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Dwyer P, Sillas A, Prieto M, Camp E, Nordahl CW, Rivera SM. Hyper-focus, sticky attention, and springy attention in young autistic children: Associations with sensory behaviors and cognitive ability. Autism Res 2024. [PMID: 38840328 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The autistic-developed monotropism account suggests that atypical, domain-general attentional hyper-focus on interests is a central aspect of autism, but domain-general attention differences in autism can manifest differently. Prior research suggests autistic children are often slow to disengage attention from stimuli-a pattern often called "sticky attention"-and that they can show reduced novelty preference. These attentional patterns could influence sensory experiences and learning. We used eye-tracking to investigate novelty preference and "sticky attention" in young autistic children; we also examined whether attentional patterns were related to cognitive abilities and caregiver-reported sensory responsiveness. A total of 46 autistic and 28 nonautistic participants, aged between 2 and 4 years, provided usable data. We found no evidence that autistic children exhibited greater "sticky attention" than nonautistics, but "sticky attention" in autism was associated with more caregiver-reported sensory hyper-responsiveness, seeking/interests, and enhanced perception. Autistic children also nonsignificantly trended toward exhibiting reduced novelty preference. Unexpectedly, the time-course of this trending novelty preference difference implied it was not driven by reduced orienting to novelty, but increased returning to already-familiarized stimuli: what we call "springy attention." Exploratory analyses of data from the attentional disengagement task suggest autistic participants may have exhibited greater "springy attention," though further research with paradigms optimized for measuring this construct should confirm this. Importantly, "springy attention" was robustly related to reduced cognitive abilities and greater caregiver-reported hypo-responsiveness. Thus, this study illuminates two distinct domain-general attentional patterns, each with distinct correlates in young autistic children, which could have important implications for understanding autistic children's learning, development, and experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dwyer
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andre Sillas
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Melanie Prieto
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Emily Camp
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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2
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Courchesne E, Taluja V, Nazari S, Aamodt CM, Pierce K, Duan K, Stophaeros S, Lopez L, Barnes CC, Troxel J, Campbell K, Wang T, Hoekzema K, Eichler EE, Nani JV, Pontes W, Sanchez SS, Lombardo MV, de Souza JS, Hayashi MAF, Muotri AR. Embryonic origin of two ASD subtypes of social symptom severity: the larger the brain cortical organoid size, the more severe the social symptoms. Mol Autism 2024; 15:22. [PMID: 38790065 PMCID: PMC11127428 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-024-00602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social affective and communication symptoms are central to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet their severity differs across toddlers: Some toddlers with ASD display improving abilities across early ages and develop good social and language skills, while others with "profound" autism have persistently low social, language and cognitive skills and require lifelong care. The biological origins of these opposite ASD social severity subtypes and developmental trajectories are not known. METHODS Because ASD involves early brain overgrowth and excess neurons, we measured size and growth in 4910 embryonic-stage brain cortical organoids (BCOs) from a total of 10 toddlers with ASD and 6 controls (averaging 196 individual BCOs measured/subject). In a 2021 batch, we measured BCOs from 10 ASD and 5 controls. In a 2022 batch, we tested replicability of BCO size and growth effects by generating and measuring an independent batch of BCOs from 6 ASD and 4 control subjects. BCO size was analyzed within the context of our large, one-of-a-kind social symptom, social attention, social brain and social and language psychometric normative datasets ranging from N = 266 to N = 1902 toddlers. BCO growth rates were examined by measuring size changes between 1- and 2-months of organoid development. Neurogenesis markers at 2-months were examined at the cellular level. At the molecular level, we measured activity and expression of Ndel1; Ndel1 is a prime target for cell cycle-activated kinases; known to regulate cell cycle, proliferation, neurogenesis, and growth; and known to be involved in neuropsychiatric conditions. RESULTS At the BCO level, analyses showed BCO size was significantly enlarged by 39% and 41% in ASD in the 2021 and 2022 batches. The larger the embryonic BCO size, the more severe the ASD social symptoms. Correlations between BCO size and social symptoms were r = 0.719 in the 2021 batch and r = 0. 873 in the replication 2022 batch. ASD BCOs grew at an accelerated rate nearly 3 times faster than controls. At the cell level, the two largest ASD BCOs had accelerated neurogenesis. At the molecular level, Ndel1 activity was highly correlated with the growth rate and size of BCOs. Two BCO subtypes were found in ASD toddlers: Those in one subtype had very enlarged BCO size with accelerated rate of growth and neurogenesis; a profound autism clinical phenotype displaying severe social symptoms, reduced social attention, reduced cognitive, very low language and social IQ; and substantially altered growth in specific cortical social, language and sensory regions. Those in a second subtype had milder BCO enlargement and milder social, attention, cognitive, language and cortical differences. LIMITATIONS Larger samples of ASD toddler-derived BCO and clinical phenotypes may reveal additional ASD embryonic subtypes. CONCLUSIONS By embryogenesis, the biological bases of two subtypes of ASD social and brain development-profound autism and mild autism-are already present and measurable and involve dysregulated cell proliferation and accelerated neurogenesis and growth. The larger the embryonic BCO size in ASD, the more severe the toddler's social symptoms and the more reduced the social attention, language ability, and IQ, and the more atypical the growth of social and language brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Courchesne
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Vani Taluja
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sanaz Nazari
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Caitlin M Aamodt
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kuaikuai Duan
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sunny Stophaeros
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Linda Lopez
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Cynthia Carter Barnes
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jaden Troxel
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kathleen Campbell
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission of China, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kendra Hoekzema
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Joao V Nani
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wirla Pontes
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sandra Sanchez Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Janaina S de Souza
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Rady Children's Hospital, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Archealization Center (ArchC), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Park HR, Azzara D, Cohen ED, Boomhower SR, Diwadkar AR, Himes BE, O'Reilly MA, Lu Q. Identification of novel NRF2-dependent genes as regulators of lead and arsenic toxicity in neural progenitor cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132906. [PMID: 37939567 PMCID: PMC10842917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) are prevalent metal contaminants in the environment. Exposures to these metals are associated with impaired neuronal functions and adverse effects on neurodevelopment in children. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Pb and As impair neuronal functions remain poorly understood. Here, we identified F2RL2, TRIM16L, and PANX2 as novel targets of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-the master transcriptional factor for the oxidative stress response-that are commonly upregulated with both Pb and As in human neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Using a ChIP (Chromatin immunoprecipitation)-qPCR assay, we showed that NRF2 directly binds to the promoter region of F2RL2, TRIM16L, and PANX2 to regulate expression of these genes. We demonstrated that F2RL2, PANX2, and TRIM16L have differential effects on cell death, proliferation, and differentiation of NPCs in both the presence and absence of metal exposures, highlighting their roles in regulating NPC function. Furthermore, the analyses of the transcriptomic data on NPCs derived from autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients revealed that dysregulation of F2RL2, TRIM16L, and PANX2 was associated with ASD genetic backgrounds and ASD risk genes. Our findings revealed that Pb and As induce a shared NRF2-dependent transcriptional response in NPCs and identified novel genes regulating NPC function. While further in vivo studies are warranted, this study provides a novel mechanism linking metal exposures to NPC function and identifies potential genes of interest in the context of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ryung Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - David Azzara
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ethan D Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steven R Boomhower
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avantika R Diwadkar
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blanca E Himes
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Quan Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Dwyer P, Vukusic S, Williams ZJ, Saron CD, Rivera SM. "Neural Noise" in Auditory Responses in Young Autistic and Neurotypical Children. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:642-661. [PMID: 36434480 PMCID: PMC10209352 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Elevated "neural noise" has been advanced as an explanation of autism and autistic sensory experiences. However, functional neuroimaging measures of neural noise may be vulnerable to contamination by recording noise. This study explored variability of electrophysiological responses to tones of different intensities in 127 autistic and 79 typically-developing children aged 2-5 years old. A rigorous data processing pipeline, including advanced visualizations of different signal sources that were maximally independent across different time lags, was used to identify and eliminate putative recording noise. Inter-trial variability was measured using median absolute deviations (MADs) of EEG amplitudes across trials and inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC). ITPC was elevated in autism in the 50 and 60 dB intensity conditions, suggesting diminished (rather than elevated) neural noise in autism, although reduced ITPC to soft 50 dB sounds was associated with increased loudness discomfort. Autistic and non-autistic participants did not differ in MADs, and indeed, the vast majority of the statistical tests examined in this study yielded no significant effects. These results appear inconsistent with the neural noise account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dwyer
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | | | - Zachary J Williams
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clifford D Saron
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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5
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Bedford SA, Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Ruigrok A, Suckling J, Anagnostou E, Lerch JP, Taylor M, Nicolson R, Stelios G, Crosbie J, Schachar R, Kelley E, Jones J, Arnold PD, Courchesne E, Pierce K, Eyler LT, Campbell K, Barnes CC, Seidlitz J, Alexander-Bloch AF, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S, Bethlehem RA. Brain-charting autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reveals distinct and overlapping neurobiology. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.06.23299587. [PMID: 38106166 PMCID: PMC10723556 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.23299587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions with complex underlying neurobiology. Despite overlapping presentation and sex-biased prevalence, autism and ADHD are rarely studied together, and sex differences are often overlooked. Normative modelling provides a unified framework for studying age-specific and sex-specific divergences in neurodivergent brain development. Methods Here we use normative modelling and a large, multi-site neuroimaging dataset to characterise cortical anatomy associated with autism and ADHD, benchmarked against models of typical brain development based on a sample of over 75,000 individuals. We also examined sex and age differences, relationship with autistic traits, and explored the co-occurrence of autism and ADHD (autism+ADHD). Results We observed robust neuroanatomical signatures of both autism and ADHD. Overall, autistic individuals showed greater cortical thickness and volume localised to the superior temporal cortex, whereas individuals with ADHD showed more global effects of cortical thickness increases but lower cortical volume and surface area across much of the cortex. The autism+ADHD group displayed a unique pattern of widespread increases in cortical thickness, and certain decreases in surface area. We also found evidence that sex modulates the neuroanatomy of autism but not ADHD, and an age-by-diagnosis interaction for ADHD only. Conclusions These results indicate distinct cortical differences in autism and ADHD that are differentially impacted by age, sex, and potentially unique patterns related to their co-occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saashi A. Bedford
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100229, Taiwan
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Centre for Autism, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6ES, UK
| | - Amber Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
| | - John Suckling
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Margot Taylor
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Rob Nicolson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Jessica Jones
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Paul D. Arnold
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric Courchesne
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kathleen Campbell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Carter Barnes
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aaron F. Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Cambridge Lifetime Autism Spectrum Service (CLASS), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard A.I. Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Furley K, Mehra C, Goin-Kochel RP, Fahey MC, Hunter MF, Williams K, Absoud M. Developmental regression in children: Current and future directions. Cortex 2023; 169:5-17. [PMID: 37839389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Developmental regression describes when a child loses previously established skills, such as the ability to speak words and is most recognised in neurodevelopmental conditions including Autism; Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathies, such as Landau Kleffner syndrome, and genetic conditions such as Rett syndrome and Phelan McDermid syndrome. Although studies have reported developmental regression for over 100 years, there remain significant knowledge gaps within and between conditions that feature developmental regression. The certainty of evidence from earlier work has been limited by condition-specific studies, retrospective methodology, and inconsistency in the definitions and measures used for classification. Given prior limitations in the field, there is a paucity of knowledge about neurocognitive mechanisms, trajectories and outcomes for children with developmental regression, and their families. Here we provide a comprehensive overview, synthesise key definitions, clinical measures, and aetiological clues associated with developmental regression and discuss impacts on caregiver physical and mental health to clarify challenges and highlight future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Furley
- Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Chirag Mehra
- Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Robin P Goin-Kochel
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, United States; Meyer Center for Developmental Pediatrics & Autism, Texas Children's Hospital, United States
| | - Michael C Fahey
- Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew F Hunter
- Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Absoud
- Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK.
