1
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Jucht AE, Scholz CC. PHD1-3 oxygen sensors in vivo-lessons learned from gene deletions. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1307-1337. [PMID: 38509356 PMCID: PMC11310289 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen sensors enable cells to adapt to limited oxygen availability (hypoxia), affecting various cellular and tissue responses. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 1-3 (PHD1-3; also called Egln1-3, HIF-P4H 1-3, HIF-PH 1-3) proteins belong to the Fe2+- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily and utilise molecular oxygen (O2) alongside 2-oxoglutarate as co-substrate to hydroxylate two proline residues of α subunits of the dimeric hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor. PHD1-3-mediated hydroxylation of HIF-α leads to its degradation and inactivation. Recently, various PHD inhibitors (PHI) have entered the clinics for treatment of renal anaemia. Pre-clinical analyses indicate that PHI treatment may also be beneficial in numerous other hypoxia-associated diseases. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the observed protective effects of PHIs are only partly understood, currently hindering their translation into the clinics. Moreover, the PHI-mediated increase of Epo levels is not beneficial in all hypoxia-associated diseases and PHD-selective inhibition may be advantageous. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the relevance and function of each of the three PHD isoforms in vivo, based on the deletion or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of each single corresponding gene in rodents. This information is crucial for our understanding of the physiological relevance and function of the PHDs as well as for elucidating their individual impact on hypoxia-associated diseases. Furthermore, this knowledge highlights which diseases may best be targeted by PHD isoform-selective inhibitors in case such pharmacologic substances become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka E Jucht
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Wang R, Gomez Salazar M, Pruñonosa Cervera I, Coutts A, French K, Pinto MM, Gohlke S, García-Martín R, Blüher M, Schofield CJ, Kourtzelis I, Stimson RH, Bénézech C, Christian M, Schulz TJ, Gudmundsson EF, Jennings LL, Gudnason VG, Chavakis T, Morton NM, Emilsson V, Michailidou Z. Adipocyte deletion of the oxygen-sensor PHD2 sustains elevated energy expenditure at thermoneutrality. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7483. [PMID: 39209825 PMCID: PMC11362468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) function is a promising therapeutic strategy for metabolic disease. However, predominantly thermoneutral modern human living conditions deactivate BAT. We demonstrate that selective adipocyte deficiency of the oxygen-sensor HIF-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD2) gene overcomes BAT dormancy at thermoneutrality. Adipocyte-PHD2-deficient mice maintain higher energy expenditure having greater BAT thermogenic capacity. In human and murine adipocytes, a PHD inhibitor increases Ucp1 levels. In murine brown adipocytes, antagonising the major PHD2 target, hypoxia-inducible factor-(HIF)-2a abolishes Ucp1 that cannot be rescued by PHD inhibition. Mechanistically, PHD2 deficiency leads to HIF2 stabilisation and binding of HIF2 to the Ucp1 promoter, thus enhancing its expression in brown adipocytes. Serum proteomics analysis of 5457 participants in the deeply phenotyped Age, Gene and Environment Study reveal that serum PHD2 associates with increased risk of metabolic disease. Here we show that adipose-PHD2-inhibition is a therapeutic strategy for metabolic disease and identify serum PHD2 as a disease biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongling Wang
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mario Gomez Salazar
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Iris Pruñonosa Cervera
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda Coutts
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, UK
| | - Karen French
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marlene Magalhaes Pinto
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sabrina Gohlke
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ruben García-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Campus-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cécile Bénézech
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Christian
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Lori L Jennings
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vilmundur G Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, UK
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Zoi Michailidou
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, UK.
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3
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Pan L, He X, Xu R, Bhattarai U, Niu Z, do Carmo J, Sun Y, Zeng H, Clemmer JS, Chen JX, Chen Y. Endothelial specific prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 deficiency attenuates aging-related obesity and exercise intolerance. GeroScience 2024; 46:3945-3956. [PMID: 38462569 PMCID: PMC11226575 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and exercise intolerance greatly reduce the life quality of older people. Prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2) is an important enzyme in modulating hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha (HIF) protein. Using vascular endothelial cell-specific PHD2 gene knockout (PHD2 ECKO) mice, we investigated the role of endothelial PHD2 in aging-related obesity and exercise capacity. Briefly, PHD2 ECKO mice were obtained by crossing PHD2-floxed mice with VE-Cadherin (Cdh5)-Cre transgenic mice. The effect of PHD2 ECKO on obesity and exercise capacity in PHD2 ECKO mice and control PHD2f/f mice were determined in young mice (6 to 7 months) and aged mice (16-18 months). We found that aged PHD2 ECKO mice, but not young mice, exhibited a lean phenotype, characterized by lower fat mass, and its ratio to lean weight, body weight, or tibial length, while their food uptake was not reduced compared with controls. Moreover, as compared with aged control mice, aged PHD2 ECKO mice exhibited increased oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise, and the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2 max) during exercise. Furthermore, as compared with corresponding control mice, both young and aged PHD2 ECKO mice demonstrated improved glucose tolerance and lower insulin resistance. Together, these data demonstrate that inhibition of vascular endothelial PHD2 signaling significantly attenuates aging-related obesity, exercise intolerance, and glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Pan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Xiaochen He
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Umesh Bhattarai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ziru Niu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Jussara do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - John S Clemmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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4
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Yadav AK, Yadav BS, Yadav PK, Pandey SN, Sarvottam K. Exposure to Various Degrees and Durations of Hypobaric Hypoxia Causes a Reduction in Body Weight of Female Adult Rats. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2024; 14:151-155. [PMID: 39310070 PMCID: PMC11412558 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_55_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypobaric hypoxia refers to a condition where there is a decreased oxygen partial pressure in the air due to low atmospheric pressure. It is known to affect the metabolism, leading to increased basal metabolic rate, alterations in appetite, and changes in cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. The effects of hypoxia on metabolism and weight loss are influenced by genetic factors, gender, and the duration and severity of exposure to hypoxia. Currently, there are no reports which elucidate the impact of hypobaric hypoxia on female laboratory rats. Objective The aim of this study was to observe the effect of varying degrees and durations of hypobaric hypoxia on the body weight of female rats. Materials and Methods In this study, the body weight of 36 laboratory rats divided into six groups was taken at day 0, and then, the rats were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia in a specially designed hypoxia chamber and their body weights were recorded after 5 days and 10 days of hypoxia exposure. The change in body weight at 5 days and 10 days was compared to that of their body weight before the exposure to hypoxia. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 20. Results Body weight was reduced in all rats subjected to varying degrees and duration of hypoxia. The percentage change in body weight was higher in moderate and severe hypoxia than in the mild hypoxia group. No significant difference was observed in rats exposed to varying degrees of hypoxia for 5 days as compared to those exposed for 10 days. Conclusion Hypoxia may cause a reduction in body weight of female rats proportionate to the increasing severity of hypoxia and this reduction remains independent of the duration of exposure to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Yadav
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupendra Singh Yadav
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sada Nand Pandey
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumar Sarvottam
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Rodriguez R, Harris M, Kennedy LM. Deleting the ribosomal prolyl hydroxylase OGFOD1 protects mice against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304761. [PMID: 38843265 PMCID: PMC11156292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes predisposes patients to heart disease, which is the primary cause of death across the globe. Type 2 diabetes often accompanies obesity and is defined by insulin resistance and abnormal glucose handling. Insulin resistance impairs glucose uptake and results in hyperglycemia, which damages tissues such as kidneys, liver, and heart. 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)- and iron-dependent oxygenases (2-OGDOs), a family of enzymes regulating various aspects of cellular physiology, have been studied for their role in obesity and diet-induced insulin resistance. However, nothing is known of the 2-OGDO family member 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent prolyl hydroxylase domain containing protein 1 (OGFOD1) in this setting. OGFOD1 deletion leads to protection in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiac hypertrophy, which are two cardiac events that can lead to heart failure. Considering the remarkable correlation between heart disease and diabetes, the cardioprotection observed in OGFOD1-knockout mice led us to challenge these knockouts with high-fat diet. Wildtype mice fed a high-fat diet developed diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance, but OGFOD1 knockout mice fed this same diet were resistant to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. These results support OGFOD1 down-regulation as a strategy for preventing obesity and insulin handling defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Rodriguez
