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Boch S, Wildeman C, Dexheimer J, Kahn R, Lambert J, Beal S. Pediatric Health and System Impacts of Mass Incarceration, 2009-2020: A Matched Cohort Study. Acad Pediatr 2024:S1876-2859(24)00164-5. [PMID: 38823498 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The US has the highest incarceration rate in the world; incarceration's direct and indirect toll on the health and health care use of youth is rarely investigated. We sought to compare the health of youth with known personal or family justice involvement and a matched cohort of youth without known personal/family justice involvement. METHODS A cross-sectional matched parallel cohort study was conducted. We queried electronic health records on youth (<21 years) with a visit in a large Midwestern pediatric hospital-based institution from January 2009 to December 2020. Youth were located by searching for justice-related (eg, prison, jail) keywords within all clinician notes. Health diagnostic profiles were measured using ICD 9/10 codes. Health care use included total admissions, inpatient days, emergent and urgent visits, and outpatient visits. RESULTS Across all youth at one institution over an 11-year period, 2.2% (N = 38,263) were identified as having probable personal or family justice-involvement. Youth with personal or familial justice involvement had 1.5-16.2 times the prevalence of mental health and physical health diagnoses across all domain groupings compared to a matched sample and the total population sample. From 2009-2020, approximately two-thirds of behavioral health care and nearly a quarter of all hospital inpatient days were attributed to the 2.2% of youth with probable personal or familial justice system involvement. CONCLUSION The study illuminates the vast disparities between youth with indirect or direct contact with the criminal legal system and matched youth with no documented contact. Better investment in monitoring and prevention efforts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Boch
- Department of Population Health (S Boch and J Lambert), College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; James M Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence (S Boch), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Sociology (C Wildeman), Duke University, Durham, NC; Research Unit (C Wildeman), ROCKWOOL Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith Dexheimer
- Department of Pediatrics (J Dexheimer, R Kahn, and S Beal), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Emergency Medicine (J Dexheimer), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics (J Dexheimer, R Kahn, and S Beal), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of General and Community Pediatrics (R Kahn and S Beal), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Michael Fisher Child Health Equity Center (R Kahn), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joshua Lambert
- Department of Population Health (S Boch and J Lambert), College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sarah Beal
- Department of Pediatrics (J Dexheimer, R Kahn, and S Beal), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of General and Community Pediatrics (R Kahn and S Beal), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology (S Beal), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Kelly T, Dankoff J, Anoshiravani A, DeBaun MR, Barnert E. Medicaid policy changes are set to allow coverage for some health services for youth in custody: what should pediatricians know? Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03280-7. [PMID: 38778231 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tess Kelly
- Harvard FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - Michael R DeBaun
- Pediatrics and Medicine, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Barnert
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Willoughby M, Janca E, Kwon S, Johnston B, Collins T, Kinner SA, Johns D, Gallant D, Glover-Wright C, Borschmann R. Interventions to Prevent and Respond to Violence Against Justice-Involved Young Women: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1036-1052. [PMID: 37170786 PMCID: PMC10913338 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231171183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Young women who have had contact with the criminal justice system (justice-involved young women) have an increased risk of being a victim of violence. However, no reviews have synthesized the evidence on interventions to prevent or respond to violence against justice-involved young women. We conducted a scoping review to identify interventions designed to prevent or respond to violence against justice-involved young women. We searched Medline, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed and gray literature published in English from January 1, 2000 until March 23, 2021. Consistent with the public health approach to violence, we included primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions. Excluding duplicates, our search returned 5,603 records, 14 of which met our inclusion criteria. We narratively synthesized the included studies, all of which were conducted in the United States. Most included studies examined a tertiary intervention (n = 10), and few examined a primary (n = 2) or secondary (n = 2) intervention. Across the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools, the percentage of items met ranged from 0% to 78%. There was some limited evidence that tertiary interventions that included cognitive behavioral therapy reduced the mental health impacts of violence victimization among justice-involved young women. There was little evidence on primary and secondary interventions. Effective and evidence-based interventions to prevent violence victimization and revictimization against justice-involved young women remains a critical gap in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sohee Kwon
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tamlynn Collins
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Youth Support and Advocacy Service, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Diana Johns
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Gallant
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Rohan Borschmann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Oxford, UK