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7
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Mosconi MW, Stevens CJ, Unruh KE, Shafer R, Elison JT. Endophenotype trait domains for advancing gene discovery in autism spectrum disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2023; 15:41. [PMID: 37993779 PMCID: PMC10664534 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-023-09511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with a diverse range of etiological processes, including both genetic and non-genetic causes. For a plurality of individuals with ASD, it is likely that the primary causes involve multiple common inherited variants that individually account for only small levels of variation in phenotypic outcomes. This genetic landscape creates a major challenge for detecting small but important pathogenic effects associated with ASD. To address similar challenges, separate fields of medicine have identified endophenotypes, or discrete, quantitative traits that reflect genetic likelihood for a particular clinical condition and leveraged the study of these traits to map polygenic mechanisms and advance more personalized therapeutic strategies for complex diseases. Endophenotypes represent a distinct class of biomarkers useful for understanding genetic contributions to psychiatric and developmental disorders because they are embedded within the causal chain between genotype and clinical phenotype, and they are more proximal to the action of the gene(s) than behavioral traits. Despite their demonstrated power for guiding new understanding of complex genetic structures of clinical conditions, few endophenotypes associated with ASD have been identified and integrated into family genetic studies. In this review, we argue that advancing knowledge of the complex pathogenic processes that contribute to ASD can be accelerated by refocusing attention toward identifying endophenotypic traits reflective of inherited mechanisms. This pivot requires renewed emphasis on study designs with measurement of familial co-variation including infant sibling studies, family trio and quad designs, and analysis of monozygotic and dizygotic twin concordance for select trait dimensions. We also emphasize that clarification of endophenotypic traits necessarily will involve integration of transdiagnostic approaches as candidate traits likely reflect liability for multiple clinical conditions and often are agnostic to diagnostic boundaries. Multiple candidate endophenotypes associated with ASD likelihood are described, and we propose a new focus on the analysis of "endophenotype trait domains" (ETDs), or traits measured across multiple levels (e.g., molecular, cellular, neural system, neuropsychological) along the causal pathway from genes to behavior. To inform our central argument for research efforts toward ETD discovery, we first provide a brief review of the concept of endophenotypes and their application to psychiatry. Next, we highlight key criteria for determining the value of candidate endophenotypes, including unique considerations for the study of ASD. Descriptions of different study designs for assessing endophenotypes in ASD research then are offered, including analysis of how select patterns of results may help prioritize candidate traits in future research. We also present multiple candidate ETDs that collectively cover a breadth of clinical phenomena associated with ASD, including social, language/communication, cognitive control, and sensorimotor processes. These ETDs are described because they represent promising targets for gene discovery related to clinical autistic traits, and they serve as models for analysis of separate candidate domains that may inform understanding of inherited etiological processes associated with ASD as well as overlapping neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Mosconi
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Cassandra J Stevens
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kathryn E Unruh
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Robin Shafer
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jed T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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8
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Dwyer P, Williams ZJ, Vukusic S, Saron CD, Rivera SM. Habituation of auditory responses in young autistic and neurotypical children. Autism Res 2023; 16:1903-1923. [PMID: 37688470 PMCID: PMC10651062 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that habituation of sensory responses is reduced in autism and that diminished habituation could be related to atypical autistic sensory experiences, for example, by causing brain responses to aversive stimuli to remain strong over time instead of being suppressed. While many prior studies exploring habituation in autism have repeatedly presented identical stimuli, other studies suggest group differences can still be observed in habituation to intermittent stimuli. The present study explored habituation of electrophysiological responses to auditory complex tones of varying intensities (50-80 dB SPL), presented passively in an interleaved manner, in a well-characterized sample of 127 autistic (MDQ = 65.41, SD = 20.54) and 79 typically developing (MDQ = 106.02, SD = 11.50) children between 2 and 5 years old. Habituation was quantified as changes in the amplitudes of single-trial responses to tones of each intensity over the course of the experiment. Habituation of the auditory N2 response was substantially reduced in autistic participants as compared to typically developing controls, although diagnostic groups did not clearly differ in habituation of the P1 response. Interestingly, the P1 habituated less to loud 80 dB sounds than softer sounds, whereas the N2 habituated less to soft 50 dB sounds than louder sounds. No associations were found between electrophysiological habituation and cognitive ability or participants' caregiver-reported sound tolerance (Sensory Profile Hyperacusis Index). The results present study results extend prior research suggesting habituation of certain sensory responses is reduced in autism; however, they also suggest that habituation differences observed using this study's paradigm might not be a primary driver of autistic participants' real-world sound intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dwyer
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zachary J. Williams
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Hearing & Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,
USA
- Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center,
Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Svjetlana Vukusic
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of General Practice, Melbourne Medical School, the
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clifford D. Saron
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Susan M. Rivera
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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9
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Sokol DK, Lahiri DK. APPlications of amyloid-β precursor protein metabolites in macrocephaly and autism spectrum disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1201744. [PMID: 37799731 PMCID: PMC10548831 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1201744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites of the Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) proteolysis may underlie brain overgrowth in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We have found elevated APP metabolites (total APP, secreted (s) APPα, and α-secretase adamalysins in the plasma and brain tissue of children with ASD). In this review, we highlight several lines of evidence supporting APP metabolites' potential contribution to macrocephaly in ASD. First, APP appears early in corticogenesis, placing APP in a prime position to accelerate growth in neurons and glia. APP metabolites are upregulated in neuroinflammation, another potential contributor to excessive brain growth in ASD. APP metabolites appear to directly affect translational signaling pathways, which have been linked to single gene forms of syndromic ASD (Fragile X Syndrome, PTEN, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex). Finally, APP metabolites, and microRNA, which regulates APP expression, may contribute to ASD brain overgrowth, particularly increased white matter, through ERK receptor activation on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/Rho GTPase pathway, favoring myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K. Sokol
- Department of Neurology, Section of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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10
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Bolognesi E, Guerini FR, Carta A, Chiappedi M, Sotgiu S, Mensi MM, Agliardi C, Zanzottera M, Clerici M. The Role of SNAP-25 in Autism Spectrum Disorders Onset Patterns. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14042. [PMID: 37762342 PMCID: PMC10531097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can present with different onset and timing of symptom development; children may manifest symptoms early in their first year of life, i.e., early onset (EO-ASD), or may lose already achieved skills during their second year of life, thus showing a regressive-type onset (RO-ASD). It is still controversial whether regression represents a neurobiological subtype of ASD, resulting from distinct genetic and environmental causes. We focused this study on the 25 kD synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP-25) gene involved in both post-synaptic formation and adhesion and considered a key player in the pathogenesis of ASD. To this end, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the SNAP-25 gene, rs363050, rs363039, rs363043, and rs1051312, already known to be involved in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, were analyzed in a cohort of 69 children with EO-ASD and 58 children with RO-ASD. Both the rs363039 G allele and GG genotype were significantly more frequently carried by patients with EO-ASD than those with RO-ASD and healthy controls (HC). On the contrary, the rs1051312 T allele and TT genotype were more frequent in individuals with RO-ASD than those with EO-ASD and HC. Thus, two different SNAP-25 alleles/genotypes seem to discriminate between EO-ASD and RO-ASD. Notably, rs1051312 is located in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the gene and is the target of microRNA (miRNA) regulation, suggesting a possible epigenetic role in the onset of regressive autism. These SNPs, by discriminating two different onset patterns, may represent diagnostic biomarkers of ASD and may provide insight into the different biological mechanisms towards the development of better tailored therapeutic and rehabilitative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bolognesi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (C.A.); (M.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (C.A.); (M.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandra Carta
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Matteo Chiappedi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.C.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Martina Maria Mensi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.C.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Cristina Agliardi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (C.A.); (M.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Milena Zanzottera
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (C.A.); (M.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (C.A.); (M.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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11
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Han L, Guan L, Zhang Z, Li W, Li J, Bao C, Ye M, Tang M, Ke X. Risk factors and clinical characteristics of autism spectrum disorder with regression in China. Autism Res 2023; 16:1836-1846. [PMID: 37578311 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder with regression (ASD-R) is characterized by the loss of previously acquired skills during the initial year of life. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, patterns of regression, and potential risk factors associated with ASD-R in the Chinese Han population. A case-control study was conducted between September 2020 and March 2022. A total of 186 children were enrolled, including 58 children with ASD-R, 70 with ASD without regression (ASD-NR), and 58 typically developing children. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, and potential risk factors related to ASD-R were assessed using a combination of questionnaires, interviews, and physician assessments. The results revealed that children with ASD-R exhibited more severe impairments in social communication and stereotyped behaviors compared with those with ASD-NR. Language regression, constituting 40% of cases within the ASD-R group, was found to be the most common type of regression. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that fever (OR = 4.01, 95% CI: 1.26-12.76) and diarrhea (OR = 6.32, 95% CI: 1.38-29.03) were identified as significant risk factors for ASD-R. These findings contribute to our understanding of the heterogeneity of ASD and highlight the importance of considering immune responses and gastrointestinal factors in the etiology of ASD-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Child Mental Health Research Center, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyang Guan