- National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael Harris
- National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Leslie M. Kennedy
- National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
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6
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Chaurasiya V, Nidhina Haridas PA, Olkkonen VM. Adipocyte-endothelial cell interplay in adipose tissue physiology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116081. [PMID: 38408682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) expansion through hyperplasia or hypertrophy requires vascular remodeling that involves angiogenesis. There is quite some evidence that obese white AT (WAT) displays altered vasculature. Some studies suggest that this is associated with hypoxia, which is thought to play a role in inducing inflammatory activation of the excessively expanding WAT. Increasing evidence, based on genetic manipulations or treatments with inhibitory or activator pharmaceuticals, demonstrates that AT angiogenesis is crucial for AT metabolic function, and thereby for whole body metabolism and metabolic health. Despite some contradiction between studies, disturbance of WAT angiogenesis in obesity could be an important factor driving WAT dysfunction and the comorbidities of obesity. Endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to healthy WAT metabolism via transport of fatty acids and other plasma components, secretory signaling molecules, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). This communication is crucial for adipocyte metabolism and underscores the key role that the AT endothelium plays in systemic energy homeostasis and healthy metabolism. Adipocytes communicate towards the neighboring endothelium through several mechanisms. The pro-inflammatory status of hypertrophic adipocytes in obesity is reflected in ECs activation, which promotes chronic inflammation. On the other hand, adiponectin secreted by the adipocytes is important for healthy endothelial function, and adipocytes also secrete other pro- or anti-angiogenic effector molecules and a wealth of EVs - however, their detailed roles in signaling towards the endothelium are yet poorly understood. To conclude, targeting AT angiogenesis and promoting the healthy communication between adipocytes and ECs represent potentially promising strategies to treat obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Chaurasiya
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - P A Nidhina Haridas
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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7
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Kudo T, Zhao ML, Jeknić S, Kovary KM, LaGory EL, Covert MW, Teruel MN. Context-dependent regulation of lipid accumulation in adipocytes by a HIF1α-PPARγ feedback network. Cell Syst 2023; 14:1074-1086.e7. [PMID: 37995680 PMCID: PMC11251692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF1α triggers adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese patients. HIF1α closely interacts with PPARγ, the master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, but there are conflicting results regarding how this interaction controls the excessive lipid accumulation that drives adipocyte dysfunction. To directly address these conflicts, we established a differentiation system that recapitulated prior seemingly opposing observations made across different experimental settings. Using single-cell imaging and coarse-grained mathematical modeling, we show how HIF1α can both promote and repress lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Our model predicted and our experiments confirmed that the opposing roles of HIF1α are isolated from each other by the positive-feedback-mediated upregulation of PPARγ that drives adipocyte differentiation. Finally, we identify three factors: strength of the differentiation cue, timing of hypoxic perturbation, and strength of HIF1α expression changes that, when considered together, provide an explanation for many of the previous conflicting reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Kudo
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael L Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stevan Jeknić
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyle M Kovary
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Markus W Covert
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Mary N Teruel
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry and the Drukier Institute of Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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8
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Kang GS, Jo HJ, Lee YR, Oh T, Park HJ, Ahn GO. Sensing the oxygen and temperature in the adipose tissues - who's sensing what? Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2300-2307. [PMID: 37907745 PMCID: PMC10689767 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues, composed of various cell types, including adipocytes, endothelial cells, neurons, and immune cells, are organs that are exposed to dynamic environmental challenges. During diet-induced obesity, white adipose tissues experience hypoxia due to adipocyte hypertrophy and dysfunctional vasculature. Under these conditions, cells in white adipose tissues activate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a transcription factor that activates signaling pathways involved in metabolism, angiogenesis, and survival/apoptosis to adapt to such an environment. Exposure to cold or activation of the β-adrenergic receptor (through catecholamines or chemicals) leads to heat generation, mainly in brown adipose tissues through activating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a proton uncoupler in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. White adipose tissues can undergo a similar process under this condition, a phenomenon known as 'browning' of white adipose tissues or 'beige adipocytes'. While UCP1 expression has largely been confined to adipocytes, HIF can be expressed in many types of cells. To dissect the role of HIF in specific types of cells during diet-induced obesity, researchers have generated tissue-specific knockout (KO) mice targeting HIF pathways, and many studies have commonly revealed that intact HIF-1 signaling in adipocytes and adipose tissue macrophages exacerbates tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. In this review, we highlight some of the key findings obtained from these transgenic mice, including Ucp1 KO mice and other models targeting the HIF pathway in adipocytes, macrophages, or endothelial cells, to decipher their roles in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Sue Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Ju Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ye-Rim Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Taerim Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Joon Park
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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9
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Li F, Zhang F, Yi X, Quan LL, Yang X, Yin C, Ma Z, Wu R, Zhao W, Ling M, Lang L, Hussein A, Feng S, Fu Y, Wang J, Liang S, Zhu C, Wang L, Zhu X, Gao P, Xi Q, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Shu G, Jiang Q, Wang S. Proline hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) promotes brown adipose thermogenesis by enhancing the hydroxylation of UCP1. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101747. [PMID: 37279828 PMCID: PMC10293773 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a crucial role in regulating non-shivering thermogenesis under cold exposure. Proline hydroxylases (PHDs) were found to be involved in adipocyte differentiation and lipid deposition. However, the effects of PHDs on regulatory mechanisms of BAT thermogenesis are not fully understood. METHODS We detected the expression of PHDs in different adipose tissues by using immunoblotting and real-time PCR. Further, immunoblotting, real-time PCR, and immunostaining were performed to determine the correlation between proline hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) and UCP1 expression. Inhibitor of PHDs and PHD2-sgRNA viruses were used to construct the PHD2-deficiency model in vivo and in vitro to investigate the impacts of PHD2 on BAT thermogenesis. Afterward, the interaction between UCP1 and PHD2 and the hydroxylation modification level of UCP1 were verified by Co-IP assays and immunoblotting. Finally, the effect of specific proline hydroxylation on the expression/activity of UCP1 was further confirmed by site-directed mutation of UCP1 and mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS PHD2, but not PHD1 and PHD3, was highly enriched in BAT, colocalized, and positively correlated with UCP1. Inhibition or knockdown of PHD2 significantly suppressed BAT thermogenesis under cold exposure and aggravated obesity of mice fed HFD. Mechanistically, mitochondrial PHD2 bound to UCP1 and regulated the hydroxylation level of UCP1, which was enhanced by thermogenic activation and attenuated by PHD2 knockdown. Furthermore, PHD2-dependent hydroxylation of UCP1 promoted the expression and stability of UCP1 protein. Mutation of the specific prolines (Pro-33, 133, and 232) in UCP1 significantly mitigated the PHD2-elevated UCP1 hydroxylation level and reversed the PHD2-increased UCP1 stability. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested an important role for PHD2 in BAT thermogenesis regulation by enhancing the hydroxylation of UCP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xin Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lu Lu Quan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Cong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zewei Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ruifan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Mingfa Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Limin Lang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Abdelaziz Hussein
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shengchun Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yiming Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shuyi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu 527400, PR China.
