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Khouja JN, Sanderson E, Wootton RE, Taylor AE, Church BA, Richmond RC, Munafò MR. Estimating the health impact of nicotine exposure by dissecting the effects of nicotine versus non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation study. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011157. [PMID: 38335242 PMCID: PMC10883537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The detrimental health effects of smoking are well-known, but the impact of regular nicotine use without exposure to the other constituents of tobacco is less clear. Given the increasing daily use of alternative nicotine delivery systems, such as e-cigarettes, it is increasingly important to understand and separate the effects of nicotine use from the impact of tobacco smoke exposure. Using a multivariable Mendelian randomisation framework, we explored the direct effects of nicotine compared with the non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke on health outcomes (lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV-1], forced vital capacity [FVC], coronary heart disease [CHD], and heart rate [HR]). We used Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary statistics from Buchwald and colleagues, the GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine, the International Lung Cancer Consortium, and UK Biobank. Increased nicotine metabolism increased the risk of COPD, lung cancer, and lung function in the univariable analysis. However, when accounting for smoking heaviness in the multivariable analysis, we found that increased nicotine metabolite ratio (indicative of decreased nicotine exposure per cigarette smoked) decreases heart rate (b = -0.30, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.10) and lung function (b = -33.33, 95% CI -41.76 to -24.90). There was no clear evidence of an effect on the remaining outcomes. The results suggest that these smoking-related outcomes are not due to nicotine exposure but are caused by the other components of tobacco smoke; however, there are multiple potential sources of bias, and the results should be triangulated using evidence from a range of methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine N. Khouja
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Sanderson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn E. Wootton
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg diakonale sykehus, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amy E. Taylor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Billy A. Church
- School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Richmond
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
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2
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Waszczuk MA, Jonas KG, Bornovalova M, Breen G, Bulik CM, Docherty AR, Eley TC, Hettema JM, Kotov R, Krueger RF, Lencz T, Li JJ, Vassos E, Waldman ID. Dimensional and transdiagnostic phenotypes in psychiatric genome-wide association studies. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4943-4953. [PMID: 37402851 PMCID: PMC10764644 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide biological insights into disease onset and progression and have potential to produce clinically useful biomarkers. A growing body of GWAS focuses on quantitative and transdiagnostic phenotypic targets, such as symptom severity or biological markers, to enhance gene discovery and the translational utility of genetic findings. The current review discusses such phenotypic approaches in GWAS across major psychiatric disorders. We identify themes and recommendations that emerge from the literature to date, including issues of sample size, reliability, convergent validity, sources of phenotypic information, phenotypes based on biological and behavioral markers such as neuroimaging and chronotype, and longitudinal phenotypes. We also discuss insights from multi-trait methods such as genomic structural equation modelling. These provide insight into how hierarchical 'splitting' and 'lumping' approaches can be applied to both diagnostic and dimensional phenotypes to model clinical heterogeneity and comorbidity. Overall, dimensional and transdiagnostic phenotypes have enhanced gene discovery in many psychiatric conditions and promises to yield fruitful GWAS targets in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Waszczuk
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Katherine G Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Thalia C Eley
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John M Hettema
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Science, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - James J Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Irwin D Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Computational and Quantitative Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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3
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Smith MC, O'Loughlin J, Karageorgiou V, Casanova F, Williams GKR, Hilton M, Tyrrell J. The genetics of falling susceptibility and identification of causal risk factors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19493. [PMID: 37945700 PMCID: PMC10636011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Falls represent a huge health and economic burden. Whilst many factors are associated with fall risk (e.g. obesity and physical inactivity) there is limited evidence for the causal role of these risk factors. Here, we used hospital and general practitioner records in UK Biobank, deriving a balance specific fall phenotype in 20,789 cases and 180,658 controls, performed a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) and used Mendelian Randomisation (MR) to test causal pathways. GWAS indicated a small but significant SNP-based heritability (4.4%), identifying one variant (rs429358) in APOE at genome-wide significance (P < 5e-8). MR provided evidence for a causal role of higher BMI on higher fall risk even in the absence of adverse metabolic consequences. Depression and neuroticism predicted higher risk of falling, whilst higher hand grip strength and physical activity were protective. Our findings suggest promoting lower BMI, higher physical activity as well as psychological health is likely to reduce falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt C Smith
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jessica O'Loughlin
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Vasileios Karageorgiou
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Francesco Casanova
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Genevieve K R Williams
- Public Health and Sports Sciences Department, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Malcolm Hilton
- Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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4
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Chen X, Chen DG, Zhao Z, Zhan J, Ji C, Chen J. Artificial image objects for classification of schizophrenia with GWAS-selected SNVs and convolutional neural network. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 2:100303. [PMID: 34430925 PMCID: PMC8369164 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2021.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we propose a new approach to analyze large genomics data. We considered individual genetic variants as pixels in an image and transformed a collection of variants into an artificial image object (AIO), which could be classified as a regular image by CNN algorithms. Using schizophrenia as a case study, we demonstrate the principles and their applications with 3 datasets. With 4,096 SNVs, the CNN models achieved an accuracy of 0.678 ± 0.007 and an AUC of 0.738 ± 0.008 for the diagnosis phenotype. With 44,100 SNVs, the models achieved class-specific accuracies of 0.806 ± 0.032 and 0.820 ± 0.049, and AUCs of 0.930 ± 0.017 and 0.867 ± 0.040 for the bottom and top classes stratified by the patient's polygenic risk scores. These results suggest that, once transformed to images, large genomics data can be analyzed effectively with image classification algorithms. Introduce a technique to transform genomics data into AIOs Apply CNN algorithms to classify genomics derived AIOs Showcase the technique with GWAS-selected SNVs to classify schizophrenia diagnosis
Genome-wide association studies have discovered many genetic variants that contribute to human diseases. However, it remains a challenge to effectively utilize these variants to facilitate early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this report, we propose a new approach that transforms genetic data into AIOs so that they can be classified by advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. Using schizophrenia as a case study, we demonstrate that genetic variants can be transformed into AIOs and that the AIOs can be classified by CNN algorithms consistently. Our approach can be applied to other omics data and combine them to jointly model disease risks and treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Chen
- 410 AI, LLC, 10 Plummer Ct, Germantown, MD 20876, USA.,A3.AI INC., 10530 Stevenson Road, Stevenson, MD 21153, USA
| | - Daniel G Chen
- 410 AI, LLC, 10 Plummer Ct, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justin Zhan
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Changrong Ji
- A3.AI INC., 10530 Stevenson Road, Stevenson, MD 21153, USA
| | - Jingchun Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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5
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Treur JL, Munafò MR, Logtenberg E, Wiers RW, Verweij KJH. Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1593-1624. [PMID: 34030749 PMCID: PMC8327626 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172100180x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor mental health has consistently been associated with substance use (smoking, alcohol drinking, cannabis use, and consumption of caffeinated drinks). To properly inform public health policy it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations, and most importantly, whether or not they are causal. METHODS In this pre-registered systematic review, we assessed the evidence for causal relationships between mental health and substance use from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, following PRISMA. We rated the quality of included studies using a scoring system that incorporates important indices of quality, such as the quality of phenotype measurement, instrument strength, and use of sensitivity methods. RESULTS Sixty-three studies were included for qualitative synthesis. The final quality rating was '-' for 16 studies, '- +' for 37 studies, and '+'for 10 studies. There was robust evidence that higher educational attainment decreases smoking and that there is a bi-directional, increasing relationship between smoking and (symptoms of) mental disorders. Another robust finding was that higher educational attainment increases alcohol use frequency, but decreases binge-drinking and alcohol use problems, and that mental disorders causally lead to more alcohol drinking without evidence for the reverse. CONCLUSIONS The current MR literature increases our understanding of the relationship between mental health and substance use. Bi-directional causal relationships are indicated, especially for smoking, providing further incentive to strengthen public health efforts to decrease substance use. Future MR studies should make use of large(r) samples in combination with detailed phenotypes, a wide range of sensitivity methods, and triangulate with other research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Logtenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J. H. Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Buchwald J, Chenoweth MJ, Palviainen T, Zhu G, Benner C, Gordon S, Korhonen T, Ripatti S, Madden PAF, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Salomaa V, Rose RJ, George TP, Lerman C, Pirinen M, Martin NG, Kaprio J, Loukola A, Tyndale RF. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of nicotine metabolism and cigarette consumption measures in smokers of European descent. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2212-2223. [PMID: 32157176 PMCID: PMC7483250 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Smoking behaviors, including amount smoked, smoking cessation, and tobacco-related diseases, are altered by the rate of nicotine clearance. Nicotine clearance can be estimated using the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) (ratio of 3'hydroxycotinine/cotinine), but only in current smokers. Advancing the genomics of this highly heritable biomarker of CYP2A6, the main metabolic enzyme for nicotine, will also enable investigation of never and former smokers. We performed the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date of the NMR in European ancestry current smokers (n = 5185), found 1255 genome-wide significant variants, and replicated the chromosome 19 locus. Fine-mapping of chromosome 19 revealed 13 putatively causal variants, with nine of these being highly putatively causal and mapping to CYP2A6, MAP3K10, ADCK4, and CYP2B6. We also identified a putatively causal variant on chromosome 4 mapping to TMPRSS11E and demonstrated an association between TMPRSS11E variation and a UGT2B17 activity phenotype. Together the 14 putatively causal SNPs explained ~38% of NMR variation, a substantial increase from the ~20 to 30% previously explained. Our additional GWASs of nicotine intake biomarkers showed that cotinine and smoking intensity (cotinine/cigarettes per day (CPD)) shared chromosome 19 and chromosome 4 loci with the NMR, and that cotinine and a more accurate biomarker, cotinine + 3'hydroxycotinine, shared a chromosome 15 locus near CHRNA5 with CPD and Pack-Years (i.e., cumulative exposure). Understanding the genetic factors influencing smoking-related traits facilitates epidemiological studies of smoking and disease, as well as assists in optimizing smoking cessation support, which in turn will reduce the enormous personal and societal costs associated with smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Buchwald
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meghan J. Chenoweth
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christian Benner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Scott Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Tony P. George
- Division of Addictions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caryn Lerman
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center at Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Pathology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Division of Addictions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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7
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Risner VA, Benca-Bachman CE, Bertin L, Smith AK, Kaprio J, McGeary JE, Chesler E, Knopik V, Friedman N, Palmer RHC. Multi-polygenic Analysis of Nicotine Dependence in Individuals of European Ancestry. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2102-2109. [PMID: 34008017 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heritability estimates of nicotine dependence (ND) range from 40-70%, but discovery GWAS of ND are underpowered and have limited predictive utility. In this work, we leverage genetically correlated traits and diseases to increase the accuracy of polygenic risk prediction. METHODS We employed a multi-trait model using summary statistic-based best linear unbiased predictors (SBLUP) of genetic correlates of DSM-IV diagnosis of ND in 6,394 individuals of European Ancestry (prevalence = 45.3%, %female = 46.8%, µage = 40.08 [s.d. = 10.43]) and 3,061 individuals from a nationally-representative sample with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence symptom count (FTND; 51.32% female, mean age = 28.9 [s.d. = 1.70]). Polygenic predictors were derived from GWASs known to be phenotypically and genetically correlated with ND (i.e., Cigarettes per Day (CPD), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-Consumption and AUDIT-Problems), Neuroticism, Depression, Schizophrenia, Educational Attainment, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Self-Perceived Risk-Taking); including Height as a negative control. Analyses controlled for age, gender, study site, and the first 10 ancestral principal components. RESULTS The multi-trait model accounted for 3.6% of the total trait variance in DSM-IV ND. Educational Attainment (β=-0.125; 95% confidence interval (CI): [-0.149,-0.101]), CPD (0.071 [0.047,0.095]), and Self-Perceived Risk-Taking (0.051 [0.026,0.075]) were the most robust predictors. PGS effects on FTND were limited. CONCLUSIONS Risk for ND is not only polygenic, but also pleiotropic. Polygenic effects on ND that are accessible by these traits are limited in size and act additively to explain risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Risner
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta GA
| | - Chelsie E Benca-Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta GA
| | - Lauren Bertin
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta GA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Smith Lab, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland
| | - John E McGeary
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence RI.,The Genomic Laboratory, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence RI
| | | | - Valerie Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN
| | - Naomi Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta GA
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8
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Xu K, Li B, McGinnis KA, Vickers-Smith R, Dao C, Sun N, Kember RL, Zhou H, Becker WC, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Zhao H, Justice AC. Genome-wide association study of smoking trajectory and meta-analysis of smoking status in 842,000 individuals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5302. [PMID: 33082346 PMCID: PMC7598939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) for longitudinal smoking phenotypes in 286,118 individuals from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) where we identified 18 loci for smoking trajectory of current versus never in European Americans, one locus in African Americans, and one in Hispanic Americans. Functional annotations prioritized several dozen genes where significant loci co-localized with either expression quantitative trait loci or chromatin interactions. The smoking trajectories were genetically correlated with 209 complex traits, for 33 of which smoking was either a causal or a consequential factor. We also performed European-ancestry meta-analyses for smoking status in the MVP and GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use (GSCAN) (Ntotal = 842,717) and identified 99 loci for smoking initiation and 13 loci for smoking cessation. Overall, this large GWAS of longitudinal smoking phenotype in multiple populations, combined with a meta-GWAS for smoking status, adds new insights into the genetic vulnerability for smoking behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for cigarette smoking have identified several hundred loci that account for a small proportion of the overall genetic risk. Here, the authors report a large GWAS for smoking trajectories and meta-analysis for smoking status, finding multiple plausible loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Boyang Li
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.,Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | | | - Cecilia Dao
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.,Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ning Sun
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - William C Becker
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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Erzurumluoglu AM, Liu M, Jackson VE, Barnes DR, Datta G, Melbourne CA, Young R, Batini C, Surendran P, Jiang T, Adnan SD, Afaq S, Agrawal A, Altmaier E, Antoniou AC, Asselbergs FW, Baumbach C, Bierut L, Bertelsen S, Boehnke M, Bots ML, Brazel DM, Chambers JC, Chang-Claude J, Chen C, Corley J, Chou YL, David SP, de Boer RA, de Leeuw CA, Dennis JG, Dominiczak AF, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Eaton C, Elliott P, Evangelou E, Faul JD, Foroud T, Goate A, Gong J, Grabe HJ, Haessler J, Haiman C, Hallmans G, Hammerschlag AR, Harris SE, Hattersley A, Heath A, Hsu C, Iacono WG, Kanoni S, Kapoor M, Kaprio J, Kardia SL, Karpe F, Kontto J, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Kuulasmaa K, Laakso M, Lai D, Langenberg C, Le N, Lettre G, Loukola A, Luan J, Madden PAF, Mangino M, Marioni RE, Marouli E, Marten J, Martin NG, McGue M, Michailidou K, Mihailov E, Moayyeri A, Moitry M, Müller-Nurasyid M, Naheed A, Nauck M, Neville MJ, Nielsen SF, North K, Perola M, Pharoah PDP, Pistis G, Polderman TJ, Posthuma D, Poulter N, Qaiser B, Rasheed A, Reiner A, Renström F, Rice J, Rohde R, Rolandsson O, Samani NJ, Samuel M, Schlessinger D, Scholte SH, Scott RA, Sever P, Shao Y, Shrine N, Smith JA, Starr JM, Stirrups K, Stram D, Stringham HM, Tachmazidou I, Tardif JC, Thompson DJ, Tindle HA, Tragante V, Trompet S, Turcot V, Tyrrell J, Vaartjes I, van der Leij AR, van der Meer P, Varga TV, Verweij N, Völzke H, Wareham NJ, Warren HR, Weir DR, Weiss S, Wetherill L, Yaghootkar H, Yavas E, Jiang Y, Chen F, Zhan X, Zhang W, Zhao W, Zhao W, Zhou K, Amouyel P, Blankenberg S, Caulfield MJ, Chowdhury R, Cucca F, Deary IJ, Deloukas P, Di Angelantonio E, Ferrario M, Ferrières J, Franks PW, Frayling TM, Frossard P, Hall IP, Hayward C, Jansson JH, Jukema JW, Kee F, Männistö S, Metspalu A, Munroe PB, Nordestgaard BG, Palmer CNA, Salomaa V, Sattar N, Spector T, Strachan DP, van der Harst P, Zeggini E, Saleheen D, Butterworth AS, Wain LV, Abecasis GR, Danesh J, Tobin MD, Vrieze S, Liu DJ, Howson JMM. Meta-analysis of up to 622,409 individuals identifies 40 novel smoking behaviour associated genetic loci. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2392-2409. [PMID: 30617275 PMCID: PMC7515840 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major heritable and modifiable risk factor for many diseases, including cancer, common respiratory disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Fourteen genetic loci have previously been associated with smoking behaviour-related traits. We tested up to 235,116 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) on the exome-array for association with smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, pack-years, and smoking cessation in a fixed effects meta-analysis of up to 61 studies (up to 346,813 participants). In a subset of 112,811 participants, a further one million SNVs were also genotyped and tested for association with the four smoking behaviour traits. SNV-trait associations with P < 5 × 10-8 in either analysis were taken forward for replication in up to 275,596 independent participants from UK Biobank. Lastly, a meta-analysis of the discovery and replication studies was performed. Sixteen SNVs were associated with at least one of the smoking behaviour traits (P < 5 × 10-8) in the discovery samples. Ten novel SNVs, including rs12616219 near TMEM182, were followed-up and five of them (rs462779 in REV3L, rs12780116 in CNNM2, rs1190736 in GPR101, rs11539157 in PJA1, and rs12616219 near TMEM182) replicated at a Bonferroni significance threshold (P < 4.5 × 10-3) with consistent direction of effect. A further 35 SNVs were associated with smoking behaviour traits in the discovery plus replication meta-analysis (up to 622,409 participants) including a rare SNV, rs150493199, in CCDC141 and two low-frequency SNVs in CEP350 and HDGFRP2. Functional follow-up implied that decreased expression of REV3L may lower the probability of smoking initiation. The novel loci will facilitate understanding the genetic aetiology of smoking behaviour and may lead to the identification of potential drug targets for smoking prevention and/or cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Victoria E Jackson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Pde, 3052, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel R Barnes
