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Guillou A, Kemkem Y, Lafont C, Fontanaud P, Calebiro D, Campos P, Bonnefont X, Fiordelisio-Coll T, Wang Y, Brûlé E, Bernard DJ, Le Tissier P, Steyn F, Mollard P. TSH Pulses Finely Tune Thyroid Hormone Release and TSH Receptor Transduction. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad164. [PMID: 37934802 PMCID: PMC10666572 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Detection of circulating TSH is a first-line test of thyroid dysfunction, a major health problem (affecting about 5% of the population) that, if untreated, can lead to a significant deterioration of quality of life and adverse effects on multiple organ systems. Human TSH levels display both pulsatile and (nonpulsatile) basal TSH secretion patterns; however, the importance of these in regulating thyroid function and their decoding by the thyroid is unknown. Here, we developed a novel ultra-sensitive ELISA that allows precise detection of TSH secretion patterns with minute resolution in mouse models of health and disease. We characterized the patterns of ultradian TSH pulses in healthy, freely behaving mice over the day-night cycle. Challenge of the thyroid axis with primary hypothyroidism because of iodine deficiency, a major cause of thyroid dysfunction worldwide, results in alterations of TSH pulsatility. Induction in mouse models of sequential TSH pulses that mimic ultradian TSH profiles in periods of minutes were more efficient than sustained rises in basal TSH levels at increasing both thyroid follicle cAMP levels, as monitored with a genetically encoded cAMP sensor, and circulating thyroid hormone. Hence, this mouse TSH assay provides a powerful tool to decipher how ultradian TSH pulses encode thyroid outcomes and to uncover hidden parameters in the TSH-thyroid hormone set-point in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Guillou
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier 34094, France
| | - Yasmine Kemkem
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier 34094, France
| | - Chrystel Lafont
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier 34094, France
| | - Pierre Fontanaud
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier 34094, France
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TQ, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TQ, UK
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Pauline Campos
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier 34094, France
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SA, UK
| | - Xavier Bonnefont
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier 34094, France
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio-Coll
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, México
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Emilie Brûlé
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Paul Le Tissier
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Frederik Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Patrice Mollard
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier 34094, France
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Schoultz E, Liang S, Carlsson T, Filges S, Ståhlberg A, Fagman H, Wiel C, Sayin V, Nilsson M. Tissue specificity of oncogenic BRAF targeted to lung and thyroid through a shared lineage factor. iScience 2023; 26:107071. [PMID: 37534159 PMCID: PMC10391731 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of origin in cancer determine tumor phenotypes, but whether lineage-defining transcription factors might influence tissue specificity of tumorigenesis among organs with similar developmental traits are unknown. We demonstrate here that tumor development and progression markedly differ in lung and thyroid targeted by Braf mutation in Nkx2.1CreERT2 mice heterozygous for Nkx2-1. In absence of tamoxifen, non-induced Nkx2.1CreERT2;BrafCA/+ mutants developed multiple full-blown lung adenocarcinomas with a latency of 1-3 months whereas thyroid tumors were rare and constrained, although minute BrafCA activation documented by variant allele sequencing was similar in both tissues. Induced oncogene activation accelerated neoplastic growth only in the lungs. By contrast, NKX2-1+ progenitor cells were equally responsive to constitutive expression of mutant Braf during lung and thyroid development. Both lung and thyroid cells transiently downregulated NKX2-1 in early tumor stages. These results indicate that BRAFV600E-induced tumorigenesis obey organ-specific traits that might be differentially modified by a shared lineage factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Schoultz
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shawn Liang
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Therese Carlsson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Filges
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Clotilde Wiel
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Volkan Sayin
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Filis P, Hombach-Klonisch S, Ayotte P, Nagrath N, Soffientini U, Klonisch T, O'Shaughnessy P, Fowler PA. Maternal smoking and high BMI disrupt thyroid gland development. BMC Med 2018; 16:194. [PMID: 30348172 PMCID: PMC6198368 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal lifestyle factors, including smoking and increased body weight, increase risks of adult diseases such as metabolic syndrome and infertility. The fetal thyroid gland is essential for the control of fetal metabolic rate, cardiac output, and brain development. Altered fetal thyroid function may contribute to increased disease onset later in life. Here, we investigated the impact of maternal smoking and high maternal weight on human fetal thyroid function during the second trimester. METHODS Thyroid glands and plasma were collected from fetuses electively terminated in the second trimester (normally progressing pregnancies). Plasma total triiodothyronine (T3) and total thyroxine (T4) were measured by solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fetal plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured using a multiplex assay for human pituitary hormones. Histology and immunolocalization of thyroid developmental markers were examined in thyroid sections. Transcript levels of developmental, functional, apoptotic, and detoxification markers were measured by real-time PCR. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariate linear regression models with fetal age, sex, and maternal smoking or maternal body mass index (BMI) as covariates. RESULTS Maternal smoking was associated with significant changes in fetal plasma T4 and TSH levels during the second trimester. Smoke-exposed thyroids had reduced thyroid GATA6 and NKX2-1 transcript levels and altered developmental trajectories for ESR2 and AHR transcript levels. Maternal BMI > 25 was associated with increased fetal thyroid weight, increased plasma TSH levels, and abnormal thyroid histology in female fetuses. Normal developmental changes in AHR and ESR1 transcript expression were also abolished in fetal thyroids from mothers with BMI > 25. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we show that maternal smoking and high maternal BMI are associated with disturbed fetal thyroid gland development and endocrine function in a sex-specific manner during the second trimester. These findings suggest that predisposition to post-natal disease is mediated, in part, by altered fetal thyroid gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Filis
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de toxicologie, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec, QC, G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Nalin Nagrath
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ugo Soffientini
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine (IBAHCM), College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peter O'Shaughnessy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine (IBAHCM), College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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Moya CM, Zaballos MA, Garzón L, Luna C, Simón R, Yaffe MB, Gallego E, Santisteban P, Moreno JC. TAZ/WWTR1 Mediates the Pulmonary Effects of NKX2-1 Mutations in Brain-Lung-Thyroid Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:839-852. [PMID: 29294041 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Identification of a frameshift heterozygous mutation in the transcription factor NKX2-1 in a patient with brain-lung-thyroid syndrome (BLTS) and life-threatening lung emphysema. OBJECTIVE To study the genetic defect that causes this complex phenotype and dissect the molecular mechanism underlying this syndrome through functional analysis. METHODS Mutational study by DNA sequencing, generation of expression vectors, site-directed mutagenesis, protein-DNA-binding assays, luciferase reporter gene assays, confocal microscopy, coimmunoprecipitation, and bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS We identified a mutation [p.(Val75Glyfs*334)] in the amino-terminal domain of the NKX2-1 gene, which was functionally compared with a previously identified mutation [p.(Ala276Argfs*75)] in the carboxy-terminal domain in other patients with BLTS but without signs of respiratory distress. Both mutations showed similar protein expression profiles, subcellular localization, and deleterious effects on thyroid-, brain-, and lung-specific promoter activity. Coexpression of the coactivator TAZ/WWTR1 (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif/WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1) restored the transactivation properties of p.(Ala276Argfs*75) but not p.(Val75Glyfs*334) NKX2-1 on a lung-specific promoter, although both NKX2-1 mutants could interact equally with TAZ/WWTR1. The retention of residual transcriptional activity in the carboxy-terminal mutant, which was absent in the amino-terminal mutant, allowed the functional rescue by TAZ/WWTR1. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a mechanistic model involving TAZ/WWTR1 in the development of human congenital emphysema, suggesting that this protein could be a transcriptional modifier of the lung phenotype in BLTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Moya
- Thyroid Molecular Laboratory, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Zaballos
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols," Spanish National Council for Scientific Research-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer from Health Institute Carlos III (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Garzón
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Luna
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology and Allergy, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rogelio Simón
- Department of Neuropaediatry, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elena Gallego
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols," Spanish National Council for Scientific Research-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer from Health Institute Carlos III (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José C Moreno