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10
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Koivula T, Lempiäinen S, Laine S, Sjöros T, Vähä-Ypyä H, Garthwaite T, Löyttyniemi E, Sievänen H, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Heinonen IHA. Cross-Sectional Associations of Body Adiposity, Sedentary Behavior, and Physical Activity with Hemoglobin and White Blood Cell Count. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114347. [PMID: 36361221 PMCID: PMC9657926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined whether hemoglobin (Hb) and white blood cell count (WBC) associate with body adiposity and other cardiometabolic risk factors, as well as accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA), when adjusted for body mass index (BMI). METHODS The cross-sectional analysis included 144 participants (42 men) with a mean age of 57.0 years and a mean BMI of 31.7 kg/m2. SB and standing time, breaks in sedentary time and PA were measured during four consecutive weeks with hip-worn accelerometers. A fasting blood sample was collected from each participant during the 4-week measurement period and analyzed using Sysmex XN and Cobas 8000 c702 analyzers. Associations of WBC, Hb and other red blood cell markers with cardiometabolic risk factors and physical activity were examined by Pearson's partial correlation coefficient test and with linear mixed regression models. RESULTS In sex- and age-adjusted correlation analyses both BMI and waist circumference correlated positively with Hb, WBC, red blood cell count (RBC), and hematocrit. Hb was also positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, insulin resistance scores, liver enzymes, LDL, and triglyceride levels. Sedentary time correlated positively with WBC, whereas standing time correlated negatively with WBC. Lying time correlated positively with WBC, RBC, hematocrit, and Hb. Regarding SB and PA measures, only the association between lying time and RBC remained significant after adjustment for the BMI. CONCLUSION We conclude that body adiposity, rather than components of SB or PA, associates with Hb levels and WBC, which cluster with general metabolic derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Koivula
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Salla Lempiäinen
- Oncology Clinic, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka H. A. Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, 30118 Halmstad, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2-3138145
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11
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Tapio J, Halmetoja R, Dimova EY, Mäki JM, Laitala A, Walkinshaw G, Myllyharju J, Serpi R, Koivunen P. Contribution of HIF-P4H isoenzyme inhibition to metabolism indicates major beneficial effects being conveyed by HIF-P4H-2 antagonism. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102222. [PMID: 35787374 PMCID: PMC9352911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF-P4Hs 1-3) are druggable targets in renal anemia, where pan-HIF-P4H inhibitors induce an HIF-mediated erythropoietic response. HIF is also a potent regulator of energy metabolism. Preclinical data suggest that HIF-P4Hs could also be treatment targets for metabolic dysfunction, although the contributions of the isoenzymes and various tissues to the metabolic phenotype are inadequately understood. We used mouse lines that were gene-deficient for HIF-P4Hs 1-3 and two preclinical pan-HIF-P4H inhibitors to study the contributions of the isoenzymes to the anthropometric and metabolic outcome and HIF response. Both inhibitors induced the HIF response in wild-type white adipose tissue (WAT), liver and skeletal muscle and alleviated metabolic dysfunction during a six-week treatment period, but they did not alter healthy metabolism. Our data show that HIF-P4H-1 contributed especially to skeletal muscle and WAT metabolism and that its loss lowered body weight and serum cholesterol levels upon aging. HIF-P4H-3-mediated effects on the liver and WAT and its loss increased body weight, adiposity, liver weight and triglyceride levels, WAT inflammation and cholesterol levels and resulted in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, especially upon aging. HIF-P4H-2 contributed to all the tissues studied and its inhibition lowered body and liver weight and serum cholesterol levels and improved glucose tolerance. There was specificity in the regulation of metabolic HIF target mRNAs in tissues, very few being regulated by the inhibition of all isoenzymes, thus suggesting a potential for selective therapeutic tractability. Altogether, these data provide specifications for the development of HIF-P4H inhibitors for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joona Tapio
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Halmetoja
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Joni M Mäki
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu Laitala
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. Biobank Borealis of Northern Finland, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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12
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Hoang M, Jentz E, Janssen SM, Nasteska D, Cuozzo F, Hodson DJ, Tupling AR, Fong GH, Joseph JW. Isoform-specific Roles of Prolyl Hydroxylases in the Regulation of Pancreatic β-Cell Function. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6413706. [PMID: 34718519 PMCID: PMC8643417 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells can secrete insulin via 2 pathways characterized as KATP channel -dependent and -independent. The KATP channel-independent pathway is characterized by a rise in several potential metabolic signaling molecules, including the NADPH/NADP+ ratio and α-ketoglutarate (αKG). Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), which belong to the αKG-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, are known to regulate the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor α. In the current study, we assess the role of PHDs in vivo using the pharmacological inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) and generated β-cell-specific knockout (KO) mice for all 3 isoforms of PHD (β-PHD1 KO, β-PHD2 KO, and β-PHD3 KO mice). DMOG inhibited in vivo insulin secretion in response to glucose challenge and inhibited the first phase of insulin secretion but enhanced the second phase of insulin secretion in isolated islets. None of the β-PHD KO mice showed any significant in vivo defects associated with glucose tolerance and insulin resistance except for β-PHD2 KO mice which had significantly increased plasma insulin during a glucose challenge. Islets from both β-PHD1 KO and β-PHD3 KO had elevated β-cell apoptosis and reduced β-cell mass. Isolated islets from β-PHD1 KO and β-PHD3 KO had impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose-stimulated increases in the ATP/ADP and NADPH/NADP+ ratio. All 3 PHD isoforms are expressed in β-cells, with PHD3 showing the most distinct expression pattern. The lack of each PHD protein did not significantly impair in vivo glucose homeostasis. However, β-PHD1 KO and β-PHD3 KO mice had defective β-cell mass and islet insulin secretion, suggesting that these mice may be predisposed to developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Hoang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Emelien Jentz
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah M Janssen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Federica Cuozzo
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guo-Hua Fong
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jamie W Joseph
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Jamie W. Joseph, PhD, Health Science Campus Building A, Room 4008, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, Canada, N2G 1C5.
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13
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Jiang S, Lin W, Wu Y, Li Q, Guo Y, Liu W, Yuan Q. DNA demethylase ALKBH1 promotes adipogenic differentiation via regulation of HIF-1 signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101499. [PMID: 34922943 PMCID: PMC8760519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA 6-adenine methylation (6mA), as a novel adenine modification existing in eukaryotes, shows essential functions in embryogenesis and mitochondrial transcriptions. ALKBH1 is a demethylase of 6mA and plays critical roles in osteogenesis, tumorigenesis, and adaptation to stress. However, the integrated biological functions of ALKBH1 still require further exploration. Here, we demonstrate that knockdown of ALKBH1 inhibits adipogenic differentiation in both human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, while overexpression of ALKBH1 leads to increased adipogenesis. Using a combination of RNA-seq and N6-mA-DNA-IP-seq analyses, we identify hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling as a crucial downstream target of ALKBH1 activity. Depletion of ALKBH1 leads to hypermethylation of both HIF-1α and its downstream target GYS1. Simultaneous overexpression of HIF-1α and GYS1 restores the adipogenic commitment of ALKBH1-deficient cells. Taken together, our data indicate that ALKBH1 is indispensable for adipogenic differentiation, revealing a novel epigenetic mechanism that regulates adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China.
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14
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Fas signaling in adipocytes promotes low-grade inflammation and lung metastasis of colorectal cancer through interaction with Bmx. Cancer Lett 2021; 522:93-104. [PMID: 34536556 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global public health issue. Obesity-related chronic low-grade inflammation (meta-inflammation) can lead to aberrant adipokine release and promote cardiometabolic diseases and obesity-related tumors. However, the mechanisms involved in the initiation of inflammatory responses in obesity and obesity-related tumors as well as metastasis are not fully understood. In this study, we found that the increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in adipocytes promoted the lung metastasis of MC38 colon cancer cells via Fas signaling. The release of TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-6 by Fas signaling in adipocytes was caused by the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways mediated by the interaction of Fas with Bmx, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Moreover, the Fas/Bmx complex is involved in the inflammation of adipocytes via Fas at the Tyr189 site and SH2 domain of Bmx. This is the first study to report the interaction between Fas and Bmx in adipocyte inflammation, which may provide clues for the development of potential new treatment strategies for obesity-related diseases.
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15
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Lopez-Pascual A, Trayhurn P, Martínez JA, González-Muniesa P. Oxygen in Metabolic Dysfunction and Its Therapeutic Relevance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:642-687. [PMID: 34036800 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: In recent years, a number of studies have shown altered oxygen partial pressure at a tissue level in metabolic disorders, and some researchers have considered oxygen to be a (macro) nutrient. Oxygen availability may be compromised in obesity and several other metabolism-related pathological conditions, including sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, the metabolic syndrome (which is a set of conditions), type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Recent Advances: Strategies designed to reduce adiposity and its accompanying disorders have been mainly centered on nutritional interventions and physical activity programs. However, novel therapies are needed since these approaches have not been sufficient to counteract the worldwide increasing rates of metabolic disorders. In this regard, intermittent hypoxia training and hyperoxia could be potential treatments through oxygen-related adaptations. Moreover, living at a high altitude may have a protective effect against the development of abnormal metabolic conditions. In addition, oxygen delivery systems may be of therapeutic value for supplying the tissue-specific oxygen requirements. Critical Issues: Precise in vivo methods to measure oxygenation are vital to disentangle some of the controversies related to this research area. Further, it is evident that there is a growing need for novel in vitro models to study the potential pathways involved in metabolic dysfunction to find appropriate therapeutic targets. Future Directions: Based on the existing evidence, it is suggested that oxygen availability has a key role in obesity and its related comorbidities. Oxygen should be considered in relation to potential therapeutic strategies in the treatment and prevention of metabolic disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 642-687.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Lopez-Pascual
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul Trayhurn
- Obesity Biology Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Clore Laboratory, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA Food, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro González-Muniesa
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Auvinen J, Tapio J, Karhunen V, Kettunen J, Serpi R, Dimova EY, Gill D, Soininen P, Tammelin T, Mykkänen J, Puukka K, Kähönen M, Raitoharju E, Lehtimäki T, Ala-Korpela M, Raitakari OT, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Järvelin MR, Koivunen P. Systematic evaluation of the association between hemoglobin levels and metabolic profile implicates beneficial effects of hypoxia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi4822. [PMID: 34261659 PMCID: PMC8279517 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway reprograms energy metabolism. Hemoglobin (Hb) is the main carrier of oxygen. Using its normal variation as a surrogate measure for hypoxia, we explored whether lower Hb levels could lead to healthier metabolic profiles in mice and humans (n = 7175) and used Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate potential causality (n = 173,480). The results showed evidence for lower Hb levels being associated with lower body mass index, better glucose tolerance and other metabolic profiles, lower inflammatory load, and blood pressure. Expression of the key HIF target genes SLC2A4 and Slc2a1 in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, respectively, associated with systolic blood pressure in MR analyses and body weight, liver weight, and adiposity in mice. Last, manipulation of murine Hb levels mediated changes to key metabolic parameters. In conclusion, low-end normal Hb levels may be favorable for metabolic health involving mild chronic activation of the HIF response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Auvinen
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Joona Tapio
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuija Tammelin
- LIKES Research Center for Physical Activity and Health, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Katri Puukka
- NordLab Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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17
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Määttä J, Serpi R, Hörkkö S, Izzi V, Myllyharju J, Dimova EY, Koivunen P. Genetic Ablation of Transmembrane Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase Reduces Atherosclerotic Plaques in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2128-2140. [PMID: 34039020 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Määttä
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research (J. Määttä, R.S., V.I., J. Myllyharju, E.Y.D., P.K.), University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research (J. Määttä, R.S., V.I., J. Myllyharju, E.Y.D., P.K.), University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Institute of Biomedicine (S.H.), University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Faculty of Medicine (V.I.), University of Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland (V.I.)