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Favril L, Rich JD, Hard J, Fazel S. Mental and physical health morbidity among people in prisons: an umbrella review. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e250-e260. [PMID: 38553144 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who experience incarceration are characterised by poor health profiles. Clarification of the disease burden in the prison population can inform service and policy development. We aimed to synthesise and assess the evidence regarding the epidemiology of mental and physical health conditions among people in prisons worldwide. METHODS In this umbrella review, five bibliographic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Global Health) were systematically searched from inception to identify meta-analyses published up to Oct 31, 2023, which examined the prevalence or incidence of mental and physical health conditions in general prison populations. We excluded meta-analyses that examined health conditions in selected or clinical prison populations. Prevalence data were extracted from published reports and study authors were contacted for additional information. Estimates were synthesised and stratified by sex, age, and country income level. The robustness of the findings was assessed in terms of heterogeneity, excess significance bias, small-study effects, and review quality. The study protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023404827. FINDINGS Our search of the literature yielded 1909 records eligible for screening. 1736 articles were excluded and 173 full-text reports were examined for eligibility. 144 articles were then excluded due to not meeting inclusion criteria, which resulted in 29 meta-analyses eligible for inclusion. 12 of these were further excluded because they examined the same health condition. We included data from 17 meta-analyses published between 2002 and 2023. In adult men and women combined, the 6-month prevalence was 11·4% (95% CI 9·9-12·8) for major depression, 9·8% (6·8-13·2) for post-traumatic stress disorder, and 3·7% (3·2-4·1) for psychotic illness. On arrival to prison, 23·8% (95% CI 21·0-26·7) of people met diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorder and 38·9% (31·5-46·2) for drug use disorder. Half of those with major depression or psychotic illness had a comorbid substance use disorder. Infectious diseases were also common; 17·7% (95% CI 15·0-20·7) of people were antibody-positive for hepatitis C virus, with lower estimates (ranging between 2·6% and 5·2%) found for hepatitis B virus, HIV, and tuberculosis. Meta-regression analyses indicated significant differences in prevalence by sex and country income level, albeit not consistent across health conditions. The burden of non-communicable chronic diseases was only examined in adults aged 50 years and older. Overall, the quality of the evidence was limited by high heterogeneity and small-study effects. INTERPRETATION People in prisons have a specific pattern of morbidity that represents an opportunity for public health to address. In particular, integrating prison health within the national public health system, adequately resourcing primary care and mental health services, and improving linkage with post-release health services could affect public health and safety. Population-based longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the extent to which incarceration affects health. FUNDING Research Foundation-Flanders, Wellcome Trust, National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Favril
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
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Akpanekpo EI, Kariminia A, Srasuebkul P, Trollor JN, Greenberg D, Kasinathan J, Schofield PW, Kenny DT, Simpson M, Gaskin C, Chowdhury NZ, Jones J, Ekanem AM, Butler T. Psychiatric admissions in young people after expiration of criminal justice supervision in Australia: a retrospective data linkage study. BMJ MENTAL HEALTH 2024; 27:e300958. [PMID: 38538031 PMCID: PMC11021745 DOI: 10.1136/bmjment-2023-300958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health services are available for young people involved with the criminal justice system. However, they have unmet mental health needs after the expiration of criminal justice supervision. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence rate and identify predictors of psychiatric hospitalisations within 24 months after the expiration of criminal justice supervision among young people involved with the New South Wales (NSW) criminal justice system. METHODS Retrospective data from 1556 individuals aged 14-22 years who participated in four surveys of justice-involved young people in NSW were harmonised and linked to four NSW data collections. We calculated the incidence rates of psychiatric hospitalisations within 24 months postsupervision and identified predictors of these hospitalisations using a competing risks regression analysis. RESULTS Within 24 months postsupervision, 11.4% had a psychiatric hospitalisation compared with 3.5% during supervision. 20.7% of those admitted had a known history of mental illness and engaged with community-based and outpatient mental health services postsupervision. Predictors of psychiatric hospitalisations were: female sex (adjusted subdistribution HR (asHR) 1.84, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.73); previous incarceration (highest asHR for ≥4 episodes 1.67, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.78); head injury (asHR 1.63, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.21); personality disorder (asHR 3.66, 95% CI 2.06 to 6.48) and alcohol and substance use disorder (asHR 1.89, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.77). CONCLUSION Justice-involved youth have higher rates of psychiatric admissions after criminal justice supervision. Engagement with mental health services postsupervision is important in addressing emerging or persisting mental health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emaediong Ibong Akpanekpo
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Azar Kariminia
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Preeyaporn Srasuebkul
- National Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- National Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Greenberg
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Kasinathan
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter W Schofield
- The University of Newcastle Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dianna T Kenny
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Simpson
- New South Wales Department of Communities and Justice, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire Gaskin
- South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nabila Z Chowdhury
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Jones
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Tony Butler
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Klymkiw DF, Day DM, Henderson JL, Hawke LD. What do justice-involved youth want from integrated youth services? A conjoint analysis. JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY = JOURNAL DE L'ACADEMIE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE DE L'ENFANT ET DE L'ADOLESCENT 2024; 33:18-32. [PMID: 38449724 PMCID: PMC10914151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Background Many youth in the criminal justice system are affected by mental health and/or substance use (MHS) challenges, yet only a minority receive treatment. One way to increase access to MHS care is integrated youth services (IYS), a community-based model of service delivery where youth can access evidence-based treatment for their MHS problems and other wellbeing needs, in one location. However, it is unknown what IYS services justice-involved youth prioritize. Objective This study explored what components of IYS justice-involved youth deem to be the most important in meeting their MHS service needs, in comparison with non-justice-involved youth, by conducting a secondary analysis of data gathered from a larger Ontario-wide study. Method Using a conjoint analysis, n = 55 justice-involved youth, and n = 188 non-justice-involved youth, completed thirteen choice tasks representing different combinations of IYS. Results Both justice-involved and non-justice-involved youth exhibited preferences for a broad range of core health services, including mental health services, substance misuse counseling, medication management, and physical or sexual health services. They also preferred a broad range of additional support services, in addition to fast access to care in a community setting that specializes in mental health services, with the incorporation of e-health services. Justice-involved youth prioritized working with a trained peer support worker to learn life skills and help them with the services they need. The importance of youth playing a leadership role in making decisions within IYS organizations was also a distinguishing preference among justice-involved youth. Conclusions Tailoring IYS to meet the service preferences of justice-involved youth may enhance service utilization, potentially leading to better outcomes for justice-involved youth and their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna F Klymkiw