- Thyroid Molecular Laboratory, Institute for Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Malt EA, Juhasz K, Malt UF, Naumann T. A Role for the Transcription Factor Nk2 Homeobox 1 in Schizophrenia: Convergent Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 27064909 PMCID: PMC4811959 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with diverse mental and somatic symptoms. The molecular mechanisms leading from genes to disease pathology in schizophrenia remain largely unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that common single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with specific diseases are enriched in the recognition sequences of transcription factors that regulate physiological processes relevant to the disease. We have used a “bottom-up” approach and tracked a developmental trajectory from embryology to physiological processes and behavior and recognized that the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) possesses properties of particular interest for schizophrenia. NKX2-1 is selectively expressed from prenatal development to adulthood in the brain, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, lungs, skin, and enteric ganglia, and has key functions at the interface of the brain, the endocrine-, and the immune system. In the developing brain, NKX2-1-expressing progenitor cells differentiate into distinct subclasses of forebrain GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The transcription factor is highly expressed in mature limbic circuits related to context-dependent goal-directed patterns of behavior, social interaction and reproduction, fear responses, responses to light, and other homeostatic processes. It is essential for development and mature function of the thyroid gland and the respiratory system, and is involved in calcium metabolism and immune responses. NKX2-1 interacts with a number of genes identified as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. We suggest that NKX2-1 may lie at the core of several dose dependent pathways that are dysregulated in schizophrenia. We correlate the symptoms seen in schizophrenia with the temporal and spatial activities of NKX2-1 in order to highlight promising future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Malt
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ahus Campus University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Juhasz
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Research and Education, Institution of Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Naumann
- Centre of Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Luongo C, Martin C, Vella K, Marsili A, Ambrosio R, Dentice M, Harney JW, Salvatore D, Zavacki AM, Larsen PR. The selective loss of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in mouse thyrotrophs increases basal TSH but blunts the thyrotropin response to hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 2015; 156:745-54. [PMID: 25456070 PMCID: PMC4298316 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) is essential for feedback regulation of TSH by T4. We genetically inactivated in vivo D2 in thyrotrophs using a mouse model of Cga-driven cre recombinase. Pituitary D2 activity was reduced 90% in the Cga-cre D2 knockout (KO) mice compared with control Dio2(fl/fl) mice. There was no growth or reproductive phenotype. Basal TSH levels were increased 1.5- to 1.8-fold, but serum T4 and T3 were not different from the controls in adult mice. In hypothyroid adult mice, suppression of TSH by T4, but not T3, was impaired. Despite mild basal TSH elevation, the TSH increase in response to hypothyroidism was 4-fold reduced in the Cga-cre D2KO compared with control mice despite an identical level of pituitary TSH α- and β-subunit mRNAs. In neonatal Cga-cre D2KO mice, TSH was also 2-fold higher than in the controls, but serum T4 was elevated. Despite a constant TSH, serum T4 increased 2-3-fold between postnatal day (P) 5 and P15 in both genotypes. The pituitary, but not cerebrocortical, D2 activity was markedly elevated in P5 mice decreasing towards adult levels by P17. In conclusion, a congenital severe reduction of thyrotroph D2 causes a major impairment of the TSH response to hypothyroidism. This would be deleterious to the compensatory adaptation of the thyroid gland to iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Luongo
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.L., C.M., A.M., J.W.H., A.M.Z., P.R.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (K.V.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Studio di Diagnostica Nucleare "SDN" (R.A.), 80142 Naples, Italy; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Ikegami K, Liao XH, Hoshino Y, Ono H, Ota W, Ito Y, Nishiwaki-Ohkawa T, Sato C, Kitajima K, Iigo M, Shigeyoshi Y, Yamada M, Murata Y, Refetoff S, Yoshimura T. Tissue-specific posttranslational modification allows functional targeting of thyrotropin. Cell Rep 2014; 9:801-10. [PMID: 25437536 PMCID: PMC4251493 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin) is a glycoprotein secreted from the pituitary gland. Pars distalis-derived TSH (PD-TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (THs), whereas pars tuberalis-derived TSH (PT-TSH) acts on the hypothalamus to regulate seasonal physiology and behavior. However, it had not been clear how these two TSHs avoid functional crosstalk. Here, we show that this regulation is mediated by tissue-specific glycosylation. Although PT-TSH is released into the circulation, it does not stimulate the thyroid gland. PD-TSH is known to have sulfated biantennary N-glycans, and sulfated TSH is rapidly metabolized in the liver. In contrast, PT-TSH has sialylated multibranched N-glycans; in the circulation, it forms the macro-TSH complex with immunoglobulin or albumin, resulting in the loss of its bioactivity. Glycosylation is fundamental to a wide range of biological processes. This report demonstrates its involvement in preventing functional crosstalk of signaling molecules in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ikegami
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuta Hoshino
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ono
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Ota
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuka Ito
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Taeko Nishiwaki-Ohkawa
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iigo
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, C-Bio, and CORE, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Murata
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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8
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Williamson S, Kirkpatrick M, Greene S, Goudie D. A novel mutation of NKX2-1 affecting 2 generations with hypothyroidism and choreoathetosis: part of the spectrum of brain-thyroid-lung syndrome. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:666-9. [PMID: 24453141 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813518243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The NKX2-1 (TTF-1 or TITF-1) gene on chromosome 14q13 codes for the thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1). It is expressed in the developing brain, lung, and thyroid. Defects have been associated with chorea, hypothyroidism, and lung disease, comprising the "brain-thyroid-lung syndrome." We describe here 3 cases of novel missense mutation (c.626G>C; p.Arg209Pro) in NKX2-1 in 2 generations of a nonconsanguinous family. Firstly 2 sons were affected by childhood-onset hypothyroidism and a movement disorder characterized by ataxia in the early years followed by the emergence of a superimposed chorea. The mutation was also found in the granddaughter, when she presented with the same clinical features. We hypothesize that the mutation arose as a result of gonadal mosaicism, as the mutation was not detected in leucocyte DNA from either grandparent. The features are consistent with a diagnosis of Brain-thyroid-lung syndrome, which previously could have been classified as benign hereditary chorea with hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Williamson
- 1Department of Paediatrics, NHS Ayrshire and Arran, Crosshouse Hospital, Kilmarnock, United Kingdom
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9
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Hamvas A, Deterding RR, Wert SE, White FV, Dishop MK, Alfano DN, Halbower AC, Planer B, Stephan MJ, Uchida DA, Williames LD, Rosenfeld JA, Lebel RR, Young LR, Cole FS, Nogee LM. Heterogeneous pulmonary phenotypes associated with mutations in the thyroid transcription factor gene NKX2-1. Chest 2014; 144:794-804. [PMID: 23430038 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the gene encoding thyroid transcription factor, NKX2-1, result in neurologic abnormalities, hypothyroidism, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) that together are known as the brain-thyroid-lung syndrome. To characterize the spectrum of associated pulmonary phenotypes, we identified individuals with mutations in NKX2-1 whose primary manifestation was respiratory disease. METHODS Retrospective and prospective approaches identified infants and children with unexplained diffuse lung disease for NKX2-1 sequencing. Histopathologic results and electron micrographs were assessed, and immunohistochemical analysis for surfactant-associated proteins was performed in a subset of 10 children for whom lung tissue was available. RESULTS We identified 16 individuals with heterozygous missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations and five individuals with heterozygous, whole-gene deletions of NKX2-1. Neonatal RDS was the presenting pulmonary phenotype in 16 individuals (76%), interstitial lung disease in four (19%), and pulmonary fibrosis in one adult family member. Altogether, 12 individuals (57%) had the full triad of neurologic, thyroid, and respiratory manifestations, but five (24%) had only pulmonary symptoms at the time of presentation. Recurrent respiratory infections were a prominent feature in nine subjects. Lung histopathology demonstrated evidence of disrupted surfactant homeostasis in the majority of cases, and at least five cases had evidence of disrupted lung growth. CONCLUSIONS Patients with mutations in NKX2-1 may present with pulmonary manifestations in the newborn period or during childhood when thyroid or neurologic abnormalities are not apparent. Surfactant dysfunction and, in more severe cases, disrupted lung development are likely mechanisms for the respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hamvas
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Robin R Deterding
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Susan E Wert
- The Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Frances V White
- Lauren Ackerman Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Megan K Dishop
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Danielle N Alfano
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ann C Halbower
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Benjamin Planer
- Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - Mark J Stephan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Derek A Uchida