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research (J. Määttä, R.S., V.I., J. Myllyharju, E.Y.D., P.K.), University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research (J. Määttä, R.S., V.I., J. Myllyharju, E.Y.D., P.K.), University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research (J. Määttä, R.S., V.I., J. Myllyharju, E.Y.D., P.K.), University of Oulu, Finland
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18
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Di Giovannantonio M, Harris BH, Zhang P, Kitchen-Smith I, Xiong L, Sahgal N, Stracquadanio G, Wallace M, Blagden S, Lord S, Harris D, Harris AHL, Buffa FM, Bond GL. Heritable genetic variants in key cancer genes link cancer risk with anthropometric traits. J Med Genet 2021; 58:392-399. [PMID: 32591342 PMCID: PMC8142426 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Height and other anthropometric measures are consistently found to associate with differential cancer risk. However, both genetic and mechanistic insights into these epidemiological associations are notably lacking. Conversely, inherited genetic variants in tumour suppressors and oncogenes increase cancer risk, but little is known about their influence on anthropometric traits. METHODS By integrating inherited and somatic cancer genetic data from the Genome-Wide Association Study Catalog, expression Quantitative Trait Loci databases and the Cancer Gene Census, we identify SNPs that associate with different cancer types and differential gene expression in at least one tissue type, and explore the potential pleiotropic associations of these SNPs with anthropometric traits through SNP-wise association in a cohort of 500,000 individuals. RESULTS We identify three regulatory SNPs for three important cancer genes, FANCA, MAP3K1 and TP53 that associate with both anthropometric traits and cancer risk. Of particular interest, we identify a previously unrecognised strong association between the rs78378222[C] SNP in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of TP53 and both increased risk for developing non-melanomatous skin cancer (OR=1.36 (95% 1.31 to 1.41), adjusted p=7.62E-63), brain malignancy (OR=3.12 (2.22 to 4.37), adjusted p=1.43E-12) and increased standing height (adjusted p=2.18E-24, beta=0.073±0.007), lean body mass (adjusted p=8.34E-37, beta=0.073±0.005) and basal metabolic rate (adjusted p=1.13E-31, beta=0.076±0.006), thus offering a novel genetic link between these anthropometric traits and cancer risk. CONCLUSION Our results clearly demonstrate that heritable variants in key cancer genes can associate with both differential cancer risk and anthropometric traits in the general population, thereby lending support for a genetic basis for linking these human phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Giovannantonio
- Computational Biology & Integrative Genomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Medical Science Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Hl Harris
- Computational Biology & Integrative Genomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Medical Science Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ping Zhang
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isaac Kitchen-Smith
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lingyun Xiong
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natasha Sahgal
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanni Stracquadanio
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marsha Wallace
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Blagden
- Cancer Therapeutics and mRNA Dysregulation, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Lord
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oncology, Medical Siences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Harris
- St Anne's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian H L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- Computational Biology & Integrative Genomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Medical Science Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gareth L Bond
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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19
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Michailidou Z, Gomez-Salazar M, Alexaki VI. Innate Immune Cells in the Adipose Tissue in Health and Metabolic Disease. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:4-30. [PMID: 33849008 DOI: 10.1159/000515117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are characterized by chronic low-grade tissue and systemic inflammation. During obesity, the adipose tissue undergoes immunometabolic and functional transformation. Adipose tissue inflammation is driven by innate and adaptive immune cells and instigates insulin resistance. Here, we discuss the role of innate immune cells, that is, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid type 2 cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells, in the adipose tissue in the healthy (lean) and diseased (obese) state and describe how their function is shaped by the obesogenic microenvironment, and humoral, paracrine, and cellular interactions. Moreover, we particularly outline the role of hypoxia as a central regulator in adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, we discuss the long-lasting effects of adipose tissue inflammation and its potential reversibility through drugs, caloric restriction, or exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Michailidou
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Gomez-Salazar
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Tolonen JP, Heikkilä M, Malinen M, Lee HM, Palvimo JJ, Wei GH, Myllyharju J. A long hypoxia-inducible factor 3 isoform 2 is a transcription activator that regulates erythropoietin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3627-3642. [PMID: 31768607 PMCID: PMC7452874 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), an αβ dimer, is the master regulator of oxygen homeostasis with hundreds of hypoxia-inducible target genes. Three HIF isoforms differing in the oxygen-sensitive α subunit exist in vertebrates. While HIF-1 and HIF-2 are known transcription activators, HIF-3 has been considered a negative regulator of the hypoxia response pathway. However, the human HIF3A mRNA is subject to complex alternative splicing. It was recently shown that the long HIF-3α variants can form αβ dimers that possess transactivation capacity. Here, we show that overexpression of the long HIF-3α2 variant induces the expression of a subset of genes, including the erythropoietin (EPO) gene, while simultaneous downregulation of all HIF-3α variants by siRNA targeting a shared HIF3A region leads to downregulation of EPO and additional genes. EPO mRNA and protein levels correlated with HIF3A silencing and HIF-3α2 overexpression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that HIF-3α2 binding associated with canonical hypoxia response elements in the promoter regions of EPO. Luciferase reporter assays showed that the identified HIF-3α2 chromatin-binding regions were sufficient to promote transcription by all three HIF-α isoforms. Based on these data, HIF-3α2 is a transcription activator that directly regulates EPO expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi-Pekka Tolonen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Heikkilä
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hang-Mao Lee
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gong-Hong Wei
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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21
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Pirri D, Fragiadaki M, Evans PC. Diabetic atherosclerosis: is there a role for the hypoxia-inducible factors? Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20200026. [PMID: 32816039 PMCID: PMC7441368 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of mortality worldwide and is driven by multiple risk factors, including diabetes. Diabetes is associated with either an insulin deficiency in its juvenile form or with insulin resistance and obesity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the latter is clustered with other comorbidities to define the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome are complex pathologies and are associated with cardiovascular risk via vascular inflammation and other mechanisms. Several transcription factors are activated upon diabetes-driven endothelial dysfunction and drive the progression of atherosclerosis. In particular, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor family is a master regulator of endothelial biology and is raising interest in the field of atherosclerosis. In this review, we will present an overview of studies contributing to the understanding of diabetes-driven atherosclerosis, integrating the role of HIF in this disease with the knowledge of its functions in metabolic syndrome and diabetic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pirri
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular disease, The University of Sheffield, U.K
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular disease, The University of Sheffield, U.K
| | - Paul C. Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular disease, The University of Sheffield, U.K
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22
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Riopel M, Moon JS, Bandyopadhyay GK, You S, Lam K, Liu X, Kisseleva T, Brenner D, Lee YS. Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylases increases hepatic insulin and decreases glucagon sensitivity by an HIF-2α-dependent mechanism. Mol Metab 2020; 41:101039. [PMID: 32534258 PMCID: PMC7393408 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent evidence indicates that inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins can exert beneficial effects to improve metabolic abnormalities in mice and humans. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. This study was designed to address this question. Methods A pan-PHD inhibitor compound was injected into WT and liver-specific hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α KO mice, after onset of obesity and glucose intolerance, and changes in glucose and glucagon tolerance were measured. Tissue-specific changes in basal glucose flux and insulin sensitivity were also measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies. Molecular and cellular mechanisms were assessed in normal and type 2 diabetic human hepatocytes, as well as in mouse hepatocytes. Results Administration of a PHD inhibitor compound (PHDi) after the onset of obesity and insulin resistance improved glycemic control by increasing insulin and decreasing glucagon sensitivity in mice, independent of body weight change. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies revealed that these effects of PHDi treatment were mainly due to decreased basal hepatic glucose output and increased liver insulin sensitivity. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of HIF-2α markedly attenuated these effects of PHDi treatment, showing PHDi effects are HIF-2α dependent. At the molecular level, HIF-2α induced increased Irs2 and cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase gene expression, leading to increased and decreased insulin and glucagon signaling, respectively. These effects of PHDi treatment were conserved in human and mouse hepatocytes. Conclusions Our results elucidate unknown mechanisms for how PHD inhibition improves glycemic control through HIF-2α-dependent regulation of hepatic insulin and glucagon sensitivity. PHD inhibitor treatment improves glycemic control in obese glucose-intolerant mice. PHD inhibitor treatment decreases liver glucagon sensitivity in obese mice. The effects of PHD inhibition on glycemic control is hepatocyte HIF-2α-dependent. PHD inhibitor treatment stimulates HIF-2α-dependent cAMP-specific PDE expression. In human and mouse hepatocytes, PHD inhibitor treatment suppresses glucagon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Riopel
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jae-Su Moon
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gautam K Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seohee You
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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23
