201
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Rozendaal YJW, Wang Y, Hilbers PAJ, van Riel NAW. Computational modelling of energy balance in individuals with Metabolic Syndrome. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 13:24. [PMID: 30808366 PMCID: PMC6390597 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-019-0705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background A positive energy balance is considered to be the primary cause of the development of obesity-related diseases. Treatment often consists of a combination of reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Here we use an existing computational modelling framework describing the long-term development of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in APOE3L.CETP mice fed a high-fat diet containing cholesterol with a human-like metabolic system. This model was used to analyze energy expenditure and energy balance in a large set of individual model realizations. Results We developed and applied a strategy to select specific individual models for a detailed analysis of heterogeneity in energy metabolism. Models were stratified based on energy expenditure. A substantial surplus of energy was found to be present during MetS development, which explains the weight gain during MetS development. In the majority of the models, energy was mainly expended in the peripheral tissues, but also distinctly different subgroups were identified. In silico perturbation of the system to induce increased peripheral energy expenditure implied changes in lipid metabolism, but not in carbohydrate metabolism. In silico analysis provided predictions for which individual models increase of peripheral energy expenditure would be an effective treatment. Conclusion The computational analysis confirmed that the energy imbalance plays an important role in the development of obesity. Furthermore, the model is capable to predict whether an increase in peripheral energy expenditure – for instance by cold exposure to activate brown adipose tissue (BAT) – could resolve MetS symptoms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-019-0705-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J W Rozendaal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A J Hilbers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A W van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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202
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[ 18F]BODIPY-triglyceride-containing chylomicron-like particles as an imaging agent for brown adipose tissue in vivo. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2706. [PMID: 30804455 PMCID: PMC6389948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is present in human adults and the current gold standard to visualize and quantify BAT is [18F]FDG PET-CT. However, this method fails to detect BAT under insulin-resistant conditions associated with ageing and weight gain, such as type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to develop a novel triglyceride-based tracer for BAT. For this purpose we designed a dual-modal fluorescent/PET fatty acid tracer based on commercially available BODIPY-FL-C16, which can be esterified to its correspondent triglyceride, radiolabeled and incorporated into pre-synthesized chylomicron-like particles. BODIPY-FL-C16 was coupled to 1,2-diolein with a subsequent radiolabeling step resulting in [18F]BODIPY-C16-triglyceride that was incorporated into chylomicron-like particles. Various quality control steps using fluorescent and radioactive methods were conducted before BAT visualization was tested in mice. Triglyceride synthesis, radiolabeling and subsequent incorporation into chylomicron-like particles was carried out in decent yields. This radiotracer appeared able to visualize BAT in vivo, and the uptake of the radiotracer was stimulated by cold exposure. The here reported method can be used to incorporate radiolabeled triglycerides into pre-synthesized chylomicron-like particles. Our approach is feasible to visualize and quantify the uptake of triglyceride-derived fatty acids by BAT.
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203
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Effects of Pharmacological Thermogenic Adipocyte Activation on Metabolism and Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020463. [PMID: 30813320 PMCID: PMC6412269 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermogenic adipocytes burn nutrients in order to produce heat. Upon activation, brown adipose tissue (BAT) clears vast amounts of lipids and glucose from the circulation and thus substantially lowers plasma lipid levels. As a consequence, BAT activation protects from the development of atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear if pharmacologic activation of BAT can be exploited therapeutically to reduce plaque burden in established atherosclerotic disease. Here we study the impact of thermogenic adipose tissues on plaque regression in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Thermogenic adipocytes in atherosclerotic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice were pharmacologically activated by dietary CL316,243 (CL) treatment for 4 weeks and the outcomes on metabolically active tissues, plasma lipids and atherosclerosis were analyzed. While the chronic activation of thermogenic adipocytes reduced adiposity, increased browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), altered liver gene expression, and reduced plasma triglyceride levels, atherosclerotic plaque burden remained unchanged. Our findings suggest that despite improving adiposity and plasma triglycerides, pharmacologic activation of thermogenic adipocytes is not able to reverse atherosclerosis in LDLR-deficient mice.
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204
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Gibert-Ramos A, Palacios-Jordan H, Salvadó MJ, Crescenti A. Consumption of out-of-season orange modulates fat accumulation, morphology and gene expression in the adipose tissue of Fischer 344 rats. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:621-631. [PMID: 30788591 PMCID: PMC7058598 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE According to the xenohormesis theory, animals receive signals from plants that give clues about the changing environment, and thus, depending on the season of the year, animals develop physiological changes to adapt in advance to the seasonal changes. Our objective was to study how the same fruit cultivated during two different seasons could affect the adipose tissue of rats. METHODS Thirty-six Fischer 344 rats were acclimated for 4 weeks to long-day or short-day (SD) photoperiods. After adaptation, three groups (n = 6) from each photoperiod were supplemented either with orange from the northern (ON) or southern (OS) hemispheres harvested in the same month or a vehicle (VH) for 10 weeks. Biometric measurements, postprandial plasmatic parameters, gene expression of the inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), and the histology of the IWAT were analysed. RESULTS The OSSD group increased its fat content compared to the VHSD, while the ON groups showed no biometric differences. The OS groups were further studied, and the IWAT showed increased levels of Pparγ gene expression and a higher percentage of larger adipocytes compared to the VH group. The BAT showed down-regulation of Lpl, Cpt1b and Pparα in the OSSD group compared to that in the VHSD group, suggesting an inhibition of BAT activity, however, Ucp1 gene expression was up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS We observed a different effect from both fruits, with the OS promoting a phenotype prone to fat accumulation when consumed in an SD photoperiod, which might be explained by the xenohormesis theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gibert-Ramos
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Building N4, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Hector Palacios-Jordan
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Building N4, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Josepa Salvadó
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Building N4, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Anna Crescenti
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
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205
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Yu DQ, Lv PP, Yan YS, Xu GX, Sadhukhan A, Dong S, Shen Y, Ren J, Zhang XY, Feng C, Huang YT, Tian S, Zhou Y, Cai YT, Ming ZH, Ding GL, Zhu H, Sheng JZ, Jin M, Huang HF. Intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia retards the development of brown adipose tissue. FASEB J 2019; 33:5425-5439. [PMID: 30759346 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801818r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an exclusive tissue of nonshivering thermogenesis. It is fueled by lipids and glucose and involved in energy and metabolic homeostasis. Intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia during gestational diabetes mellitus may result in abnormal fetal development and metabolic phenotypes in adulthood. However, whether intrauterine hyperglycemia influences the development of BAT is unknown. In this study, mouse embryos were exposed to the intrauterine hyperglycemia environment by injecting streptozocin into pregnant mice at 1 d post coitum (dpc). The structure of BAT was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis. The glucose uptake in BAT was measured in vivo by [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-micro-positron emission tomography. The gene expression in BAT was determined by real-time PCR, and the 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' site-specific methylation was quantitatively analyzed. Intrauterine hyperglycemia exposure resulted in the impaired structure of BAT and decreased glucose uptake function in BAT in adulthood. The expressions of the genes involved in thermogenesis and mitochondrial respiratory chain in BAT, such as Ucp1, Cox5b, and Elovl3, were down-regulated by intrauterine hyperglycemia exposure at 18.5 dpc and at 16 wk of age. Furthermore, higher methylation levels of Ucp1, Cox5b, and Elovl3 were found in offspring of mothers with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Our results provide the evidence for enduring inhibitory effects of intrauterine hyperglycemia on BAT development in offspring. Intrauterine hyperglycemia is associated with increased DNA methylation of the BAT specific genes in offspring, which support an epigenetic involvement.-Yu, D.-Q., Lv, P.-P., Yan, Y.-S., Xu, G.-X., Sadhukhan, A., Dong, S., Shen, Y., Ren, J., Zhang, X.-Y., Feng, C., Huang, Y.-T., Tian, S., Zhou, Y., Cai, Y.-T., Ming, Z.-H., Ding, G.-L., Zhu, H., Sheng, J.-Z., Jin, M., Huang, H.-F. Intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia retards the development of brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qing Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping-Ping Lv