- Child Mental Health Research Center, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Child Mental Health Research Center, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Child Mental Health Research Center, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Bao
- Child Mental Health Research Center, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Ye
- Nanjing Jiangning District Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center, Nanjing Jiangning District Maternal and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Tang
- Nanjing Jiangning District Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center, Nanjing Jiangning District Maternal and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ke
- Child Mental Health Research Center, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Nordahl CW. Why do we need sex-balanced studies of autism? Autism Res 2023; 16:1662-1669. [PMID: 37382167 PMCID: PMC10527473 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Males are diagnosed with autism much more frequently than females, and most research study samples reflect this male predominance. The result is that autistic females are understudied. There is a critical need to increase our understanding of autistic females, both biologically and clinically. The only way to do this is to recruit sex-balanced cohorts in studies so that similarities and differences between males and females can be evaluated in all autism research studies. The purpose of this commentary is to (1) provide historical context about how females came to be under-represented in all research, not just in the field of autism and (2) learn from other areas of health and medicine about the potentially dire consequences of not studying both sexes, and (3) draw attention to the need to recruit sex-balanced cohorts in autism research, particularly in neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wu Nordahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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13
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Sotgiu MA, Lo Jacono A, Barisano G, Saderi L, Cavassa V, Montella A, Crivelli P, Carta A, Sotgiu S. Brain perivascular spaces and autism: clinical and pathogenic implications from an innovative volumetric MRI study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1205489. [PMID: 37425010 PMCID: PMC10328421 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1205489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our single-center case-control study aimed to evaluate the unclear glymphatic system alteration in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through an innovative neuroimaging tool which allows to segment and quantify perivascular spaces in the white matter (WM-PVS) with filtering of non-structured noise and increase of the contrast-ratio between perivascular spaces and the surrounding parenchyma. Methods Briefly, files of 65 ASD and 71 control patients were studied. We considered: ASD type, diagnosis and severity level and comorbidities (i.e., intellectual disability, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, sleep disturbances). We also examined diagnoses other than ASD and their associated comorbidities in the control group. Results When males and females with ASD are included together, WM-PVS grade and WM-PVS volume do not significantly differ between the ASD group and the control group overall. We found, instead, that WM-PVS volume is significantly associated with male sex: males had higher WM-PVS volume compared to females (p = 0.01). WM-PVS dilation is also non-significantly associated with ASD severity and younger age (< 4 years). In ASD patients, higher WM-PVS volume was related with insomnia whereas no relation was found with epilepsy or IQ. Discussion We concluded that WM-PVS dilation can be a neuroimaging feature of male ASD patients, particularly the youngest and most severe ones, which may rely on male-specific risk factors acting early during neurodevelopment, such as a transient excess of extra-axial CSF volume. Our findings can corroborate the well-known strong male epidemiological preponderance of autism worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Lo Jacono
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barisano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Laura Saderi
- Clinical Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Vanna Cavassa
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Montella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Crivelli
- Radiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carta
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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14
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Xin J, Huang K, Yi A, Feng Z, Liu H, Liu X, Liang L, Huang Q, Xiao Y. Absence of associations with prefrontal cortex and cerebellum may link to early language and social deficits in preschool children with ASD. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1144993. [PMID: 37215652 PMCID: PMC10192852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1144993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder, characterized by language and social deficits that begin to appear in the first years of life. Research in preschool children with ASD has consistently reported increased global brain volume and abnormal cortical patterns, and the brain structure abnormalities have also been found to be clinically and behaviorally relevant. However, little is known regarding the associations between brain structure abnormalities and early language and social deficits in preschool children with ASD. Methods In this study, we collected magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from a cohort of Chinese preschool children with and without ASD (24 ASD/20 non-ASD) aged 12-52 months, explored group differences in brain gray matter (GM) volume, and examined associations between regional GM volume and early language and social abilities in these two groups, separately. Results We observed significantly greater global GM volume in children with ASD as compared to those without ASD, but there were no regional GM volume differences between these two groups. For children without ASD, GM volume in bilateral prefrontal cortex and cerebellum was significantly correlated with language scores; GM volume in bilateral prefrontal cortex was significantly correlated with social scores. No significant correlations were found in children with ASD. Discussion Our data demonstrate correlations of regional GM volume with early language and social abilities in preschool children without ASD, and the absence of these associations appear to underlie language and social deficits in children with ASD. These findings provide novel evidence for the neuroanatomical basis associated with language and social abilities in preschool children with and without ASD, which promotes a better understanding of early deficits in language and social functions in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xin
- Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Kaiyu Huang
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aiwen Yi
- Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Ziyu Feng
- Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, China
| | - Lili Liang
- Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Qingshan Huang
- Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Yaqiong Xiao
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Fu S, Bury LAD, Eum J, Wynshaw-Boris A. Autism-specific PTEN p.Ile135Leu variant and an autism genetic background combine to dysregulate cortical neurogenesis. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:826-845. [PMID: 37098352 PMCID: PMC10183467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in cortical neurogenesis are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The contribution of genetic backgrounds, in addition to ASD risk genes, on cortical neurogenesis remains understudied. Here, using isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and cortical organoid models, we report that a heterozygous PTEN c.403A>C (p.Ile135Leu) variant found in an ASD-affected individual with macrocephaly dysregulates cortical neurogenesis in an ASD-genetic-background-dependent fashion. Transcriptome analysis at both bulk and single-cell level revealed that the PTEN c.403A>C variant and ASD genetic background affected genes involved in neurogenesis, neural development, and synapse signaling. We also found that this PTEN p.Ile135Leu variant led to overproduction of NPC subtypes as well as neuronal subtypes including both deep and upper layer neurons in its ASD background, but not when introduced into a control genetic background. These findings provide experimental evidence that both the PTEN p.Ile135Leu variant and ASD genetic background contribute to cellular features consistent with ASD associated with macrocephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Luke A D Bury
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jaejin Eum
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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16
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Peterson M, Whetten C, Clark AM, Nielsen JA. No difference in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes across neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions in later childhood and adolescence. J Neurodev Disord 2023; 15:12. [PMID: 37005573 PMCID: PMC10068173 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-023-09477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While autism spectrum disorder has been associated with various organizational and developmental aberrations in the brain, an increase in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume has recently garnered attention. A series of studies indicate that an increased volume between the ages of 6 months and 4 years was both predictive of the autism diagnosis and symptom severity regardless of genetic risk for the condition. However, there remains a minimal understanding regarding the specificity of an increased volume of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid to autism. METHODS In the present study, we explored extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes in children and adolescents ages 5-21 years with various neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. We hypothesized that an elevated extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume would be found in autism compared with typical development and the other diagnostic group. We tested this hypothesis by employing a cross-sectional dataset of 446 individuals (85 autistic, 60 typically developing, and 301 other diagnosis). An analysis of covariance was used to examine differences in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes between these groups as well as a group by age interaction in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes. RESULTS Inconsistent with our hypothesis, we found no group differences in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in this cohort. However, in replication of previous work, a doubling of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume across adolescence was found. Further investigation into the relationship between extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume and cortical thickness suggested that this increase in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume may be driven by a decrease in cortical thickness. Furthermore, an exploratory analysis found no relationship between extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume and sleep disturbances. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that an increased volume of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid may be limited to autistic individuals younger than 5 years. Additionally, extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume does not differ between autistic, neurotypical, and other psychiatric conditions after age 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Peterson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Anne M Clark
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84604, USA
| | - Jared A Nielsen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84604, USA.
