301
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Chakravarthy MV, Waddell T, Banerjee R, Guess N. Nutrition and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Perspectives. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2020; 49:63-94. [PMID: 32033765 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are diseases in their own right as well as modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. With expanding knowledge on NAFLD pathogenesis, insights have been gleaned into molecular targets for pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches. Lifestyle modifications constitute a cornerstone of NAFLD management. This article reviews roles of key dietary macronutrients and micronutrients in NAFLD pathogenesis and their effects on molecular targets shared with established or emerging pharmacotherapies. Based on current evidence, a recommendation for a dietary framework as part of the comprehensive management strategy for NAFLD is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Waddell
- Perspectum Diagnostics, 23-38 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford OX1 2ET, UK
| | - Rajarshi Banerjee
- Perspectum Diagnostics, 23-38 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford OX1 2ET, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nicola Guess
- King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; University of Westminster, 101 New Cavendish St, Fitzrovia, London W1W 6XH, United Kingdom
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302
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Chiu S, Siri-Tarino P, Bergeron N, Suh JH, Krauss RM. A Randomized Study of the Effect of Replacing Sugar-Sweetened Soda by Reduced Fat Milk on Cardiometabolic Health in Male Adolescent Soda Drinkers. Nutrients 2020; 12:E405. [PMID: 32033078 PMCID: PMC7071288 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Soda consumption in adolescents has been linked to poorer metabolic outcomes. We tested whether replacing soda with reduced fat milk would improve features of atherogenic dyslipidemia and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Thirty overweight and obese adolescent boys who were habitual consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages were randomly assigned to consume 24 oz/day of sugar-sweetened soda or an energy equivalent of reduced fat (2%) milk for 3 weeks with crossover to the alternate beverage after a ≥ 2 weeks washout. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins and other laboratory measures were assessed after each beverage period. Lipid and lipoprotein measurements, C-reactive protein, and serum transaminases did not differ significantly between the soda and milk phases of the study. Systolic blood pressure z-score and uric acid concentration were significantly lower after consuming milk compared to soda. Milk consumption also significantly decreased plasma glucosyl ceramide (d18:1/C16:0) and lactosylceramides (d18:1/C16:0 and d18:1/C18:0). While no effects of replacing soda with milk on lipid and lipoprotein measurements were observed in these normolipidemic weight-stable adolescent boys, decreases in systolic blood pressure, uric acid, and glycosphingolipids suggest that an overall favorable effect on cardiometabolic risk can be achieved following a short-term dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Chiu
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Patty Siri-Tarino
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Siri Tarino Consulting, Piedmont, CA 94611, USA
| | - Nathalie Bergeron
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Jung H. Suh
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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303
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Bouwman LMS, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Swarts HJM, Piga R, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J. Metabolic effects of the dietary monosaccharides fructose, fructose-glucose, or glucose in mice fed a starch-containing moderate high-fat diet. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14350. [PMID: 32026655 PMCID: PMC7002529 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose consumption has been linked to obesity and increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Excessive caloric intake often confounds the results of fructose studies, and experimental diets are generally low-fat diets, not representative for westernized diets. Here, we compared the effects of dietary fructose with those of dietary glucose, in adult male and female mice on a starch-containing moderate high-fat (HF) diet. After 5 weeks fattening on a HF high-glucose (HF-G) diet, mice were stratified per sex and assigned to one of the three intervention diets for 6 weeks: HF high fructose (HF-F), HF with equimolar glucose and fructose (HF-GF), or HF-G. Bodyweight (BW) and food intake were measured weekly. Indirect calorimetry was performed on week 5; animals were sacrificed in food-deprived state on week 6. Data were analyzed within sex. BW gain was similar among animals on the HF-G, HF-GF, and HF-F diets. Cumulative food intake was slightly lower in HF-F animals (both sexes). However, energy expenditure was not affected, or were circulating insulin and glucose concentrations, and hepatic triglyceride levels at endpoint. Hepatic gene expression analysis showed only minor alterations in hexokinase and glycolysis-related expression in males, and no alterations in sugar transporters, or DNL-related enzymes. In females, no consistent alterations in hepatic or small intestine gene expression were seen. Concluding, partial or complete replacement of dietary glucose with fructose does not increase caloric intake, and does not affect BW, hepatic triglyceride levels, or insulin concentrations in male and female mice on a moderate high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans J. M. Swarts
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rosaria Piga
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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304
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic consumption of fructose and fructose-containing sugars leads to dyslipidemia. Apolipoprotein (apo) CIII is strongly associated with elevated levels of triglycerides and cardiovascular disease risk. We reviewed the effects of fructose consumption on apoCIII levels and the role of apoCIII in fructose-induced dyslipidemia. RECENT FINDINGS Consumption of fructose increases circulating apoCIII levels compared with glucose. The more marked effects of fructose compared with glucose on apoCIII concentrations may involve the failure of fructose consumption to stimulate insulin secretion. The increase in apoCIII levels after fructose consumption correlates with increased postprandial serum triglyceride. Further, RNA interference of apoCIII prevents fructose-induced dyslipidemia in nonhuman primates. Increases in postprandial apoCIII after fructose, but not glucose consumption, are positively associated with elevated triglycerides in large triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and increased small dense LDL levels. SUMMARY ApoCIII might be causal in the lipid dysregulation observed after consumption of fructose and fructose-containing sugars. Decreased consumption of fructose and fructose-containing sugars could be an effective strategy for reducing circulating apoCIII and subsequently lowering triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hieronimus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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305
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Smajis S, Gajdošík M, Pfleger L, Traussnigg S, Kienbacher C, Halilbasic E, Ranzenberger-Haider T, Stangl A, Beiglböck H, Wolf P, Lamp T, Hofer A, Gastaldelli A, Barbieri C, Luger A, Trattnig S, Kautzky-Willer A, Krššák M, Trauner M, Krebs M. Metabolic effects of a prolonged, very-high-dose dietary fructose challenge in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:369-377. [PMID: 31796953 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased fructose intake has been associated with metabolic consequences such as impaired hepatic lipid metabolism and development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the role of fructose in glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. METHODS Ten healthy subjects (age: 28 ± 19 y; BMI: 22.2 ± 0.7 kg/m2) underwent comprehensive metabolic phenotyping prior to and 8 wk following a high-fructose diet (150 g daily). Eleven patients with NAFLD (age: 39.4 ± 3.95 y; BMI: 28.4 ± 1.25) were characterized as "positive controls." Insulin sensitivity was analyzed by a 2-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, and postprandial interorgan crosstalk of lipid and glucose metabolism was evaluated, by determining postprandial hepatic and intra-myocellular lipid and glycogen accumulation, employing magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 7 T. Myocardial lipid content and myocardial function were assessed by 1H MRS imaging and MRI at 3 T. RESULTS High fructose intake resulted in lower intake of other dietary sugars and did not increase total daily energy intake. Ectopic lipid deposition and postprandial glycogen storage in the liver and skeletal muscle were not altered. Postprandial changes in hepatic lipids were measured [Δhepatocellular lipid (HCL)_healthy_baseline: -15.9 ± 10.7 compared with ± ΔHCL_healthy_follow-up: -6.9 ± 4.6; P = 0.17] and hepatic glycogen (Δglycogen_baseline: 64.4 ± 14.1 compared with Δglycogen_follow-up: 51.1 ± 9.8; P = 0.42). Myocardial function and myocardial mass remained stable. As expected, impaired hepatic glycogen storage and increased ectopic lipid storage in the liver and skeletal muscle were observed in insulin-resistant patients with NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of a high dose of fructose for 8 wk was not associated with relevant metabolic consequences in the presence of a stable energy intake, slightly lower body weight, and potentially incomplete absorption of the orally administered fructose load. This indicated that young, metabolically healthy subjects can at least temporarily compensate for increased fructose intake. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02075164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Smajis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Gajdošík
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,High Field MR Center, Department for Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Pfleger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,High Field MR Center, Department for Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Traussnigg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Kienbacher
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anna Stangl
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Beiglböck
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Lamp
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Hofer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Chiara Barbieri
- National Research Council Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anton Luger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Center, Department for Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,High Field MR Center, Department for Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Krebs
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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306
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Randhawa AK, Ardern CI, Kuk JL. Changes in the prevalence of chronic conditions associated with abdominal obesity between 1999 and 2014. Clin Obes 2020; 10:e12349. [PMID: 31820583 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To examine the trends in chronic conditions after accounting for temporal differences in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Pooled cycles (1999-2014) of the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analysed (n = 36 959). The models were adjusted for caloric intake, smoking, medications use and physical activity. The prevalence of diabetes increased in women with general or abdominal obesity (BMI*time; WC*time, P < .05), but there were no differences in men. For hypertension, independent of BMI, the prevalence was not different over time in both sexes (P > .05), whereas for a given WC, there was a decrease in the prevalence over time in women (WC*time, P = .05). For dyslipidemia, independent of BMI, the prevalence decreased in men, whereas for a given WC, there was a decrease in the prevalence in both sexes (P < .05). Over the same time frame, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides decreased, while plasma glucose increased independent of general and abdominal obesity (P < .001). The relationship between obesity and chronic conditions has changed over time. There may be other changes that have altered how obesity is related with metabolic health markers over time. Further investigation is needed to better understand the current causes of chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshdeep K Randhawa
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris I Ardern
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Kuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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307