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Shang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guan-Xin Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Annapurna Sadhukhan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ying Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ting Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shen Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ting Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Ming
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Lian Ding
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Min Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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206
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Peres Valgas da Silva C, Hernández-Saavedra D, White JD, Stanford KI. Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8010009. [PMID: 30759802 PMCID: PMC6466122 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rise in obesity over the last several decades has reached pandemic proportions. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that is involved in energy expenditure and represents an attractive target to combat both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cold exposure and exercise training are two stimuli that have been investigated with respect to BAT activation, metabolism, and the contribution of BAT to metabolic health. These two stimuli are of great interest because they have both disparate and converging effects on BAT activation and metabolism. Cold exposure is an effective mechanism to stimulate BAT activity and increase glucose and lipid uptake through mitochondrial uncoupling, resulting in metabolic benefits including elevated energy expenditure and increased insulin sensitivity. Exercise is a therapeutic tool that has marked benefits on systemic metabolism and affects several tissues, including BAT. Compared to cold exposure, studies focused on BAT metabolism and exercise display conflicting results; the majority of studies in rodents and humans demonstrate a reduction in BAT activity and reduced glucose and lipid uptake and storage. In addition to investigations of energy uptake and utilization, recent studies have focused on the effects of cold exposure and exercise on the structural lipids in BAT and secreted factors released from BAT, termed batokines. Cold exposure and exercise induce opposite responses in terms of structural lipids, but an important overlap exists between the effects of cold and exercise on batokines. In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences of cold exposure and exercise in relation to their effects on BAT activity and metabolism and its relevance for the prevention of obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmem Peres Valgas da Silva
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Diego Hernández-Saavedra
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Joseph D White
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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207
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Schilperoort M, van Dam AD, Hoeke G, Shabalina IG, Okolo A, Hanyaloglu AC, Dib LH, Mol IM, Caengprasath N, Chan YW, Damak S, Miller AR, Coskun T, Shimpukade B, Ulven T, Kooijman S, Rensen PC, Christian M. The GPR120 agonist TUG-891 promotes metabolic health by stimulating mitochondrial respiration in brown fat. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708047. [PMID: 29343498 PMCID: PMC5840546 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation stimulates energy expenditure in human adults, which makes it an attractive target to combat obesity and related disorders. Recent studies demonstrated a role for G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) in BAT thermogenesis. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of GPR120 agonism and addressed GPR120-mediated signaling in BAT We found that activation of GPR120 by the selective agonist TUG-891 acutely increases fat oxidation and reduces body weight and fat mass in C57Bl/6J mice. These effects coincided with decreased brown adipocyte lipid content and increased nutrient uptake by BAT, confirming increased BAT activity. Consistent with these observations, GPR120 deficiency reduced expression of genes involved in nutrient handling in BAT Stimulation of brown adipocytes in vitro with TUG-891 acutely induced O2 consumption, through GPR120-dependent and GPR120-independent mechanisms. TUG-891 not only stimulated GPR120 signaling resulting in intracellular calcium release, mitochondrial depolarization, and mitochondrial fission, but also activated UCP1. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of brown adipocytes with the GPR120 agonist TUG-891 is a promising strategy to increase lipid combustion and reduce obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Schilperoort
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthony Okolo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lea H Dib
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natarin Caengprasath
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yi-Wah Chan
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Campus Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sami Damak
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Reifel Miller
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Diabetes/Endocrine Department, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Diabetes/Endocrine Department, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bharat Shimpukade
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Cn Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Christian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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208
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Srivastava S, Veech RL. Brown and Brite: The Fat Soldiers in the Anti-obesity Fight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30761017 PMCID: PMC6363669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed to maintain thermal homeostasis through dissipation of chemical energy as heat by the uncoupling proteins (UCPs) present in their mitochondria. The recent demonstration of the presence of BAT in humans has invigorated research in this area. The research has provided many new insights into the biology and functioning of this tissue and the biological implications of its altered activities. Another finding of interest is browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) resulting in what is known as beige/brite cells, which have increased mitochondrial proteins and UCPs. In general, it has been observed that the activation of BAT is associated with various physiological improvements such as a reduction in blood glucose levels increased resting energy expenditure and reduced weight. Given the similar physiological functions of BAT and beige/ brite cells and the higher mass of WAT compared to BAT, it is likely that increasing the brite/beige cells in WATs may also lead to greater metabolic benefits. However, development of treatments targeting brown fat or WAT browning would require not only a substantial understanding of the biology of these tissues but also the effect of altering their activity levels on whole body metabolism and physiology. In this review, we present evidence from recent literature on the substrates utilized by BAT, regulation of BAT activity and browning by circulating molecules. We also present dietary and pharmacological activators of brown and beige/brite adipose tissue and the effect of physical exercise on BAT activity and browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesh Srivastava
- Systems Biology for Biofuels Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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209
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Abstract
The metabolic functions of different kinds of adipose tissue are of growing scientific and clinical interest. White adipose tissue is not only an energy store but as a highly active endocrine organ it also plays an essential role in the development of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Brown adipose tissue, on the other hand, can convert chemical energy into heat and could therefore have an opposing, protective effect. The activation of brown adipose tissue and the induction of the development of adipocytes with the characteristics of brown fat cells could make a significant contribution to the treatment of these civilization diseases. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of different adipose tissue types and the resulting therapeutic potential.
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210
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Chondronikola M, Sidossis LS. Brown and beige fat: From molecules to physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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211
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Zoico E, Rubele S, De Caro A, Nori N, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Zamboni M. Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue and Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:368. [PMID: 31281288 PMCID: PMC6595248 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Across aging, adipose tissue (AT) changes its quantity and distribution: AT becomes dysfunctional with an increase in production of inflammatory peptides, a decline of those with anti-inflammatory activity and infiltration of macrophages. Adipose organ dysfunction may lead to age-related metabolic alterations. Aging is characterized by an increase in adiposity and a decline in brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots and activity, and UCP1 expression. There are many possible links to age-associated involution of BAT, including the loss of mitochondrial function, impairment of the sympathetic nervous system, age-induced alteration of brown adipogenic stem/progenitor cell function and changes in endocrine signals. Aging is also associated with a reduction in beige adipocyte formation. Beige adipocytes are known to differentiate from a sub-population of progenitors resident in white adipose tissue (WAT); a defective ability of progenitor cells to proliferate and differentiate has been hypothesized with aging. The loss of beige adipocytes with age may be caused by changes in trophic factors in the adipose tissue microenvironment, which regulate progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. This review focuses on possible mechanisms involved in the reduction of BAT and beige activity with aging, along with possible targets for age-related metabolic disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zoico
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elena Zoico
| | - Sofia Rubele
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Caro
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicole Nori
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzali
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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212