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario
| | - David M Day
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario
| | - J L Henderson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Lisa D Hawke
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Takahashi M, Imahara K, Miyamoto Y, Myojo K, Yasuda M. Association between the Big Five personality traits and suicide-related behaviors in Japanese institutionalized youths. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2024; 3:e186. [PMID: 38868476 PMCID: PMC11114335 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Aim Inmates in correctional institutions experience higher rates of suicide attempt (SA), suicidal ideation (SI), and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) than the general population. This study aimed to examine the association between the Big Five personality traits and suicide-related behavior, and to estimate the prevalence rate of such behaviors among Japanese institutionalized youth. Methods The participants were 436 youths who had been admitted to four juvenile classification homes (JCHs) between September 2021 and March 2023; they were asked to respond to a self-report questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. Results A total of 8.1% and 19.3%, 29.4% and 44.7%, and 46.3% and 75.3% of males and females had experienced SA, SI, and NSSI in their lifetime, respectively. Females reported significantly higher instances of suicide-related behaviors than males considering all suicide-related behaviors. Logistic regression analyses revealed that neuroticism significantly increased the odds ratios for SA, SI, and NSSI on controlling for sex, age, and number of admissions to JCHs. For NSSI, the odds ratio for agreeableness was significantly lower than 1, indicating a lower probability of NSSI. Conclusion The findings of our study demonstrate that neuroticism, one of the Big Five traits, was consistently and significantly associated with all suicide-related behaviors, including SA, SI, and NSSI, among youth offenders, while agreeableness was found as a protective factor only against NSSI. The results of this study might help correctional officers identify justice-involved youth at higher risk for suicide and allow the development of early interventions to prevent suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasumi Imahara
- Osaka Juvenile Classification HomeMinistry of JusticeOsakaJapan
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Nagoya Juvenile Classification HomeMinistry of JusticeNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Kayoko Myojo
- Kyoto Juvenile Classification HomeMinistry of JusticeKyotoJapan
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Slade K, Justice L, Martijn F, Borschmann R, Baguley T. Deaths among adults under supervision of the England and Wales' probation services: variation in individual and criminal justice-related factors by cause of death. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2024; 12:10. [PMID: 38411785 PMCID: PMC10898034 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality rate among people under probation supervision in the community is greater than that among incarcerated people and that among the general population. However, there is limited research on the distinct vulnerabilities and risks underlying the causes of death in this population. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined the individual and criminal justice-related factors associated with different causes of death. Factors were assessed in relation to the type of supervision, distinguishing between those under post-custodial release and those serving a community sentence. RESULTS The study utilised the official data held by His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service in England and Wales on the deaths of men and women under probation supervision between 01 April 2019 and 31 March 2021 where the cause of death had been definitively recorded (n = 1770). The high risk of deaths primarily caused by external factors (i.e., suspected suicide (10%), homicide (5%), and drug-related death (26%)) in this population was confirmed. A Gaussian Graphical Model (GGM) demonstrated unique relationships with suspected suicide and drug-related deaths for known suicide risk, history of drug use and recent (< 28 days of death) enforcement action due to a breach of probation conditions. Our findings suggest that that familial violence and abuse may be relevant in suicide and drug-related deaths and that minority groups may experience disproportional risk to certain types of death. CONCLUSIONS This study identified unique risk indicators and modifiable factors for deaths primarily caused by external factors in this population within the health and justice spheres. It emphasised the importance of addressing health inequalities in this population and improved joint-working across health and justice. This involves ensuring that research, policies, training, and services are responsive to the complex needs of those under probation supervision, including those serving community sentences. Only then can we hope to see lower rates of death within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Slade
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Lucy Justice
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Frederica Martijn
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Thom Baguley
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
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Robles-Ramamurthy B, Zaki S, Sandoval JF, Dube AR, Hlozek S, Fortuna LR, Williamson AA. Improving adolescent sleep in long-term Juvenile correctional settings: case examples with clinical, research, and policy implications. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 5:zpae006. [PMID: 38425455 PMCID: PMC10904105 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Poor sleep during adolescence is a public health concern that may be especially important to address among youth in juvenile correctional facilities, who tend to experience greater mental health challenges, substance use disorders, and traumatic stress exposure. However, evidence for addressing sleep in correctional settings is limited. Using de-identified composite clinical cases, this paper describes challenges and opportunities for addressing sleep disorders (i.e. insomnia) and promoting sleep health (i.e. improving duration, regularity, and behaviors) among adolescents in long-term juvenile correctional facilities. These clinical cases highlight common presenting problems and underscore the need for integrated sleep and mental health interventions as well as adaptations to enhance feasibility and efficacy of behavioral sleep treatment and sleep health promotion in juvenile correctional contexts. We conclude by summarizing clinical, research, and policy implications for addressing adolescent sleep problems and promoting sleep health and well-being in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Robles-Ramamurthy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Saadia Zaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jessica F Sandoval