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Olaniyi KS, Woru Sabinari I, Olatunji LA. l-glutamine supplementation exerts cardio-renal protection in estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive-treated female rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 74:103305. [PMID: 31790957 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen and lipid disruptions represent a spectrum of metabolic disorders that are crucial risk factors for cardiovascular disease in estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive (COC) users. l-glutamine (GLN) has been shown to exert a modulatory effect in metabolic disorders-related syndromes. We therefore hypothesized that GLN supplementation would protect against myocardial and renal glycogen-lipid mishandling in COC-treated animals by modulation of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities. Adult female Wistar rats were randomly allotted into control, GLN, COC and COC + GLN groups (six rats per group). The groups received vehicle (distilled water, p.o.), GLN (1 g/kg), COC containing 1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel and COC plus GLN respectively, daily for 8 weeks. Data showed that treatment with COC led to metabolically-induced obesity with correspondent increased visceral and epicardial fat mass. It also led to increased plasma, myocardial and renal triglyceride, free fatty acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), XO activity, uric acid content and decreased glutathione content and G6PD activity. In addition, COC increased myocardial but not renal glycogen content, and increased myocardial and renal glycogen synthase activity, increased plasma and renal lactate production and plasma aspartate transaminase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio. However, these alterations were attenuated when supplemented with GLN except plasma AST/ALT ratio. Collectively, the present results indicate that estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive causes metabolically-induced obesity that is accompanied by differential myocardial and renal metabolic disturbances. The findings also suggest that irrespective of varying metabolic phenotypes, GLN exerts protection against cardio-renal dysmetabolism by modulation of XO and G6PD activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah Woru Sabinari
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
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308
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Softic S, Stanhope KL, Boucher J, Divanovic S, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ, Kahn CR. Fructose and hepatic insulin resistance. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 57:308-322. [PMID: 31935149 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1711360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excessive caloric intake in a form of high-fat diet (HFD) was long thought to be the major risk factor for development of obesity and its complications, such as fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Recently, there has been a paradigm shift and more attention is attributed to the effects of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) as one of the culprits of the obesity epidemic. In this review, we present the data invoking fructose intake with development of hepatic insulin resistance in human studies and discuss the pathways by which fructose impairs hepatic insulin action in experimental animal models. First, we described well-characterized pathways by which fructose metabolism indirectly leads to hepatic insulin resistance. These include unequivocal effects of fructose to promote de novo lipogenesis (DNL), impair fatty acid oxidation (FAO), induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and trigger hepatic inflammation. Additionally, we entertained the hypothesis that fructose can directly impede insulin signaling in the liver. This appears to be mediated by reduced insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) expression, increased protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1b) activity, whereas knockdown of ketohexokinase (KHK), the rate-limiting enzyme of fructose metabolism, increased insulin sensitivity. In summary, dietary fructose intake strongly promotes hepatic insulin resistance via complex interplay of several metabolic pathways, at least some of which are independent of increased weight gain and caloric intake. The current evidence shows that the fructose, but not glucose, component of dietary sugar drives metabolic complications and contradicts the notion that fructose is merely a source of palatable calories that leads to increased weight gain and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Softic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine and Kentucky Children's Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA.,Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
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309
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Antibiotic Treatment Does Not Ameliorate the Metabolic Changes in Rats Presenting Dysbiosis After Consuming a High Fructose Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010203. [PMID: 31941016 PMCID: PMC7019627 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High fructose consumption is one of the hallmarks of Western diets and has been found to induce MeS symptoms in parallel to gut microbial dysbiosis. However, the causality between those two is still elusive. Here, we studied whether a significant modification of gut microbial composition by antibiotics can influence the fructose-induced metabolic changes. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups including controls, controls + antibiotics, high fructose diet (HFrD, 60% fructose), HFrD + antibiotics (n = 7-8 in each group) for a period of 8-weeks. The high fructose diet increased blood pressure (BP), triglyceride (TG), fatty liver and the expression of hepatic genes related to lipogenesis, and fructose transport and metabolism. In addition, fructose changed the microbial composition and increased acetic and butyric acids in fecal samples but not in the blood. Antibiotic treatment significantly reduced microbial diversity and modified the microbial composition in the samples. However, minimal or no effect was seen in the metabolic phenotypes. In conclusion, high fructose consumption (60%) induced metabolic changes and dysbiosis in rats. However, antibiotic treatment did not reverse the metabolic phenotype. Therefore, the metabolic changes are probably independent of a specific microbiome profile.
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310
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Association of sugar-sweetened beverage intake with risk of metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents in urban China. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2770-2780. [PMID: 31915093 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake has been shown to correlate with a higher risk for CVD and metabolic disorders, while the association between SSB intake and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the association between SSB intake and MetS among children and adolescents in urban China. DESIGN A cross-sectional study involving 7143 children and adolescents was conducted in urban China. MetS definition proposed by the International Diabetes Federation was adopted. Data on SSB intake, diet, physical activity and family environment factors were obtained through questionnaires. Logistic regression models with multivariable adjustment were adopted to analyse the association between SSB intake and the risk of MetS and its components. SETTING Primary and secondary schools in three urban cities of China. PARTICIPANTS Children and adolescents (n 5258) aged 7-18 years. RESULTS Among the participants, 29·9 % of them had high SSB intake (at least 0·3 servings/d) and the overall MetS prevalence was 2·7 %. Participants with high SSB intake were at higher risk for MetS (OR = 1·60; 95 % CI 1·03, 2·54) and abdominal obesity (OR = 1·55; 95 % CI 1·28, 1·83) compared with their counterparts with no SSB intake (0 servings/d). CONCLUSIONS High SSB intake is significantly associated with increased MetS and abdominal obesity risk among children and adolescents in urban China. These results suggest that strong policies focusing on controlling SSB intake might be effective in preventing MetS and abdominal obesity.
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311
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Alves R, Suehiro CL, Oliveira FGD, Frantz EDC, Medeiros RFD, Vieira RDP, Martins MDA, Lin CJ, Nobrega ACLD, Toledo-Arruda ACD. Aerobic exercise modulates cardiac NAD(P)H oxidase and the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway in a mouse model of chronic fructose consumption. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:59-69. [PMID: 31647720 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of exercise on the cardiac nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) factor 2 (NRF2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) pathway in an experimental model of chronic fructose consumption. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to Control, Fructose (20% fructose in drinking water), Exercise (treadmill exercise at moderate intensity), and Fructose + Exercise groups ( n = 10). After 12 wk, the energy intake and body weight in the groups were similar. Maximum exercise testing, resting energy expenditure, resting oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production increased in the exercise groups (Exercise and Fructose + Exercise vs. Control and Fructose groups, P < 0.05). Chronic fructose intake induced circulating hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperleptinemia and increased white adipose tissue depots, with no changes in blood pressure. This metabolic environment increased circulating IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiac NF-κB-p65 and TNF-α expression, which were reduced by exercise ( P < 0.05). Cardiac ANG II type 1 receptor and NAD(P)H oxidase 2 (NOX2) were increased by fructose intake and exercise decreased this response ( P < 0.05). Exercise increased the cardiac expression of the NRF2-to-KEAP1 ratio and phase II antioxidants in fructose-fed mice ( P < 0.05). NOX4, glutathione reductase, and catalase protein expression were similar between the groups. These findings suggest that exercise confers modulatory cardiac effects, improving antioxidant defenses through the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway and decreasing oxidative stress, representing a potential nonpharmacological approach to protect against fructose-induced cardiometabolic diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to evaluate the cardiac modulation of NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX), the NRF2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 pathway (KEAP), and the thioredoxin (TRX1) system through exercise in the presence of moderate fructose intake. We demonstrated a novel mechanism by which exercise improves cardiac antioxidant defenses in an experimental model of chronic fructose intake, which involves NRF2-to-KEAP1 ratio modulation, enhancing the local phase II antioxidants hemoxygenase-1, thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD1), and peroxiredoxin1B (PDRX1), and inhibiting cardiac NOX2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Alves
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology-INCT (In)activity and Exercise, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Liyoko Suehiro
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Garcia de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology-INCT (In)activity and Exercise, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliete Dalla Corte Frantz
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology-INCT (In)activity and Exercise, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Frauches de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology-INCT (In)activity and Exercise, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo de Paula Vieira
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Universidade Brasil, Campus Itaquera, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Chin Jia Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Lucas da Nobrega
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology-INCT (In)activity and Exercise, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Choqueta de Toledo-Arruda
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology-INCT (In)activity and Exercise, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-Niterói (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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312
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Reis DJ, Ilardi SS, Namekata MS, Wing EK, Fowler CH. The depressogenic potential of added dietary sugars. Med Hypotheses 2020; 134:109421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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313
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Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, Chapman MJ, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2020; 290:140-205. [PMID: 31504418 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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314