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Gargi Datta
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carl A Melbourne
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Robin Young
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Chiara Batini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tao Jiang
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sheikh Daud Adnan
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saima Afaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elisabeth Altmaier
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Circulatory Health, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David M Brazel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Cancer Centre Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chu Chen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janie Corley
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P David
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan A de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joe G Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Charles Eaton
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Gong
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jeff Haessler
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Andrew Hattersley
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chris Hsu
- University of Southern California, California, CA, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Centre for Genomic Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharon L Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jukka Kontto
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W12 0HS, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nhung Le
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Massimo Mangino
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Centre for Genomic Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Moitry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public health, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Aliya Naheed
- Initiative for Noncommunicable Diseases, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthew J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sune Fallgaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 74, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tinca J Polderman
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Beenish Qaiser
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Alex Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frida Renström
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, SE-214 28, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - John Rice
- Departments of Psychiatry and Mathematics, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Section for Family Medicine, Umeå universitet, SE, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Maria Samuel
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven H Scholte
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam & Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter Sever
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yaming Shao
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nick Shrine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Danielle Stram
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of gerontology and geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie Turcot
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Circulatory Health, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andries R van der Leij
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam & Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, SE-214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 301 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Helen R Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stefan Weiss
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Ersin Yavas
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yu Jiang
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Marco Ferrario
- EPIMED Research Centre, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria at Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027- INSERM, Toulouse University-CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, SE-214 28, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Ian P Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jan-Håkan Jansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Skellefteå Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens, University, Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Børge Grønne Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 74, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Timothy Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David Peter Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George!s, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Danish Saleheen
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
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10
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Ranjit A, Latvala A, Kinnunen TH, Kaprio J, Korhonen T. Depressive symptoms predict smoking cessation in a 20-year longitudinal study of adult twins. Addict Behav 2020; 108:106427. [PMID: 32361366 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression has been suggested to hinder smoking cessation, especially when co-occurring with nicotine dependence. The study aimed to examine the longitudinal association of depressive symptoms with smoking cessation among daily smokers. The study utilized adult Finnish twin cohort where 1438 daily smokers (mean age: 38.3, range: 33-45) in 1990 were re-examined for their smoking status in 2011. We assessed baseline depressive symptoms with the Beck Depression Inventory, and the self-reported smoking status at follow-up. The methods included multinomial logistic regression and time to event analyses, adjusted for multiple covariates (age, sex, marital status, social class, heavy drinking occasions, and health status) and smoking heaviness at baseline assessed by cigarettes per day (CPD). Additionally, within-twin-pair analyses were conducted. Results indicated that moderate/severe depressive symptoms at baseline were associated with a lower likelihood of smoking cessation two decades later. Adjusting for covariates, those with moderate/severe depressive symptoms (vs. no/minimal depressive symptoms) had 46% lower likelihood of quitting (relative risk ratio, RRR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30-0.96). After including CPD, the association of depressive symptoms with smoking cessation attenuated modestly (RRR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.34-1.12). Further, time to event analysis for quitting year since baseline yielded similar findings. In the within-pair analysis, depressive symptoms were not associated with quitting smoking. The results suggest that reporting more depressive symptoms is associated with a lower likelihood of smoking cessation during a 20-year period. The baseline amount of smoking and familial factors partly explain the observed association. Smoking cessation programs should monitor depressive symptoms.
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11
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Sipe CJ, Koopmeiners JS, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Murphy SE. UGT2B10 Genotype Influences Serum Cotinine Levels and Is a Primary Determinant of Higher Cotinine in African American Smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1673-1678. [PMID: 32532831 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotinine is the most widely used biomarker of tobacco exposure. At similar smoking levels, African Americans have higher serum cotinine than Whites. UGT2B10-catalyzed cotinine glucuronidation impacts these levels, and African Americans often have low UGT2B10 activity due to a high prevalence of a UGT2B10 splice variant (rs2942857). METHODS Two UGT2B10 SNPs (rs6175900 and rs2942857) were genotyped in 289 African Americans and 627 White smokers. Each smoker was assigned a genetic score of 0, 1, or 2 based on the number of variant alleles. Total nicotine equivalents (TNE), the sum of nicotine and six metabolites, and serum cotinine and 3'-hydroxycotinine were quantified. The contribution of UGT2B10 genetic score to cotinine concentration was determined. RESULTS Serum cotinine was significantly higher in smokers with UGT2B10 genetic scores of 2 versus 0 (327 ng/mL vs. 221 ng/mL; P < 0.001); TNEs were not different. In a linear regression model adjusted for age, gender, cigarettes per day, TNE, race, and CYP2A6 activity, geometric mean cotinine increased 43% between genetic score 2 versus 0 (P < 0.001). A 0.1 increase in the CYP2A6 activity ratio, 3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine, resulted in a 6% decrease in cotinine. After adjustment for UGT2B10 genotype and the other covariants, there was no significant difference in serum cotinine by race. CONCLUSIONS UGT2B10 genotype is a major contributor to cotinine levels and explains the majority of high serum cotinine in African American smokers. IMPACT Cotinine levels in smokers may greatly overestimate tobacco exposure and potentially misinform our understanding of ethnic/racial difference in tobacco-related disease if UGT2B10 genotype is not taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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12
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Polygenic Risk Scores for Subtyping of Schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 2020:1638403. [PMID: 32774919 PMCID: PMC7396092 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1638403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with many comorbid conditions. In this study, we used polygenic risk scores (PRSs) from schizophrenia and comorbid traits to explore consistent cluster structure in schizophrenia patients. With 10 comorbid traits, we found a stable 4-cluster structure in two datasets (MGS and SSCCS). When the same traits and parameters were applied for the patients in a clinical trial of antipsychotics, the CATIE study, a 5-cluster structure was observed. One of the 4 clusters found in the MGS and SSCCS was further split into two clusters in CATIE, while the other 3 clusters remained unchanged. For the 5 CATIE clusters, we evaluated their association with the changes of clinical symptoms, neurocognitive functions, and laboratory tests between the enrollment baseline and the end of Phase I trial. Class I was found responsive to treatment, with significant reduction for the total, positive, and negative symptoms (p = 0.0001, 0.0099, and 0.0028, respectively), and improvement for cognitive functions (VIGILANCE, p = 0.0099; PROCESSING SPEED, p = 0.0006; WORKING MEMORY, p = 0.0023; and REASONING, p = 0.0015). Class II had modest reduction of positive symptoms (p = 0.0492) and better PROCESSING SPEED (p = 0.0071). Class IV had a specific reduction of negative symptoms (p = 0.0111) and modest cognitive improvement for all tested domains. Interestingly, Class IV was also associated with decreased lymphocyte counts and increased neutrophil counts, an indication of ongoing inflammation or immune dysfunction. In contrast, Classes III and V showed no symptom reduction but a higher level of phosphorus. Overall, our results suggest that PRSs from schizophrenia and comorbid traits can be utilized to classify patients into subtypes with distinctive clinical features. This genetic susceptibility based subtyping may be useful to facilitate more effective treatment and outcome prediction.