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Xiang AS, Meikle PJ, Carey AL, Kingwell BA. Brown adipose tissue and lipid metabolism: New strategies for identification of activators and biomarkers with clinical potential. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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213
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Li Y, Schnabl K, Gabler SM, Willershäuser M, Reber J, Karlas A, Laurila S, Lahesmaa M, u Din M, Bast-Habersbrunner A, Virtanen KA, Fromme T, Bolze F, O’Farrell LS, Alsina-Fernandez J, Coskun T, Ntziachristos V, Nuutila P, Klingenspor M. Secretin-Activated Brown Fat Mediates Prandial Thermogenesis to Induce Satiation. Cell 2018; 175:1561-1574.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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214
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Nahon KJ, Doornink F, Straat ME, Botani K, Martinez-Tellez B, Abreu-Vieira G, van Klinken JB, Voortman GJ, Friesema ECH, Ruiz JR, van Velden FHP, de Geus-Oei LF, Smit F, Pereira Arias-Bouda LM, Berbée JFP, Jazet IM, Boon MR, Rensen PCN. Effect of sitagliptin on energy metabolism and brown adipose tissue in overweight individuals with prediabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2386-2397. [PMID: 30145664 PMCID: PMC6182651 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sitagliptin on glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, energy expenditure and metabolism of brown adipose tissue (BAT), white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle in overweight individuals with prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glucose). METHODS We performed a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in 30 overweight, Europid men (age 45.9 ± 6.2 years; BMI 28.8 ± 2.3 kg/m2) with prediabetes in the Leiden University Medical Center and the Alrijne Hospital between March 2015 and September 2016. Participants were initially randomly allocated to receive sitagliptin (100 mg/day) (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) for 12 weeks, using a randomisation list that was set up by an unblinded pharmacist. All people involved in the study as well as participants were blinded to group assignment. Two participants withdrew from the study prior to completion (both in the sitagliptin group) and were subsequently replaced with two new participants that were allocated to the same treatment. Before and after treatment, fasting venous blood samples and skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained, OGTT was performed and body composition, resting energy expenditure and [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) uptake by metabolic tissues were assessed. The primary study endpoint was the effect of sitagliptin on BAT volume and activity. RESULTS One participant from the sitagliptin group was excluded from analysis, due to a distribution error, leaving 29 participants for further analysis. Sitagliptin, but not placebo, lowered glucose excursion (-40%; p < 0.003) during OGTT, accompanied by an improved insulinogenic index (+38%; p < 0.003) and oral disposition index (+44%; p < 0.003). In addition, sitagliptin lowered serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (-29%) and very large (-46%), large (-35%) and medium-sized (-24%) VLDL particles (all p < 0.05). Body weight, body composition and energy expenditure did not change. In skeletal muscle, sitagliptin increased mRNA expression of PGC1β (also known as PPARGC1B) (+117%; p < 0.05), a main controller of mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism. Although the primary endpoint of change in BAT volume and activity was not met, sitagliptin increased [18F] FDG uptake in subcutaneous WAT (sWAT; +53%; p < 0.05). Reported side effects were mild and transient and not necessarily related to the treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Twelve weeks of sitagliptin in overweight, Europid men with prediabetes improves glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism, as related to increased [18F] FDG uptake by sWAT, rather than BAT, and upregulation of the mitochondrial gene PGC1β in skeletal muscle. Studies on the effect of sitagliptin on preventing or delaying the progression of prediabetes into type 2 diabetes are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02294084. FUNDING This study was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation, Ministry of Economic Affairs and the University of Granada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Nahon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur Doornink
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Straat
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kani Botani
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- PROFITH 'Promoting Fitness and Health through Physical Activity' research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gardi J Voortman
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edith C H Friesema
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH 'Promoting Fitness and Health through Physical Activity' research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Floris H P van Velden
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frits Smit
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands
| | - Lenka M Pereira Arias-Bouda
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, post zone C7Q, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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215
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Qi XY, Qu SL, Xiong WH, Rom O, Chang L, Jiang ZS. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:134. [PMID: 30305178 PMCID: PMC6180425 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the adipose tissue that surrounds most of the vasculature, has emerged as an active component of the blood vessel wall regulating vascular homeostasis and affecting the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although PVAT characteristics resemble both brown and white adipose tissues, recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own distinct precursors implying a closer link between PVAT and vascular system. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has potent anti-atherogenic properties mediated by its ability to secrete various biologically active factors that induce non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. In contrast, under pathological conditions (mainly obesity), PVAT becomes dysfunctional, loses its thermogenic capacity and secretes pro-inflammatory adipokines that induce endothelial dysfunction and infiltration of inflammatory cells, promoting atherosclerosis development. Since PVAT plays crucial roles in regulating key steps of atherosclerosis development, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current literature regarding the roles of PVAT in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Oren Rom
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
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216
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Heine M, Fischer AW, Schlein C, Jung C, Straub LG, Gottschling K, Mangels N, Yuan Y, Nilsson SK, Liebscher G, Chen O, Schreiber R, Zechner R, Scheja L, Heeren J. Lipolysis Triggers a Systemic Insulin Response Essential for Efficient Energy Replenishment of Activated Brown Adipose Tissue in Mice. Cell Metab 2018; 28:644-655.e4. [PMID: 30033199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of the organ-specific responses regulating systemic energy distribution to replenish lipid stores in acutely activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) remains elusive. Here, we show that short-term cold exposure or acute β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) stimulation results in secretion of the anabolic hormone insulin. This process is diminished in adipocyte-specific Atgl-/- mice, indicating that lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) promotes insulin secretion. Inhibition of pancreatic β cells abolished uptake of lipids delivered by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into activated BAT. Both increased lipid uptake into BAT and whole-body energy expenditure in response to β3AR stimulation were blunted in mice treated with the insulin receptor antagonist S961 or lacking the insulin receptor in brown adipocytes. In conclusion, we introduce the concept that acute cold and β3AR stimulation trigger a systemic response involving WAT, β cells, and BAT, which is essential for insulin-dependent fuel uptake and adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Jung
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon G Straub
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH-Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Gottschling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Mangels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yucheng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Liebscher
- Biocenter, Division of Cell Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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217
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Baskin AS, Linderman JD, Brychta RJ, McGehee S, Anflick-Chames E, Cero C, Johnson JW, O'Mara AE, Fletcher LA, Leitner BP, Duckworth CJ, Huang S, Cai H, Garraffo HM, Millo CM, Dieckmann W, Tolstikov V, Chen EY, Gao F, Narain NR, Kiebish MA, Walter PJ, Herscovitch P, Chen KY, Cypess AM. Regulation of Human Adipose Tissue Activation, Gallbladder Size, and Bile Acid Metabolism by a β3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist. Diabetes 2018; 67:2113-2125. [PMID: 29980535 PMCID: PMC6152342 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists are approved to treat only overactive bladder. However, rodent studies suggest that these drugs could have other beneficial effects on human metabolism. We performed tissue receptor profiling and showed that the human β3-AR mRNA is also highly expressed in gallbladder and brown adipose tissue (BAT). We next studied the clinical implications of this distribution in 12 healthy men given one-time randomized doses of placebo, the approved dose of 50 mg, and 200 mg of the β3-AR agonist mirabegron. There was a more-than-dose-proportional increase in BAT metabolic activity as measured by [18F]-2-fluoro-D-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (medians 0.0 vs. 18.2 vs. 305.6 mL ⋅ mean standardized uptake value [SUVmean] ⋅ g/mL). Only the 200-mg dose elevated both nonesterified fatty acids (68%) and resting energy expenditure (5.8%). Previously undescribed increases in gallbladder size (35%) and reductions in conjugated bile acids were also discovered. Therefore, besides urinary bladder relaxation, the human β3-AR contributes to white adipose tissue lipolysis, BAT thermogenesis, gallbladder relaxation, and bile acid metabolism. This physiology should be considered in the development of more selective β3-AR agonists to treat obesity-related complications.