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Lee D Williames
- Department of Pediatrics, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, WA
| | | | - Robert Roger Lebel
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Lisa R Young
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - F Sessions Cole
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lawrence M Nogee
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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10
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Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Kleinau G, Neumann S, Grüters A, Krude H, Biebermann H. Novel insights on thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor signal transduction. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:691-724. [PMID: 23645907 PMCID: PMC3785642 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The TSH receptor (TSHR) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a subfamily of family A G protein-coupled receptors. The TSHR is of great importance for the growth and function of the thyroid gland. The TSHR and its endogenous ligand TSH are pivotal proteins with respect to a variety of physiological functions and malfunctions. The molecular events of TSHR regulation can be summarized as a process of signal transduction, including signal reception, conversion, and amplification. The steps during signal transduction from the extra- to the intracellular sites of the cell are not yet comprehensively understood. However, essential new insights have been achieved in recent years on the interrelated mechanisms at the extracellular region, the transmembrane domain, and intracellular components. This review contains a critical summary of available knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction at the TSHR, for example, the key amino acids involved in hormone binding or in the structural conformational changes that lead to G protein activation or signaling regulation. Aspects of TSHR oligomerization, signaling promiscuity, signaling selectivity, phenotypes of genetic variations, and potential extrathyroidal receptor activity are also considered, because these are relevant to an understanding of the overall function of the TSHR, including physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological perspectives. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Ostring 3, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Wei W, Wang Y, Dong J, Wang Y, Min H, Song B, Shan Z, Teng W, Xi Q, Chen J. Hypothyroxinemia induced by mild iodine deficiency deregulats thyroid proteins during gestation and lactation in dams. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:3233-45. [PMID: 23917811 PMCID: PMC3774435 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10083233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main object of the present study was to explore the effect on thyroidal proteins following mild iodine deficiency (ID)-induced maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy and lactation. In the present study, we established a maternal hypothyroxinemia model in female Wistar rats by using a mild ID diet. Maternal thyroid iodine content and thyroid weight were measured. Expressions of thyroid-associated proteins were analyzed. The results showed that the mild ID diet increased thyroid weight, decreased thyroid iodine content and increased expressions of thyroid transcription factor 1, paired box gene 8 and Na+/I- symporter on gestational day (GD) 19 and postpartum days (PN) 21 in the maternal thyroid. Moreover, the up-regulated expressions of type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO1) and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) were detected in the mild ID group on GD19 and PN21. Taken together, our data indicates that during pregnancy and lactation, a maternal mild ID could induce hypothyroxinemia and increase the thyroidal DIO1 and DIO2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
| | - Hui Min
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
| | - Binbin Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Weiping Teng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Qi Xi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Department of Physiology, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
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13
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D'Amico E, Gayral S, Massart C, Van Sande J, Reiter JF, Dumont JE, Robaye B, Schurmans S. Thyroid-specific inactivation of KIF3A alters the TSH signaling pathway and leads to hypothyroidism. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 50:375-87. [PMID: 23511952 PMCID: PMC4404413 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kinesins, including the kinesin 2/KIF3 molecular motor, play an important role in intracellular traffic and can deliver vesicles to distal axon terminals, to cilia, to nonpolarized cell surfaces or to epithelial cell basolateral membranes, thus taking part in the establishment of cellular polarity. We report here the consequences of kinesin 2 motor inactivation in the thyroid of 3-week-old Kif3a(Δ)(/flox) Pax8(Cre/)(+) mutant mice. Our results indicate first that 3-week-old Pax8(Cre/)(+) mice used in these experiments present minor thyroid functional defects resulting in a slight increase in circulating bioactive TSH and intracellular cAMP levels, sufficient to maintain blood thyroxine levels in the normal range. Second, Kif3a inactivation in thyrocytes markedly amplified the phenotype observed in Pax8(Cre/)(+) mice, resulting in altered TSH signaling upstream of the second messenger cAMP and mild hypothyroidism. Finally, our results in mouse embryonic fibroblasts indicate that Kif3a inactivation in the absence of any Pax8 gene alteration leads to altered G protein-coupled receptor plasma membrane expression, as shown for the β2 adrenergic receptor, and we suggest that a similar mechanism may explain the altered TSH signaling and mild hypothyroidism detected in Kif3a(Δ)(/flox) Pax8(Cre/)(+) mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva D'Amico
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Gayral
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Claude Massart
- IRIBHM, ULB, Campus Erasme, route de Lennik 808, 1070-Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Smith Cardiovascular Research Building, Mission Bay Blvd South 555, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, USA
| | - Jacques E. Dumont
- IRIBHM, ULB, Campus Erasme, route de Lennik 808, 1070-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Robaye
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Schurmans
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041-Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Génétique Fonctionnelle, GIGA-Research Centre, Université de Liège (ULg), rue de 1'Hôpital 1, 4000-Liège, Belgium
- Welbio, ULg
- Secteur de Biochimie Métabolique, Département des Sciences Fonctionnelles, ULg, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000-Liège, Belgium
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14
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Fonseca TL, Correa-Medina M, Campos MP, Wittmann G, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Arrojo e Drigo R, Mora-Garzon M, Ueta CB, Caicedo A, Fekete C, Gereben B, Lechan RM, Bianco AC. Coordination of hypothalamic and pituitary T3 production regulates TSH expression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1492-500. [PMID: 23524969 PMCID: PMC3613903 DOI: 10.1172/jci61231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II deiodinase (D2) activates thyroid hormone by converting thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). This allows plasma T4 to signal a negative feedback loop that inhibits production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the pituitary. To determine the relative contributions of these D2 pathways in the feedback loop, we developed 2 mouse strains with pituitary- and astrocyte-specific D2 knockdown (pit-D2 KO and astro-D2 KO mice, respectively). The pit-D2 KO mice had normal serum T3 and were systemically euthyroid, but exhibited an approximately 3-fold elevation in serum TSH levels and a 40% reduction in biological activity. This was the result of elevated serum T4 that increased D2-mediated T3 production in the MBH, thus decreasing Trh mRNA. That tanycytes, not astrocytes, are the cells within the MBH that mediate T4-to-T3 conversion was defined by studies using the astro-D2 KO mice. Despite near-complete loss of brain D2, tanycyte D2 was preserved in astro-D2 KO mice at levels that were sufficient to maintain both the T4-dependent negative feedback loop and thyroid economy. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the hypothalamic-thyroid axis is wired to maintain normal plasma T3 levels, which is achieved through coordination of T4-to-T3 conversion between thyrotrophs and tanycytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mayrin Correa-Medina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maira P.O. Campos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Wittmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joao P. Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rafael Arrojo e Drigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magda Mora-Garzon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cintia Bagne Ueta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Gereben
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ronald M. Lechan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Porcu E, Medici M, Pistis G, Volpato CB, Wilson SG, Cappola AR, Bos SD, Deelen J, den Heijer M, Freathy RM, Lahti J, Liu C, Lopez LM, Nolte IM, O'Connell JR, Tanaka T, Trompet S, Arnold A, Bandinelli S, Beekman M, Böhringer S, Brown SJ, Buckley BM, Camaschella C, de Craen AJM, Davies G, de Visser MCH, Ford I, Forsen T, Frayling TM, Fugazzola L, Gögele M, Hattersley AT, Hermus AR, Hofman A, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Jensen RA, Kajantie E, Kloppenburg M, Lim EM, Masciullo C, Mariotti S, Minelli C, Mitchell BD, Nagaraja R, Netea-Maier RT, Palotie A, Persani L, Piras MG, Psaty BM, Räikkönen K, Richards JB, Rivadeneira F, Sala C, Sabra MM, Sattar N, Shields BM, Soranzo N, Starr JM, Stott DJ, Sweep FCGJ, Usala G, van der Klauw MM, van Heemst D, van Mullem A, H.Vermeulen S, Visser WE, Walsh JP, Westendorp RGJ, Widen E, Zhai G, Cucca F, Deary IJ, Eriksson JG, Ferrucci L, Fox CS, Jukema JW, Kiemeney LA, Pramstaller PP, Schlessinger D, Shuldiner AR, Slagboom EP, Uitterlinden AG, Vaidya B, Visser TJ, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Meulenbelt I, Rotter JI, Spector TD, Hicks AA, Toniolo D, Sanna S, Peeters RP, Naitza S. A meta-analysis of thyroid-related traits reveals novel loci and gender-specific differences in the regulation of thyroid function. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003266. [PMID: 23408906 PMCID: PMC3567175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for normal metabolism and development, and overt abnormalities in thyroid function lead to common endocrine disorders affecting approximately 10% of individuals over their life span. In addition, even mild alterations in thyroid function are associated with weight changes, atrial fibrillation, osteoporosis, and psychiatric disorders. To identify novel variants underlying thyroid function, we performed a large meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for serum levels of the highly heritable thyroid function markers TSH and FT4, in up to 26,420 and 17,520 euthyroid subjects, respectively. Here we report 26 independent associations, including several novel loci for TSH (PDE10A, VEGFA, IGFBP5, NFIA, SOX9, PRDM11, FGF7, INSR, ABO, MIR1179, NRG1, MBIP, ITPK1, SASH1, GLIS3) and FT4 (LHX3, FOXE1, AADAT, NETO1/FBXO15, LPCAT2/CAPNS2). Notably, only limited overlap was detected between TSH and FT4 associated signals, in spite of the feedback regulation of their circulating levels by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Five of the reported loci (PDE8B, PDE10A, MAF/LOC440389, NETO1/FBXO15, and LPCAT2/CAPNS2) show strong gender-specific differences, which offer clues for the known sexual dimorphism in thyroid function and related pathologies. Importantly, the TSH-associated loci contribute not only to variation within the normal range, but also to TSH values outside the reference range, suggesting that they may be involved in thyroid dysfunction. Overall, our findings explain, respectively, 5.64% and 2.30% of total TSH and FT4 trait variance, and they improve the current knowledge of the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function and the consequences of genetic variation for hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Levels of thyroid hormones are tightly regulated by TSH produced in the pituitary, and even mild alterations in their concentrations are strong indicators of thyroid pathologies, which are very common worldwide. To identify common genetic variants associated with the highly heritable markers of thyroid function, TSH and FT4, we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in 26,420 and 17,520 individuals, respectively, of European ancestry with normal thyroid function. Our analysis identified 26 independent genetic variants regulating these traits, several of which are new, and confirmed previously detected polymorphisms affecting TSH (within the PDE8B gene and near CAPZB, MAF/LOC440389, and NR3C2) and FT4 (within DIO1) levels. Gender-specific differences in the genetic effects of several variants for TSH and FT4 levels were identified at several loci, which offer clues to understand the known sexual dimorphism in thyroid function and pathology. Of particular clinical interest, we show that TSH-associated loci contribute not only to normal variation, but also to TSH values outside reference range, suggesting that they may be involved in thyroid dysfunction. Overall, our findings add to the developing landscape of the regulation of thyroid homeostasis and the consequences of genetic variation for thyroid related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia B. Volpato
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Scott G. Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne R. Cappola
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steffan D. Bos
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M. Freathy
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorna M. Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Arnold
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Marian Beekman
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne J. Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clara Camaschella
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
- Vita e Salute University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke C. H. de Visser
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Forsen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Vaasa Health Care Centre, Diabetes Unit, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Martin Gögele
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ad R. Hermus
- Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard A. Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ee M. Lim
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Cagliari, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cosetta Minelli
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Romana T. Netea-Maier
- Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Luca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria G. Piras
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Human Genetics, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Mona M. Sabra
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Medicine-Endocrinology, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley M. Shields
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Stott
- Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fred C. G. J. Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Usala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Melanie M. van der Klauw
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Leiden University Medical Center, Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alies van Mullem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H.Vermeulen
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W. Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P. Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Leiden University Medical Center, Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Hypertension, and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eline P. Slagboom
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bijay Vaidya
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Vascular Health Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Theo J. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics–CNR, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (S Sanna); (RP Peeters); (S Naitza)
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (S Sanna); (RP Peeters); (S Naitza)
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (S Sanna); (RP Peeters); (S Naitza)
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Chung S, Liao XH, Di Cosmo C, Van Sande J, Wang Z, Refetoff S, Civelli O. Disruption of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCH1R) affects thyroid function. Endocrinology 2012; 153:6145-54. [PMID: 23024261 PMCID: PMC3512057 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a peptide produced in the hypothalamus and the zona incerta that acts on one receptor, MCH receptor 1 (MCH1R), in rodents. The MCH system has been implicated in the regulation of several centrally directed physiological responses, including the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Yet a possible direct effect of the MCH system on thyroid function has not been explored in detail. We now show that MCH1R mRNA is expressed in thyroid follicular cells and that mice lacking MCH1R [MCH1R-knockout (KO)] exhibit reduced circulating iodothyronine (T(4), free T(4), T(3), and rT(3)) levels and high TRH and TSH when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Because the TSH of MCH1R-KO mice displays a normal bioactivity, we hypothesize that their hypothyroidism may be caused by defective thyroid function. Yet expression levels of the genes important for thyroid hormones synthesis or secretion are not different between the MCH1R-KO and WT mice. However, the average thyroid follicle size of the MCH1R-KO mice is larger than that of WT mice and contained more free and total T(4) and T(3) than the WT glands, suggesting that they are sequestered in the glands. Indeed, when challenged with TSH, the thyroids of MCH1R-KO mice secrete lower amounts of T(4). Similarly, secretion of iodothyronines in the plasma upon (125)I administration is significantly reduced in MCH1R-KO mice. Therefore, the absence of MCH1R affects thyroid function by disrupting thyroid hormone secretion. To our knowledge, this study is the first to link the activity of the MCH system to the thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjae Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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17
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Generation of functional thyroid from embryonic stem cells. Nature 2012; 491:66-71. [PMID: 23051751 DOI: 10.1038/nature11525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of the thyroid gland is to metabolize iodide by synthesizing thyroid hormones, which are critical regulators of growth, development and metabolism in almost all tissues. So far, research on thyroid morphogenesis has been missing an efficient stem-cell model system that allows for the in vitro recapitulation of the molecular and morphogenic events regulating thyroid follicular-cell differentiation and subsequent assembly into functional thyroid follicles. Here we report that a transient overexpression of the transcription factors NKX2-1 and PAX8 is sufficient to direct mouse embryonic stem-cell differentiation into thyroid follicular cells that organize into three-dimensional follicular structures when treated with thyrotropin. These in vitro-derived follicles showed appreciable iodide organification activity. Importantly, when grafted in vivo into athyroid mice, these follicles rescued thyroid hormone plasma levels and promoted subsequent symptomatic recovery. Thus, mouse embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate into thyroid follicular cells in vitro and generate functional thyroid tissue.
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18
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Ferrara JM, Adam OR, Kirwin SM, Houghton DJ, Shepherd C, Vinette KMB, Litvan I. Brain-lung-thyroid disease: clinical features of a kindred with a novel thyroid transcription factor 1 mutation. J Child Neurol 2012; 27:68-73. [PMID: 21813802 DOI: 10.1177/0883073811413584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brain-lung-thyroid disease is a rare familial disorder caused by mutations in thyroid transcription factor 1, a gene that regulates neuronal migration. We report the clinical features of ten patients from a single family with a novel gene mutation, including observations regarding treatment. Neurologic features of the kindred included developmental delay, learning difficulties, psychosis, chorea, and dystonia. Three patients had a history of seizure, which has not been previously reported in genetically confirmed cases. Low-dose dopamine-receptor blocking drugs were poorly tolerated in 2 patients who received this therapy, levodopa improved chorea in 3 of 4 children, and diazepam was markedly effective in a single adult patient. Chorea related to brain-lung-thyroid disease appears to respond paradoxically to antidopaminergic drugs. The unusual therapeutic response seen in our patients and others may help elucidate how disease-related migratory deficits affect neural pathways associated with motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Ferrara
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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19