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17
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DiPiero MA, Surgent OJ, Travers BG, Alexander AL, Lainhart JE, Dean Iii DC. Gray matter microstructure differences in autistic males: A gray matter based spatial statistics study. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 37:103306. [PMID: 36587584 PMCID: PMC9817031 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition. Understanding the brain's microstructure and its relationship to clinical characteristics is important to advance our understanding of the neural supports underlying ASD. In the current work, we implemented Gray-Matter Based Spatial Statistics (GBSS) to examine and characterize cortical microstructure and assess differences between typically developing (TD) and autistic males. METHODS A multi-shell diffusion MRI (dMRI) protocol was acquired from 83 TD and 70 autistic males (5-to-21-years) and fit to the DTI and NODDI models. GBSS was performed for voxelwise analysis of cortical gray matter (GM). General linear models were used to investigate group differences, while age-by-group interactions assessed age-related differences between groups. Within the ASD group, relationships between cortical microstructure and measures of autistic symptoms were investigated. RESULTS All dMRI measures were significantly associated with age across the GM skeleton. Group differences and age-by-group interactions are reported. Group-wise increases in neurite density in autistic individuals were observed across frontal, temporal, and occipital regions of the right hemisphere. Significant age-by-group interactions of neurite density were observed within the middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and frontal pole. Negative relationships between neurite dispersion and the ADOS-2 Calibrated Severity Scores (CSS) were observed within the ASD group. DISCUSSION Findings demonstrate group and age-related differences between groups in neurite density in ASD across right-hemisphere brain regions supporting cognitive processes. Results provide evidence of altered neurodevelopmental processes affecting GM microstructure in autistic males with implications for the role of cortical microstructure in the level of autistic symptoms. CONCLUSION Using dMRI and GBSS, our findings provide new insights into group and age-related differences of the GM microstructure in autistic males. Defining where and when these cortical GM differences arise will contribute to our understanding of brain-behavior relationships of ASD and may aid in the development and monitoring of targeted and individualized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A DiPiero
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Olivia J Surgent
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brittany G Travers
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Occupational Therapy Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Janet E Lainhart
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean Iii
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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18
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Dougherty JD, Marrus N, Maloney SE, Yip B, Sandin S, Turner TN, Selmanovic D, Kroll KL, Gutmann DH, Constantino JN, Weiss LA. Can the "female protective effect" liability threshold model explain sex differences in autism spectrum disorder? Neuron 2022; 110:3243-3262. [PMID: 35868305 PMCID: PMC9588569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Male sex is a strong risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The leading theory for a "female protective effect" (FPE) envisions males and females have "differing thresholds" under a "liability threshold model" (DT-LTM). Specifically, this model posits that females require either a greater number or larger magnitude of risk factors (i.e., greater liability) to manifest ASD, which is supported by the finding that a greater proportion of females with ASD have highly penetrant genetic mutations. Herein, we derive testable hypotheses from the DT-LTM for ASD, investigating heritability, familial recurrence, correlation between ASD penetrance and sex ratio, population traits, clinical features, the stability of the sex ratio across diagnostic changes, and highlight other key prerequisites. Our findings reveal that several key predictions of the DT-LTM are not supported by current data, requiring us to establish a different conceptual framework for evaluating alternate models that explain sex differences in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan E Maloney
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin Yip
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sven Sandin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tychele N Turner
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Din Selmanovic
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristen L Kroll
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John N Constantino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren A Weiss
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs during early childhood. The change from being normal across several contexts to displaying the behavioral phenotype of ASD occurs in infants and toddlers with autism. Findings provided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based research owing to the developmental phase, including potential pathways underlying the pathogenesis of the condition and the potential for signs and symptomatic risk prediction. The present study focuses on the characteristic features of magnetic resonance imaging autistic brain, how these changes are correlated to autism signs and symptoms and the implications of MRI as a potential tool for the early diagnosis of ASD. PRISMA style was used to conduct this review. Research articles related to the key concepts of this review, which is looking at MRI brain changes in autistic patients, were revised and incorporated with what is known with the pathophysiology of brain regions in relation to signs and symptoms of autism. Studies on brain MRI of autism were revied for major brain features and regions such as brain volume, cortex and hippocampus. This review reveals that brain changes seen in MRI are highly correlated with the signs and symptoms of autism. There are numerous distinct features noted in an autistic brain using MRI. Based on these findings, various developmental brain paths and autistic behavior culminate in a typical diagnosis, and it is possible that addressing these trajectories would improve the accuracy in which children are detected and provide the necessary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla L. Faizo
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, KSA
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20
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Napolitano A, Schiavi S, La Rosa P, Rossi-Espagnet MC, Petrillo S, Bottino F, Tagliente E, Longo D, Lupi E, Casula L, Valeri G, Piemonte F, Trezza V, Vicari S. Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnostic, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Features. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:889636. [PMID: 35633791 PMCID: PMC9136002 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.889636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a worldwide prevalence of about 1%, characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, repetitive patterns of behaviors, and can be associated with hyper- or hypo-reactivity of sensory stimulation and cognitive disability. ASD comorbid features include internalizing and externalizing symptoms such as anxiety, depression, hyperactivity, and attention problems. The precise etiology of ASD is still unknown and it is undoubted that the disorder is linked to some extent to both genetic and environmental factors. It is also well-documented and known that one of the most striking and consistent finding in ASD is the higher prevalence in males compared to females, with around 70% of ASD cases described being males. The present review looked into the most significant studies that attempted to investigate differences in ASD males and females thus trying to shade some light on the peculiar characteristics of this prevalence in terms of diagnosis, imaging, major autistic-like behavior and sex-dependent uniqueness. The study also discussed sex differences found in animal models of ASD, to provide a possible explanation of the neurological mechanisms underpinning the different presentation of autistic symptoms in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Napolitano
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Schiavi
- Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Science Department, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Rossi-Espagnet
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- NESMOS, Neuroradiology Department, S. Andrea Hospital Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Head Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Neuroscience Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bottino
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tagliente
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Longo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lupi
- Head Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Neuroscience Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Casula
- Head Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Neuroscience Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valeri
- Head Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Neuroscience Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Science Department, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Neuroscience Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Life Sciences and Public Health Department, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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21
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Chen B, Linke A, Olson L, Kohli J, Kinnear M, Sereno M, Müller RA, Carper R, Fishman I. Cortical Myelination in Toddlers and Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:261-274. [PMID: 35348301 PMCID: PMC9325547 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intracortical myelin is thought to play a significant role in the development of neural circuits and functional networks, with consistent evidence of atypical network connectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, little is known about the development of intracortical myelin in the first years of life in ASD, during the critical neurodevelopmental period when autism symptoms first emerge. Using T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 21 young children with ASD and 16 typically developing (TD) children, ages 1.5 to 5.5 years, we demonstrate the feasibility of estimating intracortical myelin in vivo using the T1w/T2w ratio as a proxy. The resultant T1w/T2w maps were largely comparable with those reported in prior T1w/T2w studies in typically developing children and adults, and revealed no group differences between TD children and those with ASD. However, differential associations between T1w/T2w and age were identified in several early myelinated regions (e.g., visual, posterior cingulate, precuneus cortices) in the ASD and TD groups, with age-related increase in estimated myelin content across the toddler and preschool years detected in TD children, but not in children with ASD. The atypical age-related effects in intracortical myelin, suggesting a disrupted myelination in the first years of life in ASD, may be related to the aberrant brain network connectivity reported in young children with ASD in some of the same cortical regions and circuits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosi Chen
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Annika Linke
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
| | - Lindsay Olson
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Jiwandeep Kohli
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Mikaela Kinnear
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
| | - Martin Sereno
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Ralph-Axel Müller
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California, San Diego, USA.,Center for Autism and Developmental Disorders, San Diego State University
| | - Ruth Carper
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California, San Diego, USA.,Center for Autism and Developmental Disorders, San Diego State University
| | - Inna Fishman
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California, San Diego, USA.,Center for Autism and Developmental Disorders, San Diego State University
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22
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Increased Monocyte Production of IL-6 after Toll-like Receptor Activation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Is Associated with Repetitive and Restricted Behaviors. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020220. [PMID: 35203983 PMCID: PMC8870658 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has starkly increased, instigating research into risk factors for ASD. This research has identified immune risk factors for ASD, along with evidence of immune dysfunction and excess inflammation frequently experienced by autistic individuals. Increased innate inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, are seen repeatedly in ASD; however, the origin of excess IL-6 in ASD has not been identified. Here we explore specific responses of circulating monocytes from autistic children. We isolated CD14+ monocytes from whole blood and stimulated them for 24 h under three conditions: media alone, lipoteichoic acid to activate TLR2, and lipopolysaccharide to activate TLR4. We then measured secreted cytokine concentrations in cellular supernatant using a human multiplex bead immunoassay. We found that after TLR4 activation, CD14+ monocytes from autistic children produce increased IL-6 compared to monocytes from children with typical development. IL-6 concentration also correlated with worsening restrictive and repetitive behaviors. These findings suggest dysfunctional activation of myeloid cells, and may indicate that other cells of this lineage, including macrophages, and microglia in the brain, might have a similar dysfunction. Further research on myeloid cells in ASD is warranted.