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MESH Headings
- Acetanilides/pharmacology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Gallbladder/drug effects
- Gallbladder/metabolism
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
- Thermogenesis/genetics
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison S Baskin
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joyce D Linderman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert J Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Suzanne McGehee
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Esti Anflick-Chames
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James W Johnson
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alana E O'Mara
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura A Fletcher
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brooks P Leitner
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Courtney J Duckworth
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shan Huang
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - H Martin Garraffo
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Corina M Millo
- Department of Positron Emission Tomography, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - William Dieckmann
- Department of Positron Emission Tomography, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter J Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter Herscovitch
- Department of Positron Emission Tomography, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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218
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of hypertension (HTN), a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Growing body of research suggests that adipose tissue function is directly associated with the pathogenesis of obesity-related HTN. In this review, we will discuss recent research on the role of adipose tissue in blood pressure (BP) regulation and activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) as a potentially new therapeutic means for obesity-related HTN. RECENT FINDINGS Adipose tissue provides mechanical protection of the blood vessels and plays a role in regulation of vascular tone. Exercise and fasting activate BAT and induce browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). BAT-secreted FGF21 lowers BP and protects against HTN. Browning of perivascular WAT improves HTN. New insights on WAT browning and BAT activation can open new avenues of potential therapeutic interventions to treat obesity-related HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eashita Das
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Siliguri College, North Bengal University, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734001, India
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nikita Thakkar
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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219
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Oberoi R, Vlacil AK, Schuett J, Schösser F, Schuett H, Tietge UJF, Schieffer B, Grote K. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy increases plaque burden in a mouse model of experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2018; 277:80-89. [PMID: 30176568 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis is critically fueled by vascular inflammation through oxidized lipids and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Genetic disruption of Tnf-α reduces atherosclerosis in experimental mouse models. However, less is known about the therapeutic potential of Tnf-α blockage by pharmacological inhibitors such as monoclonal antibodies, which are already approved for several inflammatory disorders in patients. Therefore, we investigated the effect of pharmacological TNF-α inhibition on plaque development in experimental atherosclerosis. RESULTS 10 week old male Ldlr-/- mice were divided into 4 groups (n = 7-10) and fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet for 6 and 12 weeks. Simultaneously, the mouse-specific anti-Tnf-α monoclonal antibody CNTO5048 (CNT) or a control IgG was administered. RESULTS CNT reduced circulating inflammatory markers without affecting body weight and glucose metabolism. Unexpectedly, CNT treatment increased plasma triglyceride levels and pro-atherogenic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol as well as plaque burden in the thoracoabdominal aorta and in the aortic root. In addition, we observed decreased smooth muscle cell content in the lesions and a trend towards reduced collagen deposition upon Tnf-α inhibition. Furthermore, inflammatory gene expression in the aortic arch was increased following Tnf-α inhibitor treatment. CONCLUSIONS Although up to 12-week pharmacological inhibition of TNF-α in Ldlr-/- mice diminishes systemic inflammation, experimental plaque burden and vascular inflammatory gene expression are increased, while markers of plaque stability decrease. These observations may be explained by the development of a pro-atherogenic plasma lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Oberoi
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Jutta Schuett
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schösser
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Schuett
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karsten Grote
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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220
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RPS3A positively regulates the mitochondrial function of human periaortic adipose tissue and is associated with coronary artery diseases. Cell Discov 2018; 4:52. [PMID: 30131868 PMCID: PMC6102269 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericardial adipose tissue, which comprises both epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and paracardial adipose tissue (PAT), has recently been recognized as a novel factor in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary artery disease (CAD). The goal of this study was to evaluate differences in the brown-like characteristic and proteome among human EAT, PAT, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) to identify candidate molecules causing CAD. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and other brown-related proteins were highly expressed in pericardial adipose tissue but was weakly expressed in SAT from the same non-CAD patient. Moreover, pericardial adipose tissues displayed a higher thermogenesis than SAT. However, brown-related genes were lower in CAD pericardial fat. Remarkably, there were lower levels of metabolic enzymes involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid metabolism in pericardial adipose tissues of CAD. EAT is an organ adjacent to aortic root without anatomy barriers, which differs from PAT. We found that the expression of ribosomal protein S3A (RPS3A) was decreased in human EAT as well as in mouse perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Knockdown of RPS3A significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes and impaired the function of mitochondria in mature adipocytes. Moreover, RPS3A knockdown in mouse periaortic adipose tissue impaired browning of PVAT, accelerated vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis progression. Mechanistically, RPS3A can migrate to the mitochondria to maintain the function of brown adipocytes. These findings provide compelling evidence that RPS3A was a key factor for modulating the brown fat-specific gene UCP-1 and carbon metabolic enzymes in EAT for preventing CAD.
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221
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van Loon NM, Ottenhoff R, Kooijman S, Moeton M, Scheij S, Roscam Abbing RL, Gijbels MJ, Levels JH, Sorrentino V, Berbée JF, Rensen PC, Zelcer N. Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase IDOL Attenuates Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1785-1795. [PMID: 29903737 PMCID: PMC6092113 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective- The E3 ubiquitin ligase IDOL (inducible degrader of the LDLR [LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor]) is a post-transcriptional regulator of LDLR abundance. Model systems and human genetics support a role for IDOL in regulating circulating LDL levels. Whether IDOL plays a broader metabolic role and affects development of metabolic syndrome-associated comorbidities is unknown. Approach and Results- We studied WT (wild type) and Idol(-/-) (Idol-KO) mice in 2 models: physiological aging and diet-induced obesity. In both models, deletion of Idol protected mice from metabolic dysfunction. On a Western-type diet, Idol loss resulted in decreased circulating levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. This was accompanied by protection from weight gain in short- and long-term dietary challenges, which could be attributed to reduced hepatosteatosis and fat mass in Idol-KO mice. Although feeding and intestinal fat uptake were unchanged in Idol-KO mice, their brown adipose tissue was protected from lipid accumulation and had elevated expression of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) and TH (tyrosine hydroxylase). Indirect calorimetry indicated a marked increase in locomotion and suggested a trend toward increased cumulative energy expenditure and fat oxidation. An increase in in vivo clearance of reconstituted lipoprotein particles in Idol-KO mice may sustain this energetic demand. In the BXD mouse genetic reference population, hepatic Idol expression correlates with multiple metabolic parameters, thus providing support for findings in the Idol-KO mice. Conclusions- Our study uncovers an unrecognized role for Idol in regulation of whole body metabolism in physiological aging and on a Western-type diet. These findings support Idol inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to target multiple metabolic syndrome-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke M. van Loon
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (S.K., J.F.P.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Martina Moeton
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
| | - Saskia Scheij
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
| | | | - Marion J.J. Gijbels
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics (M.J.J.G.)
| | | | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- CARIM, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland (V.S.)
| | - Jimmy F.P. Berbée
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (S.K., J.F.P.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (S.K., J.F.P.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Noam Zelcer
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
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222
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Ramirez AK, Lynes MD, Shamsi F, Xue R, Tseng YH, Kahn CR, Kasif S, Dreyfuss JM. Integrating Extracellular Flux Measurements and Genome-Scale Modeling Reveals Differences between Brown and White Adipocytes. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3040-3048. [PMID: 29241534 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipocytes are specialized for energy storage, whereas brown adipocytes are specialized for energy expenditure. Explicating this difference can help identify therapeutic targets for obesity. A common tool to assess metabolic differences between such cells is the Seahorse Extracellular Flux (XF) Analyzer, which measures oxygen consumption and media acidification in the presence of different substrates and perturbagens. Here, we integrate the Analyzer's metabolic profile from human white and brown adipocytes with a genome-scale metabolic model to predict flux differences across the metabolic map. Predictions matched experimental data for the metabolite 4-aminobutyrate, the protein ABAT, and the fluxes for glucose, glutamine, and palmitate. We also uncovered a difference in how adipocytes dispose of nitrogenous waste, with brown adipocytes secreting less ammonia and more urea than white adipocytes. Thus, the method and software we developed allow for broader metabolic phenotyping and provide a distinct approach to uncovering metabolic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Ramirez
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Simon Kasif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Corrales P, Vidal-Puig A, Medina-Gómez G. PPARs and Metabolic Disorders Associated with Challenged Adipose Tissue Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072124. [PMID: 30037087 PMCID: PMC6073677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of a family of nuclear hormone receptors that exert their transcriptional control on genes harboring PPAR-responsive regulatory elements (PPRE) in partnership with retinoid X receptors (RXR). The activation of PPARs coordinated by specific coactivators/repressors regulate networks of genes controlling diverse homeostatic processes involving inflammation, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance. Defects in PPARs have been linked to lipodystrophy, obesity, and insulin resistance as a result of the impairment of adipose tissue expandability and functionality. PPARs can act as lipid sensors, and when optimally activated, can rewire many of the metabolic pathways typically disrupted in obesity leading to an improvement of metabolic homeostasis. PPARs also contribute to the homeostasis of adipose tissue under challenging physiological circumstances, such as pregnancy and aging. Given their potential pathogenic role and their therapeutic potential, the benefits of PPARs activation should not only be considered relevant in the context of energy balance-associated pathologies and insulin resistance but also as potential relevant targets in the context of diabetic pregnancy and changes in body composition and metabolic stress associated with aging. Here, we review the rationale for the optimization of PPAR activation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Corrales
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
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Assessment of the Aging of the Brown Adipose Tissue by 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging in the Progeria Mouse Model Lmna -/. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:8327089. [PMID: 30116163 PMCID: PMC6079616 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8327089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important energy metabolic organ that is highly implicated in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Aging is one of the most important determinants of BAT activity. In this study, we used 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging to assess BAT aging in Lmna−/− mice. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVMax) of the BAT was measured, and the target/nontarget (T/NT) values of BAT were calculated. The transcription and the protein expression levels of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), beta3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), and the PR domain-containing 16 (PRDM16) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting or immunohistochemical analysis. Apoptosis and cell senescence rates in the BAT of WT and Lmna−/− mice were determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and by CDKN2A/p16INK4a immunohistochemical staining, respectively. At 14 weeks of age, the BAT SUVMax and the expression levels of UCP1, β3-AR, and PRDM16 in Lmna−/− mice were significantly reduced relative to WT mice. At the same time, the number of p16INK4a and TUNEL positively stained cells (%) increased in Lmna−/− mice. Collectively, our results indicate that the aging characteristics and the aging regulatory mechanism in the BAT of Lmna−/− mice can mimic the normal BAT aging process.