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Alexander Bentley R, Ruck DJ, Fouts HN. U.S. obesity as delayed effect of excess sugar. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020; 36:100818. [PMID: 31540873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last century, U.S. diets were transformed, including the addition of sugars to industrially-processed foods. While excess sugar has often been implicated in the dramatic increase in U.S. adult obesity over the past 30 years, an unexplained question is why the increase in obesity took place many years after the increases in U.S. sugar consumption. To address this, here we explain adult obesity increase as the cumulative effect of increased sugar calories consumed over time. In our model, which uses annual data on U.S. sugar consumption as the input variable, each age cohort inherits the obesity rate in the previous year plus a simple function of the mean excess sugar consumed in the current year. This simple model replicates three aspects of the data: (a) the delayed timing and magnitude of the increase in average U.S. adult obesity (from about 15% in 1970 to almost 40% by 2015); (b) the increase of obesity rates by age group (reaching 47% obesity by age 50) for the year 2015 in a well-documented U.S. state; and (c) the pre-adult increase of obesity rates by several percent from 1988 to the mid-2000s, and subsequent modest decline in obesity rates among younger children since the mid-2000s. Under this model, the sharp rise in adult obesity after 1990 reflects the delayed effects of added sugar calories consumed among children of the 1970s and 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Bentley
- Anthropology Department, University of Tennessee, 1621 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Damian J Ruck
- Anthropology Department, University of Tennessee, 1621 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hillary N Fouts
- Department of Child and Family Studies, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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315
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Marjot T, Moolla A, Cobbold JF, Hodson L, Tomlinson JW. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: Current Concepts in Etiology, Outcomes, and Management. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5601173. [PMID: 31629366 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of disease, extending from simple steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis with a significant risk for the development of cirrhosis. It is highly prevalent and is associated with significant adverse outcomes both through liver-specific morbidity and mortality but, perhaps more important, through adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. It is closely associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and both of these conditions drive progressive disease toward the more advanced stages. The mechanisms that govern hepatic lipid accumulation and the predisposition to inflammation and fibrosis are still not fully understood but reflect a complex interplay between metabolic target tissues including adipose and skeletal muscle, and immune and inflammatory cells. The ability to make an accurate assessment of disease stage (that relates to clinical outcome) can also be challenging. While liver biopsy is still regarded as the gold-standard investigative tool, there is an extensive literature on the search for novel noninvasive biomarkers and imaging modalities that aim to accurately reflect the stage of underlying disease. Finally, although no therapies are currently licensed for the treatment of NAFLD, there are interventions that appear to have proven efficacy in randomized controlled trials as well as an extensive emerging therapeutic landscape of new agents that target many of the fundamental pathophysiological processes that drive NAFLD. It is highly likely that over the next few years, new treatments with a specific license for the treatment of NAFLD will become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marjot
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmad Moolla
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy F Cobbold
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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316
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Zhang G, Byun HR, Ying Z, Blencowe M, Zhao Y, Hong J, Shu L, Chella Krishnan K, Gomez-Pinilla F, Yang X. Differential metabolic and multi-tissue transcriptomic responses to fructose consumption among genetically diverse mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165569. [PMID: 31669422 PMCID: PMC6993985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how individuals react differently to the same treatment is a major concern in precision medicine. Metabolic challenges such as the one posed by high fructose intake are important determinants of disease mechanisms. We embarked on studies to determine how fructose affects differential metabolic dysfunctions across genetically dissimilar mice, namely, C57BL/6 J (B6), DBA/2 J (DBA) and FVB/NJ (FVB), by integrating physiological and gene regulatory mechanisms. We report that fructose has strain-specific effects, involving tissue-specific gene regulatory cascades in hypothalamus, liver, and white adipose tissues. DBA mice showed the largest numbers of genes associated with adiposity, congruent with their highest susceptibility to adiposity gain and glucose intolerance across the three tissues. In contrast, B6 and FVB mainly exhibited cholesterol phenotypes, accompanying the largest number of adipose genes correlating with total cholesterol in B6, and liver genes correlating with LDL in FVB mice. Tissue-specific network modeling predicted strain-and tissue-specific regulators such as Fgf21 (DBA) and Lss (B6), which were subsequently validated in primary hepatocytes. Strain-specific fructose-responsive genes revealed susceptibility for human diseases such that genes in liver and adipose tissue in DBA showed strong enrichment for human type 2 diabetes and obesity traits. Liver and adipose genes in FVB were mostly related to lipid traits, and liver and adipose genes in B6 showed relevance to most cardiometabolic traits tested. Our results show that fructose induces gene regulatory pathways that are tissue specific and dependent on the genetic make-up, which may underlie interindividual variability in cardiometabolic responses to high fructose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hyae Ran Byun
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Zhe Ying
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Montgomery Blencowe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jason Hong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Le Shu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Karthick Chella Krishnan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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317
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Gumede NM, Lembede BW, Nkomozepi P, Brooksbank RL, Erlwanger KH, Chivandi E. β-Sitosterol mitigates the development of high-fructose diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in growing male Sprague–Dawley rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:44-50. [PMID: 31560861 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fructose contributes to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). β-Sitosterol (Bst), a naturally occurring phytosterol, has antihyperlipidaemic and hepatoprotective properties. This study interrogated the potential protective effect of β-sitosterol against NAFLD in growing rats fed a high-fructose diet, modelling children fed obesogenic diets. Forty-four 21 day old male rat pups were randomly allocated to and administered the following treatments for 12 weeks: group I, standard rat chow (SRC) + plain drinking water (PW) + plain gelatine cube (PC); group II, SRC + 20% w/v fructose solution (FS) as drinking fluid + PC; group III, SRC + FS + 100 mg/kg fenofibrate in a gelatine cube; group IV, SRC + FS + 20 mg/kg β-sitosterol gelatine cube (Bst); group V, SRC + PW + Bst. Terminally, the livers were dissected out, weighed, total liver lipid content determined, and histological analyses done. Harvested plasma was used to determine the surrogate biomarkers of liver function. The high-fructose diet caused increased (p < 0.05) hepatic lipid (total) accretion (>10% liver mass), micro- and macrovesicular hepatic steatosis, and hepatic inflammation. β-Sitosterol and fenofibrate prevented the high-fructose diet-induced macrovesicular steatosis and prevented the progression of NAFLD to steatohepatitis. β-Sitosterol can prospectively be used to mitigate diet-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontobeko M. Gumede
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, Republic of South Africa
| | - Busisani W. Lembede
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, Republic of South Africa
| | - Pilani Nkomozepi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Richard L. Brooksbank
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, Republic of South Africa
| | - Kennedy H. Erlwanger
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, Republic of South Africa
| | - Eliton Chivandi
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, Republic of South Africa
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318
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319
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Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, Chapman MJ, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:111-188. [PMID: 31504418 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4304] [Impact Index Per Article: 1076.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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320
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Jones GM, Caccavello R, Palii SP, Pullinger CR, Kane JP, Mulligan K, Gugliucci A, Schwarz JM. Separation of postprandial lipoproteins: improved purification of chylomicrons using an ApoB100 immunoaffinity method. J Lipid Res 2019; 61:455-463. [PMID: 31888979 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d119000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), both fasting and postprandial, are associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis. However, guidelines for treatment are defined solely by fasting lipid levels, even though postprandial lipids may be more informative. In the postprandial state, circulating lipids consist of dietary fat transported from the intestine in chylomicrons (CMs; containing ApoB48) and fat transported from the liver in VLDL (containing ApoB100). Research into the roles of endogenous versus dietary fat has been hindered because of the difficulty in separating these particles by ultracentrifugation. CM fractions have considerable contamination from VLDL (purity, 10%). To separate CMs from VLDL, we produced polyclonal antibodies against ApoB100 and generated immunoaffinity columns. TRLs isolated by ultracentrifugation of plasma were applied to these columns, and highly purified CMs were collected (purity, 90-94%). Overall eight healthy unmedicated adult volunteers (BMI, 27.2 ± 1.4 kg/m2; fasting triacylglycerol, 102.6 ± 19.5 mg/dl) participated in a feeding study, which contained an oral stable-isotope tracer (1-13C acetate). We then used this technique on plasma samples freshly collected during an 8 h human feeding study from a subset of four subjects. We analyzed fractionated lipoproteins by Western blot, isolated and derivatized triacylglycerols, and calculated fractional de novo lipogenesis. The results demonstrated effective separation of postprandial lipoproteins and substantially improved purity compared with ultracentrifugation protocols, using the immunoaffinity method. This method can be used to better delineate the role of dietary sugar and fat on postprandial lipids in cardiovascular risk and explore the potential role of CM remnants in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Marie Jones
- Departments of Basic Science College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Russell Caccavello
- Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Sergiu P Palii
- Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Clive R Pullinger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Departments of Physiological Nursing University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John P Kane
- Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathleen Mulligan
- Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | - Alejandro Gugliucci
- Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Jean-Marc Schwarz
- Departments of Basic Science College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA .,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
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321
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Merino B, Fernández-Díaz CM, Cózar-Castellano I, Perdomo G. Intestinal Fructose and Glucose Metabolism in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2019; 12:E94. [PMID: 31905727 PMCID: PMC7019254 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes have been linked to increased sugar consumption in humans. Here, we review fructose and glucose metabolism, as well as potential molecular mechanisms by which excessive sugar consumption is associated to metabolic diseases and insulin resistance in humans. To this end, we focus on understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of fructose and glucose transport and sensing in the intestine, the intracellular signaling effects of dietary sugar metabolism, and its impact on glucose homeostasis in health and disease. Finally, the peripheral and central effects of dietary sugars on the gut-brain axis will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Merino
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