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Liao XH, Di Cosmo C, Dumitrescu AM, Hernandez A, Van Sande J, St Germain DL, Weiss RE, Galton VA, Refetoff S. Distinct roles of deiodinases on the phenotype of Mct8 defect: a comparison of eight different mouse genotypes. Endocrinology 2011; 152:1180-91. [PMID: 21285310 PMCID: PMC3040057 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the thyroid hormone (TH) transporter Mct8 (Mct8KO) have increased 5'-deiodination and impaired TH secretion and excretion. These and other unknown mechanisms result in the low-serum T(4), high T(3), and low rT(3) levels characteristic of Mct8 defects. We investigated to what extent each of the 5'-deiodinases (D1, D2) contributes to the serum TH abnormalities of the Mct8KO by generating mice with all combinations of Mct8 and D1 and/or D2 deficiencies and comparing the resulting eight genotypes. Adding D1 deficiency to that of Mct8 corrected the serum TH abnormalities of Mct8KO mice, normalized brain T(3) content, and reduced the impaired expression of TH-responsive genes. In contrast, Mct8D2KO mice maintained the serum TH abnormalities of Mct8KO mice. However, the serum TSH level increased 27-fold, suggesting a severely impaired hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The brain of Mct8D2KO manifested a pattern of more severe impairment of TH action than Mct8KO alone. In triple Mct8D1D2KO mice, the markedly increased serum TH levels produced milder brain defect than that of Mct8D2KO at the expense of more severe liver thyrotoxicosis. Additionally, we observed that mice deficient in D2 had an unexplained marked reduction in the thyroid growth response to TSH. Our studies on these eight genotypes provide a unique insight into the complex interplay of the deiodinases in the Mct8 defect and suggest that D1 contributes to the increased serum T(3) in Mct8 deficiency, whereas D2 mainly functions locally, converting T(4) to T(3) to compensate for distinct cellular TH depletion in Mct8KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, MC3090, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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20
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Hamidi S, Aliesky H, Chen CR, Rapoport B, McLachlan SM. Variable suppression of serum thyroxine in female mice of different inbred strains by triiodothyronine administered in drinking water. Thyroid 2010; 20:1157-62. [PMID: 20860425 PMCID: PMC2947419 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant-inbred mouse strains differ in their susceptibility to Graves'-like hyperthyroidism induced by immunization with adenovirus expressing the human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor. Because one genetic component contributing to this susceptibility is altered thyroid sensitivity to TSH receptor agonist stimulation, we wished to quantify thyroid responsiveness to TSH. For such studies, it is necessary to suppress endogenous TSH by administering L-3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (L-T3), with the subsequent decrease in serum thyroxine (T4) reflecting endogenous TSH suppression. Our two objectives were to assess in different inbred strains of mice (i) the extent of serum T4 suppression after L-T3 administration and (ii) the magnitude of serum T4 increase induced by TSH. METHODS Mice were tail-bled to establish baseline-serum T4 before L-T3 administration. We initially employed a protocol of L-T3-supplemented drinking water for 7 days. In subsequent experiments, we injected L-T3 intraperitoneally (i.p.) daily for 3 days. Mice were then injected i.p. with bovine TSH (10 mU) and euthanized 5 hours later. Serum T4 was assayed before L-T3 administration, and before and after TSH injection. In some experiments, serum T3 and estradiol were measured in pooled sera. RESULTS Oral L-T3 (3 or 5 µg/mL) suppressed serum T4 levels by 26%-64% in female BALB/c mice but >95% in males. T4 suppression in female B6 mice ranged from 0% to 90%. In C3H mice, L-T3 at 3 µg/mL was ineffective but 5 µg/mL achieved >80% serum T4 reduction. Unlike inbred mice, in outbred CF1 mice the same protocol was more effective: 83% in females and 100% suppression in males. The degree of T4 suppression was unrelated to baseline T4, T3, or estradiol, but was related to mouse weight and postmortem T3, with greater suppression in larger mice (outbred CF1 animals and inbred males). Among females with serum T4 suppression >80%, the increase in serum T4 after TSH injection was greater for BALB/c and C3H versus B6 mice. Moreover, the T4 increment was higher in female than in male BALB/c. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide important, practical information for future in vivo studies in inbred mice: we recommend that responses to TSH be performed in female animals injected with L-T3 i.p. to suppress baseline T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Hamidi
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute and UCLA School of Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Galambos C, Levy H, Cannon CL, Vargas SO, Reid LM, Cleveland R, Lindeman R, deMello DE, Wert SE, Whitsett JA, Perez-Atayde AR, Kozakewich H. Pulmonary pathology in thyroid transcription factor-1 deficiency syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:549-54. [PMID: 20203240 PMCID: PMC2937244 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201002-0167cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) deficiency syndrome is characterized by neurologic, thyroidal, and pulmonary dysfunction. Children usually have mild-to-severe respiratory symptoms and occasionally die of respiratory failure. Herein, we describe an infant with a constitutional 14q12-21.3 haploid deletion encompassing the TTF-1 gene locus who had cerebral dysgenesis, thyroidal dysfunction, and respiratory insufficiency. The clinical course was notable for mild hyaline membrane disease, continuous ventilatory support, and symmetrically distributed pulmonary cysts by imaging. He developed pneumonia and respiratory failure and died at 8 months. Pathologically, the lungs had grossly visible emphysematous changes with "cysts" up to 2 mm in diameter. The airway generations and radial alveolar count were diminished. In addition to acute bacterial pneumonia, there was focally alveolar septal fibrosis, pneumocyte hypertrophy, and clusters of airspace macrophages. Ultrastructurally, type II pneumocytes had numerous lamellar bodies, and alveolar spaces contained fragments of type II pneumocytes and extruded lamellar bodies. Although immunoreactivity for surfactant protein SP-A and ABCA3 was diminished, that for SP-B and proSP-C was robust, although irregularly distributed, corresponding to the distribution of type II pneumocytes. Immunoreactivity for TTF-1 protein was readily detected. In summation, we document abnormal airway and alveolar morphogenesis and altered expression of surfactant-associated proteins, which may explain the respiratory difficulties encountered in TTF-1 haploinsufficiency. These findings are consistent with experimental evidence documenting the important role of TTF-1 in pulmonary morphogenesis and surfactant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Galambos
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hara Levy
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Carolyn L. Cannon
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sara O. Vargas
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lynne M. Reid
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert Cleveland
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Daphne E. deMello
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Susan E. Wert
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Antonio R. Perez-Atayde
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Harry Kozakewich
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Di Cosmo C, Liao XH, Dumitrescu AM, Philp NJ, Weiss RE, Refetoff S. Mice deficient in MCT8 reveal a mechanism regulating thyroid hormone secretion. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3377-88. [PMID: 20679730 DOI: 10.1172/jci42113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of thyroid hormone (TH) secretion from the thyroid gland into blood is unknown. Humans and mice deficient in monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) have low serum thyroxine (T4) levels that cannot be fully explained by increased deiodination. Here, we have shown that Mct8 is localized at the basolateral membrane of thyrocytes and that the serum TH concentration is reduced in Mct8-KO mice early after being taken off a treatment that almost completely depleted the thyroid gland of TH. Thyroid glands in Mct8-KO mice contained more non-thyroglobulin-associated T4 and triiodothyronine than did those in wild-type mice, independent of deiodination. In addition, depletion of thyroidal TH content was slower during iodine deficiency. After administration of 125I, the rate of both its secretion from the thyroid gland and its appearance in the serum as trichloroacetic acid-precipitable radioactivity was greatly reduced in Mct8-KO mice. Similarly, the secretion of T4 induced by injection of thyrotropin was reduced in Mct8-KO in which endogenous TSH and T4 were suppressed by administration of triiodothyronine. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that Mct8 is involved in the secretion of TH from the thyroid gland and contributes, in part, to the low serum T4 level observed in MCT8-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Di Cosmo
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Amendola E, Sanges R, Galvan A, Dathan N, Manenti G, Ferrandino G, Alvino FM, Di Palma T, Scarfò M, Zannini M, Dragani TA, De Felice M, Di Lauro R. A locus on mouse chromosome 2 is involved in susceptibility to congenital hypothyroidism and contains an essential gene expressed in thyroid. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1948-58. [PMID: 20160132 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report here the mapping of a chromosomal region responsible for strain-specific development of congenital hypothyroidism in mice heterozygous for null mutations in genes encoding Nkx2-1/Titf1 and Pax8. The two strains showing a differential predisposition to congenital hypothyroidism contain several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in this locus, one of which leads to a nonsynonymous amino acid change in a highly conserved region of Dnajc17, a member of the type III heat-shock protein-40 (Hsp40) family. We demonstrate that Dnajc17 is highly expressed in the thyroid bud and had an essential function in development, suggesting an important role of this protein in organogenesis and/or function of the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Amendola
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale I, Naples 80121, Italy