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225
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Worthmann A, John C, Heeren J. Assessment of Uptake and Biodistribution of Radiolabeled Cholesterol in Mice Using Gavaged Recombinant Triglyceride-rich Lipoprotein Particles (rTRL). Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2916. [PMID: 34395745 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The here described method can be used to estimate the uptake of orally provided cholesterol in mice. Briefly, mice are gavaged with radiolabeled cholesterol and 4 h later, organ distribution of the radiolabel is determined by liquid scintillation counting. The method has been applied successfully to determine dietary cholesterol handling of mice housed at different ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Worthmann
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clara John
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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226
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Ruiz JR, Martinez-Tellez B, Sanchez-Delgado G, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. Role of Human Brown Fat in Obesity, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease: Strategies to Turn Up the Heat. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 61:232-245. [PMID: 29981351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) was re-discovered in 2009 by several independent groups, who showed that it is present and active in adults, as judged from the profound uptake of the glucose analogue radiotracer 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in positron-emission tomography and computed tomography scan analysis after cold exposure. A potential clinical implication of activating BAT relates to its high metabolic activity and its potential role in stimulating energy expenditure (i.e. resting energy expenditure, meal-induced thermogenesis, and cold-induced thermogenesis), which makes it an attractive target to reduce adiposity. Moreover, due to its ability to oxidise glucose and lipids, BAT activation may also potentially exert beneficial metabolic and cardiovascular effects through reducing glucose and lipid levels, respectively. This review describes the potential role of human BAT in the prevention and treatment of obesity, metabolism, and cardiovascular disease focusing on its impact on energy expenditure and management of body fat accumulation as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism. This article also summarises the strategies that are currently being studied to activate human BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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227
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Li Z, Yi CX, Katiraei S, Kooijman S, Zhou E, Chung CK, Gao Y, van den Heuvel JK, Meijer OC, Berbée JFP, Heijink M, Giera M, Willems van Dijk K, Groen AK, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Butyrate reduces appetite and activates brown adipose tissue via the gut-brain neural circuit. Gut 2018; 67:1269-1279. [PMID: 29101261 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Butyrate exerts metabolic benefits in mice and humans, the underlying mechanisms being still unclear. We aimed to investigate the effect of butyrate on appetite and energy expenditure, and to what extent these two components contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of butyrate. DESIGN Acute effects of butyrate on appetite and its method of action were investigated in mice following an intragastric gavage or intravenous injection of butyrate. To study the contribution of satiety to the metabolic benefits of butyrate, mice were fed a high-fat diet with butyrate, and an additional pair-fed group was included. Mechanistic involvement of the gut-brain neural circuit was investigated in vagotomised mice. RESULTS Acute oral, but not intravenous, butyrate administration decreased food intake, suppressed the activity of orexigenic neurons that express neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus, and decreased neuronal activity within the nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal vagal complex in the brainstem. Chronic butyrate supplementation prevented diet-induced obesity, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and hepatic steatosis, largely attributed to a reduction in food intake. Butyrate also modestly promoted fat oxidation and activated brown adipose tissue (BAT), evident from increased utilisation of plasma triglyceride-derived fatty acids. This effect was not due to the reduced food intake, but explained by an increased sympathetic outflow to BAT. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy abolished the effects of butyrate on food intake as well as the stimulation of metabolic activity in BAT. CONCLUSION Butyrate acts on the gut-brain neural circuit to improve energy metabolism via reducing energy intake and enhancing fat oxidation by activating BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Katiraei
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chih Kit Chung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - José K van den Heuvel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Heijink
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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228
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex plays a central role in brown adipocyte energy expenditure and fuel utilization during short-term beta-adrenergic activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9562. [PMID: 29934543 PMCID: PMC6015083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to total body energy expenditure through energy dissipation as heat. Activated BAT increases the clearance of lipids and glucose from the circulation, but how BAT accommodates large influx of multiple substrates is not well defined. The purpose of this work was to assess the metabolic fluxes in brown adipocytes during β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) activation.T37i murine preadipocytes were differentiated into brown adipocytes and we used Seahorse respirometry employing a set of specific substrate inhibitors in the presence or absence of β3-AR agonist CL316,243. The main substrate used by these brown adipocytes were fatty acids, which were oxidized equally during activation as well as during resting condition. [U-13C]-glucose tracer-based metabolomics revealed that the flux through the TCA cycle was enhanced and regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity. Based on 13C-tracer incorporation in lipids, it appeared that most glucose was oxidized via TCA cycle activity, while some was utilized for glycerol-3-phosphate synthesis to replenish the triglyceride pool. Collectively, we show that while fatty acids are the main substrates for oxidation, glucose is also oxidized to meet the increased energy demand during short term β3-AR activation. PDH plays an important role in directing glucose carbons towards oxidation.
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229
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Kuipers EN, Dam ADV, Held NM, Mol IM, Houtkooper RH, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. Quercetin Lowers Plasma Triglycerides Accompanied by White Adipose Tissue Browning in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061786. [PMID: 29914151 PMCID: PMC6032193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and dyslipidemia are major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, lowers plasma triglycerides (TG) in human intervention studies, and its intake is associated with lower CVD risk. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which quercetin lowers plasma TG levels in diet-induced obesity. C57Bl/6J mice received a high-fat diet (45% of calories derived from fat) with or without quercetin (0.1% w/w) for 12 weeks. Quercetin decreased plasma TG levels from nine weeks onwards (−19%, p < 0.05), without affecting food intake, body composition, or energy expenditure. Mechanistically, quercetin did not reduce intestinal fatty acid (FA) absorption. Rather, quercetin induced a slight reduction in liver Apob expression (−13%, p < 0.05), which suggests decreased very-low density lipoprotein-TG production. Interestingly, quercetin also markedly increased the uptake of [3H]oleate, which was derived from glycerol tri[3H]oleate-labeled lipoprotein-like particles by subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT, +60%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, quercetin also markedly increased mRNA expression of Ucp1 (+229%, p < 0.05) and Elovl3 (+138%, p < 0.05), specifically in sWAT. Accordingly, only quercetin-treated animals showed uncoupling protein-1 protein-positive cells in sWAT, which is fully compatible with increased browning. Taken together, the TG-lowering effect of quercetin may, at least in part, be due to increased TG-derived FA uptake by sWAT as a consequence of browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline N Kuipers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Post Zone C7Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Post Zone C7Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ntsiki M Held
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) institute, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Post Zone C7Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) institute, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Post Zone C7Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Post Zone C7Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article explores how the interplay between lipid metabolism and thermogenic adipose tissues enables proper physiological adaptation to cold environments in rodents and humans. RECENT FINDINGS Cold exposure triggers systemic changes in lipid metabolism, which increases fatty acid delivery to brown adipose tissue (BAT) by various routes. Next to fatty acids generated intracellularly by de-novo lipogenesis or by lipolysis at lipid droplets, brown adipocytes utilize fatty acids released by white adipose tissue (WAT) for adaptive thermogenesis. WAT-derived fatty acids are internalized directly by BAT, or indirectly after hepatic conversion to very low-density lipoproteins and acylcarnitines. In the postprandial state, chylomicrons hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase - activated specifically in thermogenic adipocytes - are the predominant fatty acid source. Cholesterol-enriched chylomicron remnants and HDL generated by intravascular lipolysis in BAT are cleared more rapidly by the liver, explaining the antiatherogenic effects of BAT activation. Notably, increased cholesterol flux and elevated hepatic synthesis of bile acids under cold exposure further promote BAT-dependent thermogenesis. SUMMARY Although pathways providing fatty acids for activated BAT have been identified, more research is needed to understand the integration of lipid metabolism in BAT, WAT and liver, and to determine the relevance of BAT for human energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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231
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Reitman ML. Of mice and men - environmental temperature, body temperature, and treatment of obesity. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2098-2107. [PMID: 29697140 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mice are widely used for exploring obesity physiology and treatment. However, thermal biology is different between small and large mammals. In this Review, we discuss how the effect of environmental temperature must be understood to ensure applicability of mouse experiments to human obesity. At ambient environmental temperature (~ 22 °C), over one-third of energy expenditure in mice is devoted to maintaining core body temperature, largely by brown adipose tissue. To conserve this energy, mice can enter a regulated hypothermia, while humans do not. Since humans expend little or no energy specifically to keep warm, mice studied at thermoneutrality (~ 30 °C) may be a better model for human energy homeostasis. Studies indicate that environmental temperature also affects the efficacy of drugs that increase energy expenditure. In mice, dinitrophenol, a protonophore, and CL316243, a β3-adrenergic agonist, both increase metabolic rate at thermoneutrality, but only CL316243 increases it at 22 °C. Furthermore, mice housed at thermoneutrality may become more obese than mice at 22 °C. Thus, we discuss the importance of studying mice at both thermoneutrality and at lower temperatures in obesity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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232