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anish R Dube
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University College of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Hlozek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lisa R Fortuna
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ariel A Williamson
- Ballmer Institute for Children’s Behavioral Health, University of Oregon, Portland, OR, USA
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10
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Klymkiw DF, Day DM, Henderson JL, Hawke LD. Integrated Youth Service Preferences of Caregivers of Justice-Involved Youth: A Discrete Choice Conjoint Experiment. Int J Integr Care 2024; 24:2. [PMID: 38312478 PMCID: PMC10836161 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental health and/or substance use (MHS) challenges affect approximately 95% of youth in the criminal justice system, with only three in ten justice-involved youth receiving treatment. Caregivers of justice-involved youth have identified fragmented care as a barrier to youth accessing MHS services. One suggested solution to this problem is the implementation of integrated youth services (IYS). However, it is unknown which IYS components caregivers of justice-involved youth prioritize. Methods Using a discrete choice conjoint experiment (DCE), n = 46 caregivers of justice-involved youth, and n = 204 caregivers of non-justice-involved, completed thirteen choice tasks representing different combinations of IYS. Results Both caregiver groups exhibited preferences for involvement and access to information regarding their youth's treatment, and fast access to broad range of core health and additional services, in a community setting, with the incorporation of e-health services. Caregivers of justice-involved youth showed a unique preference for involvement in family counseling with their youth. The incorporation of this service feature may help to engage caregivers of justice-involved youth in their youths' MHS treatment 3-fold. Conclusion Data gleaned from this analysis provides an understanding of what components of IYS models may help to engage caregivers of justice-involved youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna F Klymkiw
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Day
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Henderson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1000 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa D Hawke
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1000 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Yang P, Folk JB, Lugosi SI, Bemat Z, Thomas A, Robles-Ramamurthy B. Dialectical Behavior Therapy in Juvenile Correctional and Detention Facilities: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2023; 29:355-369. [PMID: 37695814 PMCID: PMC11071110 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.22.05.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has shown preliminary success in the treatment of youth in forensic settings. However, the implementation of DBT varies considerably from facility to facility. A scoping review was conducted to detail DBT intervention protocols in juvenile correctional and detention facilities. We described eight works' treatment setting, study design, youth characteristics, staff training, DBT approach, DBT skills modules, and main findings. All works involved DBT skills sessions, but few incorporated other DBT components such as individual therapy or skills coaching. Outcomes included reducing problematic behaviors such as aggression, improving mental health, and largely positive feedback regarding the DBT intervention from youth and staff. Our results consolidate the existing literature regarding DBT intervention in forensic settings for youth and inform future implementation and research of DBT in such facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Yang
- Joe R. and Teresa Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Johanna B. Folk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Selena I. Lugosi
- Joe R. and Teresa Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zeba Bemat
- Joe R. and Teresa Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Anne Thomas
- Bexar County Juvenile Probation Department, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Taflan P, Simpson PL, Wilson M, Jones J, Donovan B, Amin J, Nathan S, Butler T. Sexually transmissible infections (STI) and HIV testing and diagnosis among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adolescents in contact with the Australian justice system: a cross-sectional study. Sex Health 2023; 20:303-314. [PMID: 37344218 DOI: 10.1071/sh23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear what factors are associated with sexually transmissible infections (STI) and HIV testing and diagnosis among justice-involved adolescents, and if these differ for Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander peoples. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 465 justice-involved adolescents (aged 14-17years) from Australia was conducted between 2016 and 2018. Participants were asked about sexual behaviours, STI/HIV knowledge, and prior STI diagnoses and testing. RESULTS Approximately 38% (n =130) of those sexually active had ever been screened for STI/HIV and 17.8% (n =23) had been diagnosed with an STI. No participant reported living with HIV. For Aboriginal participants, being male (aOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3-10.1) and having under three sexual partners in the past 12months (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2-8.0) was associated with never having had an STI/HIV test. For non-Aboriginal participants, being male (aOR 2.7, 95%CI 1.2-5.7), single (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.9), attending school (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.1), not having sought sexual health information (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.8), and having a lower STI/HIV knowledge score (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-5.0) were associated with never having had an STI/HIV test. Factors associated with STI diagnosis were non-heterosexual sexual orientation (aOR 5.6, 95% CI 1.1-28.2), transactional sex (aOR 11.2, 95% CI 3.0-41.3), and having sought sexual health information (aOR 3.5, 95% CI 1.0-12.5). CONCLUSIONS Males, particularly Aboriginal male adolescents, should be engaged with sexual health promotion and testing services as soon as they come into contact with the justice system. Approaches should consider different cultural, gender and sexual orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Taflan