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13
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Hubacek JA, Kurcova I, Maresova V, Pankova A, Stepankova L, Zvolska K, Lanska V, Kralikova E. SNPs within CHRNA5-A3-B4 and CYP2A6/B6, nicotine metabolite concentrations and nicotine dependence treatment success in smokers. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2019; 165:84-89. [PMID: 31796940 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Plasma values of nicotine and its metabolites are highly variable, and this variability has a strong genetic influence. In our study, we analysed the impact of common polymorphisms associated with smoking on the plasma values of nicotine, nicotine metabolites and their ratios and investigated the potential effect of these polymorphisms and nicotine metabolite ratios on the successful treatment of tobacco dependence. METHODS Five variants (rs16969968, rs6474412, rs578776, rs4105144 and rs3733829) were genotyped in a group of highly dependent adult smokers (n=103). All smokers underwent intensive treatment for tobacco dependence; 33 smokers were still abstinent at the 12-month follow-up. RESULTS The rs4105144 (CYP2A6, P<0.005) and rs3733829 (EGLN2, P<0.05) variants were significantly associated with plasma concentrations of 3OH-cotinine and with 3OH-cotinine: cotinine ratios. Similarly, the unweighted gene score was a significant (P<0.05) predictor of both cotinine:nicotine and 3OH-cotinine:cotinine ratios. No associations between the analysed polymorphisms or nicotine metabolite ratios and nicotine abstinence rate were observed. CONCLUSION Although CYP2A6 and EGLN2 polymorphisms were associated with nicotine metabolism ratios, neither these polymorphisms nor the ratios were associated with abstinence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav A Hubacek
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kurcova
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Maresova
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Pankova
- Centre for Tobacco-Dependent, 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Stepankova
- Centre for Tobacco-Dependent, 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Zvolska
- Centre for Tobacco-Dependent, 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Lanska
- Statistical Unit, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kralikova
- Centre for Tobacco-Dependent, 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Translational Molecular Approaches in Substance Abuse Research. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 258:31-60. [PMID: 31628598 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive abuse of psychoactive substances is one of the leading contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this book chapter, we review translational research strategies that are applied in the pursuit of new and more effective therapeutics for substance use disorder (SUD). The complex, multidimensional nature of psychiatric disorders like SUD presents difficult challenges to investigators. While animal models are critical for outlining the mechanistic relationships between defined behaviors and genetic and/or molecular changes, the heterogeneous pathophysiology of brain diseases is uniquely human, necessitating the use of human studies and translational research schemes. Translational research describes a cross-species approach in which findings from human patient-based data can be used to guide molecular genetic investigations in preclinical animal models in order to delineate the mechanisms of reward circuitry changes in the addicted state. Results from animal studies can then inform clinical investigations toward the development of novel treatments for SUD. Here we describe the strategies that are used to identify and functionally validate genetic variants in the human genome which may contribute to increased risk for SUD, starting from early candidate gene approaches to more recent genome-wide association studies. We will next examine studies aimed at understanding how transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation in SUD can persistently alter cellular function in the disease state. In our discussion, we then focus on examples from the literature illustrating molecular genetic methodologies that have been applied to studies of different substances of abuse - from alcohol and nicotine to stimulants and opioids - in order to exemplify how these approaches can both delineate the underlying molecular systems driving drug addiction and provide insights into the genetic basis of SUD.
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15
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Maas SCE, Vidaki A, Wilson R, Teumer A, Liu F, van Meurs JBJ, Uitterlinden AG, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJC, Willemsen G, van Dongen J, van der Kallen CJH, Slagboom PE, Beekman M, van Heemst D, van den Berg LH, Duijts L, Jaddoe VWV, Ladwig KH, Kunze S, Peters A, Ikram MA, Grabe HJ, Felix JF, Waldenberger M, Franco OH, Ghanbari M, Kayser M. Validated inference of smoking habits from blood with a finite DNA methylation marker set. Eur J Epidemiol 2019; 34:1055-1074. [PMID: 31494793 PMCID: PMC6861351 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00555-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inferring a person’s smoking habit and history from blood is relevant for complementing or replacing self-reports in epidemiological and public health research, and for forensic applications. However, a finite DNA methylation marker set and a validated statistical model based on a large dataset are not yet available. Employing 14 epigenome-wide association studies for marker discovery, and using data from six population-based cohorts (N = 3764) for model building, we identified 13 CpGs most suitable for inferring smoking versus non-smoking status from blood with a cumulative Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.901. Internal fivefold cross-validation yielded an average AUC of 0.897 ± 0.137, while external model validation in an independent population-based cohort (N = 1608) achieved an AUC of 0.911. These 13 CpGs also provided accurate inference of current (average AUCcrossvalidation 0.925 ± 0.021, AUCexternalvalidation0.914), former (0.766 ± 0.023, 0.699) and never smoking (0.830 ± 0.019, 0.781) status, allowed inferring pack-years in current smokers (10 pack-years 0.800 ± 0.068, 0.796; 15 pack-years 0.767 ± 0.102, 0.752) and inferring smoking cessation time in former smokers (5 years 0.774 ± 0.024, 0.760; 10 years 0.766 ± 0.033, 0.764; 15 years 0.767 ± 0.020, 0.754). Model application to children revealed highly accurate inference of the true non-smoking status (6 years of age: accuracy 0.994, N = 355; 10 years: 0.994, N = 309), suggesting prenatal and passive smoking exposure having no impact on model applications in adults. The finite set of DNA methylation markers allow accurate inference of smoking habit, with comparable accuracy as plasma cotinine use, and smoking history from blood, which we envision becoming useful in epidemiology and public health research, and in medical and forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana C E Maas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athina Vidaki
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory Wilson
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 48, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J H van der Kallen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Randwycksingel 35, 6229 EG, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology and Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kunze
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janine F Felix
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, PO Box 91735-951, 9133913716 Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Hällfors J, Palviainen T, Surakka I, Gupta R, Buchwald J, Raevuori A, Ripatti S, Korhonen T, Jousilahti P, Madden PA, Kaprio J, Loukola A. Genome-wide association study in Finnish twins highlights the connection between nicotine addiction and neurotrophin signaling pathway. Addict Biol 2019. [PMID: 29532581 PMCID: PMC6519128 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heritability of nicotine dependence based on family studies is substantial. Nevertheless, knowledge of the underlying genetic architecture remains meager. Our aim was to identify novel genetic variants responsible for interindividual differences in smoking behavior. We performed a genome-wide association study on 1715 ever smokers ascertained from the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort enriched for heavy smoking. Data imputation used the 1000 Genomes Phase I reference panel together with a whole genome sequence-based Finnish reference panel. We analyzed three measures of nicotine addiction-smoking quantity, nicotine dependence and nicotine withdrawal. We annotated all genome-wide significant SNPs for their functional potential. First, we detected genome-wide significant association on 16p12 with smoking quantity (P = 8.5 × 10-9 ), near CLEC19A. The lead-SNP stands 22 kb from a binding site for NF-κB transcription factors, which play a role in the neurotrophin signaling pathway. However, the signal was not replicated in an independent Finnish population-based sample, FINRISK (n = 6763). Second, nicotine withdrawal showed association on 2q21 in an intron of TMEM163 (P = 2.1 × 10-9 ), and on 11p15 (P = 6.6 × 10-8 ) in an intron of AP2A2, and P = 4.2 × 10-7 for a missense variant in MUC6, both involved in the neurotrophin signaling pathway). Third, association was detected on 3p22.3 for maximum number of cigarettes smoked per day (P = 3.1 × 10-8 ) near STAC. Associating CLEC19A and TMEM163 SNPs were annotated to influence gene expression or methylation. The neurotrophin signaling pathway has previously been associated with smoking behavior. Our findings further support the role in nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Hällfors
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Richa Gupta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Jadwiga Buchwald
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Anu Raevuori
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of Helsinki Finland
- Department of Adolescent PsychiatryHelsinki University Central Hospital Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of Helsinki Finland
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of Helsinki Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute UK
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of Helsinki Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionUniversity of Eastern Finland Finland