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Marlatt KL, Chen KY, Ravussin E. Is activation of human brown adipose tissue a viable target for weight management? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R479-R483. [PMID: 29741929 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00443.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To date, human studies show that brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes a small yet highly variable amount to overall energy expenditure. No studies have shown a decrease in body weight with cold-induced BAT activation, and existing pharmacological studies suggest that BAT activation via the sympathetic nervous system may result in increased heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, even though the amount and/or activity of BAT have been shown to vary with seasons, such variation does not seem to be translated into weight changes. Collectively, these findings do not support the use of BAT activation for weight loss in humans; however, the potential role of BAT in counteracting the metabolic adaptation observed with weight loss is suggested. Although the role of BAT in weight control is currently unsubstantiated, BAT may play a role in improving insulin sensitivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Marlatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Kong Y Chen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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233
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van Eenige R, van der Stelt M, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Regulation of Adipose Tissue Metabolism by the Endocannabinoid System. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:326-337. [PMID: 29588112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) stores excess energy as triglycerides, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized in dissipating energy as heat. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in a broad range of physiological processes and is increasingly recognized as a key player in adipose tissue metabolism. High ECS tonus in the fed state is associated with a disadvantageous metabolic phenotype, and this has led to a search for pharmacological strategies to inhibit the ECS. In this review we present recent developments that cast light on the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism by the ECS, and we discuss novel treatment options including the modulation of endocannabinoid synthesis and breakdown enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin van Eenige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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234
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Baldivia DDS, Sanjinez-Argandonã EJ, Antunes KÁ, Moraes ICF, Dos Santos EL, de Picoli Souza K. The Chemical Composition and Metabolic Effects of Attalea phalerata Nut Oil in Hyperlipidemic Rats Induced by a High-Fructose Diet. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040960. [PMID: 29677105 PMCID: PMC6017791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acids found in nuts are important regulators of the metabolism. These acids are frequently associated with a reduction of serum cholesterol and body fat and a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify and quantify the nut oil fatty acids from Attalea phalerata and investigate their metabolic effects in rats with hyperlipidemia induced by a diet rich in fructose. Oleic and lauric acids were the major compounds found in the A. phalerata nut oil (APNO). Hyperlipidemic rats treated with APNO showed a reduction in the total serum cholesterol similar to those treated with simvastatin, an increased body temperature by 1 °C, and a reduction in the body weight gain and mesenteric depot of white adipose tissue compared to the hyperlipidemic controls rats. There was an increase in the relative liver weight of rats treated with APNO, without, however, any change in the serum markers of hepatic toxicity. In addition, there was an increase in the moisture and lipid content of the feces of the rats treated with APNO compared to the controls. Together, these results suggest that APNO has potential use in health foods and nutritional supplements to control hypercholesterolemia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora da Silva Baldivia
- Research group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting applied to metabolism (GEBBAM), Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, Dourados MS 79804-970, Brazil.
| | | | - Kátia Ávila Antunes
- Research group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting applied to metabolism (GEBBAM), Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, Dourados MS 79804-970, Brazil.
| | | | - Edson Lucas Dos Santos
- Research group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting applied to metabolism (GEBBAM), Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, Dourados MS 79804-970, Brazil.
| | - Kely de Picoli Souza
- Research group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting applied to metabolism (GEBBAM), Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, Dourados MS 79804-970, Brazil.
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235
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Kong LR, Zhou YP, Chen DR, Ruan CC, Gao PJ. Decrease of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Browning Is Associated With Vascular Dysfunction in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats During Aging. Front Physiol 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 29720945 PMCID: PMC5915562 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is necessary to maintain vascular physiology through both mechanical support and endocrine or paracrine ways. PVAT shows a brown adipose tissue (BAT)-like feature and the browning level of PVAT is dependent on the anatomic location and species. However, it is not clear whether PVAT browning is involved in the vascular tone regulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). In the present study, we aimed to illustrate the effect of aging on PVAT browning and subsequent vasomotor reaction in SHRs. Herein we utilized histological staining and western blot to detect the characteristics of thoracic PVAT (tPVAT) in 8-week-old and 16-week-old SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We also detected vascular reactivity analysis to determine the effect of tPVAT on vasomotor reaction during aging. The results showed that tPVAT had a similar phenotype to BAT, including smaller adipocyte size and positive uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) staining. Interestingly, the tPVAT of 8-week-old SHR showed increased BAT phenotypic marker expression compared to WKY, whereas the browning level of tPVAT had a more dramatic decrease from 8 to 16 weeks of age in SHR than age-matched WKY rats. The vasodilation effect of tPVAT on aortas had no significant difference in 8-week-old WKY and SHR, whereas this effect is obviously decreased in 16-week-old SHR compared to WKY. In contrast, tPVAT showed a similar vasoconstriction effect in 8- or 16-week-old WKY and SHR rats. Moreover, we identified an important vasodilator adenosine, which regulates adipocyte browning and may be a potential PVAT-derived relaxing factor. Adenosine is dramatically decreased from 8 to 16 weeks of age in the tPVAT of SHR. In summary, aging is associated with a decrease of tPVAT browning and adenosine production in SHR rats. These may result in attenuated vasodilation effect of the tPVAT in SHR during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ran Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension at Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension at Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension at Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Chao Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension at Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension at Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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236
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Vargas D, López C, Acero E, Benitez E, Wintaco A, Camacho J, Carreño M, Umaña J, Jimenez D, Díaz S, Lizcano F. Thermogenic capacity of human periaortic adipose tissue is transformed by body weight. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194269. [PMID: 29554135 PMCID: PMC5858771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomical location of adipose tissue might have direct implications for its functionality and risk of cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels may be thermogenically more active in specific areas of the body, releasing substances that regulate vascular metabolism. In humans, the phenotypic characteristics of adipose tissue surrounding the aorta and the cardiovascular disease risk that it might entail remain largely unknown. Here, we compared thermogenesis-related molecular features of human periaortic adipose tissue samples with those of subcutaneous adipose tissue, obtained by sternotomy from 42 patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. To determine the expression of genes related to energy expenditure and the levels of some adipokines, histological examinations, quantitative PCR, and protein expression measurements in adipocyte precursor cells were performed. Periaortic adipocytes were smaller than those from subcutaneous tissue. Moreover, weight gain induced periaortic adipocyte hypertrophy (r = -0.91, p<0.01). Compared to subcutaneous tissue, adiponectin, FABP4, IL-4 and IL-6 was decreased in periaortic adipocytes, whereas FGF21, UCP-1, PGC-1a, CITED1, Omentin and TFAM (Mitochondrial protein) increased. Upon analyzing patients’ clinical conditions, it emerged that the levels of PGC-1a both in male (r = -0.48 p<0.04) and female (r = -0.61, p<0.05) and TFAM in male (r = -0.72, p<0.0008) and female (r = -0.86, p<0.002) decreased significantly with progressive weight gain. However, no differences were observed in patients with diabetes mellitus 2 or Hyperlipidemia. Adipocytes surrounding the ascending aorta present markers of major thermogenic activity than those in subcutaneous tissue. Nevertheless, this characteristic might change, due to unfavorable metabolic conditions such as obesity, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vargas
- Center of Biomedical Investigation from Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Carolina López
- Center of Biomedical Investigation from Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Edward Acero
- Center of Biomedical Investigation from Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Edgar Benitez
- Center of Biomedical Investigation from Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Angélica Wintaco
- Center of Biomedical Investigation from Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Jaime Camacho
- Fundacion CardioInfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Marisol Carreño
- Fundacion CardioInfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Juan Umaña
- Fundacion CardioInfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Daniela Jimenez
- Center of Biomedical Investigation from Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Said Díaz
- Center of Biomedical Investigation from Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Fernando Lizcano