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul L Simpson
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mandy Wilson
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Jones
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Basil Donovan
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Janaki Amin
- Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally Nathan
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Calais-Ferreira L, Young JT, Francis K, Willoughby M, Pearce L, Clough A, Spittal MJ, Brown A, Borschmann R, Sawyer SM, Patton GC, Kinner SA. Non-communicable disease mortality in young people with a history of contact with the youth justice system in Queensland, Australia: a retrospective, population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8:e600-e609. [PMID: 37516476 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people who have had contact with the criminal justice system are at increased risk of early death, especially from injuries. However, deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in this population remain poorly described. We aimed to estimate mortality due to NCDs in people with a history of involvement with the youth justice system, compare NCD mortality rates in this population with those in the general population, and characterise demographic and justice-related factors associated with deaths caused by NCDs in people with a history of contact with the youth justice system. METHODS In this retrospective, population-based cohort study (the Youth Justice Mortality [YJ-Mort] study), we included all people aged 10-18 years (at baseline) charged with a criminal offence in Queensland, Australia, between June 30, 1993, and July 1, 2014. We probabilistically linked youth justice records with adult correctional records and national death records up to Jan 31, 2017. Indigenous status was ascertained from youth justice and adult correctional records, with individuals identified as Indigenous in either source classified as Indigenous in the final dataset. We estimated crude mortality rates and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for comparisons with data from the Australian general population. We identified risk factors for NCD deaths using competing-risks regression. FINDINGS Of 48 670 individuals aged 10-18 years (at baseline) charged with a criminal offence in Queensland, Australia, between June 30, 1993, and July 1, 2014, 11 897 (24·4%) individuals were female, 36 773 (75·6%) were male, and 13 250 (27·2%) were identified as identified as Indigenous. The median age at first contact with the youth justice system was 15 years (IQR 14-16), the median follow-up time was 13·4 years (8·4-18·4), and the median age at the end of the study was 28·6 years (23·6-33·6). Of 1431 deaths, 932 (65·1%) had a known and attributed cause, and 121 (13·0%) of these were caused by an NCD. The crude mortality rate from NCDs was 18·5 (95% CI 15·5-22·1) per 100 000 person-years among individuals with a history of involvement with the youth justice system, which was higher than among the age-matched and sex-matched Australian general population (SMR 1·67 [1·39-1·99]). Two or more admissions to adult custody (compared with none; adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio 2·09 [1·36-3·22]), and up to 52 weeks in adult custody (compared with none; 1·98 [1·18-3·32]) was associated with NCD death. INTERPRETATION Young people with a history of contact with the justice system are at increased risk of death from NCDs compared with age-matched and sex-matched peers in the general Australian population. Reducing youth incarceration and providing young people's rights to access clinical, preventive, and restorative services should be a priority. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Calais-Ferreira
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jesse T Young
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kate Francis
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lindsay Pearce
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alan Clough
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Brown
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Bokolo NP, Van Niekerk RL, Mathews V, Leach L. A Systematic Review Protocol for the Effectiveness of Psycho-Educational Intervention Programmes in Addressing the Psychological Risk Factors Associated with Non-Communicable Diseases among Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6467. [PMID: 37569009 PMCID: PMC10418932 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The psychological health concerns and risk factors associated with non-communicable disease among adolescents have been prioritized on the agenda of international health institutions globally. The aims of this systematic review are to determine the various types of psycho-educational intervention programmes developed to address the psychological risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adolescents, and to assess the effectiveness of the psycho-educational intervention programmes. The systematic review will include case-control and randomized controlled studies. The review will be conducted using the following electronic databases, PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, and ERIC, as well as the grey literature for the thesis repository from 2012 to 2022. The key search terms will include intervention programme, adolescents (aged 10-19 years), psychological risk factors and non-communicable diseases. The studies identified by the search strategy will be downloaded into Mendeley and exported to Covidence software for screening, quality assessment and data extraction. The quality assessment tool that will be utilized is the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists to ensure relevance and quality of the articles. This systematic review will use two types of data analysis: narrative synthesis of qualitative studies and meta-analysis of quantitative studies. The findings from this systematic review will provide evidence-based tools for the management of psychological risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases, as well as present key insights for future intervention programmes on the management of psychological risk factors associated with NCDs among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nokwanda P. Bokolo
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Rudolph Leon Van Niekerk
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X9083, 50 Church Street, East London 5201, South Africa
| | - Verona Mathews
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Leach
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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15