| | | | - Pamela A.F. Madden
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of Medicine Saint Louis MO USA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of Helsinki Finland
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of Helsinki Finland
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of Helsinki Finland
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17
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Taylor AE, Richmond RC, Palviainen T, Loukola A, Wootton RE, Kaprio J, Relton CL, Davey Smith G, Munafò MR. The effect of body mass index on smoking behaviour and nicotine metabolism: a Mendelian randomization study. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1322-1330. [PMID: 30561638 PMCID: PMC6452214 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Given clear evidence that smoking lowers weight, it is possible that individuals with higher body mass index (BMI) smoke in order to lose or maintain their weight. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses of the effects of BMI on smoking behaviour in UK Biobank and the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium genome-wide association study (GWAS), on cotinine levels and nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) in published GWAS and on DNA methylation in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Our results indicate that higher BMI causally influences lifetime smoking, smoking initiation, smoking heaviness and also DNA methylation at the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) locus, but we do not see evidence for an effect on smoking cessation. While there is no strong evidence that BMI causally influences cotinine levels, suggestive evidence for a negative causal influence on NMR may explain this. There is a causal effect of BMI on smoking, but the relationship is likely to be complex due to opposing effects on behaviour and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Taylor
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, UK
- MRC Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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18
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Gupta R, van Dongen J, Fu Y, Abdellaoui A, Tyndale RF, Velagapudi V, Boomsma DI, Korhonen T, Kaprio J, Loukola A, Ollikainen M. Epigenome-wide association study of serum cotinine in current smokers reveals novel genetically driven loci. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:1. [PMID: 30611298 PMCID: PMC6321663 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation alteration extensively associates with smoking and is a plausible link between smoking and adverse health. We examined the association between epigenome-wide DNA methylation and serum cotinine levels as a proxy of nicotine exposure and smoking quantity, assessed the role of SNPs in these associations, and evaluated molecular mediation by methylation in a sample of biochemically verified current smokers (N = 310). Results DNA methylation at 50 CpG sites was associated (FDR < 0.05) with cotinine levels, 17 of which are novel associations. As cotinine levels are influenced not only by nicotine intake but also by CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism rate, we performed secondary analyses adjusting for genetic risk score of nicotine metabolism rate and identified five additional novel associations. We further assessed the potential role of genetic variants in the detected association between methylation and cotinine levels observing 124 cis and 3898 trans methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs). Nineteen of these SNPs were also associated with cotinine levels (FDR < 0.05). Further, at seven CpG sites, we observed a trend (P < 0.05) that altered DNA methylation mediates the effect of SNPs on nicotine exposure rather than a direct consequence of smoking. Finally, we performed replication of our findings in two independent cohorts of biochemically verified smokers (N = 450 and N = 79). Conclusions Using cotinine, a biomarker of nicotine exposure, we replicated and extended identification of novel epigenetic associations in smoking-related genes. We also demonstrated that DNA methylation in some of the identified loci is driven by the underlying genotype and may mediate the causal effect of genotype on cotinine levels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0606-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Gupta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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O'Connor LJ, Price AL. Distinguishing genetic correlation from causation across 52 diseases and complex traits. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1728-1734. [PMID: 30374074 PMCID: PMC6684375 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mendelian randomization, a method to infer causal relationships, is confounded by genetic correlations reflecting shared etiology. We developed a model in which a latent causal variable mediates the genetic correlation; trait 1 is partially genetically causal for trait 2 if it is strongly genetically correlated with the latent causal variable, quantified using the genetic causality proportion. We fit this model using mixed fourth moments [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of marginal effect sizes for each trait; if trait 1 is causal for trait 2, then SNPs affecting trait 1 (large [Formula: see text]) will have correlated effects on trait 2 (large α1α2), but not vice versa. In simulations, our method avoided false positives due to genetic correlations, unlike Mendelian randomization. Across 52 traits (average n = 331,000), we identified 30 causal relationships with high genetic causality proportion estimates. Novel findings included a causal effect of low-density lipoprotein on bone mineral density, consistent with clinical trials of statins in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J O'Connor
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Alkes L Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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20
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Jensen KP, DeVito EE, Yip S, Carroll KM, Sofuoglu M. The Cholinergic System as a Treatment Target for Opioid Use Disorder. CNS Drugs 2018; 32:981-996. [PMID: 30259415 PMCID: PMC6314885 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Opioid overdoses recently became the leading cause of accidental death in the US, marking an increase in the severity of the opioid use disorder (OUD) epidemic that is impacting global health. Current treatment protocols for OUD are limited to opioid medications, including methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone. While these medications are effective in many cases, new treatments are required to more effectively address the rising societal and interpersonal costs associated with OUD. In this article, we review the opioid and cholinergic systems, and examine the potential of acetylcholine (ACh) as a treatment target for OUD. The cholinergic system includes enzymes that synthesize and degrade ACh and receptors that mediate the effects of ACh. ACh is involved in many central nervous system functions that are critical to the development and maintenance of OUD, such as reward and cognition. Medications that target the cholinergic system have been approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, tobacco use disorder, and nausea. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors and scopolamine, which target components of the cholinergic system, show promise for the treatment of OUD and further investigations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Ave, Bldg 36/116A4, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Elise E DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Ave, Bldg 36/116A4, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Sarah Yip
- Department of Psychiatry and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Ave, Bldg 36/116A4, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Kathleen M Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Ave, Bldg 36/116A4, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Ave, Bldg 36/116A4, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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21
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Chen J, Wu JS, Mize T, Shui D, Chen X. Prediction of Schizophrenia Diagnosis by Integration of Genetically Correlated Conditions and Traits. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:532-540. [PMID: 30276764 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is genetically heterogeneous and comorbid with many conditions. In this study, we explored polygenic scores (PGSs) from genetically related conditions and traits to predict schizophrenia diagnosis using both logistic regression and deep neural network (DNN) models. We used the combined Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia and Swedish Schizophrenia Case Control Study (MGS + SSCCS) data for training and testing the models, and used the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials for Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) data as independent validation. We screened 28 conditions and traits comorbid with schizophrenia to identify traits as potential predictors and used LASSO regression to select predictors for model construction. We investigated how PGS calculation influenced model performance. We found that the inclusion of comorbid traits improved model performance and PGSs calculated from two traits were more generalizable in independent validation. With a DNN model using 19 PGS predictors, we accomplished a prediction accuracy of 0.813 and an AUC of 0.905 in the MGS + SSCCS data. When this model was validated with the CATIE data, it achieved an accuracy of 0.721 and AUC of 0.747. Our results indicate that PGSs alone may not be sufficient to predict schizophrenia accurately and the inclusion of behavioral and clinical data may be necessary for more accurate prediction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Chen
- Nevada institute of personalized medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Jian-Shing Wu
- Nevada institute of personalized medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Travis Mize
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Dandan Shui
- Nevada institute of personalized medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Nevada institute of personalized medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4009, USA.