- Center of Biomedical Investigation from Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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237
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Sepa-Kishi DM, Katsnelson G, Bikopoulos G, Iqbal A, Ceddia RB. Cold acclimation reduces hepatic protein Kinase B and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and increases gluconeogenesis in Rats. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13592. [PMID: 29504286 PMCID: PMC5835512 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular and metabolic responses of the liver to cold-induced thermogenesis. To accomplish that, male Wistar rats were exposed to cold (4°C) for 7 days. Livers were then extracted and used for the determination of glucose and fatty acid oxidation, glycogen content, the expression and content of proteins involved in insulin signaling, as well as in the regulation of gluconeogenesis and de novo lipid synthesis. Despite being hyperphagic, cold-acclimated rats displayed normoglycemia with reduced insulinemia, which suggests improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. However, liver protein kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylations were markedly reduced along with the expressions of the insulin receptor (IR) and its substrates IRS1 and IRS2, whereas glycogen synthase (GS) phosphorylation increased. Thus, major signaling steps of the glycogen synthesis pathway in the liver were inhibited. Furthermore, glucagonemia and hepatic glucose and fatty acid oxidation were increased, whereas liver glycogen content was reduced by cold acclimation. This was accompanied by significantly elevated expressions of the gluconeogenic transcription regulators CRTC2, PGC-1α, and FoxO1, as well as of major gluconeogenic enzymes (G6Pase, FBP1, and PEPCK). Conversely, phosphorylation and contents of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) content were markedly downregulated in livers of cold-acclimated rats. In conclusion, cold acclimation suppressed hepatic glycogen synthesis and promoted profound metabolic changes in the liver so the organ could sustain its ability to regulate whole-body glucose and lipid metabolism under conditions of high-energy demand in thermogenic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Sepa-Kishi
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glen Katsnelson
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Bikopoulos
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayesha Iqbal
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rolando B Ceddia
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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238
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Adrenergic receptor-mediated activation of FGF-21-adiponectin axis exerts atheroprotective effects in brown adipose tissue-transplanted apoE −/− mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:1097-1103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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239
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A Diurnal Rhythm in Brown Adipose Tissue Causes Rapid Clearance and Combustion of Plasma Lipids at Wakening. Cell Rep 2018; 22:3521-3533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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240
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Bartelt A, Widenmaier SB, Schlein C, Johann K, Goncalves RLS, Eguchi K, Fischer AW, Parlakgül G, Snyder NA, Nguyen TB, Bruns OT, Franke D, Bawendi MG, Lynes MD, Leiria LO, Tseng YH, Inouye KE, Arruda AP, Hotamisligil GS. Brown adipose tissue thermogenic adaptation requires Nrf1-mediated proteasomal activity. Nat Med 2018; 24:292-303. [PMID: 29400713 PMCID: PMC5839993 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes possess remarkable adaptive capacity to respond to nutrient excess, fasting or cold exposure, and they are thus an important cell type for the maintenance of proper metabolic health. Although the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle for cellular homeostasis, the mechanisms that mediate adaptation of the ER to metabolic challenges in adipocytes are unclear. Here we show that brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic function requires an adaptive increase in proteasomal activity to secure cellular protein quality control, and we identify the ER-localized transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 1 (Nfe2l1, also known as Nrf1) as a critical driver of this process. We show that cold adaptation induces Nrf1 in BAT to increase proteasomal activity and that this is crucial for maintaining ER homeostasis and cellular integrity, specifically when the cells are in a state of high thermogenic activity. In mice, under thermogenic conditions, brown-adipocyte-specific deletion of Nfe2l1 (Nrf1) resulted in ER stress, tissue inflammation, markedly diminished mitochondrial function and whitening of the BAT. In mouse models of both genetic and dietary obesity, stimulation of proteasomal activity by exogenously expressing Nrf1 or by treatment with the proteasome activator PA28α in BAT resulted in improved insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, Nrf1 emerges as a novel guardian of brown adipocyte function, providing increased proteometabolic quality control for adapting to cold or to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott B Widenmaier
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kornelia Johann
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renata L S Goncalves
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kosei Eguchi
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Günes Parlakgül
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole A Snyder
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Truc B Nguyen
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Franke
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luiz O Leiria
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen E Inouye
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Paula Arruda
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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241
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Wang B, Li A, Li X, Ho PW, Wu D, Wang X, Liu Z, Wu KK, Yau SS, Xu A, Cheng KK. Activation of hypothalamic RIP-Cre neurons promotes beiging of WAT via sympathetic nervous system. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744977. [PMID: 29467283 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat by cold increases energy expenditure. Although their activation is known to be differentially regulated in part by hypothalamus, the underlying neural pathways and populations remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that activation of rat-insulin-promoter-Cre (RIP-Cre) neurons in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) preferentially promotes recruitment of beige fat via a selective control of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow to subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT), but has no effect on BAT Genetic ablation of APPL2 in RIP-Cre neurons diminishes beiging in sWAT without affecting BAT, leading to cold intolerance and obesity in mice. Such defects are reversed by activation of RIP-Cre neurons, inactivation of VMH AMPK, or treatment with a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist. Hypothalamic APPL2 enhances neuronal activation in VMH RIP-Cre neurons and raphe pallidus, thereby eliciting SNS outflow to sWAT and subsequent beiging. These data suggest that beige fat can be selectively activated by VMH RIP-Cre neurons, in which the APPL2-AMPK signaling axis is crucial for this defending mechanism to cold and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baile Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ang Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Philip Wl Ho
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuohao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kl Wu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sonata Sy Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China .,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth Ky Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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242
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Hildebrand S, Stümer J, Pfeifer A. PVAT and Its Relation to Brown, Beige, and White Adipose Tissue in Development and Function. Front Physiol 2018; 9:70. [PMID: 29467675 PMCID: PMC5808192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is commonly categorized into three types with distinct functions, phenotypes, and anatomical localizations. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the major energy store; the largest depots of WAT are found in subcutaneous or intravisceral sites. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for energy dissipation during cold-exposure (i.e., non-shivering thermogenesis) and is primarily located in the interscapular region. Beige or brite (brown-in-white) adipose tissue can be found interspersed in WAT and can attain a brown-like phenotype. These three types of tissues also have endocrine functions and play major roles in whole body metabolism especially in obesity and its co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease. Over the last years, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has emerged as an adipose organ with endocrine and paracrine functions. Pro and anti-inflammatory agents released by PVAT affect vascular health, and are implicated in the inflammatory aspects of atherosclerosis. PVAT shares several of the defining characteristics of brown adipose tissue, including its cellular morphology and expression of thermogenic genes characteristic for brown adipocytes. However, PVATs from different vessels are phenotypically different, and significant developmental differences exist between PVAT and other adipose tissues. Whether PVAT represents classical BAT, beige adipose tissue, or WAT with changing characteristics, is unclear. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on how PVAT relates to other types of adipose tissue, both in terms of functionality, developmental origins, and its role in obesity-related cardiovascular disease and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Hildebrand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jasmin Stümer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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243
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Eggink HM, Tambyrajah LL, van den Berg R, Mol IM, van den Heuvel JK, Koehorst M, Groen AK, Boelen A, Kalsbeek A, Romijn JA, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S, Soeters MR. Chronic infusion of taurolithocholate into the brain increases fat oxidation in mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:85-97. [PMID: 29233934 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids can function in the postprandial state as circulating signaling molecules in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism via the transmembrane receptor TGR5 and nuclear receptor FXR. Both receptors are present in the central nervous system, but their function in the brain is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of taurolithocholate (tLCA), a strong TGR5 agonist, and GW4064, a synthetic FXR agonist, on energy metabolism. We determined the effects of chronic i.c.v. infusion of tLCA, GW4064, or vehicle on energy expenditure, body weight and composition as well as tissue specific fatty acid uptake in mice equipped with osmotic minipumps. We found that i.c.v. administration of tLCA (final concentration in cerebrospinal fluid: 1 μM) increased fat oxidation (tLCA group: 0.083 ± 0.006 vs control group: 0.036 ± 0.023 kcal/h, F = 5.46, P = 0.04) and decreased fat mass (after 9 days of tLCA infusion: 1.35 ± 0.13 vs controls: 1.96 ± 0.23 g, P = 0.03). These changes were associated with enhanced uptake of triglyceride-derived fatty acids by brown adipose tissue and with browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. I.c.v. administration of GW4064 (final concentration in cerebrospinal fluid: 10 μM) did not affect energy metabolism, body composition nor bile acid levels, negating a role of FXR in the central nervous system in metabolic control. In conclusion, bile acids such as tLCA may exert metabolic effects on fat metabolism via the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Eggink