| | - Cristina M. Fernández-Díaz
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - German Perdomo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos 09001, Spain
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322
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Murphy R, Gamble GD, House M, Pool B, Horne A, Merriman TR, Dalbeth N. Greater insulin response to acute fructose ingestion among Māori and Pacific people compared to European people living in Aotearoa New Zealand. Intern Med J 2019; 49:196-202. [PMID: 30298971 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose consumption has been linked with insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes, which are more prevalent in those of Māori or Pacific ethnicity compared to New Zealand European. AIM To determine whether the acute effects of fructose consumption on serum glucose, insulin, lipids and C-reactive protein differs according to body mass index (BMI) and/or ethnicity. METHODS Participants of Māori (n = 25), Pacific (n = 26) or New Zealand European (n = 25) ethnicity consumed a 64 g fructose/16 g glucose solution. Changes in lipids, glucose, insulin and C-reactive protein were analysed using mixed models for repeated measures. RESULTS After adjustment for age and gender, those with higher BMI had a higher glucose (P = 0.0064) and insulin (P = 0.0007) response than those with lower BMI. Those of Māori or Pacific ethnicity had similar glucose levels (P = 0.077) to those of New Zealand European ethnicity but higher insulin responses (P = 0.0005), which remained after additional adjustment for BMI (P = 0.001). Reported sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) intake was higher among Māori and Pacific than New Zealand European (median 1.0 vs 0.0 SSB/day P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Even after adjustment for BMI, those of Māori and Pacific ethnicity have a significantly higher insulin response to fructose than New Zealand Europeans. Higher habitual SSB intake may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre of Biodiscovery, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Greg D Gamble
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Meaghan House
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bregina Pool
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne Horne
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Maurice Wilkins Centre of Biodiscovery, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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323
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Farmaki AE, Rayner NW, Kafyra M, Matchan A, Ntaoutidou K, Feritoglou P, Athanasiadis A, Gilly A, Mamakou V, Zengini E, Karaleftheri M, Zeggini E, Dedoussis G. A Dietary Pattern with High Sugar Content Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the Pomak Population. Nutrients 2019; 11:E3043. [PMID: 31847144 PMCID: PMC6950453 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the geographically isolated Pomak population and its particular dietary patterns in relationship to cardiovascular risk factors. We collected a population-based cohort in a cross-sectional study, with detailed anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and lifestyle parameter information. Dietary patterns were derived through principal component analysis based on a validated food-frequency questionnaire, administered to 1702 adult inhabitants of the Pomak villages on the Rhodope mountain range in Greece. A total of 69.9% of the participants were female with a population mean age of 44.9 years; 67% of the population were overweight or obese with a significantly different prevalence for obesity between men and women (17.5% vs. 37.5%, respectively, p < 0.001). Smoking was more prevalent in men (45.8% vs. 2.2%, p < 0.001), as 97.3% of women had never smoked. Four dietary patterns emerged as characteristic of the population, and were termed "high in sugars", "quick choices", "balanced", and "homemade". Higher adherence to the "high in sugars" dietary pattern was associated with increased glucose levels (p < 0.001) and increased risk of hypertension (OR (95% CI) 2.61 (1.55, 4.39), p < 0.001) and nominally associated with high blood glucose levels (OR (95% CI) 1.85 (1.11, 3.08), p = 0.018), compared to lower adherence. Overall, we characterize the dietary patterns of the Pomak population and describe associations with cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece or (M.K.); (K.N.); (P.F.)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (N.W.R.); (A.G.); (E.Z.)
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, The Morgan Building, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Maria Kafyra
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece or (M.K.); (K.N.); (P.F.)
| | - Angela Matchan
- Genomics England, Queen Mary University of London, Dawson Hall, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Kyriaki Ntaoutidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece or (M.K.); (K.N.); (P.F.)
| | - Pournar Feritoglou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece or (M.K.); (K.N.); (P.F.)
| | | | - Arthur Gilly
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (N.W.R.); (A.G.); (E.Z.)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, The Morgan Building, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Vasiliki Mamakou
- Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital of Athens, Chaidari, Athens 12461, Greece; (V.M.); (E.Z.)
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eleni Zengini
- Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital of Athens, Chaidari, Athens 12461, Greece; (V.M.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (N.W.R.); (A.G.); (E.Z.)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, The Morgan Building, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece or (M.K.); (K.N.); (P.F.)
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Hodson L, Gunn PJ. The regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthesis and partitioning: the effect of nutritional state. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:689-700. [PMID: 31554932 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing global public health burden. NAFLD is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cardiovascular disease and begins with intrahepatic triacylglycerol accumulation. Under healthy conditions, the liver regulates lipid metabolism to meet systemic energy needs in the fed and fasted states. The processes of fatty acid uptake, fatty acid synthesis and the intracellular partitioning of fatty acids into storage, oxidation and secretion pathways are tightly regulated. When one or more of these processes becomes dysregulated, excess lipid accumulation can occur. Although genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the development of NAFLD, it remains unclear why an imbalance in these pathways begins. The regulation of fatty acid partitioning occurs at several points, including during triacylglycerol synthesis, lipid droplet formation and lipolysis. These processes are influenced by enzyme function, intake of dietary fats and sugars and whole-body metabolism, and are further affected by the presence of obesity or insulin resistance. Insight into how the liver controls fatty acid metabolism in health and how these processes might be affected in disease would offer the potential for new therapeutic treatments for NAFLD to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - Pippa J Gunn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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325
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Cioffi CE, Welsh JA, Alvarez JA, Hartman TJ, Narayan KMV, Vos MB. Associations of Added Sugar from All Sources and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages with Regional Fat Deposition in US Adolescents: NHANES 1999-2006. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz130. [PMID: 32154500 PMCID: PMC7053569 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative distribution of upper- versus lower-body fat may be an important determinant of cardiometabolic disease risk in youths. Dietary components associated with adolescent regional body fat distribution require further investigation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations of added sugar intake overall and from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with relative upper-body fat deposition in US adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 6585 adolescents (aged 12-19 y) in the NHANES cycles 1999-2006. Trunk, leg, and total fat mass were assessed by DXA. Participants were grouped into categories of total and SSB added sugar intake as a percentage of total energy intake (TEI) in 5% increments. Stepwise multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of added sugar intake with truncal-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) and truncal-to-total fat ratio (TTR). RESULTS There were no associations of total added sugar intake with TLR or TTR. For SSB added sugar, compared with the lowest category of intake (<2% TEI), the highest category (>22% TEI) was associated with higher log-TLR [β (95% CI): >22% TEI versus <2% TEI: 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)] and TTR [1.30 (0.53, 2.07)] in the partially adjusted model with sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, physical activity, and smoking status as covariates (P-trend = 0.0001 for both). When BMI z-score and TEI were added as covariates, the magnitude of the associations were attenuated, but remained significant [log-TLR β (95% CI): 0.03 (0.005, 0.06), P-trend = 0.0018; TTR β (95% CI): 0.75 (0.27, 1.23), P-trend = 0.0004]. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that added sugar from beverages is associated with higher upper-body adiposity, though the magnitude and clinical significance of the associations may be small, especially when adjusted for BMI and TEI. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms to explain these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Cioffi
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jean A Welsh
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Alvarez
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terryl J Hartman
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miriam B Vos
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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326
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Daily JW, Yang HJ, Liu M, Kim MJ, Park S. Subcutaneous fat mass is associated with genetic risk scores related to proinflammatory cytokine signaling and interact with physical activity in middle-aged obese adults. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:75. [PMID: 31719833 PMCID: PMC6839126 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Subcutaneous fat mass is negatively correlated with atherogenic risk factors, but its putative benefits remain controversial. We hypothesized that genetic variants that influence subcutaneous fat mass would modulate lipid and glucose metabolism and have interactions with lifestyles in Korean middle-aged adults with high visceral fat. Materials and methods Subcutaneous fat mass was categorized by dividing the average of subscapular skin-fold thickness by BMI and its cutoff point was 1.2. Waist circumferences were used for representing visceral fat mass with Asian cutoff points. GWAS of subjects aged 40–65 years with high visceral fat (n = 3303) were conducted and the best gene-gene interactions from the genetic variants related to subcutaneous fat were selected and explored using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. Genetic risk scores (GRS) were calculated by weighted GRS that was divided into low, medium and high groups. Results Subjects with high subcutaneous fat did not have dyslipidemia compared with those with low subcutaneous fat, although both subject groups had similar amounts of total fat. The best model to influence subcutaneous fat included IL17A_rs4711998, ADCY2_rs326149, ESRRG_rs4846514, CYFIP2_rs733730, TCF7L2_rs7917983, ZNF766_rs41497444 and TGFBR3_rs7526590. The odds ratio (OR) for increasing subcutaneous fat was higher by 2.232 folds in the high-GRS group, after adjusting for covariates. However, total and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride and C-reactive protein concentrations in the circulation were not associated with GRS. Subjects with high-GRS had higher serum HDL cholesterol levels than those with low-GRS. Physical activity and GRS had an interaction with subcutaneous fat. In subjects with low physical activity, the odds ratio for high subcutaneous fat increased by 2.232, but subcutaneous fat deposition was not affected in the high-GRS group with high physical activity. Conclusion Obese adults with high-GRS had more subcutaneous fat, but they did not show more dyslipidemia and inflammation compared to low-GRS. High physical activity prevented subcutaneous fat deposition in subjects with high GRS for subcutaneous fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Daily
- Department of R&D, Daily Manufacturing Inc., Rockwell, NC 28138 USA
| | - Hye Jeong Yang
- Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Sungnam, 55365 South Korea
| | - Meiling Liu
- 3Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam 31499 South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Sungnam, 55365 South Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- 3Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam 31499 South Korea.,4Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795 South Korea