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23
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Hughes HK, Rowland ME, Onore CE, Rogers S, Ciernia AV, Ashwood P. Dysregulated gene expression associated with inflammatory and translation pathways in activated monocytes from children with autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:39. [PMID: 35082275 PMCID: PMC8791942 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication, and stereotypical behaviors. Immune dysfunction is a common co-morbidity seen in ASD, with innate immune activation seen both in the brain and periphery. We previously identified significant differences in peripheral monocyte cytokine responses after stimulation with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which activate toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and 4 respectively. However, an unbiased examination of monocyte gene expression in response to these stimulants had not yet been performed. To identify how TLR activation impacts gene expression in ASD monocytes, we isolated peripheral blood monocytes from 26 children diagnosed with autistic disorder (AD) or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and 22 typically developing (TD) children and cultured them with LTA or LPS for 24 h, then performed RNA sequencing. Activation of both TLR2 and TLR4 induced expression of immune genes, with a subset that were differentially regulated in AD compared to TD samples. In response to LPS, monocytes from AD children showed a unique increase in KEGG pathways and GO terms that include key immune regulator genes. In contrast, monocytes from TD children showed a consistent decrease in expression of genes associated with translation in response to TLR stimulation. This decrease was not observed in AD or PDDNOS monocytes, suggesting a failure to properly downregulate a prolonged immune response in monocytes from children with ASD. As monocytes are involved in early orchestration of the immune response, our findings will help elucidate the mechanisms regulating immune dysfunction in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Megan E Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Charity E Onore
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sally Rogers
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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24
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Calderoni S. Sex/gender differences in children with autism spectrum disorder: A brief overview on epidemiology, symptom profile, and neuroanatomy. J Neurosci Res 2022; 101:739-750. [PMID: 35043482 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental conditions whose shared core features are impairments in social interaction and communication as well as restricted patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. The significant and consistent male preponderance in ASD prevalence has historically affected the scientific knowledge of autism in females as regards, inter alia, the clinical presentation, the genetic architecture, and the structural brain underpinnings. Indeed, females with ASD are under-investigated as samples recruited for clinical research typically reflect the strong male bias of the disorder. In the last years, the study of the various aspects of sex/gender (s/g) differences in ASD is gaining increased clinical and research interest resulting in a growing number of investigations on this topic. Here, I review and discuss evidence emerged from epidemiological, clinical, and neuroimaging studies in the last decade focusing on s/g differences in children with ASD. These studies are the prerequisites for the development of assessment and treatment practices which take into consideration s/g differences in ASD. Ultimately, a better understanding of s/g differences aims at improving healthcare for both ASD males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Calderoni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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25
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Nordahl CW, Andrews DS, Dwyer P, Waizbard-Bartov E, Restrepo B, Lee JK, Heath B, Saron C, Rivera SM, Solomon M, Ashwood P, Amaral DG. The Autism Phenome Project: Toward Identifying Clinically Meaningful Subgroups of Autism. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:786220. [PMID: 35110990 PMCID: PMC8801875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.786220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most universally accepted facts about autism is that it is heterogenous. Individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder have a wide range of behavioral presentations and a variety of co-occurring medical and mental health conditions. The identification of more homogenous subgroups is likely to lead to a better understanding of etiologies as well as more targeted interventions and treatments. In 2006, we initiated the UC Davis MIND Institute Autism Phenome Project (APP) with the overarching goal of identifying clinically meaningful subtypes of autism. This ongoing longitudinal multidisciplinary study now includes over 400 children and involves comprehensive medical, behavioral, and neuroimaging assessments from early childhood through adolescence (2-19 years of age). We have employed several strategies to identify sub-populations within autistic individuals: subgrouping by neural, biological, behavioral or clinical characteristics as well as by developmental trajectories. In this Mini Review, we summarize findings to date from the APP cohort and describe progress made toward identifying meaningful subgroups of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wu Nordahl
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Derek Sayre Andrews
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Dwyer
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Einat Waizbard-Bartov
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bibiana Restrepo
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joshua K. Lee
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brianna Heath
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Clifford Saron
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Susan M. Rivera
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paul Ashwood
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David G. Amaral
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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26
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Rong P, Fu Q, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhao S, Song X, Gao P, Ma R. A bibliometrics analysis and visualization of autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:884600. [PMID: 35923445 PMCID: PMC9339633 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.884600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) increased rapidly in the last 20 years. Although related research has developed rapidly, little is known about its etiology, diagnostic marker, or drug treatment, which forces researchers to review and summarize its development process and look for the future development direction. METHODS We used bibliometrics to analyze papers of ASD in the Web of Science from 1998 to 2021, to draw the network of authors, institutions, countries, and keywords in the ASD field, and visualize the results. RESULTS A total of 40,597 papers were included with a continually increasing trend. It turns out that the research on ASD is mainly concentrated in universities. The United States has the largest number of ASD studies, followed by England and Canada. The quality of papers related to ASD is generally high, which shows that ASD research has become a hot spot of scientific research. The keywords of ASD etiology and diagnostic markers can be classified into at least 7 aspects. The detection of keywords shows that ASD research is mostly based on its subtypes, takes children as the study population, focuses on neurodevelopmental imaging or genetics, and pays attention to individual differences. And ASD research has changed greatly under the impact of Corona Virus Disease 2019 in the past 2 years. CONCLUSION We consider the future development direction should be based on the improvement of case identification, accurate clinical phenotype, large-scale cohort study, the discovery of ASD etiology and diagnostic markers, drug randomized controlled trials, and telehealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Rong
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianfang Fu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xilian Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyi Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxin Song
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Puxing Gao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Ma
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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27
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Beversdorf DQ, Anagnostou E, Hardan A, Wang P, Erickson CA, Frazier TW, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Editorial: Precision medicine approaches for heterogeneous conditions such as autism spectrum disorders (The need for a biomarker exploration phase in clinical trials - Phase 2m). Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1079006. [PMID: 36741580 PMCID: PMC9893852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1079006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Q Beversdorf
- Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychological Sciences, William and Nancy Thompson Endowed Chair in Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio Hardan
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Paul Wang
- Clinical Research Associates LLC, Simons Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Craig A Erickson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Thomas W Frazier
- Department of Psychology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,NewYork-Presbyterian Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York, NY, United States
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28
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Spiteri S, Crewther D. Neural Mechanisms of Visual Motion Anomalies in Autism: A Two-Decade Update and Novel Aetiology. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:756841. [PMID: 34790092 PMCID: PMC8591069 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.756841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 21st century has seen dramatic changes in our understanding of the visual physio-perceptual anomalies of autism and also in the structure and development of the primate visual system. This review covers the past 20 years of research into motion perceptual/dorsal stream anomalies in autism, as well as new understanding of the development of primate vision. The convergence of this literature allows a novel developmental hypothesis to explain the physiological and perceptual differences of the broad autistic spectrum. Central to these observations is the development of motion areas MT+, the seat of the dorsal cortical stream, central area of pre-attentional processing as well as being an anchor of binocular vision for 3D action. Such development normally occurs via a transfer of thalamic drive from the inferior pulvinar → MT to the anatomically stronger but later-developing LGN → V1 → MT connection. We propose that autistic variation arises from a slowing in the normal developmental attenuation of the pulvinar → MT pathway. We suggest that this is caused by a hyperactive amygdala → thalamic reticular nucleus circuit increasing activity in the PIm → MT via response gain modulation of the pulvinar and hence altering synaptic competition in area MT. We explore the probable timing of transfer in dominance of human MT from pulvinar to LGN/V1 driving circuitry and discuss the implications of the main hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Spiteri
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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Peterson M, Prigge MBD, Bigler ED, Zielinski B, King JB, Lange N, Alexander A, Lainhart JE, Nielsen JA. Evidence for normal extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic males from middle childhood to adulthood. Neuroimage 2021; 240:118387. [PMID: 34260891 PMCID: PMC8485737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder has long been associated with a variety of organizational and developmental abnormalities in the brain. An increase in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic individuals between the ages of 6 months and 4 years has been reported in recent studies. Increased extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume was predictive of the diagnosis and severity of the autistic symptoms in all of them, irrespective of genetic risk for developing the disorder. In the present study, we explored the trajectory of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume from childhood to adulthood in both autism and typical development. We hypothesized that an elevated extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume would be found in autism persisting throughout the age range studied. We tested the hypothesis by employing an accelerated, multi-cohort longitudinal data set of 189 individuals (97 autistic, 92 typically developing). Each individual had been scanned between 1 and 5 times, with scanning sessions separated by 2-3 years, for a total of 439 T1-weighted MRI scans. A linear mixed-effects model was used to compare developmental, age-related changes in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume between groups. Inconsistent with our hypothesis, we found no group differences in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in this cohort of individuals 3 to 42 years of age. Our results suggest that extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic individuals is not increased compared with controls beyond four years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Peterson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, United States
| | - Molly B D Prigge
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Erin D Bigler
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, United States; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84604, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA United States
| | - Brandon Zielinski
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States
| | - Jace B King
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States
| | - Nicholas Lange
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Andrew Alexander
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53719, United States; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Janet E Lainhart
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53719, United States
| | - Jared A Nielsen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, United States; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84604, United States.
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Synaptic Alterations in a Transgenic Model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: Relevance to Autism Spectrum Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810058. [PMID: 34576223 PMCID: PMC8466868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare, multi-system genetic disease with serious neurological and mental symptoms, including autism. Mutations in the TSC1/TSC2 genes lead to the overactivation of mTOR signalling, which is also linked to nonsyndromic autism. Our aim was to analyse synaptic pathology in a transgenic model of TSC: two-month-old male B6;129S4-Tsc2tm1Djk/J mice with Tsc2 haploinsufficiency. Significant brain-region-dependent alterations in the expression of several synaptic proteins were identified. The most prominent changes were observed in the immunoreactivity of presynaptic VAMP1/2 (ca. 50% increase) and phospho-synapsin-1 (Ser62/67) (ca. 80% increase). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated serious ultrastructural abnormalities in synapses such as a blurred structure of synaptic density and a significantly increased number of synaptic vesicles. The impairment of synaptic mitochondrial ultrastructure was represented by excessive elongation, swelling, and blurred crista contours. Polyribosomes in the cytoplasm and swollen Golgi apparatus suggest possible impairment of protein metabolism. Moreover, the delamination of myelin and the presence of vacuolar structures in the cell nucleus were observed. We also report that Tsc2+/- mice displayed increased brain weights and sizes. The behavioural analysis demonstrated the impairment of memory function, as established in the novel object recognition test. To summarise, our data indicate serious synaptic impairment in the brains of male Tsc2+/- mice.
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31
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Dwyer P, Ferrer E, Saron CD, Rivera SM. Exploring Sensory Subgroups in Typical Development and Autism Spectrum Development Using Factor Mixture Modelling. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3840-3860. [PMID: 34499275 PMCID: PMC9349169 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study uses factor mixture modelling of the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) at two time points to describe subgroups of young autistic and typically-developing children. This approach allows separate SSP subscales to influence overall SSP performance differentially across subgroups. Three subgroups were described, one including almost all typically-developing participants plus many autistic participants. SSP performance of a second, largely-autistic subgroup was predominantly shaped by a subscale indexing behaviours of low energy/weakness. Finally, the third subgroup, again largely autistic, contained participants with low (or more “atypical”) SSP scores across most subscales. In this subgroup, autistic participants exhibited large P1 amplitudes to loud sounds. Autistic participants in subgroups with more atypical SSP scores had higher anxiety and more sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dwyer
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, USA. .,Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, USA.