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22
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Jensen KP, Valentine G, Buta E, DeVito EE, Gelernter J, Sofuoglu M. Biochemical, demographic, and self-reported tobacco-related predictors of the acute heart rate response to nicotine in smokers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 173:36-43. [PMID: 30107183 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the stimulatory effects of nicotine on cardiovascular function in humans is of great interest given the wide-spread use of different forms of combustible and smokeless products that deliver nicotine. An intravenous nicotine infusion procedure was used to evaluate factors associated with the acute heart rate (HR) response to nicotine (0.5 mg per 70 kg bodyweight) in a sample of 213 smokers. We tested for differential response to nicotine based on demographic characteristics (race [European American vs African America], sex, body mass index and age); a set of blood-based biomarkers (baseline nicotine, cotinine and cortisol levels and nicotine metabolite ratio); and a set of self-reported measures related to tobacco use. Nicotine infusion was first noted to increase HR approximately 10 beats per minute (95% CI: 7.8-12.3) one minute post-infusion, and 13 beats per minute (95% CI: 11.0-15.2) two minutes post-infusion. Higher cortisol, lower nicotine levels, higher nicotine metabolite ratio, being female and greater withdrawal symptoms were independently associated with a potentiated increase in HR 1 or 2 min after nicotine infusion. Factors associated with the acute HR effects of nicotine warrant further investigation given their potential to inform the development of nicotine delivery systems as tobacco harm reduction approaches for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America.
| | - Gerald Valentine
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Eugenia Buta
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Elise E DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America
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23
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Gage SH, Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Munafò MR. Investigating causality in associations between education and smoking: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:1131-1140. [PMID: 29961807 PMCID: PMC6124626 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower educational attainment is associated with increased rates of smoking, but ascertaining causality is challenging. We used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses of summary statistics to examine whether educational attainment is causally related to smoking. Methods and Findings We used summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of educational attainment and a range of smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, cotinine levels and smoking cessation). Of 74 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that predict educational attainment, 57 (or their highly correlated proxies) were present in the smoking initiation, cigarettes per day and smoking cessation GWAS, and 72 in the cotinine GWAS. Various complementary MR techniques (inverse variance weighted regression, MR Egger, weighted median regression) were used to test the robustness of our results. We found broadly consistent evidence across these techniques that higher educational attainment leads to reduced likelihood of smoking initiation, reduced heaviness of smoking among smokers (as measured via self-report [e.g. inverse variance weighted beta -2.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.81, -0.70, P = 0.005] and cotinine levels [e.g. inverse variance weighted beta -0.34, 95% CI -0.67, -0.01, P = 0.057]), and greater likelihood of smoking cessation among smokers (inverse variance weighted beta 0.65, 95% CI 0.35, 0.95, P = 5.54 × 10-5). Less consistent across the different techniques were associations between educational attainment and smoking initiation. Conclusions Our findings indicate a causal association between low educational attainment and increased risk of smoking, and may explain the observational associations between educational attainment and adverse health outcomes such as risk of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne H Gage
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jack Bowden
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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24
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Obeidat M, Zhou G, Li X, Hansel NN, Rafaels N, Mathias R, Ruczinski I, Beaty TH, Barnes KC, Paré PD, Sin DD. The genetics of smoking in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2018; 19:59. [PMID: 29631575 PMCID: PMC5892035 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking is the principal modifiable environmental risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which affects 300 million people and is the 3rd leading cause of death worldwide. Most of the genetic studies of smoking have relied on self-reported smoking status which is vulnerable to reporting and recall bias. Using data from the Lung Health Study (LHS), we sought to identify genetic variants associated with quantitative smoking and cessation in individuals with mild to moderate COPD. Methods The LHS is a longitudinal multicenter study of mild-to-moderate COPD subjects who were all smokers at recruitment. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for salivary cotinine (n = 4024), exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) (n = 2854), cigarettes per day (CPD) (n = 2706) and smoking cessation at year 5 follow-up (n = 717 quitters and 2175 smokers). The GWAS analyses were adjusted for age, gender, and genetic principal components. Results For cotinine levels, SNPs near UGT2B10 gene achieved genome-wide significance (i.e. P < 5 × 10− 8) with top SNP rs10023464, P = 1.27 × 10− 11. For eCO levels, one significant SNP was identified which mapped to the CHRNA3 gene (rs12914385, P = 2.38 × 10− 8). A borderline region mapping to KCNMA1 gene was associated with smoking cessation (rs207675, P = 5.95 × 10− 8). Of the identified loci, only the CHRNA3/5 locus showed significant associations with lung function but only in heavy smokers. No regions met genome-wide significance for CPD. Conclusion The study demonstrates that using objective measures of smoking such as eCO and/or salivary cotinine can more precisely capture the genetic contribution to multiple aspects of smoking behaviour. The KCNMA1 gene association with smoking cessation may represent a potential therapeutic target and warrants further studies. Trial registration The Lung Health Study ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000568. Date of registration: October 28, 1999. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0762-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma'en Obeidat
- The University of British Columbia Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Guohai Zhou
- The University of British Columbia Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xuan Li
- The University of British Columbia Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rasika Mathias
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Terri H Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen C Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter D Paré
- The University of British Columbia Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- The University of British Columbia Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Chen LS, Horton A, Bierut L. Pathways to precision medicine in smoking cessation treatments. Neurosci Lett 2018; 669:83-92. [PMID: 27208830 PMCID: PMC5115988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is highly addictive and modern genetic research has identified robust genetic influences on nicotine dependence. An important step in translating these genetic findings to clinical practice is identifying the genetic factors affecting smoking cessation in order to enhance current smoking cessation treatments. We reviewed the significant genetic variants that predict nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, and response to cessation pharmacotherapy. These data suggest that genetic risks can predict smoking cessation outcomes and moderate the effect of pharmacological treatments. Some pharmacogenetic findings have been replicated in meta-analyses or in multiple smoking cessation trials. The variation in efficacy between smokers with different genetic markers supports the notion that personalized smoking cessation intervention based upon genotype could maximize the efficiency of such treatment while minimizing side effects, thus influencing the number needed to treat (NNT) and the number needed to harm. In summary, as precision medicine is revolutionizing healthcare, smoking cessation may be one of the first areas where genetic variants may identify individuals at increased risk. Current evidence strongly suggests that genetic variants predict cessation failure and that cessation pharmacotherapy effectiveness is modulated by biomarkers such as nicotinic cholinergic receptor α5 subunit (CHRNA5) genotypes or nicotine metabolism ratio (NMR). These findings strengthen the case for the development and rigorous testing of treatments that target patients with different biological risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shiun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Amy Horton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Laura Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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26