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McMillan TM, McVean J, Aslam H, Barry SJE. Associations between significant head injury in male juveniles in prison in Scotland UK and cognitive function, disability and crime: A cross sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287312. [PMID: 37436964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the prevalence of head injury is estimated to be high in juveniles in prison, the extent of persisting disability is unknown and relationships with offending uncertain. This limited understanding makes it difficult to develop effective management strategies and interventions to improve health or reduce recidivism. This study investigates effects of significant head injury (SHI) on cognitive function, disability and offending in juvenile prisoners, and considers relationships with common comorbidities. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited male juvenile prisoners in Scotland from Her Majesty's Young Offenders Institute (HMYOI) Polmont (detaining approximately 305 of 310 male juveniles in prison in Scotland). To be included juveniles had to be 16 years or older, fluent in English, able to participate in assessment, provide informed consent and not have a severe acute disorder of cognition or communication. Head injury, cognition, disability, history of abuse, mental health and problematic substance use were assessed by interview and questionnaire. RESULTS We recruited 103 (34%) of 305 juvenile males in HMYOI Polmont. The sample was demographically representative of juvenile males in prisons for young offenders in Scotland. SHI was found in 82/103 (80%) and head injury repeated over long periods of time in 69/82 (85%). Disability was associated with SHI in 11/82 (13%) and was significantly associated with mental health problems, particularly anxiety. Group differences on cognitive tests were not found. However the SHI group reported poorer behavioural control on the Dysexecutive Questionnaire and were more often reported for incidents in prison than those without SHI. Characteristics of offending, including violence, did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Although SHI is highly prevalent in juvenile prisoners, associated disability was relatively uncommon. There was no evidence for differences in cognitive test performance or offending in juveniles with and without SHI. However, signs of poorer behavioural control and greater psychological distress in juveniles with SHI suggest that they may be at greater risk of recidivism and of potentially becoming lifelong offenders. This implies a need for remedial programmes for juvenile prisoners to take account of persisting effects of SHI on mental health and self-control and education and to improve their understanding of the effects of SHI reduce the likelihood of cumulative effects from further SHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M McMillan
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julia McVean
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hira Aslam
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J E Barry
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Vakili M, Mirzadeh M, Mirzaei M, Modarresi M, Raei R, Karimi R, Aghakoochak A, Imani AA. Sex differences in high-risk health behaviors among school-going adolescents in Yazd, Iran; a cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16404. [PMID: 37303572 PMCID: PMC10250580 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Adolescents are exposed to a wide range of high-risk health behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the high-risk health behaviors of adolescents in an Iranian adolescent population and gender differences. Method This cross-sectional descriptive study recruited high school students in Yazd city in center of Iran. Schools were randomly selected. In each school, all selected classes were included. Sampling in each class was census. The study investigated self-reported high-risk health behaviors. Students completed the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), an anonymous, validated questionnaire. Results 2420 students participated in this study (52.5% male). The age range was 12-19 years. Daily consumption of ≥1 serving of fruit and vegetables per day was reported by 77.4% and 49.5% of respondents, respectively. Adequate physical activity was reported by only 18.4% of adolescents, and significantly less frequently by girls than boys (p < 0.001). 11.8% were current smokers (M/F ratio: 2.6), and 20.5% (M/F ratio: 1.5) were ever used hookah. The prevalence of ever alcohol and substance abuse was 15.5% and 8.8%, respectively. The prevalence of tobacco and substance use was significantly higher in participants' boys than in girls (p < 0.001). Males were over twice more likely to report frequent fighting in the past 12 months than girls. Overall, girls reported more parental supervision than boys (82.1% vs. 73.4%) and parental monitoring (90.6% vs. 86.8%), while boys reported higher levels of awareness over leisure activities than girls (65.8% vs. 58.4%). Conclusions High-risk health behaviors are more common in boys than girls. Health policymakers should use these results in prioritizing and designing health interventions to promote youth health. Further studies are recommended to identify the factors influencing the prevalence of these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Vakili
- Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahboobahsadat Mirzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mirzaei
- Accident Prevention and Crisis Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Modarresi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Raei
- Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Karimi
- Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Arezoo Aghakoochak
- Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Marr C, Gaskin C, Kasinathan J, Kaye S, Singh Y, Dean K. The prevalence of mental illness in young people in custody over time: a comparison of three surveys in New South Wales. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2023; 31:235-253. [PMID: 38628250 PMCID: PMC11018085 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2023.2192257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the prevalence of mental illness in young people over time within the same jurisdiction. In the current study, we compared data from three large surveys of youth in custody in New South Wales, conducted in 2003, 2009 and 2015. We examined rates of mental illness, self-harm and suicidal behaviours, substance use and childhood trauma and found little consistent change over time, though some fluctuations were observed regarding certain mental illnesses and substance use. We also descriptively compared findings with observed rates for the general population and found that young people in custody showed higher levels of all examined variables. In sum, these data suggest little improvement in the well-being of young people in custody in New South Wales over time. Better identification and treatment of these issues are vital if young people are to be prevented from becoming enmeshed in the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey Marr
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Gaskin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John Kasinathan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharlene Kaye
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Yolisha Singh