| | | | - Clifford D Saron
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, USA.,MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, USA.,Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, USA.,MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, USA
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32
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Lee JK, Andrews DS, Ozonoff S, Solomon M, Rogers S, Amaral DG, Nordahl CW. Longitudinal Evaluation of Cerebral Growth Across Childhood in Boys and Girls With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:286-294. [PMID: 33388135 PMCID: PMC8089123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral overgrowth is frequently reported in children but not in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This suggests that early cerebral overgrowth is followed by normalization of cerebral volumes. However, this notion is predicated on cross-sectional research that is vulnerable to sampling bias. For example, autistic individuals with disproportionate megalencephaly, a subgroup with higher rates of intellectual disability and larger cerebral volumes, may be underrepresented in studies of adolescents and adults. Furthermore, extant studies have cohorts that are predominately male, thus limiting knowledge of cerebral growth in females with ASD. METHODS Growth of total cerebral volume, gray matter (GM) volume, and white matter volume as well as proportion of GM to total cerebral volume were examined in a longitudinal sample comprising 273 boys (199 with ASD) scanned at up to four time points (mean ages = 38, 50, 64, and 137 months, respectively) and 156 girls (95 with ASD) scanned at up to three time points (mean ages = 39, 53, and 65 months, respectively) using mixed-effects modeling. RESULTS In boys with ASD, cerebral overgrowth in the ASD with disproportionate megalencephaly subgroup was predominately driven by increases in GM and persisted throughout childhood without evidence of volumetric regression or normalization. In girls with ASD, cerebral volumes were similar to those in typically developing girls, but growth trajectories of GM and white matter were slower throughout early childhood. The proportion of GM to total cerebral volume declined with age at a slower rate in autistic boys and girls relative to typically developing control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal evidence does not support the notion that early brain overgrowth is followed by volumetric regression, at least from early to late childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Lee
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Derek S Andrews
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Sally Rogers
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - David G Amaral
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
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33
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Using Clustering to Examine Inter-individual Variability in Topography of Auditory Event-Related Potentials in Autism and Typical Development. Brain Topogr 2021; 34:681-697. [PMID: 34292447 PMCID: PMC8436953 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although prior studies have compared sensory event-related potential (ERP) responses between groups of autistic and typically-developing participants, it is unclear how heterogeneity contributes to the results of these studies. The present study used examined individual differences in these responses. 130 autistic children and 81 typically-developing children, aged between 2 and 5 years, listened to tones at four identity levels while 61-channel electroencephalography was recorded. Hierarchical clustering was used to group participants based on rescaled ERP topographies between 51 and 350 ms. The hierarchical clustering analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity. Some of the seven clusters defined in this analysis were characterized by prolonged fronto-central positivities and/or weak or absent N2 negativities. However, many other participants fell into clusters in which N2 responses were present at varying latencies. Atypical response morphologies such as absent N2 responses and/or prolonged positive-going responses found in some autistic participants may account for prior research findings of attenuated N2 amplitudes in autism. However, there was also considerable overlap between groups, with participants of both groups appearing in all clusters. These results emphasize the utility of using clustering to explore individual differences in brain responses, which can expand on and clarify the results of analyses of group mean differences.
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34
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Benítez-Burraco A, Ferretti F, Progovac L. Human Self-Domestication and the Evolution of Pragmatics. Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e12987. [PMID: 34170029 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As proposed for the emergence of modern languages, we argue that modern uses of languages (pragmatics) also evolved gradually in our species under the effects of human self-domestication, with three key aspects involved in a complex feedback loop: (a) a reduction in reactive aggression, (b) the sophistication of language structure (with emerging grammars initially facilitating the transition from physical aggression to verbal aggression); and (c) the potentiation of pragmatic principles governing conversation, including, but not limited to, turn-taking and inferential abilities. Our core hypothesis is that the reduction in reactive aggression, one of the key factors in self-domestication processes, enabled us to fully exploit our cognitive and interactional potential as applied to linguistic exchanges, and ultimately to evolve a specific form of communication governed by persuasive reciprocity-a trait of human conversation characterized by both competition and cooperation. In turn, both early crude forms of language, well suited for verbal aggression/insult, and later more sophisticated forms of language, well suited for persuasive reciprocity, significantly contributed to the resolution and reduction of (physical) aggression, thus having a return effect on the self-domestication processes. Supporting evidence for our proposal, as well as grounds for further testing, comes mainly from the consideration of cognitive disorders, which typically simultaneously present abnormal features of self-domestication (including aggressive behavior) and problems with pragmatics and social functioning. While various approaches to language evolution typically reduce it to a single factor, our approach considers language evolution as a multifactorial process, with each player acting upon the other, engaging in an intense mutually reinforcing feedback loop. Moreover, we see language evolution as a gradual process, continuous with the pre-linguistic cognitive abilities, which were engaged in a positive feedback loop with linguistic innovations, and where gene-culture co-evolution and cultural niche construction were the main driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Benítez-Burraco
- Department of Spanish, Linguistics and Theory of Literature (Linguistics), Faculty of Philology, University of Seville
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Philosophy, Communication and Performing Arts. Roma Tre University
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35
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Hansen N, Luedecke D, Malchow B, Lipp M, Vogelgsang J, Timäus C, Zindler T, Gingele S, Kühn S, Gallinat J, Wiedemann K, Denk J, Moschny N, Fiehler J, Skripuletz T, Riedel C, Wattjes MP, Zerr I, Esselmann H, Poustka L, Karow A, Hartmann H, Frieling H, Bleich S, Wiltfang J, Neyazi A. Autoantibody-associated psychiatric syndromes in children: link to adult psychiatry. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:735-747. [PMID: 34057596 PMCID: PMC8205901 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies show that psychiatric symptoms in adults and children are sometimes associated with serum neural autoantibodies. The significance of serum neural autoantibodies associated with psychiatric symptoms in children remains often unclear, but might be relevant for the extent and occurrence of psychiatric disease manifestation in later life, as well as therapy and outcome. For this narrative review, we sought articles listed in PubMed and published between 1988 and 2020 addressing the maternal-fetal transfer of neural autoantibodies and psychiatric disorders associated with serum neural autoantibodies. We identified six major subgroups of psychiatric disorders in children that are associated with serum neural autoantibodies: patients with attentional deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, psychosis and catatonia. Furthermore, we summarized study findings from maternal-fetal transfer of Contactin-associated protein-like 2, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and fetal brain autoantibodies associated with behavioral effects in animals and humans. We hypothesize that the maternal transfer of serum neuronal autoantibodies during or after birth could result (1) in the ignition of an autoimmune-mediated inflammation having neurodevelopmental consequences for their children (autoimmune-priming-attack hypothesis) and (2) has a potential impact on the later manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Through this narrative review, we propose a diagnostic pathway for the clinical diagnosis of a potentially autoimmune origin of psychiatric symptoms in children while considering recent guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Luedecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lipp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Vogelgsang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charles Timäus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Zindler
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simone Kühn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Denk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Moschny
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Riedel
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mike P Wattjes
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Esselmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Childhood and Adolescence Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Karow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Hartmann
- Clinic for Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Neyazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Prigge MBD, Lange N, Bigler ED, King JB, Dean DC, Adluru N, Alexander AL, Lainhart JE, Zielinski BA. A 16-year study of longitudinal volumetric brain development in males with autism. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118067. [PMID: 33878377 PMCID: PMC8489006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unknown brain etiology. Our knowledge to date about structural brain development across the lifespan in ASD comes mainly from cross-sectional studies, thereby limiting our understanding of true age effects within individuals with the disorder that can only be gained through longitudinal research. The present study describes FreeSurfer-derived volumetric findings from a longitudinal dataset consisting of 607 T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans collected from 105 male individuals with ASD (349 MRIs) and 125 typically developing male controls (258 MRIs). Participants were six to forty-five years of age at their first scan, and were scanned up to 5 times over a period of 16 years (average inter-scan interval of 3.7 years). Atypical age-related volumetric trajectories in ASD included enlarged gray matter volume in early childhood that approached levels of the control group by late childhood, an age-related increase in ventricle volume resulting in enlarged ventricles by early adulthood and reduced corpus callosum age-related volumetric increase resulting in smaller corpus callosum volume in adulthood. Larger corpus callosum volume was related to a lower (better) ADOS score at the most recent study visit for the participants with ASD. These longitudinal findings expand our knowledge of volumetric brain-based abnormalities in males with ASD, and highlight the need to continue to examine brain structure across the lifespan and well into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B D Prigge
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Nicholas Lange
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin D Bigler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA; Department of Neurology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Jace B King
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nagesh Adluru
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Janet E Lainhart
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brandon A Zielinski
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Overexpression of CD47 is associated with brain overgrowth and 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2005483118. [PMID: 33833053 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005483118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) at the 16p11.2 locus is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. CNVs of the 16p gene can manifest in opposing head sizes. Carriers of 16p11.2 deletion tend to have macrocephaly (or brain enlargement), while those with 16p11.2 duplication frequently have microcephaly. Increases in both gray and white matter volume have been observed in brain imaging studies in 16p11.2 deletion carriers with macrocephaly. Here, we use human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from controls and subjects with 16p11.2 deletion and 16p11.2 duplication to understand the underlying mechanisms regulating brain overgrowth. To model both gray and white matter, we differentiated patient-derived iPSCs into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). In both NPCs and OPCs, we show that CD47 (a "don't eat me" signal) is overexpressed in the 16p11.2 deletion carriers contributing to reduced phagocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, 16p11.2 deletion NPCs and OPCs up-regulate cell surface expression of calreticulin (a prophagocytic "eat me" signal) and its binding sites, indicating that these cells should be phagocytosed but fail to be eliminated due to elevations in CD47. Treatment of 16p11.2 deletion NPCs and OPCs with an anti-CD47 antibody to block CD47 restores phagocytosis to control levels. While the CD47 pathway is commonly implicated in cancer progression, we document a role for CD47 in psychiatric disorders associated with brain overgrowth.
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Dwyer P, De Meo-Monteil R, Saron CD, Rivera SM. Effects of age on loudness-dependent auditory ERPs in young autistic and typically-developing children. Neuropsychologia 2021; 156:107837. [PMID: 33781752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Limited research has investigated the development of auditory ERPs in young children, and particularly how stimulus intensity may affect these auditory ERPs. Previous research has also yielded inconsistent findings regarding differences in the development of auditory ERPs in autism and typical development. Furthermore, stimulus intensity may be of particular interest in autism insofar as autistic people may have atypical experiences of sound intensity (e.g., hyperacusis). Therefore, the present study examined associations between age and ERPs evoked by tones of differing intensities (50, 60, 70, and 80 dB SPL) in a large sample of young children (2-5 years) with and without an autism diagnosis. Correlations between age and P1 latencies were examined, while cluster-based permutation testing was used to examine associations between age and neural response amplitudes, as well as group differences in amplitude, over all electrode sites in the longer time window of 1-350 ms. Older autistic participants had faster P1 latencies, but these effects only attained significance over the right hemisphere in response to soft 50 dB sounds. Autistic participants had slower P1 responses to 80 dB sounds over the right hemisphere. Over the scalp regions associated with the later N2 response, more negative response amplitudes (that is, larger N2 responses) were observed in typically-developing than autistic participants. Furthermore, continuous associations between response amplitudes and age suggested that older typically-developing participants exhibited stronger N2 responses to all intensities, though this effect may have at least in part reflected the absence of small positive voltage deflections in the N2 latency window. Age was associated with amplitudes of responses to 50 dB through 70 dB sounds in autism, but in contrast to Typical Development (TD), little evidence of relationships between age and amplitudes in the N2 latency window was found in autism in the 80 dB condition. Although caution should be exercised in interpretation due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, these findings suggest that developmental changes in auditory responses may differ across diagnostic groups in a manner that depends on perceived loudness and/or stimulus intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dwyer
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, United States; Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, United States.