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327
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Zhang JX, Lin X, Xu J, Tang F. Hyperuricemia Inhibition Protects SD Rats Against Fructose-Induced Obesity Hypertension Via Modulation of Inflammation and Renin-Angiotensin System in Adipose Tissue. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 129:314-321. [PMID: 31683330 DOI: 10.1055/a-1023-6710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed to reveal the relationship between uric acid and fructose-induced obesity hypertension and its mechanisms. METHODS A rat model with obesity hypertension was induced by a high-fructose diet. In the experiment I, the rats were fed with fructose for 8 wks along with allopurinol or benzbromarone at the beginning. In the experiment II, the rats were fed with fructose for 8 wks firstly. And then, these rats were treated with allopurinol or benzbromarone for additional 6 wks. RESULTS Fructose-fed rats showed hyperuricemia, abdominal obesity hypertension and an activation in adipose renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Also, fructose-fed rats had higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and more macrophages infiltrating in adipose tissue. In the experiment I, allopurinol and benzbromarone significantly reduced serum uric acid at 8 wk. Adipose RAS overactivation, adipose inflammatory responses and the development of obesity hypertension were all effectively prevented by hyperuricemia inhibition. In the experiment II, 6-wk treatment with allopurinol and benzbromarone significantly decreased serum uric acid, downregulated adipose RAS, abolished adipose inflammation and improved obesity hypertension. CONCLUSION In conclusion, urate-lowering therapy protects rats against fructose-induced obesity hypertension. The mechanisms appear to be via downregulated adipose RAS and reduced inflammation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Theater Command General Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Theater Command General Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxiu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Theater Command General Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Theater Command General Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Wuhan, China
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328
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Ko JS. New Perspectives in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Epidemiology, Genetics, Diagnosis, and Natural History. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2019; 22:501-510. [PMID: 31777715 PMCID: PMC6856496 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2019.22.6.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children. The global prevalence of pediatric NAFLD from general populations is 7.6%. In obese children, the prevalence is higher in Asia. NAFLD has a strong heritable component based on ethnic difference in the prevalence and clustering within families. Genetic polymorphisms of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2, and glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) are associated with the risk of NAFLD in children. Variants of PNPLA3 and GCKR are more common in Asians. Alterations of the gut microbiome might contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. High fructose intake increases the risk of NAFLD. Liver fibrosis is a poor prognostic factor for disease progression to cirrhosis. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction are more accurate for steatosis quantification than ultrasound. Noninvasive imaging methods to assess liver fibrosis, such as transient elastography, shear-wave elastography, and magnetic resonance elastography are useful in predicting advanced fibrosis, but they need further validation. Longitudinal follow-up studies into adulthood are needed to better understand the natural history of pediatric NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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329
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Simons N, Debray FG, Schaper NC, Kooi ME, Feskens EJM, Hollak CEM, Lindeboom L, Koek GH, Bons JAP, Lefeber DJ, Hodson L, Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CDA, Cassiman D, Brouwers MCGJ. Patients With Aldolase B Deficiency Are Characterized by Increased Intrahepatic Triglyceride Content. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5056-5064. [PMID: 30901028 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is an ongoing debate about whether and how fructose is involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A recent experimental study showed an increased intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content in mice deficient for aldolase B (aldo B-/-), the enzyme that converts fructose-1-phosphate to triose phosphates. OBJECTIVE To translate these experimental findings to the human situation. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Outpatient clinic for inborn errors of metabolism. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Patients with hereditary fructose intolerance, a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in aldolase B (n = 15), and healthy persons matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) (n =15). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE IHTG content, assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS IHTG content was higher in aldo B-/- patients than controls (2.5% vs 0.6%; P = 0.001) on a background of lean body mass (median BMI, 20.4 and 21.8 kg/m2, respectively). Glucose excursions during an oral glucose load were higher in aldo B-/- patients (P = 0.043). Hypoglycosylated transferrin, a surrogate marker for hepatic fructose-1-phosphate concentrations, was more abundant in aldo B-/- patients than in controls (P < 0.001). Finally, plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, a biomarker of hepatic β-oxidation, was lower in aldo B-/- patients than controls (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS This study extends previous experimental findings by demonstrating that aldolase B deficiency also results in IHTG accumulation in humans. It suggests that the accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate and impairment of β-oxidation are involved in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Simons
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Nicolaas C Schaper
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - M Eline Kooi
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Carla E M Hollak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lucas Lindeboom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ger H Koek
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith A P Bons
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology and Metabolic Center, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
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330
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Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Arretxe E, Alonso C. Using metabolomics to develop precision medicine strategies to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2019.1685379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enara Arretxe
- OWL Metabolomics, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso
- OWL Metabolomics, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
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331
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Hou R, Panda C, Voruganti VS. Heterogeneity in Metabolic Responses to Dietary Fructose. Front Genet 2019; 10:945. [PMID: 31737029 PMCID: PMC6834945 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fructose has dramatically increased in past few decades in children and adults. Increasing evidence indicates that added sugars (particularly fructose) have adverse effects on metabolism and lead to numerous cardiometabolic diseases. Although both fructose and glucose are components of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup, the sugars have different metabolic fates in the human body and the effects of fructose on health are thought to be more adverse than glucose. Studies have also shown that the metabolic effects of fructose differ between individuals based on their genetic background, as individuals with specific SNPs and risk alleles seem to be more susceptible to the adverse metabolic effects of fructose. The current review discusses the metabolic effects of fructose on key complex diseases and discusses the heterogeneity in metabolic responses to dietary fructose in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Hou
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Chinmayee Panda
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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332
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Fernando DH, Forbes JM, Angus PW, Herath CB. Development and Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5037. [PMID: 31614491 PMCID: PMC6834322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects up to 30% of the adult population and is now a major cause of liver disease-related premature illness and deaths in the world. Treatment is largely based on lifestyle modification, which is difficult to achieve in most patients. Progression of simple fatty liver or steatosis to its severe form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis has been explained by a 'two-hit hypothesis'. Whilst simple steatosis is considered the first hit, its transformation to NASH may be driven by a second hit. Of several factors that constitute the second hit, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are formed when reducing-sugars react with proteins or lipids, have been implicated as major candidates that drive steatosis to NASH via the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Both endogenous and processed food-derived (exogenous) AGEs can activate RAGE, mainly present on Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, thus propagating NAFLD progression. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of NAFLD with special emphasis on the role of food-derived AGEs in NAFLD progression to NASH and liver fibrosis. Moreover, the effect of dietary manipulation to reduce AGE content in food or the therapies targeting AGE/RAGE pathway on disease progression is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinali H Fernando
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia.
| | | | - Peter W Angus
- Liver transplant unit, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia.
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia.
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333
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Johnson RK, Lichtenstein AH, Anderson CAM, Carson JA, Després JP, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, Otten JJ, Towfighi A, Wylie-Rosett J. Low-Calorie Sweetened Beverages and Cardiometabolic Health: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 138:e126-e140. [PMID: 30354445 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, 32% of beverages consumed by adults and 19% of beverages consumed by children in 2007 to 2010 contained low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs). Among all foods and beverages containing LCSs, beverages represent the largest proportion of LCS consumption worldwide. The term LCS includes the 6 high-intensity sweeteners currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and 2 additional high-intensity sweeteners for which the US Food and Drug Administration has issued no objection letters. Because of a lack of data on specific LCSs, this advisory does not distinguish among these LCSs. Furthermore, the advisory does not address foods sweetened with LCSs. This advisory reviews evidence from observational studies and clinical trials assessing the cardiometabolic outcomes of LCS beverages. It summarizes the positions of government agencies and other health organizations on LCS beverages and identifies research needs on the effects of LCS beverages on energy balance and cardiometabolic health. The use of LCS beverages may be an effective strategy to help control energy intake and promote weight loss. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of evidence on the potential adverse effects of LCS beverages relative to potential benefits. On the basis of the available evidence, the writing group concluded that, at this time, it is prudent to advise against prolonged consumption of LCS beverages by children. (Although water is the optimal beverage choice, children with diabetes mellitus who consume a balanced diet and closely monitor their blood glucose may be able to prevent excessive glucose excursions by substituting LCS beverages for sugar-sweetened beverages [SSBs] when needed.) For adults who are habitually high consumers of SSBs, the writing group concluded that LCS beverages may be a useful replacement strategy to reduce intake of SSBs. This approach may be particularly helpful for persons who are habituated to a sweet-tasting beverage and for whom water, at least initially, is an undesirable option. Encouragingly, self-reported consumption of both SSBs and LCS beverages has been declining in the United States, suggesting that it is feasible to reduce SSB intake without necessarily substituting LCS beverages for SSBs. Thus, the use of other alternatives to SSBs, with a focus on water (plain, carbonated, and unsweetened flavored), should be encouraged.