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Willoughby M, Young JT, Borschmann R, Spittal MJ, Keen C, Hail-Jares K, Patton G, Sawyer SM, Kinner SA. Violence-Related Death in Young Australians After Contact With the Youth Justice System: A Data Linkage Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023:8862605231169490. [PMID: 37148272 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231169490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known outside of the United States about the risk of violence-related death among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system (justice-involved young people). We examined violence-related deaths among justice-involved young people in Queensland, Australia. In this study, youth justice records for 48,647 young people (10-18 years at baseline) who were charged, or experienced a community-based order or youth detention in Queensland, Australia (1993-2014) were probabilistically linked with death, coroner, and adult correctional records (1993-2016). We calculated violence-related crude mortality rates (CMRs) and age- and sex-standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). We constructed a cause-specific Cox regression model to identify predictors of violence-related deaths. Of 1,328 deaths in the cohort, 57 (4%) were from violence. The violence-related CMR was 9.5 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] [7.4, 12.4]) and the SMR was 6.8 [5.3, 8.9]. Young Indigenous people had a greater risk of violence-related death than non-Indigenous people (cause-specific hazard ratio [csHR] 2.5; [1.5, 4.4]). Young people who experienced detention had more than twice the risk of violence-related death than those who were charged only (csHR 2.5; [1.2, 5.3]). We found that justice-involved young people have a risk of dying from violence that far exceeds that of the general population. The rate of violence-related death found in this study is lower than that in U.S.-based studies, which most likely reflects lower population level firearm violence in Australia. In Australia, young Indigenous people and those released from detention appear key groups to target for violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Claire Keen
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - George Patton
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Plant A, Schladale J, Neffa-Creech D, Qaragholi N, Miller M, Montoya J. Development, acceptability, and perceived effectiveness of a trauma-informed adolescent self-regulation intervention. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2023; 97:102232. [PMID: 36706538 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2023.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Youth who have experienced trauma often face challenges with self-regulation and can have diminished health outcomes, including those related to sexual and reproductive health. We developed a 12-session blended e-learning intervention for youth involved in juvenile justice systems to encourage healthy sexual decision-making by improving self-regulation skills. This paper describes the development of the program, e-Practice Self-Regulation, as well as an assessment of program acceptability and perceived effectiveness among youth participants. Data were collected using a feedback survey from youth who both completed (n = 95) and did not complete (n = 80) the intervention. Program acceptability was high among all participants, and over 70 % of both completers and non-completers would recommend e-Practice Self-Regulation to peers. Youth reported positive interactions with facilitators and described sessions as helpful, interesting, and educational. The most common criticism was online session length. A majority in both groups reported perceived effectiveness related to sexual health and self-regulation, which increased with more sessions completed. Results suggest e-Practice Self-Regulation is acceptable to youth participants, who reported learning skills necessary for self-regulation and sexual health and intended to use these skills to avoid unplanned pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Plant
- Sentient Research, 231 N Walnuthaven Drive, West Covina, CA 91790, USA.
| | - Joann Schladale
- Resources for Resolving Violence, Inc., 28 Marshview Drive, Freeport, ME 04032, USA
| | | | - Noor Qaragholi
- The Policy & Research Group, 8434 Oak Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Melissa Miller
- The Policy & Research Group, 8434 Oak Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Jorge Montoya
- Sentient Research, 231 N Walnuthaven Drive, West Covina, CA 91790, USA
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Moise IK, Ivanova N, Wilson C, Wilson S, Halwindi H, Spika VM. Lessons from digital technology-enabled health interventions implemented during the coronavirus pandemic to improve maternal and birth outcomes: a global scoping review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:195. [PMID: 36941565 PMCID: PMC10026210 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely access to essential obstetric and gynecologic healthcare is an effective method for improving maternal and neonatal outcomes; however, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted pregnancy care globally. In this global scoping review, we select and investigate peer-reviewed empirical studies related to mHealth and telehealth implemented during the pandemic to support pregnancy care and to improve birth outcomes. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and Web of Science for this Review because they include peer-reviewed literature in the disciplines of behavioral sciences, medicine, clinical sciences, health-care systems, and psychology. Because our investigative searches reviewed that there is considerable 'grey literature' in this area; we did not restrict our review to any study design, methods, or place of publication. In this Review, peer-reviewed preprints were comparable to published peer-reviewed articles, with relevant articles screened accordingly. RESULTS The search identified 1851 peer reviewed articles, and after removal of duplicates, using inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 22 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review published from January 2020 to May 2022. mHealth interventions accounted for 72.7% (16 of 22 studies) and only 27.3% (6 of 22 studies) were telehealth studies. There were only 3 example studies that integrated digital technologies into healthcare systems and only 3 studies that developed and evaluated the feasibility of mobile apps. Experimental studies accounted 68.8% of mHealth studies and only 33.3% studies of telehealth studies. Key functionalities of the pregnancy apps and telehealth platforms focused on mental and physical wellness, health promotion, patient tracking, health education, and parenting support. Implemented interventions ranged from breastfeeding and selfcare to behavioral health. Facilitators of uptake included perceived benefits, user satisfaction and convenience. Mobile apps and short messaging services were the primary technologies employed in the implemented mHealth interventions. CONCLUSION Although our Review emphasizes a lack of studies on mHealth interventions and data from pregnant women during the COVID-19 crisis, the review shows that implementation of digital health interventions during emergencies are inevitable given their potential for supporting pregnancy care. There is also a need for more randomized clinical trials and longitudinal studies to better understand the effectiveness and feasibility of implementing such interventions during disease outbreaks and emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda K Moise
- Department of Geography & Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 1300 Campo Sano Ave, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA.