| | | | - Clifford D Saron
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, United States; MIND Institute, UC Davis, United States
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, United States; Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, United States; MIND Institute, UC Davis, United States
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Hammill C, Lerch JP, Taylor MJ, Ameis SH, Chakravarty MM, Szatmari P, Anagnostou E, Lai MC. Quantitative and Qualitative Sex Modulations in the Brain Anatomy of Autism. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:898-909. [PMID: 33713843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-based neurobiological heterogeneity in autism is poorly understood. Research is disproportionately biased to males, leading to an unwarranted presumption that autism neurobiology is the same across sexes. Previous neuroimaging studies using amalgamated multicenter datasets to increase autistic female samples are characterized by large statistical noise. METHODS We used a better-powered dataset of 1183 scans of 839 individuals-299 (467 scans) autistic males, 74 (102 scans) autistic females, 240 (334 scans) control males, and 226 (280 scans) control females-to test two whole-brain models of overall/global sex modulations on autism neuroanatomy, by summary measures computed across the brain: the local magnitude model, in which the same brain regions/circuitries are involved across sexes but effect sizes are larger in females, indicating quantitative sex modulation; and spatial dissimilarity model, in which the neuroanatomy differs spatially between sexes, indicating qualitative sex modulation. The male and female autism groups were matched on age, IQ, and autism symptoms. Autism brain features were defined by comparisons with same-sex control individuals. RESULTS Across five metrics (cortical thickness, surface area, volume, mean absolute curvature, and subcortical volume), we found no evidence supporting the local magnitude model. We found indicators supporting the spatial dissimilarity model on cortical mean absolute curvature and subcortical volume, but not on other metrics. CONCLUSIONS The overall/global autism neuroanatomy in females and males does not simply differ quantitatively in the same brain regions/circuitries. They may differ qualitatively in spatial involvement in cortical curvature and subcortical volume. The neuroanatomy of autism may be partly sex specific. Sex stratification to inform autism preclinical/clinical research is needed to identify sex-informed neurodevelopmental targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie H Ameis
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Jash S, Sharma S. In utero immune programming of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Hum Immunol 2021; 82:379-384. [PMID: 33612392 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptation of immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface affects balanced maternal-fetal cross-talk and placental health and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The concept of in utero programming of childhood and adulthood diseases has revolutionized the research on the role of pregnancy in maternal, neonatal, and adult health. However, it is not yet well understood whether dysregulation of uterine immunity contributes to any health consequences during childhood or later in life. Recent observations in mice and humans have strongly supported the notion that uterine immunity during pregnancy determines the health trajectory of the offspring and significantly impacts cognitive function and mental health. Importantly, IL-17a producing Th17 T cells have been projected as the main contributors to heterogeneous pathological and behavioral phenotypes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, since normal pregnancy is associated with little or no Th17 cells at the maternal-fetal interface, it is not clear how and when the Th17 T cells are generated and which interventions can ameliorate the ASD-like features in newborns. We propose that infection-associated uterine immune activation within a critical window of development may propel trans-differentiation of Th17 T cells that eventually affect fetal brain development and induce ASD-like behavioral phenotype in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Jash
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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Chen B, Linke A, Olson L, Ibarra C, Reynolds S, Müller RA, Kinnear M, Fishman I. Greater functional connectivity between sensory networks is related to symptom severity in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:160-170. [PMID: 32452051 PMCID: PMC7688487 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) emerge in the first years of life. Yet, little is known about the organization and development of functional brain networks in ASD proximally to the symptom onset. Further, the relationship between brain network connectivity and emerging ASD symptoms and overall functioning in early childhood is not well understood. METHODS Resting-state fMRI data were acquired during natural sleep from 24 young children with ASD and 23 typically developing (TD) children, aged 17-45 months. Intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) within and between resting-state functional networks was derived with independent component analysis (ICA). RESULTS Increased iFC between visual and sensorimotor networks was found in young children with ASD compared to TD participants. Within the ASD group, the degree of overconnectivity between visual and sensorimotor networks was associated with greater autism symptoms. Age-related weakening of the visual-auditory between-network connectivity was observed in the ASD but not the TD group. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results provide evidence for disrupted functional network maturation and differentiation, particularly involving visual and sensorimotor networks, during the first years of life in ASD. The observed pattern of greater visual-sensorimotor between-network connectivity associated with poorer clinical outcomes suggests that disruptions in multisensory brain circuitry may play a critical role for early development of behavioral skills and autism symptomatology in young children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosi Chen
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Annika Linke
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay Olson
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Ibarra
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Reynolds
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ralph-Axel Müller
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mikaela Kinnear
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Inna Fishman
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
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Tan C, Frewer V, Cox G, Williams K, Ure A. Prevalence and Age of Onset of Regression in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analytical Update. Autism Res 2021; 14:582-598. [PMID: 33491292 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review published in 2013 reported 32% of children on the autism spectrum experience skill loss, known as autistic regression. However, the frequency varied depending on definition and measures used to capture skills. Retrospective parent report and prospective observation indicate loss of language and/or social skills, with motor skills typically unaffected. Our aim was to update the prevalence and age of onset of autistic regression through a meta-analysis of the literature to understand if there have been changes to the reported onset and prevalence since 2010. A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library databases and included studies published from 2010 onward. Risk of bias assessment was performed on included studies. A random effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence and age of onset of autistic regression. Ninety-seven studies were included in the systematic review, of which 75 studies involving 33,014 participants had sufficient data for meta-analytic syntheses. The pooled proportion of autistic regression was 30% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27-32%) but heterogeneity was high (I2 = 96.91) and did not reduce with sensitivity or subgroup analyses based on study design or clinical differences, respectively. Prevalence varied according to risk of bias (low: 27%) and definition of regression (language: 20%, language/social: 40%, mixed: 30%, and unspecified: 27%). Weighted average age of onset was 19.8 months. Findings from this meta-analysis highlight the importance of developing a standardized definition of autistic regression, and tools to measure this at multiple time points during early childhood development. LAY SUMMARY: About a third of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder experience loss of skills, which is also known as autistic regression. This paper provides an update of the rate of autistic regression in children and the age when they first experience loss of skills, based on current studies. The findings from this review contribute to our understanding of the onset patterns of autistic regression. Unfortunately, studies are not sufficiently similar, making it difficult to provide clear answers on the exact timing or type of regression seen in different children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tan
- Department of Paediatrics and Melbourne School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veronica Frewer
- Department of Paediatrics and Melbourne School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Neurodisability & Rehabilitation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgina Cox
- Neurodisability & Rehabilitation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics & Education Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- Department of Paediatrics and Melbourne School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Neurodisability & Rehabilitation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics & Education Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Ure
- Department of Paediatrics and Melbourne School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Neurodisability & Rehabilitation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics & Education Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Morgunova A, Pokhvisneva I, Nolvi S, Entringer S, Wadhwa P, Gilmore J, Styner M, Buss C, Sassi RB, Hall GBC, O'Donnell KJ, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, Flores CA. DCC gene network in the prefrontal cortex is associated with total brain volume in childhood. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E154-E163. [PMID: 33206040 PMCID: PMC7955849 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in the guidance cue DCC gene is linked to psychopathologies involving dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex. We created an expression-based polygenic risk score (ePRS) based on the DCC coexpression gene network in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesizing that it would be associated with individual differences in total brain volume. METHODS We filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genes coexpressed with DCC in the prefrontal cortex obtained from an adult postmortem donors database (BrainEAC) for genes enriched in children 1.5 to 11 years old (BrainSpan). The SNPs were weighted by their effect size in predicting gene expression in the prefrontal cortex, multiplied by their allele number based on an individual's genotype data, and then summarized into an ePRS. We evaluated associations between the DCC ePRS and total brain volume in children in 2 community-based cohorts: the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) and University of California, Irvine (UCI) projects. For comparison, we calculated a conventional PRS based on a genome-wide association study of total brain volume. RESULTS Higher ePRS was associated with higher total brain volume in children 8 to 10 years old (β = 0.212, p = 0.043; n = 88). The conventional PRS at several different thresholds did not predict total brain volume in this cohort. A replication analysis in an independent cohort of newborns from the UCI study showed an association between the ePRS and newborn total brain volume (β = 0.101, p = 0.048; n = 80). The genes included in the ePRS demonstrated high levels of coexpression throughout the lifespan and are primarily involved in regulating cellular function. LIMITATIONS The relatively small sample size and age differences between the main and replication cohorts were limitations. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the DCC coexpression network in the prefrontal cortex is critically involved in whole brain development during the first decade of life. Genes comprising the ePRS are involved in gene translation control and cell adhesion, and their expression in the prefrontal cortex at different stages of life provides a snapshot of their dynamic recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Morgunova
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Saara Nolvi
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Sonja Entringer
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Pathik Wadhwa
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - John Gilmore
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Martin Styner
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Claudia Buss
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Roberto Britto Sassi
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Geoffrey B C Hall
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Michael J Meaney
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Cecilia A Flores
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
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Sotgiu S, Manca S, Gagliano A, Minutolo A, Melis MC, Pisuttu G, Scoppola C, Bolognesi E, Clerici M, Guerini FR, Carta A. Immune regulation of neurodevelopment at the mother-foetus interface: the case of autism. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1211. [PMID: 33209302 PMCID: PMC7662086 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by deficits in social communication and stereotypical behaviours. ASD’s aetiology remains mostly unclear, because of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Recently, a strong consensus has developed around ASD’s immune‐mediated pathophysiology, which is the subject of this review. For many years, neuroimmunological studies tried to understand ASD as a prototypical antibody‐ or cell‐mediated disease. Other findings indicated the importance of autoimmune mechanisms such as familial and individual autoimmunity, adaptive immune abnormalities and the influence of infections during gestation. However, recent studies have challenged the idea that autism may be a classical autoimmune disease. Modern neurodevelopmental immunology shows the double‐edged nature of many immune effectors, which can be either beneficial or detrimental depending on tissue homeostasis, stressors, neurodevelopmental stage, inherited and de novo gene mutations and other variables. Nowadays, mother–child interactions in the prenatal environment appear to be crucial for the occurrence of ASD. Studies of animal maternal–foetal immune interaction are being fruitfully carried out using different combinations of type and timing of infection, of maternal immune response and foetal vulnerability and of resilience factors to hostile events. The derailed neuroimmune crosstalk through the placenta initiates and maintains a chronic foetal neuroglial activation, eventually causing the alteration of neurogenesis, migration, synapse formation and pruning. The importance of pregnancy can also allow early immune interventions, which can significantly reduce the increasing risk of ASD and its heavy social burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sotgiu