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Saccone NL, Baurley JW, Bergen AW, David SP, Elliott HR, Foreman MG, Kaprio J, Piasecki TM, Relton CL, Zawertailo L, Bierut LJ, Tyndale RF, Chen LS. The Value of Biosamples in Smoking Cessation Trials: A Review of Genetic, Metabolomic, and Epigenetic Findings. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:403-413. [PMID: 28472521 PMCID: PMC5896536 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Human genetic research has succeeded in definitively identifying multiple genetic variants associated with risk for nicotine dependence and heavy smoking. To build on these advances, and to aid in reducing the prevalence of smoking and its consequent health harms, the next frontier is to identify genetic predictors of successful smoking cessation and also of the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments ("pharmacogenomics"). More broadly, additional biomarkers that can be quantified from biosamples also promise to aid "Precision Medicine" and the personalization of treatment, both pharmacological and behavioral. Aims and Methods To motivate ongoing and future efforts, here we review several compelling genetic and biomarker findings related to smoking cessation and treatment. Results These Key results involve genetic variants in the nicotinic receptor subunit gene CHRNA5, variants in the nicotine metabolism gene CYP2A6, and the nicotine metabolite ratio. We also summarize reports of epigenetic changes related to smoking behavior. Conclusions The results to date demonstrate the value and utility of data generated from biosamples in clinical treatment trial settings. This article cross-references a companion paper in this issue that provides practical guidance on how to incorporate biosample collection into a planned clinical trial and discusses avenues for harmonizing data and fostering consortium-based, collaborative research on the pharmacogenomics of smoking cessation. Implications Evidence is emerging that certain genotypes and biomarkers are associated with smoking cessation success and efficacy of smoking cessation treatments. We review key findings that open potential avenues for personalizing smoking cessation treatment according to an individual's genetic or metabolic profile. These results provide important incentive for smoking cessation researchers to collect biosamples and perform genotyping in research studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Saccone
- Department of Genetics and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | - Sean P David
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Hannah R Elliott
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marilyn G Foreman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Siteman Cancer Center, Institute of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li-Shiun Chen
- Siteman Cancer Center, Institute of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the advent of the genome-wide association study (GWAS), our understanding of the genetics of addiction has made significant strides forward. Here, we summarize genetic loci containing variants identified at genome-wide statistical significance (P < 5 × 10-8) and independently replicated, review evidence of functional or regulatory effects for GWAS-identified variants, and outline multi-omics approaches to enhance discovery and characterize addiction loci. RECENT FINDINGS Replicable GWAS findings span 11 genetic loci for smoking, eight loci for alcohol, and two loci for illicit drugs combined and include missense functional variants and noncoding variants with regulatory effects in human brain tissues traditionally viewed as addiction-relevant (e.g., prefrontal cortex [PFC]) and, more recently, tissues often overlooked (e.g., cerebellum). GWAS analyses have discovered several novel, replicable variants contributing to addiction. Using larger sample sizes from harmonized datasets and new approaches to integrate GWAS with multiple 'omics data across human brain tissues holds great promise to significantly advance our understanding of the biology underlying addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana B Hancock
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Christina A Markunas
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric O Johnson
- Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Labriet A, Allain EP, Rouleau M, Audet-Delage Y, Villeneuve L, Guillemette C. Post-transcriptional Regulation of UGT2B10 Hepatic Expression and Activity by Alternative Splicing. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:514-524. [PMID: 29438977 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The detoxification enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B10 is specialized in the N-linked glucuronidation of many drugs and xenobiotics. Preferred substrates possess tertiary aliphatic amines and heterocyclic amines, such as tobacco carcinogens and several antidepressants and antipsychotics. We hypothesized that alternative splicing (AS) constitutes a means to regulate steady-state levels of UGT2B10 and enzyme activity. We established the transcriptome of UGT2B10 in normal and tumoral tissues of multiple individuals. The highest expression was in the liver, where 10 AS transcripts represented 50% of the UGT2B10 transcriptome in 50 normal livers and 44 hepatocellular carcinomas. One abundant class of transcripts involves a novel exonic sequence and leads to two alternative (alt.) variants with novel in-frame C termini of 10 or 65 amino acids. Their hepatic expression was highly variable among individuals, correlated with canonical transcript levels, and was 3.5-fold higher in tumors. Evidence for their translation in liver tissues was acquired by mass spectrometry. In cell models, they colocalized with the enzyme and influenced the conjugation of amitriptyline and levomedetomidine by repressing or activating the enzyme (40%-70%; P < 0.01) in a cell context-specific manner. A high turnover rate for the alt. proteins, regulated by the proteasome, was observed in contrast to the more stable UGT2B10 enzyme. Moreover, a drug-induced remodeling of UGT2B10 splicing was demonstrated in the HepaRG hepatic cell model, which favored alt. variants expression over the canonical transcript. Our findings support a significant contribution of AS in the regulation of UGT2B10 expression in the liver with an impact on enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Labriet
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric P Allain
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michèle Rouleau
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yannick Audet-Delage
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Lyne Villeneuve
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Effect of UGT2B10, UGT2B17, FMO3, and OCT2 genetic variation on nicotine and cotinine pharmacokinetics and smoking in African Americans. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 27:143-154. [PMID: 28178031 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nicotine metabolism rates differ considerably among individuals, even after controlling for variation in the major nicotine-metabolizing enzyme, CYP2A6. In this study, the impact of genetic variation in alternative metabolic enzymes and transporters on nicotine and cotinine (COT) pharmacokinetics and smoking was investigated. METHODS We examined the impact of UGT2B10, UGT2B17, FMO3, NAT1, and OCT2 variation on pharmacokinetics and smoking (total nicotine equivalents and topography) before and after stratifying by CYP2A6 genotype in 60 African American (AA) smokers who received a simultaneous intravenous infusion of deuterium-labeled nicotine and COT. RESULTS Variants in UGT2B10 and UGT2B17 were associated with urinary glucuronidation ratios (glucuronide/free substrate). UGT2B10 rs116294140 was associated with significant alterations in COT and modest alterations in nicotine pharmacokinetics. These alterations, however, were not sufficient to change nicotine intake or topography. Neither UGT2B10 rs61750900, UGT2B17*2, FMO3 rs2266782, nor NAT1 rs13253389 altered nicotine or COT pharmacokinetics among all individuals (n=60) or among individuals with reduced CYP2A6 activity (n=23). The organic cation transporter OCT2 rs316019 significantly increased nicotine and COT Cmax (P=0.005, 0.02, respectively) and decreased nicotine clearance (P=0.05). UGT2B10 rs116294140 had no significant impact on the plasma or urinary trans-3'-hydroxycotinine/COT ratio, commonly used as a biomarker of CYP2A6 activity. CONCLUSION We found that polymorphisms in genes other than CYP2A6 represent minor sources of variation in nicotine pharmacokinetics, insufficient to alter smoking in AAs. The change in COT pharmacokinetics with UGT2B10 rs116294140 highlights the UGT2B10 gene as a source of variability in COT as a biomarker of tobacco exposure among AA smokers.