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334
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Raja Gopal Reddy M, Mahesh M, Manne M, Putcha UK, Jeyakumar SM. Vitamin A and its metabolic pathway play a determinant role in high-fructose-induced triglyceride accumulation of the visceral adipose depot of male Wistar rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:578-590. [PMID: 31495961 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we tested a hypothesis that vitamin A and/or its metabolic pathways are involved in the high-fructose-mediated alteration in adipose tissue biology. For this purpose, weanling male Wistar rats were provided with one of the following diets: control (C), control with vitamin A deficiency (C-VAD), high fructose (HFr), and HFr with VAD (HFr-VAD) for 16 weeks, except that half of the C-VAD diet-fed rats were shifted to HFr diet (C-VAD(s)HFr), after 8-week period. Compared with control, feeding of HFr diet significantly increased the triglyceride content (P ≤ .01) and thus adipocyte size (hypertrophy) (P ≤ .001) in visceral adipose depot; retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RPWAT) and these changes were corroborated with de novo lipogenesis, as evidenced by the increased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (P ≤ .01) and up-regulation of lipogenic pathway transcripts, fructose transporter, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1. On the contrary, the absence of vitamin A in the HFr diet (HFr-VAD) failed to exert these changes; however, it induced adipocyte hyperplasia. Further, vitamin A deficiency-mediated changes were reversed by replenishment, as evident from the group that was shifted from C-VAD to HFr diet. In conclusion, vitamin A and its metabolic pathway play a key determinant role in the high-fructose-induced triglyceride accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy of visceral white adipose depot. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Here, we report the metabolic impact of high-fructose feeding under vitamin A-sufficient and vitamin A-deficient conditions. Feeding of high-fructose diet induced triglyceride accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy of the visceral white adipose depots. These changes corroborated with augmented expression of vitamin A and lipid metabolic pathway genes. Contrarily, absence of vitamin A in the high-fructose diet did not elicit such responses, while vitamin A replenishment reversed the changes exerted by vitamin A deficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the role of vitamin A and its metabolic pathway in the high-fructose-induced triglyceride synthesis and its accumulation in visceral adipose depot and thus provide a new insight and scope to understand these nutrients interaction in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malleswarapu Mahesh
- Lipid Biochemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Munikumar Manne
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Uday Kumar Putcha
- Pathology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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Dall'Asta M, Del Rio D, Tappy L, Potì F, Agostoni C, Brighenti F. Critical and emerging topics in dietary carbohydrates and health. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:286-295. [PMID: 32279625 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1661979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple factors may affect the metabolic fate of carbohydrates. Today, well-standardised and accepted methods may allow for the definitions of the changes in the glucose and insulin curves following the ingestion of either carbohydrate-based and other foods. More debate is still raised on the clinical meaning of these classifications when used at a population level, while emphasis is raised on the approach to carbohydrate metabolism on an individual basis. Within these ranges of applications, other compounds, such as plant polyphenols, may favourably add synergic effects through the modulation of carbohydrate digestion and glucose metabolic steps, resulting in lowering postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Finally, a growing knowledge suggests that the balance of dietary fructose and individual physical activity represent the key point to address the compound towards either positive, energy sparing effects, or a degenerative metabolic burden. The carbohydrate quality within a whole dietary and lifestyle pattern may therefore challenge the individual balance towards health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Furio Brighenti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Zhao C, Liu L, Liu Q, Li F, Zhang L, Zhu F, Shao T, Barve S, Chen Y, Li X, McClain CJ, Feng W. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is required for the therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG against fructose-induced fatty liver in mice. Mol Metab 2019; 29:145-157. [PMID: 31668386 PMCID: PMC6812038 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives High fructose feeding changes fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) regulation. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) supplementation reduces fructose-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to determine the role of FGF21 and underlying mechanisms in the protective effects of LGG. Methods FGF21 knockout (KO) mice and C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice were fed 30% fructose for 12 weeks. LGG was administered to the mice in the last 4 weeks during fructose feeding. FGF21-adiponectin (ADPN)-mediated hepatic lipogenesis and inflammation were investigated. Results FGF21 expression was robustly increased after 5-weeks of feeding and significantly decreased after 12-weeks of feeding in fructose-induced NAFLD mice. LGG administration reversed the depressed FGF21 expression, increased adipose production of ADPN, and reduced hepatic fat accumulation and inflammation in the WT mice but not in the KO mice. Hepatic nuclear carbohydrate responsive-element binding protein (ChREBP) was increased by fructose and reduced by LGG, resulting in a reduction in the expression of lipogenic genes. The methylated form of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) C, which dephosphorylates and activates ChREBP, was upregulated by fructose and normalized by LGG. Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1, which methylates PP2AC, was also increased by fructose and decreased by LGG. However, those beneficial effects of LGG were blunted in the KO mice. Hepatic dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate, which inhibits PP2A, was markedly increased by LGG in the WT mice but attenuated in the KO mice. LGG decreased adipose hypertrophy and increased serum levels of ADPN, which regulates sphingosine metabolism. This beneficial effect was decreased in the KO mice. Conclusion LGG administration increases hepatic FGF21 expression and serum ADPN concentration, resulting in a reduced ChREBP activation through dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated PP2A deactivation, and subsequently reversed fructose-induced NAFLD. Thus, our data suggest that FGF21 is required for the beneficial effects of LGG in reversal of fructose-induced NAFLD. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) attenuates fructose-induced NAFLD. LGG increases FGF21 and adiponectin expression. LGG inhibits fructose-activated ChREBP and reduces hepatic lipogenesis. FGF21 is required for the therapeutic effects of LGG against fructose-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin 132101, China; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin 132101, China; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Fenxia Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yiping Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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337
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Added Sugar Intake is Associated with Blood Pressure in Older Females. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092060. [PMID: 31484293 PMCID: PMC6770020 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension or high blood pressure (BP) is highly prevalent in the aging population. Notably, diet and lifestyle have a strong influence on BP. We investigated the association between dietary factors and BP in older adults. This cross-sectional study included 128 participants, aged 65–80 years. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the associations between diet, including meats, vegetables, grains, fruits, dairy, fats, and added sugar, and BP. There was a significant association between intake of added sugar and systolic BP and diastolic BP in females after controlling for age, income, body mass index, physical activity levels, daily calorie intake, and BP medication use. The model predicted that a decrease of 2.3 teaspoons (0.5 standard deviation) of added sugar would result in a 8.4 mmHg drop in systolic BP and a 3.7 mmHg drop in diastolic BP. Whole fruit was associated with a reduction in diastolic BP in both males and females, and the model predicted that, for every 0.71 cup increase in whole fruit consumption, there would be a decrease in diastolic BP of 2.8 mmHg. Our findings support the dietary guidelines of limiting daily intake of added sugar and increasing fruit consumption to promote overall cardiovascular health in older adults.