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Chen PS, Chiu WT, Hsu PL, Lin SC, Peng IC, Wang CY, Tsai SJ. Pathophysiological implications of hypoxia in human diseases. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:63. [PMID: 32389123 PMCID: PMC7212687 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is essentially required by most eukaryotic organisms as a scavenger to remove harmful electron and hydrogen ions or as a critical substrate to ensure the proper execution of enzymatic reactions. All nucleated cells can sense oxygen concentration and respond to reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia). When oxygen delivery is disrupted or reduced, the organisms will develop numerous adaptive mechanisms to facilitate cells survived in the hypoxic condition. Normally, such hypoxic response will cease when oxygen level is restored. However, the situation becomes complicated if hypoxic stress persists (chronic hypoxia) or cyclic normoxia-hypoxia phenomenon occurs (intermittent hypoxia). A series of chain reaction-like gene expression cascade, termed hypoxia-mediated gene regulatory network, will be initiated under such prolonged or intermittent hypoxic conditions and subsequently leads to alteration of cellular function and/or behaviors. As a result, irreversible processes occur that may cause physiological disorder or even pathological consequences. A growing body of evidence implicates that hypoxia plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of major causes of mortality including cancer, myocardial ischemia, metabolic diseases, and chronic heart and kidney diseases, and in reproductive diseases such as preeclampsia and endometriosis. This review article will summarize current understandings regarding the molecular mechanism of hypoxia in these common and important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ling Hsu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-Chen Peng
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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24
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Laitakari A, Tapio J, Mäkelä KA, Herzig KH, Dengler F, Gylling H, Walkinshaw G, Myllyharju J, Dimova EY, Serpi R, Koivunen P. HIF-P4H-2 inhibition enhances intestinal fructose metabolism and induces thermogenesis protecting against NAFLD. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:719-731. [PMID: 32296880 PMCID: PMC7220983 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) parallels the global obesity epidemic with unmet therapeutic needs. We investigated whether inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase-2 (HIF-P4H-2), a key cellular oxygen sensor whose inhibition stabilizes HIF, would protect from NAFLD by subjecting HIF-P4H-2-deficient (Hif-p4h-2gt/gt) mice to a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHF) or high-fat, methionine-choline-deficient (HF-MCD) diet. On both diets, the Hif-p4h-2gt/gt mice gained less weight and had less white adipose tissue (WAT) and its inflammation, lower serum cholesterol levels, and lighter livers with less steatosis and lower serum ALT levels than the wild type (WT). The intake of fructose in majority of the Hif-p4h-2gt/gt tissues, including the liver, was 15–35% less than in the WT. We found upregulation of the key fructose transporter and metabolizing enzyme mRNAs, Slc2a2, Khka, and Khkc, and higher ketohexokinase activity in the Hif-p4h-2gt/gt small intestine relative to the WT, suggesting enhanced metabolism of fructose in the former. On the HF-MCD diet, the Hif-p4h-2gt/gt mice showed more browning of the WAT and increased thermogenesis. A pharmacological pan-HIF-P4H inhibitor protected WT mice on both diets against obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and liver damage. These data suggest that HIF-P4H-2 inhibition could be studied as a novel, comprehensive treatment strategy for NAFLD. Key messages • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition enhances intestinal fructose metabolism protecting the liver. • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition downregulates hepatic lipogenesis. • Induced browning of WAT and increased thermogenesis can also mediate protection. • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition offers a novel, comprehensive treatment strategy for NAFLD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-020-01903-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laitakari
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Joona Tapio
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari A Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center and University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center and University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Helena Gylling
- Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland.
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25
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Sugahara M, Tanaka S, Tanaka T, Saito H, Ishimoto Y, Wakashima T, Ueda M, Fukui K, Shimizu A, Inagi R, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T, Nangaku M. Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Inhibitor Protects against Metabolic Disorders and Associated Kidney Disease in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:560-577. [PMID: 31996409 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019060582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitors, which stimulate erythropoietin production through the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), are novel therapeutic agents used for treating renal anemia. Several PHD inhibitors, including enarodustat, are currently undergoing phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. Because HIF regulates a broad spectrum of genes, PHD inhibitors are expected to have other effects in addition to erythropoiesis, such as protection against metabolic disorders. However, whether such beneficial effects would extend to metabolic disorder-related kidney disease is largely unknown. METHODS We administered enarodustat or vehicle without enarodustat in feed to diabetic black and tan brachyury (BTBR) ob/ob mice from 4 to 22 weeks of age. To elucidate molecular changes induced by enarodustat, we performed transcriptome analysis of isolated glomeruli and in vitro experiments using murine mesangial cells. RESULTS Compared with BTBR ob/ob mice that received only vehicle, BTBR ob/ob mice treated with enarodustat displayed lower body weight, reduced blood glucose levels with improved insulin sensitivity, lower total cholesterol levels, higher adiponectin levels, and less adipose tissue, as well as a tendency for lower macrophage infiltration. Enarodustat-treated mice also exhibited reduced albuminuria and amelioration of glomerular epithelial and endothelial damage. Transcriptome analysis of isolated glomeruli revealed reduced expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) in enarodustat-treated mice compared with the vehicle-only group, accompanied by reduced glomerular macrophage infiltration. In vitro experiments demonstrated that both local HIF-1 activation and restoration of adiponectin by enarodustat contributed to CCL2/MCP-1 reduction in mesangial cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the PHD inhibitor enarodustat has potential renoprotective effects in addition to its potential to protect against metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Takeshi Wakashima
- Biological and Pharmacological Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Masatoshi Ueda
- Biological and Pharmacological Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Biological and Pharmacological Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Inagi
- Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology, and
| | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Michailidou Z. Fundamental roles for hypoxia signalling in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation in obesity. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Saito H, Tanaka T, Sugahara M, Tanaka S, Fukui K, Wakashima T, Nangaku M. Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) by JTZ-951 reduces obesity-related diseases in the liver, white adipose tissue, and kidney in mice with a high-fat diet. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1217-1232. [PMID: 30952940 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity and its complications is rapidly increasing worldwide. Recent drug discoveries established the utility of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitors as stabilizers of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in vivo, which are currently in human clinical studies for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD). These studies suggest a role for PHD inhibitors in ameliorating obesity and hyperlipidemia. We hypothesized that HIF activation using a PHD inhibitor, JTZ-951, protects from obesity-related diseases in the white adipose tissue (WAT), liver, and kidney in mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD). Eight-week-old, C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD for 20 weeks with or without JTZ-951(0.005%; mixed in chow). Body weight and plasma non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the JTZ-951 group as compared with the vehicle group. PHD inhibition improved liver steatosis, macrophage infiltration into WAT and adipocyte fibrosis. In the kidney, PHD inhibition reduced albuminuria. Histologically, the number of F4/80- positive infiltrating macrophages and mesangial expansion were milder in the JTZ-951 group. Relative mRNA expression of adiponectin in WAT was higher in the JTZ-951-treated group and inversely correlated with hepatic steatosis score, adipocyte macrophage aggregation, and albuminuria. Activation of HIF ameliorates multiple obesity-related consequences in mice with HFD. The results of the present study offer the promising view that pharmacological PHD inhibition may be beneficial for the treatment of obesity-related diseases that can be ameliorated by weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Saito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mai Sugahara
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Biological and Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wakashima
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Biological and Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Aitbaev KA, Murkamilov IТ, Fomin VV. Inhibition of HIF-prolyl 4-hydroxylases as a promising approach to the therapy of cardiometabolic diseases. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 90:86-94. [PMID: 30701951 DOI: 10.26442/terarkh201890886-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl-4-hydroxylases of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-P4Hs) are enzymes that, under the conditions of normoxia, cause degradation of the HIF-transcriptional protein, which regulates a number of metabolic processes, including erythropoiesis, glucose level and lipid metabolism. In hypoxic conditions, on the contrary, their activity is suppressed and HIF stabilization takes place. This mechanism, i.e. stabilization of HIF by inhibition of HIF-P4Hs was the basis for the development of drugs designed for treatment of renal anemia, which are currently in stages 2 and 3 of clinical trials and are showing encouraging results. Recently, it has also been reported that inhibition of HIF-P4Hs can be effective in treatment of cardiometabolic diseases - coronary heart disease, hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetic cardiomyopathy and atherosclerosis. The review, based on the most recent data, discusses in detail molecular mechanisms of therapeutic effect of HIF-P4Hs inhibition in these pathological conditions and provides evidence that these mechanisms are associated with HIF stabilization and gene expression, improving perfusion and endothelial function, reprogramming metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis, reducing inflammation and having beneficial effect on the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Aitbaev
- Scientific and Research Institute of molecular biology and medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - I Т Murkamilov
- I.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.,Kyrgyz Russian Slavic University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - V V Fomin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Mylonis I, Simos G, Paraskeva E. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030214. [PMID: 30832409 PMCID: PMC6468845 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation or hypoxia characterizes a number of serious pathological conditions and elicits a number of adaptive changes that are mainly mediated at the transcriptional level by the family of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). The HIF target gene repertoire includes genes responsible for the regulation of metabolism, oxygen delivery and cell survival. Although the involvement of HIFs in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and the switch to anaerobic glycolysis under hypoxia is well established, their role in the control of lipid anabolism and catabolism remains still relatively obscure. Recent evidence indicates that many aspects of lipid metabolism are modified during hypoxia or in tumor cells in a HIF-dependent manner, contributing significantly to the pathogenesis and/or progression of cancer and metabolic disorders. However, direct transcriptional regulation by HIFs has been only demonstrated in relatively few cases, leaving open the exact and isoform-specific mechanisms that underlie HIF-dependency. This review summarizes the evidence for both direct and indirect roles of HIFs in the regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism as well as the involvement of HIFs in various diseases as demonstrated by studies with transgenic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Mylonis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
| | - George Simos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada.