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Ramos HE, Nesi-França S, Maciel RMB. [New aspects of genetics and molecular mechanisms on thyroid morphogenesis for the understanding of thyroid dysgenesia]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:1403-15. [PMID: 19197448 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the very early steps of thyroid organogenesis and the etiology of most cases of thyroid dysgenesis are poorly understood. Many genes have been identified as important contributors to survival, proliferation and migration of thyroid cells precursors, acting as an integrated and complex regulatory network. Moreover, by generation of mouse mutants, the studies have provided better knowledge of the role of these genes in the thyroid morphogenesis. In addition, it is likely that a subset of patients has thyroid dysgenesis as a result of mutations in regulatory genes expressed during embryogenesis. This review summarizes molecular aspects of thyroid development, describes the animal models and phenotypes known to date and provides information about novel insights into the ontogeny and pathogenesis of human thyroid dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helton E Ramos
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Carré A, Szinnai G, Castanet M, Sura-Trueba S, Tron E, Broutin-L'Hermite I, Barat P, Goizet C, Lacombe D, Moutard ML, Raybaud C, Raynaud-Ravni C, Romana S, Ythier H, Léger J, Polak M. Five new TTF1/NKX2.1 mutations in brain-lung-thyroid syndrome: rescue by PAX8 synergism in one case. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2266-76. [PMID: 19336474 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (NKX2-1/TITF1) mutations cause brain-lung-thyroid syndrome, characterized by congenital hypothyroidism (CH), infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and benign hereditary chorea (BHC). The objectives of the present study were (i) detection of NKX2-1 mutations in patients with CH associated with pneumopathy and/or BHC, (ii) functional analysis of new mutations in vitro and (iii) description of the phenotypic spectrum of brain-lung-thyroid syndrome. We identified three new heterozygous missense mutations (L176V, P202L, Q210P), a splice site mutation (376-2A-->G), and one deletion of NKX2-1 at 14q13. Functional analysis of the three missense mutations revealed loss of transactivation capacity on the human thyroglobulin enhancer/promoter. Interestingly, we showed that deficient transcriptional activity of NKX2-1-P202L was completely rescued by cotransfected PAX8-WT, whereas the synergistic effect was abolished by L176V and Q210P. The clinical spectrum of 6 own and 40 published patients with NKX2-1 mutations ranged from the complete triad of brain-lung-thyroid syndrome (50%), brain and thyroid disease (30%), to isolated BHC (13%). Thyroid morphology was normal (55%) and compensated hypothyroidism occurred in 61%. Lung disease occurred in 54% of patients (IRDS at term 76%; recurrent pulmonary infections 24%). On follow-up, 20% developed severe chronic interstitial lung disease, and 16% died. In conclusion, we describe five new NKX2.1 mutations with, for the first time, complete rescue by PAX8 of the deficient transactivating capacity in one case. Additionally, our review shows that the majority of affected patients display neurological and/or thyroidal problems and that, although less frequent, lung disease is responsible for a considerable mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Carré
- University Paris-Descartes, INSERM U845, 75270 Paris, France
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De Marco G, Agretti P, Camilot M, Teofoli F, Tatò L, Vitti P, Pinchera A, Tonacchera M. Functional studies of new TSH receptor (TSHr) mutations identified in patients affected by hypothyroidism or isolated hyperthyrotrophinaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:335-8. [PMID: 18727713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish the role of new TSH receptor (TSHr) variants (P27T, E34 K, R46P, D403N, W488R and M527T) recently identified in children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) or subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) with a thyroid gland of normal size. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS TSHr variants were obtained by mutagenesis. Wild-type (wt) and TSHr mutants were expressed in COS cells and cAMP assay, (125)I-TSH binding and microchip flow cytometry analyses were performed. RESULTS D403N and M527T mutants showed a lower cAMP response to bovine TSH (bTSH) with respect to the wtTSHr. R46P and W488R mutants did not show any response to bTSH stimulation in terms of cAMP production. The E34 K mutant showed a significantly lower cAMP response to stimulation with bTSH, while P27T had a lower cAMP response only to the highest dose of bTSH used. P27T, E34 K, D403N and M527T mutants showed a lower TSH binding capacity with respect to the wtTSHr. R46P and W488R mutants did not show any TSH binding. CONCLUSIONS E34 K, D403N, M527T, R46P and W488R TSHr variants seem to cause a functional abnormality of the receptor which is responsible for the observed phenotype. The P27T TSHr variant does not seem to play a functional role in the pathogenesis of CH and should be considered as a polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina De Marco
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Centro Eccellenza AmbiSEN, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Maquet E, Costagliola S, Parma J, Christophe-Hobertus C, Oligny LL, Fournet JC, Robitaille Y, Vuissoz JM, Payot A, Laberge S, Vassart G, Van Vliet G, Deladoëy J. Lethal respiratory failure and mild primary hypothyroidism in a term girl with a de novo heterozygous mutation in the TITF1/NKX2.1 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:197-203. [PMID: 18957494 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TITF1/NKX2.1) is expressed in the thyroid, lung, ventral forebrain, and pituitary. In the lung, TITF1/NKX2.1 activates the expression of genes critical for lung development and function. Titf/Nkx2.1(-/-) mice have pituitary and thyroid aplasia but also impairment of pulmonary branching. Humans with heterozygous TITF1/NKX2.1 mutations present with various combinations of primary hypothyroidism, respiratory distress, and neurological disorders. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to report clinical and molecular studies of the first patient with lethal neonatal respiratory distress from a novel heterozygous TITF1/NKX2.1 mutation. PARTICIPANT This girl, the first child of healthy nonconsanguineous French-Canadian parents, was born at 41 wk. Birth weight was 3,460 g and Apgar scores were normal. Soon after birth, she developed acute respiratory failure with pulmonary hypertension. At neonatal screening on the second day of life, TSH was 31 mU/liter (N <15) and total T(4) 245 nmol/liter (N = 120-350). Despite mechanical ventilation, thyroxine, surfactant, and pulmonary vasodilators, the patient died on the 40th day. RESULTS Histopathology revealed pulmonary tissue with low alveolar counts. The thyroid was normal. Sequencing of the patient's lymphocyte DNA revealed a novel heterozygous TITF1/NKX2.1 mutation (I207F). This mutation was not found in either parent. In vitro, the mutant TITF-1 had reduced DNA binding and transactivation capacity. CONCLUSION This is the first reported case of a heterozygous TITF1/NKX2.1 mutation leading to neonatal death from respiratory failure. The association of severe unexplained respiratory distress in a term neonate with mild primary hypothyroidism is the clue that led to the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Maquet
- IRIBHM and Genetics Service, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels ULB, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Butt SJB, Sousa VH, Fuccillo MV, Hjerling-Leffler J, Miyoshi G, Kimura S, Fishell G. The requirement of Nkx2-1 in the temporal specification of cortical interneuron subtypes. Neuron 2008; 59:722-32. [PMID: 18786356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that the character of mouse cortical interneuron subtypes can be directly related to their embryonic temporal and spatial origins. The relationship between embryonic origin and the character of mature interneurons is likely reflected by the developmental expression of genes that direct cell fate. However, a thorough understanding of the early genetic events that specify subtype identity has been hampered by the perinatal lethality resulting from the loss of genes implicated in the determination of cortical interneurons. Here, we employ a conditional loss-of-function approach to demonstrate that the transcription factor Nkx2-1 is required for the proper specification of specific interneuron subtypes. Removal of this gene at distinct neurogenic time points results in a switch in the subtypes of neurons observed at more mature ages. Our strategy reveals a causal link between the embryonic genetic specification by Nkx2-1 in progenitors and the functional attributes of their neuronal progeny in the mature nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J B Butt
- Smilow Neuroscience Program and the Department of Cell Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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30
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Nagasaki K, Narumi S, Asami T, Kikuchi T, Hasegawa T, Uchiyama M. Mutation of a gene for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TITF1) in a patient with clinical features of resistance to thyrotropin. Endocr J 2008; 55:875-8. [PMID: 18506088 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k08e-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to TSH (RTSH [MIM 275200]) is a heterogeneous condition defined by variable degree of insensitivity to biologically active TSH. While this condition is classically caused by loss-of-function mutations of the TSH receptor gene (TSHR), several patients have exhibited RTSH-like phenotype in the apparent absence of TSHR mutations, and some of them have mutations of PAX8 or GNAS1. We identified a Japanese boy with congenital hypothyroidism who suffered from recurrent lower respiratory infection during infancy and choreoathetosis at a later age. At 14 years of age, he was diagnosed as having RTSH, on the basis of compensated hypothyroidism (TSH, 30.2 mU/L; FT4, 1.2 ng/dl), disproportionate increments of thyroid hormones and TSH during a TRH test (DeltaFT3, 0.4 pg/ml; DeltaT3, 13 ng/dl; and DeltaTSH, 88.3 mU/L), and normal ultrasound thyroid image and radioactive iodine uptakes. Molecular analysis for TITF1 revealed a novel de novo heterozygous deletion/insertion mutation (c.470_479delinsGCG,) that is predicted to lose the entire homeodomain and the NK2-specific domain. We suggest that a heterozygous loss-of-function TITF1 mutation can also cause RTSH-compatible phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nagasaki