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Özalp Kızılay D, Şen S, Ersoy B. Associations Between Serum Uric Acid Concentrations and Cardiometabolic Risk and Renal Injury in Obese and Overweight Children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2019; 11:262-269. [PMID: 30759960 PMCID: PMC6745466 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2019.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to assess the association between serum uric acid concentration (SUAC) and the parameters of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR). The secondary aim was to evaluate whether hyperuricemia is associated with renal injury and cardiovascular risk in obese (OB) and overweight (OW) children. Methods The subjects of this study consisted of OB/OW children and adolescents (ages: 8-18 years). Sex and age specific serum uric acid (SUA) olarak değiştirilecek percentiles were used and a SUA >75th percentile was accepted as hyperuricemia. Anthropometric data, blood pressure (BP) measurements and biochemical parameters, including fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, homeostatic model assessments of IR (HOMA-IR) and SUAC were recorded. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed in all patients. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio >4 and TG/HDL-c ratio >2.2 were used as the atherogenic index (AI) indicating cardiovascular risk. Urinary albumin excretion in a 24-hour and also in a first-morning urine sample were measured. Renal injury was assessed by microalbuminuria according to the National Kidney Foundation criteria. Results There were 128 participants; 52 (40%) had elevated (SUA >75th percentile) and 76 had (60%) normal SUAC. The mean±SD age was 13.1±2.6 years and 87 (67.4%) were female. The mean±SD weight was 73±18.97 kg and mean±SD height was 155.4±12.11 cm. There was no statistical difference between the groups with and without hyperuricemia in terms of age, sex, puberty stage and degree of obesity. Increased SUAC were significantly associated with higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting insulin levels and insulin at 30 and 60 minutes during OGTT, HOMA-IR, lower HDL-c and presence of hypertriglyceridemia as well as with decreased HDL-c, increased AI, presence of IR and MetS. BP and microalbuminuria were not associated with SUAC. SUAC showed significant positive correlations with waist circumference, WHR, post-challenge glucose level at 60 minutes, with fasting insulin, post-challenge insulin levels at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes and also with HOMA-IR, total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, TG/HDL-c ratio and a number of other criteria related to MetS. Also, an inverse correlation with HDL-c was noted. Conclusion In OB/OW children frequency of MetS, IR and dislipidemia increases with increased SUAC, a finding independent of age, puberty, gender and body mass index. Patients meeting all of the MetS criteria had the highest SUAC. These results demonstrate that the association between UA and metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors can be detected early in childhood. Thus, we recommend monitoring SUAC in OB children and we believe that prevention of SUAC elevation in early life has a potential protective effect on metabolic impairment and subsequent comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Özalp Kızılay
- Çiğli State Training Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Semra Şen
- Manisa Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Betül Ersoy
- Manisa Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manisa, Turkey
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Maia-Ceciliano TC, Dutra RR, Aguila MB, Mandarim-De-Lacerda CA. The deficiency and the supplementation of vitamin D and liver: Lessons of chronic fructose-rich diet in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105399. [PMID: 31175967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fructose added to soft drinks and processed food, as well as frequent detection of vitamin D deficiency in the body, are two insults increasingly considered to cause lesions in target organs. We studied the liver after a chronic high-fructose diet deficient and supplemented with vitamin D. Sixty C57BL/6 mature male mice were allocated into six groups (n = 10) for ten weeks: control (C), control deficient in vitamin D (CDD), control supplemented with vitamin D (CDS), fructose (F), fructose deficient in vitamin D (FDD), and fructose supplemented with vitamin D (FDS). The gene expressions of vitamin D receptor and CYP27B1 and 25 hydroxyvitamin D plasma level ensured that the diets caused vitamin D deficiency or supplementation. Body mass did not change, but blood pressure (BP) increased in CDD, F, and FDD, whereas BP was controlled in FDS. Insulinemia, insulin tolerance and resistance were seen in both vitamin D deficiency and fructose groups but improved with vitamin D supplementation. The steatosis and fibrosis were observed in the CDD, F and FDD groups. Also, F and FDD showed activation of stellate cells (HSC). Lipogenesis and inflammation gene expressions were enhanced in the CDD, F and FDD groups, but diminished with vitamin D supplementation. In conclusion, we demonstrated the adverse effects of vitamin D deficiency on metabolism, liver steatosis and, combined with fructose intake, liver interstitial fibrosis with hepatic stellate cell activation, and alteration of the lipogenesis, beta-oxidation, and liver inflammation. All these data improved when vitamin D was supplemented in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais C Maia-Ceciliano
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela R Dutra
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcia B Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-De-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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340
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Sugihiro T, Yoneda M, Ohno H, Oki K, Hattori N. Associations of nutrient intakes with obesity and diabetes mellitus in the longitudinal medical surveys of Japanese Americans. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:1229-1236. [PMID: 30663246 PMCID: PMC6717818 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Our previous survey of two Japanese populations, with different lifestyles but identical genetic dispositions, showed that Japanese Americans had different dietary intakes and higher prevalences of obesity and diabetes mellitus, compared with the native Japanese population. The present study examined whether Westernized dietary habits could affect the development of obesity or diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 765 individuals with normal glucose tolerance at baseline medical examinations (1986 or 1989 in Los Angeles and in 1988 or 1992 in Hawaii) who subsequently completed follow-up medical examinations several years later. The participants were categorized at baseline as "lean" (576 individuals, body mass index of <25 kg/m2 ) or "obese" (189 individuals, body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 ). Nutrient intakes were analyzed for associations with the development of obesity or diabetes using Cox's proportional hazard model. RESULTS A total of 41 lean participants developed diabetes, which was not associated with any nutrient intakes (mean follow up 10.8 ± 6.6 years). A total of 36 obese participants developed diabetes, which was positively associated with intakes of animal protein, animal fat and saturated fatty acid (mean follow up 10.7 ± 6.3 years). A total of 85 lean participants became obese, which was positively associated with intakes of simple carbohydrates, sugar and fructose, as well as inversely associated with intakes of vegetable protein and complex carbohydrates (mean follow up 10.4 ± 6.5 years). CONCLUSIONS In the Japanese Americans, different nutrient intakes affected the development of obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, the associations of nutrient intakes with diabetes development varied according to the presence or absence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Sugihiro
- Department of Molecular and Internal MedicineInstitute of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Internal MedicineInstitute of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal MedicineInstitute of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal MedicineInstitute of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal MedicineInstitute of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
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Silva JCP, Marques C, Martins FO, Viegas I, Tavares L, Macedo MP, Jones JG. Determining contributions of exogenous glucose and fructose to de novo fatty acid and glycerol synthesis in liver and adipose tissue. Metab Eng 2019; 56:69-76. [PMID: 31473320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The de novo synthesis of triglyceride (TG) fatty acids (FA) and glycerol can be measured with stable isotope tracers. However, these methods typically do not inform the contribution of a given substrate to specific pathways on these synthetic processes. We integrated deuterated water (2H2O) measurement of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and glycerol-3-phosphate (GLY) synthesis from all substrates with a 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method that quantifies TG FA and glycerol enrichment from a specific [U-13C]precursor. This allowed the [U-13C]precursor contribution to DNL and GLY to be estimated. We applied this method in mice to determine the contributions of fructose and glucose supplemented in the drinking water to DNL and GLY in liver, mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT). In liver, fructose contributed significantly more to DNL of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and oleate as well as to GLY compared to glucose. Moreover, its contribution to SFA synthesis was significantly higher compared to that of oleate. MAT and SCAT had lower fractional rates of total DNL and GLY compared to liver and glucose was utilized more predominantly than fructose for TG synthesis in these tissues. This novel 2H2O/13C integrated method revealed for the first time, tissue specific selection of substrates for DNL, particularly fructose in regard to glucose in liver. Also, this approach was able to resolve the distribution of specific FAs into the TG sn2 and sn1,3 sites. This stable isotope integrated approach yielded information so far uncovered by other lipidomic tools and should powerfully assist in other nutritional, pathological or environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C P Silva
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia Marques
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fátima O Martins
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ivan Viegas
- CFE - Center for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ludgero Tavares
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Macedo
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences, Universidade Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - John G Jones
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Taskinen MR, Packard CJ, Borén J. Dietary Fructose and the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091987. [PMID: 31443567 PMCID: PMC6770027 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has increased dramatically in the last 40 years and is today commonly used commercially in soft drinks, juice, and baked goods. These products comprise a large proportion of the modern diet, in particular in children, adolescents, and young adults. A large body of evidence associate consumption of fructose and other sugar-sweetened beverages with insulin resistance, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and hypertriglyceridemia. In the long term, these risk factors may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Fructose is absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized in the liver where it stimulates fructolysis, glycolysis, lipogenesis, and glucose production. This may result in hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying intestinal and hepatic fructose metabolism is important. Here we review recent evidence linking excessive fructose consumption to health risk markers and development of components of the Metabolic Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Medicine Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Variation in the TAS2R38 Bitterness Receptor Gene Was Associated with Food Consumption and Obesity Risk in Koreans. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091973. [PMID: 31438650 PMCID: PMC6770895 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitterness-sensing protein taste receptor type-2 member 38 (TAS2R38, T2R38) mediates taste perception and various physiological responses, including energy- and adiposity-related mechanisms. This study examined whether the genetic variant rs10246939 C > T in TAS2R38 was associated with food intake and body size as well as obesity risk. Data from the Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort study (1338 males and 2229 females) were analyzed to obtain the intake of six food groups, alcohol consumption, smoking status and anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, waist and hip circumference, and body mass index (BMI), according to the rs10246939 genotype. Findings suggested that females with the TT genotype consumed more fruit (adjusted p = 0.025) and had significantly higher body weights (adjusted p = 0.046) and BMIs (adjusted p = 0.003) than individuals with other genotypes. Having the TT genotype also increased the risk of obesity by 1.75-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.31–2.36) in females. The genetic variation had a minimal influence on the males’ dietary intake, but tended to increase the adiposity risk. In conclusion, TAS2R38 rs10246939 variation was associated with Koreans’ dietary intake and increased their risk of obesity. Although more detailed statistical analyses in the larger cohort are required, current study suggested that, as a genetic predictive marker, TAS2R38 bitterness receptor variations may have a large implication in obesity prevention and treatment.