| | - Efrosyni Paraskeva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
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30
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Pan W, Liu C, Zhang J, Gao X, Yu S, Tan H, Yu J, Qian D, Li J, Bian S, Yang J, Zhang C, Huang L, Jin J. Association Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in PPARA and EPAS1 Genes and High-Altitude Appetite Loss in Chinese Young Men. Front Physiol 2019; 10:59. [PMID: 30778304 PMCID: PMC6369186 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Appetite loss is a common symptom that occurs in high altitude (HA) for lowlanders. Previous studies indicated that hypoxia is the initiating vital factor of HA appetite loss. PPARA, EPAS1, EGLN1, HIF1A, HIF1AN, and NFE2L2 play important roles in hypoxic responses. We aimed to explore the association of these hypoxia-related gene polymorphisms with HA appetite loss. In this study, we enrolled 416 young men who rapidly ascended to Lhasa (3700 m) from Chengdu (<500m) by plane. PPARA, EPAS1, EGLN1, HIF1A, HIF1AN, and NFE2L2 were genotyped by MassARRAY. Appetite scores were measured to identify HA appetite loss. Logistic regression and multiple genetic models were tested to evaluate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and risk of HA appetite loss in crude and adjusted (age and SaO2) analysis. Subsequently, Haploview software was used to analyze the linkage disequilibrium (LD), haplotype construction and the association of diverse haplotypes with the risk of HA appetite loss. Our results revealed that allele “A” in PPARA rs4253747 was significantly associated with the increased risk of HA appetite loss. Codominant, dominant, recessive, and log-additive models of PPARA rs4253747 showed the increased risk of HA appetite loss in the crude and adjusted analysis. However, only dominant, overdominant, and log-additive models of EPAS1 rs6756667 showed decreased risk of HA appetite loss in the crude and adjusted analysis. Moreover, the results from haplotype-based test showed that the rs7292407-rs6520015 haplotype “AC” was associated with HA appetite loss in the crude analysis rather than the adjusted analysis. In this study, we first established the association of SNPs in PPARA (rs4253747) and EPAS1 (rs6756667) genes with susceptibility to HA appetite loss in Han Chinese young men. These findings provide novel insights into understanding the mechanisms involved in HA appetite loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jihang Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xubin Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hu Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dehui Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiabei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shizhu Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a common and serious complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). One of the fundamental functions of the cardiovascular system is oxygen delivery, therefore cardiovascular disease inherently is linked to insufficient tissue oxygenation. Advances in our knowledge of cellular oxygen sensing by a family of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) and their role in regulating hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) have led to the discovery of PHD inhibitors as HIF stabilizers. Several small-molecule PHD inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of anemia in CKD. An additional advantage of PHD inhibition may be found in the potential impact on cardiovascular consequences associated with CKD. Several preclinical studies have suggested a potential benefit of HIF activation in myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling, atherosclerosis, and peripheral artery disease. Ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism and lowering blood pressure may also contribute to cardiovascular protection. On the other hand, the broad spectrum of HIF-dependent functions also may include unwanted side effects. Clinical application of PHD inhibitors therefore necessitates careful evaluation of the net systemic effect of HIF activation.
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Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), a family of transcription factors activated by hypoxia, consist of three α-subunits (HIF1α, HIF2α and HIF3α) and one β-subunit (HIF1β), which serves as a heterodimerization partner of the HIFα subunits. HIFα subunits are stabilized from constitutive degradation by hypoxia largely through lowering the activity of the oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylases that hydroxylate HIFα, leading to their proteolysis. HIF1α and HIF2α are expressed in different tissues and regulate target genes involved in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and inflammation, and their expression is associated with different disease states. HIFs have been widely studied because of their involvement in cancer, and HIF2α-specific inhibitors are being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of kidney cancer. Although cancer has been the major focus of research on HIF, evidence has emerged that this pathway has a major role in the control of metabolism and influences metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Notably increased HIF1α and HIF2α signalling in adipose tissue and small intestine, respectively, promotes metabolic diseases in diet-induced disease models. Inhibition of HIF1α and HIF2α decreases the adverse diet-induced metabolic phenotypes, suggesting that they could be drug targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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33
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl 4-Hydroxylases and Metabolism. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:1021-1035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Hypoxia causes reductions in birth weight by altering maternal glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13583. [PMID: 30206264 PMCID: PMC6134057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia of residence at high altitude (>2500 m) decreases birth weight. Lower birth weight associates with infant mortality and morbidity and increased susceptibility to later-in-life cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We sought to determine the effects of hypoxia on maternal glucose and lipid metabolism and their contributions to fetal weight. C57BL6/NCrl mice, housed throughout gestation in normobaric hypoxia (15% oxygen) or normoxia, were studied at mid (E9.5) or late gestation (E17.5). Fetal weight at E17.5 was 7% lower under hypoxia than normoxia. The hypoxic compared with normoxic dams had ~20% less gonadal white adipose tissue at mid and late gestation. The hypoxic dams had better glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared with normoxic dams and failed to develop insulin resistance in late gestation. They also had increased glucagon levels. Glucose uptake to most maternal tissues was ~2-fold greater in the hypoxic than normoxic dams. The alterations in maternal metabolism in hypoxia were associated with upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) target genes that serve, in turn, to increase glycolytic metabolism. We conclude that environmental hypoxia alters maternal metabolism by upregulating the HIF-pathway, and suggest that interventions that antagonize such changes in metabolism in high-altitude pregnancy may be helpful for preserving fetal growth.