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren L Tambyrajah
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosa van den Berg
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jose K van den Heuvel
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular MedicineAmsterdam Diabetes Centre, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of MedicineAcademic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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244
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Chechi K, van Marken Lichtenbelt W, Richard D. Brown and beige adipose tissues: phenotype and metabolic potential in mice and men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:482-496. [PMID: 28302705 PMCID: PMC5867364 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00021.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the recent rediscovery of brown fat in adult humans, our outlook on adipose tissue biology has undergone a paradigm shift. While we attempt to identify, recruit, and activate classic brown fat stores in humans, identification of beige fat has also raised the possibility of browning our white fat stores. Whether such transformation of human white fat depots can be achieved to enhance the whole body oxidative potential remains to be seen. Evidence to date, however, largely points toward a major oxidative role only for classic brown fat depots, at least in rodents. White fat stores seem to provide the main fuel for sustaining thermogenesis via lipolysis. Interestingly, molecular markers consistent with both classic brown and beige fat identity can be observed in human supraclavicular depot, thereby complicating the discussion on beige fat in humans. Here, we review the recent advances made in our understanding of brown and beige fat in humans and mice. We further provide an overview of their plausible physiological relevance to whole body energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Chechi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Ville de Québec, Quebec , Canada
| | - Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Ville de Québec, Quebec , Canada
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Duta-Mare M, Sachdev V, Leopold C, Kolb D, Vujic N, Korbelius M, Hofer DC, Xia W, Huber K, Auer M, Gottschalk B, Magnes C, Graier WF, Prokesch A, Radovic B, Bogner-Strauss JG, Kratky D. Lysosomal acid lipase regulates fatty acid channeling in brown adipose tissue to maintain thermogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:467-478. [PMID: 29374543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is the only known enzyme, which hydrolyzes cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols in lysosomes of multiple cells and tissues. Here, we explored the role of LAL in brown adipose tissue (BAT). LAL-deficient (Lal-/-) mice exhibit markedly reduced UCP1 expression in BAT, modified BAT morphology with accumulation of lysosomes, and mitochondrial dysfunction, consequently leading to regular hypothermic events in mice kept at room temperature. Cold exposure resulted in reduced lipid uptake into BAT, thereby aggravating dyslipidemia and causing life threatening hypothermia in Lal-/- mice. Linking LAL as a potential regulator of lipoprotein lipase activity, we found Angptl4 mRNA expression upregulated in BAT. Our data demonstrate that LAL is critical for shuttling fatty acids derived from circulating lipoproteins to BAT during cold exposure. We conclude that inhibited lysosomal lipid hydrolysis in BAT leads to impaired thermogenesis in Lal-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Duta-Mare
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Leopold
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dina C Hofer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Wenmin Xia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Auer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Magnes
- Health, Bioanalytik und Metabolomics, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Branislav Radovic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juliane G Bogner-Strauss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Christoffersen C, Federspiel CK, Borup A, Christensen PM, Madsen AN, Heine M, Nielsen CH, Kjaer A, Holst B, Heeren J, Nielsen LB. The Apolipoprotein M/S1P Axis Controls Triglyceride Metabolism and Brown Fat Activity. Cell Rep 2018; 22:175-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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247
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Cong H, Zhong W, Wang Y, Ikuyama S, Fan B, Gu J. Pycnogenol® Induces Browning of White Adipose Tissue through the PKA Signaling Pathway in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:9713259. [PMID: 29577045 PMCID: PMC5822826 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9713259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) have received considerable recognition because of their potential protective effect against obesity. Pycnogenol (PYC), extracted from French maritime pine bark, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and can improve lipid profiles. However, the effect of PYC on obesity has never been explored. In this study, we investigated the effects of PYC on obesity and WAT browning in apolipoprotein E- (ApoE-) deficient mice. The results showed that PYC treatment clearly reversed body weight and the mass of eWAT gain resulting from a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet (HCD), but no difference in food intake. The morphology results showed that the size of the adipocytes in the PYC-treated mice was obviously smaller than that in the HCD-fed mice. Next, we found that PYC upregulated the expression of genes related to lipolysis (ATGL and HSL), while it decreased the mRNA level of PLIN1. PYC significantly increased the expression of UCP1 and other genes related to beige adipogenesis. Additionally, PYC increased the expression of proteins related to the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. The findings suggested that PYC decreased obesity by promoting lipolysis and WAT browning. Thus, PYC may be a novel therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Cong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, China
- The Endocrine Institute and the Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Wenxia Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, China
- The Endocrine Institute and the Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, China
- The Endocrine Institute and the Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Shoichiro Ikuyama
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Department of Diabetes, Endocrine and Rheumatic Diseases, Oita San-ai Medical Center, 1213 Ichi, Oita 870-1151, Japan
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Jianqiu Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, China
- The Endocrine Institute and the Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, China
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248
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Inulin from Jerusalem artichoke tubers alleviates hyperlipidemia and increases abundance of bifidobacteria in the intestines of hyperlipidemic mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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249
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Kroon J, Koorneef LL, van den Heuvel JK, Verzijl CRC, van de Velde NM, Mol IM, Sips HCM, Hunt H, Rensen PCN, Meijer OC. Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist CORT125281 Activates Brown Adipose Tissue and Alters Lipid Distribution in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:535-546. [PMID: 28938459 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids influence a wide range of metabolic processes in the human body, and excessive glucocorticoid exposure is known to contribute to the development of metabolic disease. We evaluated the utility of the novel glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist CORT125281 for its potential to overcome adiposity, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia and compared this head-to-head with the classic GR antagonist RU486 (mifepristone). We show that, although RU486 displays cross-reactivity to the progesterone and androgen receptor, CORT125281 selectively inhibits GR transcriptional activity. In a mouse model for diet-induced obesity, rhythmicity of circulating corticosterone levels was disturbed. CORT125281 restored this disturbed rhythmicity, in contrast to RU486, which further inhibited endogenous corticosterone levels and suppressed adrenal weight. Both CORT125281 and RU486 reduced body weight gain and fat mass. In addition, CORT125281, but not RU486, lowered plasma levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids and strongly stimulated triglyceride-derived fatty acid uptake by brown adipose tissue depots. In combination with reduced lipid content in brown adipocytes, this indicates that CORT125281 enhances metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue depots. CORT125281 was also found to increase liver lipid accumulation. Taken together, CORT125281 displayed a wide range of beneficial metabolic activities that are in part distinct from RU486, but clinical utility may be limited due to liver lipid accumulation. This warrants further evaluation of GR antagonists or selective modulators that are not accompanied by liver lipid accumulation while preserving their beneficial metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kroon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa L Koorneef
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jose K van den Heuvel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cristy R C Verzijl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke M van de Velde
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty C M Sips
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hazel Hunt
- Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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250
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Lynes MD, Tseng YH. Deciphering adipose tissue heterogeneity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1411:5-20. [PMID: 28763833 PMCID: PMC5788721 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an excess accumulation of adipose tissue mass, and, together with its sequelae, in particular type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome, obesity presents a major health crisis. Although obesity is simply caused by increased adipose mass, the heterogeneity of adipose tissue in humans means that the response to increased energy balance is highly complex. Individual subjects with similar phenotypes may respond very differently to the same treatments; therefore, obesity may benefit from a personalized precision medicine approach. The variability in the development of obesity is indeed driven by differences in sex, genetics, and environment, but also by the various types of adipose tissue as well as the different cell types that compose it. By describing the distinct cell populations that reside in different fat depots, we can interpret the complex effect of these various players in the maintenance of whole-body energy homeostasis. To further understand adipose tissue, adipogenic differentiation and the transcriptional program of lipid accumulation must be investigated. As the cell- and depot-specific functions are described, they can be placed in the context of energy excess to understand how the heterogeneity of adipose tissue shapes individual metabolic status and condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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