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - Salvatorica Manca
- Unità Operativa di Neuropsichiatria Infanzia e Adolescenza (UONPIA) ASSL Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - Antonella Gagliano
- Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Alessandra Minutolo
- Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Maria Clotilde Melis
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - Giulia Pisuttu
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - Chiara Scoppola
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | | | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi - ONLUS Milan Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation University of Milano Milan Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Carta
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy
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Olson LA, Mash LE, Linke A, Fong CH, Müller RA, Fishman I. Sex-related patterns of intrinsic functional connectivity in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 24:2190-2201. [PMID: 32689820 PMCID: PMC7541740 DOI: 10.1177/1362361320938194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
LAY SUMMARY We investigated whether children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders show sex-specific patterns of brain function (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) that are well documented in typically developing males and females. We found, unexpectedly, that boys and girls with autism do not differ in their brain functional connectivity, whereas typically developing boys and girls showed differences in a brain network involved in thinking about self and others (the default mode network). Results suggest that autism may be characterized by a lack of brain sex differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Olson
- San Diego State University, USA
- San Diego State University / UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Lisa E Mash
- San Diego State University, USA
- San Diego State University / UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | | | - Christopher H Fong
- San Diego State University, USA
- San Diego State University / UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Ralph-Axel Müller
- San Diego State University, USA
- San Diego State University / UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Inna Fishman
- San Diego State University, USA
- San Diego State University / UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
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Dwyer P, Saron CD, Rivera SM. Identification of Longitudinal Sensory Subtypes in Typical Development and Autism Spectrum Development Using Growth Mixture Modelling. RESEARCH IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2020; 78:101645. [PMID: 32944065 PMCID: PMC7491753 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior longitudinal investigations of trajectories of sensory features in Autism Spectrum Development (ASD) have not explored heterogeneity. The present study explores initial levels and trajectories of sensory features in ASD as well as, for comparison, typical development. METHOD Growth mixture modelling was used to explore classes of autistic and typically-developing participants based on caregiver-reported total sensory behaviours on the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) at two time points, when children were aged 2-5 and 4-10 years of age, respectively. RESULTS Three classes are described: a mixed class of autistic and typically-developing participants with few problematic sensory behaviours ("Stable Mild"), a mostly-autistic class with more problematic sensory features ("Stable Intense"), and a small class of autistic participants whose sensory features reportedly worsened ("Increasingly Intense"). Autistic participants in the Stable Intense class exhibited high anxiety, while autistic participants in the Increasingly Intense class appeared to obtain high scores on cognitive assessments. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneity of sensory features and challenges found in the present study may suggest that practitioners should conduct individualized assessments of sensory features in ASD. Furthermore, practitioners should be aware of links between sensory features and anxiety in ASD, which may imply that sensory accommodations and supports could protect against anxiety. Finally, the worsening of sensory features over time in the Increasingly Intense subgroup may indicate a need for continued monitoring of changes in sensory features, perhaps especially as sensory environments change during periods of transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dwyer
- Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, USA 95618
| | | | - Susan M Rivera
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, MIND Institute, UC Davis
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Libero LE, Schaer M, Li DD, Amaral DG, Nordahl CW. A Longitudinal Study of Local Gyrification Index in Young Boys With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2575-2587. [PMID: 29850803 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Local gyrification index (LGI), a metric quantifying cortical folding, was evaluated in 105 boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 49 typically developing (TD) boys at 3 and 5 years-of-age. At 3 years-of-age, boys with ASD had reduced gyrification in the fusiform gyrus compared with TD boys. A longitudinal evaluation from 3 to 5 years revealed that while TD boys had stable/decreasing LGI, boys with ASD had increasing LGI in right inferior temporal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, and stable LGI in left lingual gyrus. LGI was also examined in a previously defined neurophenotype of boys with ASD and disproportionate megalencephaly. At 3 years-of-age, this subgroup exhibited increased LGI in right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and paracentral cortex, and left cingulate cortex and superior frontal gyrus relative to TD boys and increased LGI in right paracentral lobule and parahippocampal gyrus, and left precentral gyrus compared with boys with ASD and normal brain size. In summary, this study identified alterations in the pattern and development of LGI during early childhood in ASD. Distinct patterns of alterations in subgroups of boys with ASD suggests that multiple neurophenotypes exist and boys with ASD and disproportionate megalencephaly should be evaluated separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Libero
- UC Davis MIND Institute and the UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marie Schaer
- Office Medico-Pedagogique, Universite de Geneve, Rue David Dafour 1, Geneva 8, Switzerland
| | - Deana D Li
- UC Davis MIND Institute and the UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- UC Davis MIND Institute and the UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- UC Davis MIND Institute and the UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, USA
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Reinhardt VP, Iosif AM, Libero L, Heath B, Rogers SJ, Ferrer E, Nordahl C, Ghetti S, Amaral D, Solomon M. Understanding Hippocampal Development in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:1069-1079. [PMID: 31449875 PMCID: PMC9940822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined growth trajectories of hippocampal volume (HV) in early childhood in a longitudinal cohort of male and female participants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) individuals, and investigated HV in those with large brains. Relations between factors potentially associated with hippocampal size and growth were investigated. METHOD Participants received 1 to 3 structural magnetic resonance imaging scans between ages 25 and 80 months (unique participants: ASD, n =200; TD, n =110; total longitudinal scans, n = 593). HV growth during this period was examined using mixed-effects linear models. Associations between early HV and growth rates, and IQ and adaptive functioning, were evaluated. RESULTS After accounting for cerebral hemisphere volume, male participants exhibited larger left and right HV than female participants. Hippocampal growth rates did not differ by sex. In children with larger hemisphere volumes, male and female participants with ASD had relatively larger HV than TD participants of similar hemisphere volume. This effect was present in a broader group than only those with disproportionate megalencephaly (male participants with large cerebral volumes relative to body size). Right hippocampi were larger than left hippocampi in both groups and sexes. Right versus left volume differences were greater for ASD. After adjusting for hemisphere volume, male participants with ASD showed a significant positive association between right hippocampal growth and adaptive behavior. CONCLUSION HV was relatively greater in ASD in analyses adjusting for hemisphere volume, whereas only subtle differences were observed in HV and growth between participants with ASD and TD participants in unadjusted analyses, suggesting that ASD involves atypical coupling between HV and brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Amaral
- University of California, Davis; MIND Institute, Davis, California
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- University of California, Davis; MIND Institute, Davis, California; UC Davis Imaging Research Center, Davis, California.
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Patel S, Dale RC, Rose D, Heath B, Nordahl CW, Rogers S, Guastella AJ, Ashwood P. Maternal immune conditions are increased in males with autism spectrum disorders and are associated with behavioural and emotional but not cognitive co-morbidity. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:286. [PMID: 32796821 PMCID: PMC7429839 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal research shows that maternal immune activation increases the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in offspring. Emerging evidence suggests that maternal immune conditions may play a role in the phenotypic expression of neurodevelopmental difficulties in children with ASD and this may be moderated by offspring sex. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal immune conditions were associated with increased severity of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with ASD. Maternal immune conditions were examined as predictors of ASD severity, behavioural and emotional well-being, and cognitive functioning in a cohort of 363 children with ASD (n = 363; 252 males, 111 females; median age 3.07 [interquartile range 2.64-3.36 years]). We also explored whether these outcomes varied between male and female children. Results showed that maternal asthma was the most common immune condition reported in mothers of children with ASD. A history of maternal immune conditions (p = 0.009) was more common in male children with ASD, compared to female children. Maternal immune conditions were associated with increased behavioural and emotional problems in male and female children. By contrast, maternal immune conditions were not associated with decreased cognitive function. The findings demonstrate that MIA may influence the expression of symptoms in children with ASD and outcomes may vary between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrujna Patel
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XAutism Clinic for Translational Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children’s Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XKids Neuroscience Centre, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - Destanie Rose
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Brianna Heath
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Psychiatry and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Christine W. Nordahl
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Psychiatry and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Sally Rogers
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Psychiatry and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Adam J. Guastella
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XAutism Clinic for Translational Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children’s Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Kirkovski M, Fuelscher I, Hyde C, Donaldson PH, Ford TC, Rossell SL, Fitzgerald PB, Enticott PG. Fixel Based Analysis Reveals Atypical White Matter Micro- and Macrostructure in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Investigation of the Role of Biological Sex. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:40. [PMID: 32903660 PMCID: PMC7438780 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical white matter (WM) microstructure is commonly implicated in the neuropathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Fixel based analysis (FBA), at the cutting-edge of diffusion-weighted imaging, can account for crossing WM fibers and can provide indices of both WM micro- and macrostructure. We applied FBA to investigate WM structure between 25 (12 males, 13 females) adults with ASD and 24 (12 males, 12 females) matched controls. As the role of biological sex on the neuropathophysiology of ASD is of increasing interest, this was also explored. There were no significant differences in WM micro- or macrostructure between adults with ASD and matched healthy controls. When data were stratified by sex, females with ASD had reduced fiber density and cross-section (FDC), a combined metric comprised of micro- and macrostructural measures, in the corpus callosum, a finding not detected between the male sub-groups. We conclude that micro- and macrostructural WM aberrations are present in ASD, and may be influenced by biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kirkovski
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Fuelscher
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christian Hyde
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter H Donaldson
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Talitha C Ford
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth Health Care and Central Clinical School Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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