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Ware JJ, Tanner J, Taylor AE, Bin Z, Haycock P, Bowden J, Rogers PJ, Davey Smith G, Tyndale RF, Munafò MR. Does coffee consumption impact on heaviness of smoking? Addiction 2017; 112:1842-1853. [PMID: 28556459 PMCID: PMC5600104 DOI: 10.1111/add.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Coffee consumption and cigarette smoking are strongly associated, but whether this association is causal remains unclear. We sought to: (1) determine whether coffee consumption influences cigarette smoking causally, (2) estimate the magnitude of any association and (3) explore potential mechanisms. DESIGN We used Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses of observational data, using publicly available summarized data from the Tobacco and Genetics (TAG) consortium, individual-level data from the UK Biobank and in-vitro experiments of candidate compounds. SETTING The TAG consortium includes data from studies in several countries. The UK Biobank includes data from men and women recruited across England, Wales and Scotland. PARTICIPANTS The TAG consortium provided data on n ≤ 38 181 participants. The UK Biobank provided data on 8072 participants. MEASUREMENTS In MR analyses, the exposure was coffee consumption (cups/day) and the outcome was heaviness of smoking (cigarettes/day). In our in-vitro experiments we assessed the effect of caffeic acid, quercetin and p-coumaric acid on the rate of nicotine metabolism in human liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed human CYP2A6. FINDINGS Two-sample MR analyses of TAG consortium data indicated that heavier coffee consumption might lead to reduced heaviness of smoking [beta = -1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -2.88 to -0.09]. However, in-vitro experiments found that the compounds investigated are unlikely to inhibit significantly the rate of nicotine metabolism following coffee consumption. Further MR analyses in UK Biobank found no evidence of a causal relationship between coffee consumption and heaviness of smoking (beta = 0.20, 95% CI = -1.72 to 2.12). CONCLUSIONS Amount of coffee consumption is unlikely to have a major causal impact upon amount of cigarette smoking. If it does influence smoking, this is not likely to operate via effects of caffeic acid, quercetin or p-coumaric acid on nicotine metabolism. The observational association between coffee consumption and cigarette smoking may be due to smoking impacting on coffee consumption or confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Ware
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit(IEU) at the University of BristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolUK,School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolUK
| | - Julie‐Anne Tanner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)TorontoCanada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoCanada
| | - Amy E. Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit(IEU) at the University of BristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolUK,School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolUK
| | - Zhao Bin
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)TorontoCanada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoCanada
| | - Philip Haycock
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit(IEU) at the University of BristolUK,School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolUK
| | - Jack Bowden
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit(IEU) at the University of BristolUK,School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolUK,MRC Biostatistics UnitCambridgeUK
| | | | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit(IEU) at the University of BristolUK,School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolUK
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)TorontoCanada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoCanada
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit(IEU) at the University of BristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolUK,School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolUK
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Richmond-Rakerd LS, Otto JM, Slutske WS, Ehlers CL, Wilhelmsen KC, Gizer IR. A Novel Tobacco Use Phenotype Suggests the 15q25 and 19q13 Loci May be Differentially Associated With Cigarettes per Day and Tobacco-Related Problems. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:426-434. [PMID: 27663783 PMCID: PMC5968625 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use is associated with variation at the 15q25 gene cluster and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes CYP2A6 and CYP2B6. Despite the variety of outcomes associated with these genes, few studies have adopted a data-driven approach to defining tobacco use phenotypes for genetic association analyses. We used factor analysis to generate a tobacco use measure, explored its incremental validity over a simple indicator of tobacco involvement: cigarettes per day (CPD), and tested both phenotypes in a genetic association study. METHODS Data were from the University of California, San Francisco Family Alcoholism Study (n = 1942) and a Native American sample (n = 255). Factor analyses employed a broad array of tobacco use variables to establish the candidate phenotype. Subsequently, we conducted tests for association with variants in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and CYP genes. We explored associations with CPD and our measure. We then examined whether the variants most strongly associated with our measure remained associated after controlling for CPD. RESULTS Analyses identified one factor that captured tobacco-related problems. Variants at 15q25 were significantly associated with CPD after multiple testing correction (rs938682: p = .00002, rs1051730: p = .0003, rs16969968: p = .0003). No significant associations were obtained with the tobacco use phenotype; however, suggestive associations were observed for variants in CYP2B6 near CYP2A6 (rs45482602: ps = .0082, .0075) and CYP4Z2P (rs10749865: ps = .0098, .0079). CONCLUSIONS CPD captures variation at 15q25. Although strong conclusions cannot be drawn, these finding suggest measuring additional dimensions of problems may detect genetic variation not accounted for by smoking quantity. Replication in independent samples will help further refine phenotype definition efforts. IMPLICATIONS Different facets of tobacco-related problems may index unique genetic risk. CPD, a simple measure of tobacco consumption, is associated with variants at the 15q25 gene cluster. Additional dimensions of tobacco problems may help to capture variation at 19q13. Results demonstrate the utility of adopting a data-driven approach to defining phenotypes for genetic association studies of tobacco involvement and provide results that can inform replication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S Richmond-Rakerd
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jacqueline M Otto
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences (CLE), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kirk C Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ian R Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Iacono WG, Malone SM, Vrieze SI. Endophenotype best practices. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 111:115-144. [PMID: 27473600 PMCID: PMC5219856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the current state of electrophysiological endophenotype research and recommends best practices that are based on knowledge gleaned from the last decade of molecular genetic research with complex traits. Endophenotype research is being oversold for its potential to help discover psychopathology relevant genes using the types of small samples feasible for electrophysiological research. This is largely because the genetic architecture of endophenotypes appears to be very much like that of behavioral traits and disorders: they are complex, influenced by many variants (e.g., tens of thousands) within many genes, each contributing a very small effect. Out of over 40 electrophysiological endophenotypes covered by our review, only resting heart, a measure that has received scant advocacy as an endophenotype, emerges as an electrophysiological variable with verified associations with molecular genetic variants. To move the field forward, investigations designed to discover novel variants associated with endophenotypes will need extremely large samples best obtained by forming consortia and sharing data obtained from genome wide arrays. In addition, endophenotype research can benefit from successful molecular genetic studies of psychopathology by examining the degree to which these verified psychopathology-relevant variants are also associated with an endophenotype, and by using knowledge about the functional significance of these variants to generate new endophenotypes. Even without molecular genetic associations, endophenotypes still have value in studying the development of disorders in unaffected individuals at high genetic risk, constructing animal models, and gaining insight into neural mechanisms that are relevant to clinical disorder.
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Lassi G, Taylor AE, Timpson NJ, Kenny PJ, Mather RJ, Eisen T, Munafò MR. The CHRNA5-A3-B4 Gene Cluster and Smoking: From Discovery to Therapeutics. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:851-861. [PMID: 27871728 PMCID: PMC5152594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified associations between the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster and smoking heaviness and nicotine dependence. Studies in rodents have described the anatomical localisation and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) formed by the subunits encoded by this gene cluster. Further investigations that complemented these studies highlighted the variability of individuals' smoking behaviours and their ability to adjust nicotine intake. GWASs of smoking-related health outcomes have also identified this signal in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster. This insight underpins approaches to strengthen causal inference in observational data. Combining genetic and mechanistic studies of nicotine dependence and smoking heaviness may reveal novel targets for medication development. Validated targets can inform genetic therapeutic interventions for smoking cessation and tobacco-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Lassi
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Oncology Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Amy E Taylor
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tim Eisen
- Oncology Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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How Intravenous Nicotine Administration in Smokers Can Inform Tobacco Regulatory Science. TOB REGUL SCI 2016; 2:452-463. [PMID: 29082299 DOI: 10.18001/trs.2.4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the negative health effects caused by tobacco products continues to be a public health priority. The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 gives the Food Drug Administration authority to pursue several new strategies, including regulating levels of nicotine and other ingredients in tobacco products. A nicotine reduction strategy proposed by Benowitz and Henningfield aims to reduce the nicotine content of tobacco products to an amount below a threshold that supports neither the development nor maintenance of addiction. Many factors must be considered to determine the viability and efficacy of this approach. For example, the policy should be based on precise information on the dose-dependent effects of nicotine on reinforcement and factors that contribute to individual differences in these effects. However, there have been few studies on these topics in humans. Here, we briefly review nicotine pharmacology and reinforcement then present several studies illustrating the application of intravenous (IV) nicotine delivery to study nicotine reinforcement in humans. We discuss how nicotine delivery by IV infusion may be uniquely suited for studying nicotine's dose-dependent effects, and how this can inform tobacco regulatory science to facilitate the development of effective tobacco control policies.
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Genetic Relationship between Schizophrenia and Nicotine Dependence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25671. [PMID: 27164557 PMCID: PMC4862382 DOI: 10.1038/srep25671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that most schizophrenia patients smoke cigarettes. There are different hypotheses postulating the underlying mechanisms of this comorbidity. We used summary statistics from large meta-analyses of plasma cotinine concentration (COT), Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and schizophrenia to examine the genetic relationship between these traits. We found that schizophrenia risk scores calculated at P-value thresholds of 5 × 10−3 and larger predicted FTND and cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), suggesting that genes most significantly associated with schizophrenia were not associated with FTND/CPD, consistent with the self-medication hypothesis. The COT risk scores predicted schizophrenia diagnosis at P-values of 5 × 10−3 and smaller, implying that genes most significantly associated with COT were associated with schizophrenia. These results implicated that schizophrenia and FTND/CPD/COT shared some genetic liability. Based on this shared liability, we identified multiple long non-coding RNAs and RNA binding protein genes (DA376252, BX089737, LOC101927273, LINC01029, LOC101928622, HY157071, DA902558, RBFOX1 and TINCR), protein modification genes (MANBA, UBE2D3, and RANGAP1) and energy production genes (XYLB, MTRF1 and ENOX1) that were associated with both conditions. Further analyses revealed that these shared genes were enriched in calcium signaling, long-term potentiation and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways that played a critical role in cognitive functions and neuronal plasticity.
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