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35
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Rasool S, Geetha T, Broderick TL, Babu JR. High Fat With High Sucrose Diet Leads to Obesity and Induces Myodegeneration. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1054. [PMID: 30258366 PMCID: PMC6143817 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle utilizes both free fatty acids (FFAs) and glucose that circulate in the blood stream. When blood glucose levels acutely increase, insulin stimulates muscle glucose uptake, oxidation, and glycogen synthesis. Under these conditions, skeletal muscle preferentially oxidizes glucose while the oxidation of fatty acids (FAs) oxidation is reciprocally decreased. In metabolic disorders associated with insulin resistance, such as diabetes and obesity, both glucose uptake, and utilization muscle are significantly reduced causing FA oxidation to provide the majority of ATP for metabolic processes and contraction. Although the causes of this metabolic inflexibility or disrupted "glucose-fatty acid cycle" are largely unknown, a diet high in fat and sugar (HFS) may be a contributing factor. This metabolic inflexibility observed in models of obesity or with HFS feeding is detrimental because high rates of FA oxidation in skeletal muscle can lead to the buildup of toxic metabolites of fat metabolism and the accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which further exacerbate the insulin resistance. Further, HFS leads to skeletal muscle atrophy with a decrease in myofibrillar proteins and phenotypically characterized by loss of muscle mass and strength. Overactivation of ubiquitin proteasome pathway, oxidative stress, myonuclear apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction are some of the mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy induced by obesity or in mice fed with HFS. In this review, we will discuss how HFS diet negatively impacts the various physiological and metabolic mechanisms in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Rasool
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Tom L Broderick
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Jeganathan R Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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36
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Lopez‐Pascual A, Lorente‐Cebrián S, Moreno‐Aliaga MJ, Martinez JA, González‐Muniesa P. Inflammation stimulates hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α regulatory activity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes with conditioned medium from lipopolysaccharide‐activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:550-560. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Lopez‐Pascual
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra Pamplona Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition Pamplona Spain
| | - Silvia Lorente‐Cebrián
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra Pamplona Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition Pamplona Spain
- Nutrition Group, IdiSNA Navarra's Health Research Institute Pamplona Spain
| | - María J. Moreno‐Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra Pamplona Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition Pamplona Spain
- Nutrition Group, IdiSNA Navarra's Health Research Institute Pamplona Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research Network CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, ISCIII Madrid Spain
| | - J. Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra Pamplona Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition Pamplona Spain
- Nutrition Group, IdiSNA Navarra's Health Research Institute Pamplona Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research Network CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, ISCIII Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro González‐Muniesa
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra Pamplona Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition Pamplona Spain
- Nutrition Group, IdiSNA Navarra's Health Research Institute Pamplona Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research Network CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, ISCIII Madrid Spain
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37
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Loeffler I, Liebisch M, Daniel C, Amann K, Wolf G. Heterozygosity of mitogen-activated protein kinase organizer 1 ameliorates diabetic nephropathy and suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like changes in db/db mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 32:2017-2034. [PMID: 28992060 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis that is caused by accumulation of extracellular matrix. Induced by several factors, matrix-producing myofibroblasts may to some extent originate from tubular cells by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although previous data document that activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signalling can be renoprotective in acute kidney disease, this issue remains controversial in chronic kidney injury. Here, we studied whether DN and EMT-like changes are ameliorated in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus with increased stability and activity of the HIF. Methods We used db/db mice that were crossed with transgenic mice expressing reduced levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase organizer 1 (MORG1), a scaffold protein interacting with prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3), because of deletion of one MORG1 allele. Results We found significantly reduced nephropathy in diabetic MORG1+/- heterozygous mice compared with the diabetic wild-types (db/dbXMORG1+/+). Furthermore, we demonstrated that EMT-like changes in the tubulointerstitium of diabetic wild-type MORG1+/+ mice are present, whereas diabetic mice with reduced expression of MORG1 showed significantly fewer EMT-like changes. Conclusions These findings reveal that a deletion of one MORG1 allele inhibits the development of DN in db/db mice. The data suggest that the diminished interstitial fibrosis in these mice is a likely consequence of suppressed EMT-like changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marita Liebisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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38
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Gozal D, Gileles-Hillel A, Cortese R, Li Y, Almendros I, Qiao Z, Khalyfa AA, Andrade J, Khalyfa A. Visceral White Adipose Tissue after Chronic Intermittent and Sustained Hypoxia in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:477-487. [PMID: 28107636 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0243oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a process induced by hypoxia in visceral white adipose tissues (vWAT) in the context of obesity, mediates obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) and sustained hypoxia (SH) induce body weight reductions and insulin resistance of different magnitudes, suggesting different hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α-related activity. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 10-12/group) were exposed to either IH, SH, or room air (RA). vWAT were analyzed for insulin sensitivity (phosphorylated (pAKT)/AKT), HIF-1α transcription using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing, angiogenesis using immunohistochemistry, and gene expression of different fat cell markers and HIF-1α gene targets using quantitative polymerase chain reaction or microarrays. Body and vWAT weights were reduced in hypoxia (SH > IH > RA; P < 0.001), with vWAT in IH manifesting vascular rarefaction and increased proinflammatory macrophages. HIF-1α ChIP-sequencing showed markedly increased binding sites in SH-exposed vWAT both at 6 hours and at 6 weeks compared with IH, the latter also showing decreased vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, P2RX5, and PAT2 expression, and insulin resistance (IH > > > SH = RA; P < 0.001). IH induces preferential whitening of vWAT, as opposed to prominent browning in SH. Unlike SH, IH elicits early HIF-1α activity that is unsustained over time and is accompanied by concurrent vascular rarefaction, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Thus, the dichotomous changes in HIF-1α transcriptional activity and brown/beige/white fat balance in IH and SH should enable exploration of mechanisms by which altered sympathetic outflow, such as that which occurs in apneic patients, results in whitening, rather than the anticipated browning of adipose tissues that occurs in SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gozal
- 1 Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, and
| | - Alex Gileles-Hillel
- 1 Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, and
| | - Rene Cortese
- 1 Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, and
| | - Yan Li
- 2 Center for Research Informatics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Isaac Almendros
- 1 Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, and.,3 Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and.,4 CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhuanhong Qiao
- 1 Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, and
| | - Ahamed A Khalyfa
- 1 Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, and
| | - Jorge Andrade
- 2 Center for Research Informatics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- 1 Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, and
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39
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue takes up large amounts of glucose during cold exposure in mice and humans. Here we report an induction of glucose transporter 1 expression and increased expression of several glycolytic enzymes in brown adipose tissue from cold-exposed mice. Accordingly, these genes were also induced after β-adrenergic activation of cultured brown adipocytes, concomitant with accumulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein levels. HIF-1α accumulation was dependent on uncoupling protein 1 and generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Expression of key glycolytic enzymes was reduced after knockdown of HIF-1α in mature brown adipocytes. Glucose consumption, lactate export and glycolytic capacity were reduced in brown adipocytes depleted of Hif-1α. Finally, we observed a decreased β-adrenergically induced oxygen consumption in Hif-1α knockdown adipocytes cultured in medium with glucose as the only exogenously added fuel. These data suggest that HIF-1α-dependent regulation of glycolysis is necessary for maximum glucose metabolism in brown adipocytes.
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40
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Ratcliffe P, Koivunen P, Myllyharju J, Ragoussis J, Bovée JV, Batinic-Haberle I, Vinatier C, Trichet V, Robriquet F, Oliver L, Gardie B. Update on hypoxia-inducible factors and hydroxylases in oxygen regulatory pathways: from physiology to therapeutics. HYPOXIA 2017; 5:11-20. [PMID: 28352643 PMCID: PMC5359007 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s127042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The “Hypoxia Nantes 2016” organized its second conference dedicated to the field of hypoxia research. This conference focused on “the role of hypoxia under physiological conditions as well as in cancer” and took place in Nantes, France, in October 6–7, 2016. The main objective of this conference was to bring together a large group of scientists from different spheres of hypoxia. Recent advances were presented and discussed around different topics: genomics, physiology, musculoskeletal, stem cells, microenvironment and cancer, and oxidative stress. This review summarizes the major highlights of the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ratcliffe
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Judith Vmg Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Claire Vinatier
- INSERM UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton-RMeS, Team STEP, University of Nantes, UFR Odontology
| | | | | | - Lisa Oliver
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes
| | - Betty Gardie
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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41
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Crewe C, An YA, Scherer PE. The ominous triad of adipose tissue dysfunction: inflammation, fibrosis, and impaired angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:74-82. [PMID: 28045400 DOI: 10.1172/jci88883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three dominant contributors to the pathogenesis of dysfunctional adipose tissue (AT) in obesity: unresolved inflammation, inappropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and insufficient angiogenic potential. The interactions of these processes during AT expansion reflect both a linear progression as well as feed-forward mechanisms. For example, both inflammation and inadequate angiogenic remodeling can drive fibrosis, which can in turn promote migration of immune cells into adipose depots and impede further angiogenesis. Therefore, the relationship between the members of this triad is complex but important for our understanding of the pathogenesis of obesity. Here we untangle some of these intricacies to highlight the contributions of inflammation, angiogenesis, and the ECM to both "healthy" and "unhealthy" AT expansion.