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Malik VS, Hu FB. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Cardiometabolic Health: An Update of the Evidence. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1840. [PMID: 31398911 PMCID: PMC6723421 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have little nutritional value and a robust body of evidence has linked the intake of SSBs to weight gain and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and some cancers. Metabolic Syndrome (MetSyn) is a clustering of risk factors that precedes the development of T2D and CVD; however, evidence linking SSBs to MetSyn is not clear. To make informed recommendations about SSBs, new evidence needs to be considered against existing literature. This review provides an update on the evidence linking SSBs and cardiometabolic outcomes including MetSyn. Findings from prospective cohort studies support a strong positive association between SSBs and weight gain and risk of T2D and coronary heart disease (CHD), independent of adiposity. Associations with MetSyn are less consistent, and there appears to be a sex difference with stroke with greater risk in women. Findings from short-term trials on metabolic risk factors provide mechanistic support for associations with T2D and CHD. Conclusive evidence from cohort studies and trials on risk factors support an etiologic role of SSB in relation to weight gain and risk of T2D and CHD. Continued efforts to reduce intake of SSB should be encouraged to improve the cardiometabolic health of individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanti S Malik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tsai CW, Chiu HT, Huang HC, Ting IW, Yeh HC, Kuo CC. Uric acid predicts adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease: a novel insight from trajectory analyses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:231-241. [PMID: 29140472 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Very little is known about longitudinal trajectories of serum uric acid (SUA) over the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to determine whether longitudinal SUA trajectories are associated with the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and all-cause mortality among CKD patients. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study from a 13-year multidisciplinary pre-ESRD care registry. The final study population consisted of 5090 CKD patients aged 20-90 years between 2003 and 2015. An individual's SUA trajectory was defined by group-based trajectory modeling in four distinct patterns: high, moderate-high, moderate and low. Time to ESRD and death was analyzed by multiple Cox regression. Results A total of 948 ESRD events and 472 deaths occurred with incidence rates of 57.9 and 28.7 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Compared with those with a low SUA trajectory, the adjusted hazard ratio of patients for incident ESRD was in a dose-response manner as follows: moderate, 1.89 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.37-2.60]; moderate-high, 2.49 (1.75-3.55); and high, 2.84 (1.81-4.47); after considering the competing risk of death. For all-cause mortality, the corresponding risk estimate of the same SUA trajectory was 1.38 (95% CI, 0.89-2.12), 1.95 (1.22-3.10) and 4.52 (2.48-8.26), respectively. The unfavorable effect of elevated SUA trajectories on progression to ESRD was differentially higher among CKD patients without using urate-lowering agents at baseline (P for interaction = 0.018). Conclusions Elevated SUA trajectories are associated with accelerated kidney failure and all-cause mortality in CKD patients. Adequate experimental evidence is urgently needed to inform when and how to optimize SUA in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Tsai
- Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Research Outcome and Training Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Kidney Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Tsai Chiu
- Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Research Outcome and Training Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Huang
- Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Research Outcome and Training Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Ting
- Kidney Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chieh Yeh
- Kidney Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chi Kuo
- Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Research Outcome and Training Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Kidney Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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346
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Varsamis P, Formosa MF, Larsen RN, Reddy-Luthmoodoo M, Jennings GL, Cohen ND, Grace M, Hawley JA, Devlin BL, Owen N, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC, Kingwell BA. Between-meal sucrose-sweetened beverage consumption impairs glycaemia and lipid metabolism during prolonged sitting: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:1536-1543. [PMID: 30217471 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with unfavourable health effects, including promotion of obesity. However, the acute effects of consuming SSBs on glucose and lipid metabolism remain to be characterized in a real-world, post-prandial context of prolonged sitting. We quantified the acute effects of between-meal SSB consumption compared with water, on glucose and lipid metabolism in habitual soft drink consumers during prolonged sitting. METHODS Twenty-eight overweight or obese young adults [15 males; 23 ± 3 (mean ± SD) years, body mass index (BMI) 31.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2) participated. During uninterrupted sitting and following standardized breakfast and lunch meals, each participant completed two 7-h conditions on separate days in a randomized, crossover design study. For each condition, participants consumed either a sucrose SSB or water mid-morning and mid-afternoon. Peak responses and total area under the curve (tAUC) over 7 h for blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were quantified and compared. RESULTS Compared to water, SSB consumption significantly increased the peak responses for blood glucose (20 ± 4% (mean ± SEM)), insulin (43 ± 15%) and C-peptide (21 ± 6%) concentrations. The tAUC for all these parameters was also increased by SSB consumption. The tAUC for triglycerides was 15 ± 5% lower after SSBs and this was driven by males (P < 0.05), as females showed no difference between conditions. The tAUC for NEFAs was 13 ± 5% lower after the SSB condition (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Between-meal SSB consumption significantly elevated plasma glucose responses, associated with a sustained elevation in plasma insulin throughout a day of prolonged sitting. The SSB-induced reduction in circulating triglycerides and NEFAs indicates significant modulation of lipid metabolism, particularly in males. These metabolic effects may contribute to the development of metabolic disease when SSB consumption is habitual and co-occurring with prolonged sitting. Clinical Trial Registry number: ACTRN12616000840482, https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12616000840482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Varsamis
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | | - Garry L Jennings
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Neale D Cohen
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan Grace
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Programme, Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brooke L Devlin
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Programme, Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Centre of Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia; Exercise & Nutrition Research Programme, Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Kingwell
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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347
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Kroemer G, López-Otín C, Madeo F, de Cabo R. Carbotoxicity-Noxious Effects of Carbohydrates. Cell 2019; 175:605-614. [PMID: 30340032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern nutrition is often characterized by the excessive intake of different types of carbohydrates ranging from digestible polysaccharides to refined sugars that collectively mediate noxious effects on human health, a phenomenon that we refer to as "carbotoxicity." Epidemiological and experimental evidence combined with clinical intervention trials underscore the negative impact of excessive carbohydrate uptake, as well as the beneficial effects of reducing carbs in the diet. We discuss the molecular, cellular, and neuroendocrine mechanisms that link exaggerated carbohydrate intake to disease and accelerated aging as we outline dietary and pharmacologic strategies to combat carbotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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348
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Sahin AW, Zannini E, Coffey A, Arendt EK. Sugar reduction in bakery products: Current strategies and sourdough technology as a potential novel approach. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108583. [PMID: 31732069 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The world is facing a big problem of non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. An excessive sugar consumption is considered as a main factor, which triggers these diseases. The two main sources of sugar in processed products on the market are sugar-sweetened beverages and sweet bakery products. Sugar reduction is challenging, especially in baked goods, since it interacts significantly with all ingredients. These interactions cause an increase in gelatinization temperature, a delay in gluten network development, an increase or decrease in yeast activity depending on the sugar concentration, as well as an enhancement of emulsification. Reflecting the molecular interactions on the product quality characteristics of different types of baked goods, sugar also contributes to browning reactions and extension of microbial shelf life. During cake preparation, sugar supports the batter aeration which results in the typical soft cake crumb. Furthermore, it contributes to the spreading process of biscuits during baking and enhances surface cracking due to recrystallization. Sugar reduction requires the development of different strategies; Two well-known strategies are the replacement of added sugar by the combination of bulking agents and high-intensive sweeteners, or by sweet bulking ingredients, such as polyols. The in-situ production of polyols to enhance sweetness, and exopolysaccharides to improve texture, in a sourdough system shows high potential as sugar replacement. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Leuconostoc citreum are high mannitol producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with yields of 70-98% and Leuconostoc oenos was found to produce erythritol. Furthermore, the yeast strain Candida milleri isolated from sourdough produces xylitol in the presence of xylose. Exopolysaccharides produced by LAB and/or yeasts are known to improve the texture and structure of bakery products and, thus, have high potential as natural functional ingredients to compensate quality loss in sweet bakery goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin W Sahin
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuele Zannini
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
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349
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Thomas DD, Corkey BE, Istfan NW, Apovian CM. Hyperinsulinemia: An Early Indicator of Metabolic Dysfunction. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1727-1747. [PMID: 31528832 PMCID: PMC6735759 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes. Racial and ethnic minority populations are disproportionately affected by diabetes and obesity-related complications. This mini-review provides an overview of the genetic and environmental factors associated with hyperinsulinemia with a focus on racial and ethnic differences and its metabolic consequences. The data used in this narrative review were collected through research in PubMed and reference review of relevant retrieved articles. Insulin secretion and clearance are regulated processes that influence the development and progression of hyperinsulinemia. Environmental, genetic, and dietary factors are associated with hyperinsulinemia. Certain pharmacotherapies for obesity and bariatric surgery are effective at mitigating hyperinsulinemia and are associated with improved metabolic health. Hyperinsulinemia is associated with many environmental and genetic factors that interact with a wide network of hormones. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the factors affecting insulin secretion and clearance. Further basic and translational work on hyperinsulinemia may allow for earlier and more personalized treatments for obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan D Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nawfal W Istfan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline M Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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350
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Altered in Vitro Metabolomic Response of the Human Microbiota to Sweeteners. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070535. [PMID: 31311146 PMCID: PMC6678981 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners represent an ingredient class that directly affects human health, via the development of inflammatory processes that promote chronic diseases related to microbiota dysbiosis. Several in vitro tests were conducted in the static GIS1 simulator. The aim of the study was to highlight the effect of sweeteners on the microbiota pattern of healthy individuals, associated with any alteration in the metabolomic response, through the production of organic acids and ammonium. The immediate effect of the in vitro treatment and the influence of the specific sweetener type on the occurrence of dysbiosis were evaluated by determining the biomarkers of the microbiota response. The presence of the steviol reduced the ammonium level (minimum of 410 mg/L), while the addition of cyclamate and saccharin caused a decrease in the number of microorganisms, in addition to lowering the total quantity of synthesized short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The bifidobacteria appeared to decrease below 102 genomes/mL in all the analyzed samples at the end of the in vitro simulation period. Barring the in vitro treatment of steviol, all the sweeteners tested exerted a negative influence on the fermentative profile, resulting in a decline in the fermentative processes, a rise in the colonic pH, and uniformity of the SCFA ratio.
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