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Burniat A, Jin L, Detours V, Driessens N, Goffard JC, Santoro M, Rothstein J, Dumont JE, Miot F, Corvilain B. Gene expression in RET/PTC3 and E7 transgenic mouse thyroids: RET/PTC3 but not E7 tumors are partial and transient models of human papillary thyroid cancers. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5107-17. [PMID: 18583418 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied gene expression profiles in two mouse models of human thyroid carcinoma: the Tg-RET/PTC3 (RP3) and Tg-E7 mice. RP3 fusion gene is the most frequent mutation found in the first wave post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs). E7 is an oncoprotein derived from the human papillomavirus 16 responsible for most cervical carcinoma in women. Both transgenic mice develop thyroid hyperplasia followed by solid differentiated carcinoma in older animals. To understand the different steps leading to carcinoma, we analyzed thyroid gene expression in both strains at different ages by microarray technology. Important biological processes were differentially regulated in the two tumor types. In E7 thyroids, cell cycle was the most up-regulated process, an observation consistent with the huge size of these tumors. In RP3 thyroids, contrary to E7 tumors, several human PTC characteristics were observed: overexpression of many immune-related genes, regulation of human PTC markers, up-regulation of EGF-like growth factors and significant regulation of angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling-related genes. However, similarities were incomplete; they did not concern the overall gene expression and were not conserved in old animals. Therefore, RP3 tumors are partial and transient models of human PTC. They constitute a good model, especially in young animals, to study the respective role of the biological processes shared with human PTC and will allow testing drugs targeting these validated variables.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/physiopathology
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Division/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Space
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/genetics
- Thyroid Gland/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Gland/physiology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Burniat
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Tonacchera M, Di Cosmo C, De Marco G, Agretti P, Banco M, Perri A, Gianetti E, Montanelli L, Vitti P, Pinchera A. Identification of TSH receptor mutations in three families with resistance to TSH. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 67:712-8. [PMID: 17697008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic analysis of the TSH receptor gene in seven subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), in whom the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease had been excluded by laboratory and instrumental techniques currently available. PATIENTS Three families where different members (2 children and 5 adults) affected by SH were studied. GENETIC ANALYSIS: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral lymphocytes and the entire coding sequence of the TSHr gene was sequenced. pSVL-TSHr construct harbouring a Q8fsX62 insertion was obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. COS-7 cells transfected with wild-type and mutant receptor were used for binding studies, flow cytometry, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) determination. RESULTS A four base pair (bp) duplication in position 41 (41TGCAins), leading to a premature stop of translation at codon 62 (Q8fsX62), was found to be heterozygous in the proband, the father and the sister in Family 1. In Family 2 the proband and the sister were heterozygous for the mutation D410N. In Family 3 the proband and the father were heterozygous for the mutation P162A. After transfection in COS-7 cells, the mutant receptor Q8fsX62 displayed a low expression at the cell surface, and a reduced response to bovine TSH (bTSH) in terms of cAMP production. CONCLUSIONS We identified TSH receptor mutations in seven members of three families with subclinical hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Tonacchera
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Centro Eccellenza AmbiSEN, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Moeller LC, Alonso M, Liao X, Broach V, Dumitrescu A, Van Sande J, Montanelli L, Skjei S, Goodwin C, Grasberger H, Refetoff S, Weiss RE. Pituitary-thyroid setpoint and thyrotropin receptor expression in consomic rats. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4727-33. [PMID: 17640981 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis for differences in TSH sensitivity between two rat strains was examined using consomic rats generated from original strains salt-sensitive Dahl (SS) (TSH 1.8 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; free T(4) index 4.9 +/- 0.4) and Brown Norwegian (BN) (TSH 5.5 +/- 0.6 ng/ml, P < 0.05; free T(4) index 4.3 +/- 0.1, P not significant). Consomic rats SSBN6 [BN chromosome (CH) 6 placed in SS rat] and SSBN2 (BN CH 2 placed in SS rat) have TSH concentrations intermediate between pure SS and BN strains (2.9 +/- 0.3 and 3.1 +/- 0.3 ng/ml, respectively; P < 0.05). Candidate genes on rat CH 2 included TSH beta-subunit and on CH 6 the TSH receptor (TSHR). TSH from sera of BN, SS, SSBN6, and SSBN2 strains had similar in vitro bioactivity suggesting that the cause for the variable TSH concentrations was not due to an altered TSH. Physiological response to TSH was measured by changes in serum T(4) concentrations upon administration of bovine TSH (bTSH). Rat strain SS had a greater T(4) response to bTSH than BN (change in T(4), 1.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.1 microg/dl, P < 0.005), suggesting reduced thyrocyte sensitivity to TSH in BN. Sequencing of the TSHR coding region revealed an amino acid difference in BN (Q46R). This substitution is unlikely to contribute to the strain difference in serum TSH because both TSHR variants were equally expressed at the cell surface of transfected cells and responsive to bTSH. Given similar TSH activity and similar TSHR structure, TSHR mRNA expression in thyroid tissue was quantitated by real-time PCR. BN had 54 +/- 5% the total TSHR expression compared to SS (100 +/- 7%, P < 0.0001), when corrected for GAPDH expression, a difference confirmed at the protein level. Therefore, the higher TSH level in the BN strain appears to reflect an adjustment of the feedback loop to reduced thyrocyte sensitivity to TSH secondary to reduced TSHR expression. These strains of rat provide a model to study the cis- and trans-acting factors underlying the difference in TSHR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Moeller
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Christoffolete MA, Arrojo e Drigo R, Gazoni F, Tente SM, Goncalves V, Amorim BS, Larsen PR, Bianco AC, Zavacki AM. Mice with impaired extrathyroidal thyroxine to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine conversion maintain normal serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine concentrations. Endocrinology 2007; 148:954-60. [PMID: 17138654 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For T(3) to mediate its biological effects, the prohormone T(4) must be activated by removal of an outer-ring iodine by the type 1 or 2 deiodinases (D1 and D2) with approximately 60% of the daily T(3) production in rodents being produced extrathyroidally through this pathway. To further define the role of these enzymes in thyroid hormone homeostasis, we backcrossed the targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene into C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice with genetically low D1 expression to create the C3H-D2KO mouse. Remarkably, these mice maintain euthyroid serum T(3) levels with normal growth and no decrease in expression of hepatic T(3)-responsive genes. However, serum T(4) is increased 1.2-fold relative to the already elevated C3H levels, and serum TSH is increased 1.4-fold. Despite these increases, thyroidal (125)I uptake indicates no difference in thyroidal activity between C3H-D2KO and C3H mice. Although C3H-D2KO hepatic and renal D1 activities were well below those observed in wild-type mice (approximately 0.1-fold for both), they were 8-fold and 2-fold higher, respectively, relative to C3H mice. Thyroidal D1 and cerebral cortical type 3 deiodinase activity were unchanged between C3H-D2KO and C3H mice. In conclusion, C3H-D2KO mice have notably elevated serum T(4) levels, and this, in conjunction with residual D1 activity, is likely an important role in the maintenance of euthyroid serum T(3) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A Christoffolete
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Djemli A, Van Vliet G, Delvin EE. Congenital hypothyroidism: From paracelsus to molecular diagnosis. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:511-8. [PMID: 16730255 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endemic cretinism was noted in alpine Europe as early as the 13th century. However, it was only in 1848 that a commission, sponsored by the King of Sardinia, first formally demonstrated its link to goiter. An important landmark was the publication of a report in 1871 describing several cases of nongoitrous hypothyroidism that were clearly distinguished from the endemic form of the disease, for which the author suggested the designation of "sporadic cretinism." Classification of the hypothyroid status was for a long time solely based on clinical observation. In the second half of the 20th century, the use of radionuclides (iodine radioisotope and technetium pertechnetate) allowed a more precise diagnosis and taxonomy into thyroid dysgenesis and dyshormonogenesis. This brief review summarizes the progress that has been achieved during the last 40 years in diagnosing the multiple variants of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). It becomes evident that while accurate diagnosis for CH is readily available, its exact etiology requires a precise molecular investigation as different genes are implicated in the differentiation, migration and growth of the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Djemli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de Sorel, Québec, Canada
