PTSD was evaluated by the measurement of salivary and/or plasma cortisol concentrations. Only two studies demonstrated an association between PTSD and diurnal cortisol when compared with respective control groups while three studies found no associations. The remaining five studies found partial, mostly negative associations between PTSD and diurnal cortisol. CONCLUSION Despite some indications of an association between PTSD and dysregulated HPA axis functionality as demonstrated by diurnal cortisol output, the current review has revealed mixed findings. As such, a complete understanding of HPA axis dysregulation as it relates to PTSD remains unestablished. Given the findings, further investigation into the relationship between PTSD trauma-exposed and non-PTSD trauma-exposed individuals and diurnal cortisol is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Speer
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Stuart Semple
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
- University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UC-HRI), Canberra, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Nathan M. D'Cunha
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McKune
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4000, South Africa
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
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Dalton B, Whitmore V, Patsalos O, Ibrahim MAA, Schmidt U, Himmerich H. A systematic review of in vitro cytokine production in eating disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 497:110308. [PMID: 30296466 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (EDs) have been associated with alterations in cytokine concentrations and production. This review examines whether in vitro cytokine production (i) is altered in people with EDs compared to healthy participants; and (ii) changes in response to treatment? METHODS Using PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed articles reporting group comparisons or longitudinal assessments of spontaneous and/or stimulated cytokine production in vitro in people with EDs. RESULTS Twelve studies were included. Cross-sectional results were mixed in anorexia nervosa. Only one study measured cytokine production in bulimia nervosa. Two longitudinal studies showed that daily yoghurt consumption increases phytohemagglutinin-stimulated interferon-γ production in anorexia nervosa. CONCLUSION The mixed results could be accounted for by variations in experimental design. Our findings suggest that cytokine production could possibly be modulated through dietary interventions. However, due to the methodological heterogeneity and shortcomings of the included studies, it seems unreasonable to draw further conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Dalton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Victoria Whitmore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mohammad A A Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Immunological Medicine and Allergy, King's Health Partners, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Waheed A, Dalton B, Wesemann U, Ibrahim MAA, Himmerich H. A Systematic Review of Interleukin-1β in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence from Human and Animal Studies. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 38:1-11. [PMID: 29328883 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, have been implicated as underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and potential biomarkers of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This systematic review examines data regarding IL-1β production/concentration in human and animal studies of PTSD. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, relevant articles from PubMed were reviewed from inception until July 10, 2017. Nineteen studies were eligible for inclusion. Animal studies demonstrated increased hippocampal IL-1β in rodent models of PTSD. Several immunomodulatory drugs were shown to reduce elevated IL-1β levels and anxiety-like behaviors in animals. Human cross-sectional studies showed contradictory results; serum and plasma IL-1β concentrations in PTSD patients were either elevated or did not differ from control groups. In vitro IL-1β production by stimulated cells demonstrated no difference between PTSD and control participants, although spontaneous in vitro production of IL-1β was increased in the PTSD group. The findings from 2 longitudinal studies were inconsistent. Given the conflicting findings, it is premature to consider IL-1β as a biomarker of PTSD. Anti-inflammatory agents may reduce IL-1β, and be a potential basis for future therapeutic agents in PTSD treatment. More longitudinal research is needed to better understand the role of IL-1β in the development and/or maintenance of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Waheed
- 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London , London, United Kingdom .,2 Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Dalton
- 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Wesemann
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychotraumatology, Bundeswehr Hospital , Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad A A Ibrahim
- 4 Department of Immunological Medicine and Allergy, King's Health Partners, King's College Hospital , London, United Kingdom
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
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