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Sinha I, Sakthivel D, Olenchock BA, Kruse CR, Williams J, Varon DE, Smith JD, Madenci AL, Nuutila K, Wagers AJ. Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain-2 Inhibition Improves Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in a Male Murine Model of Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:153. [PMID: 28725215 PMCID: PMC5497248 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity leads to a loss of muscle mass and impaired muscle regeneration. In obese individuals, pathologically elevated levels of prolyl hydroxylase domain enzyme 2 (PHD2) limit skeletal muscle hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Loss of local VEGF may further impair skeletal muscle regeneration. We hypothesized that PHD2 inhibition would restore vigorous muscle regeneration in a murine model of obesity. Adult (22-week-old) male mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD), with 60% of calories derived from fat, or a regular diet (RD), with 10% of calories derived from fat, for 16 weeks. On day 5 following cryoinjury to the tibialis anterior muscle, newly regenerated muscle fiber cross-sectional areas were significantly smaller in mice fed an HFD as compared to RD, indicating an impaired regenerative response. Cryoinjured gastrocnemius muscles of HFD mice also showed elevated PHD2 levels (twofold higher) and reduced VEGF levels (twofold lower) as compared to RD. Dimethyloxalylglycine, a cell permeable competitive inhibitor of PHD2, restored VEGF levels and significantly improved regenerating myofiber size in cryoinjured mice fed an HFD. We conclude that pathologically increased PHD2 in the obese state drives impairments in muscle regeneration, in part by blunting VEGF production. Inhibition of PHD2 over activity in the obese state normalizes VEGF levels and restores muscle regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Sinha
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Indranil Sinha, ; Amy J. Wagers,
| | - Dharaniya Sakthivel
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Olenchock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carla R. Kruse
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeremy Williams
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David E. Varon
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica D. Smith
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arin L. Madenci
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kristo Nuutila
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amy J. Wagers
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Indranil Sinha, ; Amy J. Wagers,
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Koivunen P, Serpi R, Dimova EY. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibition in cardiometabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:265-273. [PMID: 27832958 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF-P4Hs, also called PHDs and EglNs) are enzymes that act as cellular oxygen sensors. They are the main downregulators of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). HIF-P4Hs can be targeted with small molecule inhibitors, which stabilize HIF under normoxia and initiate the hypoxia response. Such inhibitors are in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials for the treatment of anemia due to their ability to induce erythropoietin and iron metabolism genes. Recent data suggest that HIF-P4H inhibition has a therapeutic role beyond anemia in cardiac ischemia, obesity and metabolic dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The molecular level mechanisms involved are HIF stabilization driven changes in gene expression that improve perfusion and endothelial function, reprogram metabolism to promote glucose intake and glycolysis over oxidative metabolism, reduce inflammation and beneficially modify innate immune system. This review discusses the recent findings in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Finland
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Huang M, Paglialunga S, Wong JMK, Hoang M, Pillai R, Joseph JW. Role of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins in the regulation of insulin secretion. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/5/e12722. [PMID: 26997627 PMCID: PMC4823601 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired nutrient‐regulated anaplerosis and insulin secretion in pancreatic β‐cells. One key anaplerotic substrate that may be involved in regulating insulin release is α‐ketoglutarate (αKG). Since prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs) can metabolize cytosolic αKG, we sought to explore the role of this enzyme in the regulation of β‐cell function. The oxygen‐sensing PHDs regulate the stability of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) as well as other proline‐containing proteins by catalyzing the hydroxylation of proline residues. This reaction is dependent on sufficient levels of oxygen, iron, and αKG. In the present study, we utilized both pharmacological and genetic approaches to assess the impact of inhibiting PHD activity on β‐cell function. We demonstrate that ethyl‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB), a PHD inhibitor, significantly blunted glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from 832/13 clonal cells, rat, and human islets. EDHB reduced glucose utilization, ATP/ADP ratio, and key TCA cycle intermediates such as pyruvate, citrate, fumarate, and malate. siRNA‐mediated knockdown of PHD1 and PHD3 inhibited GSIS, whereas siRNA‐mediated knockdown of PHD2 had no effect on GSIS. Taken together, the current results demonstrate an important role for PHDs as mediators of islet insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julia M-K Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica Hoang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renjitha Pillai
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie W Joseph
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Lefere S, Van Steenkiste C, Verhelst X, Van Vlierberghe H, Devisscher L, Geerts A. Hypoxia-regulated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3419-31. [PMID: 27091156 PMCID: PMC11108443 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic rise in obesity has resulted in an increased incidence of metabolic complications. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and has become the most common chronic liver disease in large parts of the world. The adipose tissue expansion and hepatic fat accumulation characteristics of these disorders compromise local oxygen homeostasis. The resultant tissue hypoxia induces adaptive responses to restore oxygenation and tissue metabolism and cell survival. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) function as master regulators of this hypoxia adaptive response, and are in turn hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). PHDs are the main cellular oxygen sensors and regulate HIF proteasomal degradation in an oxygen-dependent manner. HIFs and PHDs are implicated in numerous physiological and pathological conditions. Extensive research using genetic models has revealed that hypoxia signaling is also a key mechanism in adipose tissue dysfunction, leading to adipose tissue fibrosis, inflammation and insulin resistance. Moreover, hypoxia affects liver lipid metabolism and deranges hepatic lipid accumulation. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms through which the hypoxia adaptive response affects adipocyte and hepatic metabolism, and the therapeutic possibilities of modulating HIFs and PHDs in obesity and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Lefere
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12IE, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Van Steenkiste
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12IE, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maria Middelares Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Verhelst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12IE, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12IE, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12IE, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12IE, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Miyazaki R, Hoka S. Thiamylal sodium increased inflammation and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Korean J Anesthesiol 2016; 69:262-9. [PMID: 27274372 PMCID: PMC4891539 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2016.69.3.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thiamylal sodium is a common anesthetic barbiturate prepared in alkaline solution for clinical use. There is no previously reported study on the effects of barbiturates on the inflammation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Here, we examined the effects of clinical-grade thiamylal sodium solution (TSS) on the inflammation and proliferation of rat VSMCs. Methods Expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and toll-like receptors in rat VSMCs were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and microarray analyses. The production of IL-6 by cultured VSMCs or ex vivo-cultured rat aortic segments was detected in supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. VSMC proliferation and viability were determined by the water-soluble tetrazolium-1 assay and trypan blue staining, respectively. Results TSS increased expression of IL-1α, IL-6, and TLR4 in VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner, and reduced IL-1β expression. Ex vivo TSS stimulation of rat aorta also increased IL-6. Low concentrations of TSS enhanced VSMC proliferation, while high concentrations reduced both cell proliferation and viability. Expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist, which regulates cell proliferation, was not increased by TSS stimulation. Exposure of cells to the TSS additive, sodium carbonate, resulted in significant upregulation of IL-1α and IL-6 mRNA levels, to a greater extent than TSS. Conclusions TSS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by VSMCs is caused by sodium carbonate. However, pure thiamylal sodium has an anti-inflammatory effect in VSMCs. TSS exposure to VSMCs may promote vascular inflammation, leading to the progression of atherosclerosis or in-stent restenosis, resulting in vessel bypass graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Miyazaki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sumio Hoka
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Gileles-Hillel A, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Biological plausibility linking sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:290-8. [PMID: 26939978 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a very common disorder that affects 10-25% of the general population. In the past two decades, OSA has emerged as a cardiometabolic risk factor in both paediatric and adult populations. OSA-induced metabolic perturbations include dyslipidaemia, atherogenesis, liver dysfunction and abnormal glucose metabolism. The mainstay of treatment for OSA is adenotonsillectomy in children and continuous positive airway pressure therapy in adults. Although these therapies are effective at resolving the sleep-disordered breathing component of OSA, they do not always produce beneficial effects on metabolic function. Thus, a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which OSA influences metabolic dysfunction might yield improved therapeutic approaches and outcomes. In this Review, we summarize the evidence obtained from animal models and studies of patients with OSA of potential mechanistic pathways linking the hallmarks of OSA (intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation) with metabolic dysfunction. Special emphasis is given to adipose tissue dysfunction induced by sleep apnoea, which bears a striking resemblance to adipose dysfunction resulting from obesity. In addition, important gaps in current knowledge and promising lines of future investigation are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gileles-Hillel
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Room 4100, 900 East 57th Street, Mailbox 4, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470, USA
| | - Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Room 4100, 900 East 57th Street, Mailbox 4, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470, USA
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Room 4100, 900 East 57th Street, Mailbox 4, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470, USA
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Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 1 (PHD1) deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis and liver-specific insulin resistance in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24618. [PMID: 27094951 PMCID: PMC4837354 DOI: 10.1038/srep24618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with local tissue hypoxia and elevated hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in metabolic tissues. Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) play an important role in regulating HIF-α isoform stability. In the present study, we investigated the consequence of whole-body PHD1 gene (Egln2) inactivation on metabolic homeostasis in mice. At baseline, PHD1-/- mice exhibited higher white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, despite lower body weight, and impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance when compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. When fed a synthetic low-fat diet, PHD1-/- mice also exhibit a higher body weight gain and WAT mass along with glucose intolerance and systemic insulin resistance compared to WT mice. PHD1 deficiency led to increase in glycolytic gene expression, lipogenic proteins ACC and FAS, hepatic steatosis and liver-specific insulin resistance. Furthermore, gene markers of inflammation were also increased in the liver, but not in WAT or skeletal muscle, of PHD1-/- mice. As expected, high-fat diet (HFD) promoted obesity, hepatic steatosis, tissue-specific inflammation and systemic insulin resistance in WT mice but these diet-induced metabolic alterations were not exacerbated in PHD1-/- mice. In conclusion, PHD1 deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis and liver-specific insulin resistance but does not worsen the deleterious effects of HFD on metabolic homeostasis.
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Abstract
Oxygen represents one of the major molecules required for the development and maintenance of life. An adequate response to hypoxia is therefore required for the functioning of the majority of living organisms and relies on the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain-2 (PHD2) has long been recognized as the major regulator of this response, controlling a myriad of outcomes that range from cell death to proliferation. However, this enzyme has been associated with more pathways, making the role of this protein remarkably complex under distinct pathologies. While a protective role seems to exist in physiological conditions such as erythropoiesis; the picture is more complex during pathologies such as cancer. Since the regulation of this enzyme and its closest family members is currently considered as a possible therapy for various diseases, understanding the different particular roles of this protein is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Meneses
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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