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Kusakabe T, Kawaguchi A, Hoshi N, Kawaguchi R, Hoshi S, Kimura S. Thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein/NKX2.1 is required for the maintenance of ordered architecture and function of the differentiated thyroid. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:1796-809. [PMID: 16601074 PMCID: PMC2588428 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein (T/ebp)/Nkx2.1-null mouse thyroids degenerate by embryonic day (E) 12-13 through apoptosis whereas T/ebp/Nkx2.1-heterogyzgous mice exhibit hypothyroidism with elevated TSH levels. To understand the role of T/ebp/Nkx2.1 in the adult thyroid, a thyroid follicular cell-specific conditional knockout (KO) mouse line, T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre, was established that expresses Cre recombinase under the human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene promoter. These mice appeared to be healthy and exhibited loss of T/ebp/Nkx2.1 expression in many, but not all, thyroid follicular cells as determined by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, thus presenting a T/ebp-thyroid-conditional hypomorphic mice. Detailed analysis of the thyroids from T/ebp(fl/fl), T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre, and T/ebp(fl/ko) mice, where the latter mouse line is derived from crosses with the original T/ebp/Nkx2.1-heterozygous mice, revealed that T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre mice can be classified into two groups with different phenotypes: one having atrophic/degenerative thyroid follicles with frequent presence of adenomas and extremely high serum TSH levels, and the other having an altered thyroid structure with reduced numbers of extraordinary dilated follicles consisting of excessive numbers of follicular cells as compared with those usually found in the normal thyroid. The latter phenotype was also observed in aged T/ebp(fl/ko) mouse thyroids. In vitro three-dimensional thyroid primary cultures using thyroids from T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre, T/ebp(fl/ko), and T/ebp(fl/fl) mice, and the latter treated with recombinant adenovirus with and without Cre expression, demonstrated that only cells from T/ebp(fl/fl) mice without adeno-Cre treatment formed follicular structures. Taken together, these results suggest that T/ebp/Nkx2.1 is required for maintenance of the normal architecture and function of differentiated thyroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Nikrodhanond AA, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Shibusawa N, Hashimoto K, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Yamada M, Mori M, Wondisford FE. Dominant Role of Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:5000-7. [PMID: 16339138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511530200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion from the anterior pituitary. TSH then initiates thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis and release from the thyroid gland. Although opposing TRH and TH inputs regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, TH negative feedback is thought to be the primary regulator. This hypothesis, however, has yet to be proven in vivo. To elucidate the relative importance of TRH and TH in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, we have generated mice that lack either TRH, the beta isoforms of TH receptors (TRbeta KO), or both (double KO). TRbeta knock-out (KO) mice have significantly higher TH and TSH levels compared with wild-type mice, in contrast to double KO mice, which have reduced TH and TSH levels. Unexpectedly, hypothyroid double KO mice also failed to mount a significant rise in serum TSH levels, and pituitary TSH immunostaining was markedly reduced compared with all other hypothyroid mouse genotypes. This impaired TSH response, however, was not due to a reduced number of pituitary thyrotrophs because thyrotroph cell number, as assessed by counting TSH immunopositive cells, was restored after chronic TRH treatment. Thus, TRH is absolutely required for both TSH and TH synthesis but is not necessary for thyrotroph cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisra A Nikrodhanond
- Department of Medicine and the Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Amendola E, De Luca P, Macchia PE, Terracciano D, Rosica A, Chiappetta G, Kimura S, Mansouri A, Affuso A, Arra C, Macchia V, Di Lauro R, De Felice M. A mouse model demonstrates a multigenic origin of congenital hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 2005; 146:5038-47. [PMID: 16150900 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism with thyroid dysgenesis (TD) is a frequent human condition characterized by elevated levels of TSH in response to reduced thyroid hormone levels. Congenital hypothyroidism is a genetically heterogeneous disease. In the majority of cases studied, no causative mutations have been identified and very often the disease does not show a Mendelian transmission. However, in approximately 5% of cases, it can be a consequence of mutations in genes encoding the TSH receptor or the transcription factors TITF1, FOXE1, or PAX8. We report here that in mouse models, the combination of partial deficiencies in the Titf1 and Pax8 genes results in an overt TD phenotype that is absent in either of the singly deficient, heterozygous mice. The disease is characterized by a small thyroid gland, elevated levels of TSH, reduced thyroglobulin biosynthesis, and high occurrence of hemiagenesis. The observed phenotype is strain specific, and the pattern of transmission indicates that at least two other genes, in addition to Titf1 and Pax8, are necessary to generate the condition. These results show that TD can be of multigenic origin in mice and strongly suggest that a similar pathogenic mechanism may be observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Amendola
- Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, Laboratorio di Genetica Animale at CEINGE, Naples, Italy
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Knauf JA, Ma X, Smith EP, Zhang L, Mitsutake N, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Nikiforov YE, Fagin JA. Targeted expression of BRAFV600E in thyroid cells of transgenic mice results in papillary thyroid cancers that undergo dedifferentiation. Cancer Res 2005; 65:4238-45. [PMID: 15899815 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The BRAFT1799A mutation is the most common genetic alteration in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC). It is also found in a subset of papillary microcarcinomas, consistent with a role in tumor initiation. PTCs with BRAFT1799A are often invasive and present at a more advanced stage. BRAFT1799A is found with high prevalence in tall-cell variant PTCs and in poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas arising from PTCs. To explore the role of BRAFV600E in thyroid cancer pathogenesis, we targeted its expression to thyroid cells of transgenic FVB/N mice with a bovine thyroglobulin promoter. Two Tg-BRAFV600E lines (Tg-BRAF2 and Tg-BRAF3) were propagated for detailed analysis. Tg-BRAF2 and Tg-BRAF3 mice had increased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (>7- and approximately 2-fold, respectively). This likely resulted from decreased expression of thyroid peroxidase, sodium iodine symporter, and thyroglobulin. All lines seemed to successfully compensate for thyroid dysfunction, as serum thyroxine/triiodothyronine and somatic growth were normal. Thyroid glands of transgenic mice were markedly enlarged by 5 weeks of age. In Tg-BRAF2 mice, PTCs were present at 12 and 22 weeks in 14 of 15 and 13 of 14 animals, respectively, with 83% exhibiting tall-cell features, 83% areas of invasion, and 48% foci of poorly differentiated carcinoma. Tg-BRAF3 mice also developed PTCs, albeit with lower prevalence (3 of 12 and 4 of 9 at 12 and 22 weeks, respectively). Tg-BRAF2 mice had a 30% decrease in survival at 5 months. In summary, thyroid-specific expression of BRAFV600E induces goiter and invasive PTC, which transitions to poorly differentiated carcinomas. This closely recapitulates the phenotype of BRAF-positive PTCs in humans and supports a key role for this oncogene in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Knauf
- Division of Endocrinology and Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0547, USA.
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Bhattacharyya KK, Coenen MJ, Bahn RS. Thyroid transcription factor-1 in orbital adipose tissues: potential role in orbital thyrotropin receptor expression. Thyroid 2005; 15:422-6. [PMID: 15929662 PMCID: PMC1196201 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2005.15.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is required for maximal expression of thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) in the thyroid. Extrathyroidal TSHR expression is detectable in normal orbital adipose tissues, with increased levels found in orbital tissues from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), and in orbital preadipocyte cultures following differentiation. In order to determine whether TTF-1 might be involved in orbital TSHR expression, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assess relative expression of this and other thyroid-associated transcription factors (TTF-2 and Pax-8) in GO orbital tissue specimens (n = 28) and cultures (n = 3), and in normal orbital tissues (n = 19) and cultures (n = 3). We detected TTF-1 and TTF-2 mRNA in GO and normal orbital tissue samples, with no difference in levels noted between the tissues. In the GO orbital cultures, TTF-1 mRNA was higher in differentiated than in control (undifferentiated) cultures (p < 0.05), while TTF-2 was unchanged. In the normal cultures, neither TTF-1 nor TTF-2 mRNA levels increased in differentiated cultures. Pax8 was undetectable in all orbital tissues and cell cultures. The presence of mRNA encoding TTF-1 in orbital tissues and cultures suggest that this transcription factor may play an important role in extrathyroidal, as it does in thyroidal, TSHR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca S. Bahn
- Address reprint requests to: Rebecca S. Bahn, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, E-mail:
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Abstract
Thyroid gland organogenesis results in an organ the shape, size, and position of which are largely conserved among adult individuals of the same species, thus suggesting that genetic factors must be involved in controlling these parameters. In humans, the organogenesis of the thyroid gland is often disturbed, leading to a variety of conditions, such as agenesis, ectopy, and hypoplasia, which are collectively called thyroid dysgenesis (TD). The molecular mechanisms leading to TD are largely unknown. Studies in murine models and in a few patients with dysgenesis revealed that mutations in regulatory genes expressed in the developing thyroid are responsible for this condition, thus showing that TD can be a genetic and inheritable disease. These studies open the way to a novel working hypothesis on the molecular and genetic basis of this frequent human condition and render the thyroid an important model in the understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating the size, shape, and position of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario De Felice
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, University of Naples Federico II, 80121 Naples, Italy
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Christophe D. The control of thyroid-specific gene expression: what exactly have we learned as yet? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 223:1-4. [PMID: 15358049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of transcription factors TTF 1 and Pax 8 and the demonstration of their pivotal role in thyroid development and in the control of thyroid-specific gene expression, although representing remarkable openings in our understanding of cell-specific transcription in the thyroid, still leave a lot of open questions. Recent work investigating the development of thyroid-specific gene expression in transgenic mouse models, now reveal that some basic assumptions have to be reconsidered also. Altogether, currently available data indicate that the regulatory machinery undergoes significant changes during thyroid organogenesis and confirm the existence of still unknown factors whose roles appear at least as critical as the ones played by TTF 1 and Pax 8 in the control of specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Christophe
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, IBMM, rue Pr. Jeener et Brachet, 12 B-6041 Gosselies, Belgique.
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