| | - Nicole Ivanova
- Global Health Studies Program, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, 1252 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Cyril Wilson
- Department of Geography & Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702-4004, USA
| | - Sigmond Wilson
- Department of History & Political Science, Rogers State University, 1701 W. Will Rogers Blvd, Claremore, OK, 74017, USA
| | - Hikabasa Halwindi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, P.O Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Vera M Spika
- University of Miami, 1300 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA
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Heerde JA, Merrin GJ, Le VT, Toumbourou JW, Bailey JA. Health of Young Adults Experiencing Social Marginalization and Vulnerability: A Cross-National Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1711. [PMID: 36767076 PMCID: PMC9914820 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
People who experience social marginalization and vulnerability have uniquely complex health needs and are at risk of poor health outcomes. Regression analyses using longitudinal data from a cross-national, population-based sample of young adults participating in the International Youth Development Study, tested associations between social marginalization and vulnerabilities and physical health, mental health, and substance use outcomes. Participants from Victoria, Australia, and Washington State in the US were surveyed at ages 25 (2014) and 29 years (2018; N = 1944; 46.7% male). A history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), LGBT identity, financial insecurity, and justice system involvement at age 25 predicted poor health outcomes at age 28, including lower perceived health status, risk for chronic illness, depression and anxiety symptoms, and diagnosed mental health/substance use disorders. Tests of model equivalence across states showed that a history of ACEs was more strongly related to health status and serious injury at age 28 and justice system involvement at age 25 was more strongly related to age 28 serious injury in Victoria than in Washington State. Findings strengthen the case for future population-based research identifying life-course interventions and state policies for reducing poor health and improving health equity among members of socially marginalized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Heerde
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Social Work, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Gabriel J. Merrin
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Vi T. Le
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - John W. Toumbourou
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Bailey
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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22
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Pagerols M, Valero S, Dueñas L, Bosch R, Casas M. Psychiatric disorders and comorbidity in a Spanish sample of prisoners at the end of their sentence: Prevalence rates and associations with criminal history. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1039099. [PMID: 36710755 PMCID: PMC9878681 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1039099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined, for the first time, the prevalence of mental disorders and comorbidities among inmates who were about to be released, and their association with criminal history. Methods A Spanish sample of 140 prisoners at the end of their sentence was recruited from an occupational program. Psychiatric disorders were determined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Bivariate analyses followed by multivariate regression models were conducted to identify significant variables for repeat incarceration and violent offending. Results The lifetime prevalence of Axis I disorders was 81.4%, with substance use disorders (SUD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) being the most common diagnoses (51.4 and 31.4%, respectively). The current prevalence of Axis I disorders was 59.0%, including learning disorders (38.6%), ADHD (16.4%), and SUD (5.71%) among the most frequent syndromes. Thirty-six (26.5%) participants met criteria for a current Axis II disorder, which commonly was an antisocial personality disorder (12.5%). The majority of the sample (60.8%) suffered from two or more comorbid disorders during their lifetime, although the current prevalence fell to 23.3%. Childhood ADHD increased the number of imprisonments, while inmates convicted of a violent crime were more likely to present a learning disorder. Having a lifetime diagnosis of SUD or multiple psychiatric disorders appeared to be associated with both repeat incarceration and violent offending. Conclusion Given the high rate of mental disorders still present among subjects completing prison sentences and the challenges they may encounter to benefit from vocational programs, our results suggest that appropriate psychiatric care should be provided during imprisonment and after release to facilitate their community reintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Pagerols
- Programa MIND Escoles, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain,Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Fonaments Clínics, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Mireia Pagerols,
| | - Sergi Valero
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Dueñas
- Programa Reincorpora “la Caixa”, Departament de Justícia, Centre d’Iniciatives per a la Reinserció (CIRE), Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Programa MIND Escoles, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Casas
- Programa MIND Escoles, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain,Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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Janca E, Keen C, Willoughby M, Borschmann R, Sutherland G, Kwon S, Kinner SA. Sex differences in suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:355-371. [PMID: 36462041 PMCID: PMC9971066 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People released from incarceration are at increased risk of suicide compared to the general population. We aimed to synthesise evidence on the incidence of and sex differences in suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and PubMed between 1 January 1970 and 14 October 2021 for suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020208885). We calculated pooled crude mortality rates (CMRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for suicide, overall and by sex, using random-effects models. We calculated a pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) comparing rates of suicide by sex. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included. The pooled suicide CMR per 100,000 person years was 114.5 (95%CI 97.0, 132.0, I2 = 99.2%) for non-sex stratified samples, 139.5 (95% CI 91.3, 187.8, I2 = 88.6%) for women, and 121.8 (95% CI 82.4, 161.2, I2 = 99.1%) for men. The suicide SMR was 7.4 (95% CI 5.4, 9.4, I2 = 98.3%) for non-sex stratified samples, 14.9 for women (95% CI 6.7, 23.1, I2 = 88.3%), and 4.6 for men (95% CI 1.3, 7.8, I2 = 98.8%). The pooled suicide IRR comparing women to men was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9, 1.4, I2 = 82.2%). No studies reporting self-harm or suicidal ideation after incarceration reported sex differences. CONCLUSION People released from incarceration are greater than seven times more likely to die by suicide than the general population. The rate of suicide is higher after release than during incarceration, with the elevation in suicide risk (compared with the general population) three times higher for women than for men. Greater effort to prevent suicide after incarceration, particularly among women, is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Janca
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, 410 Koorliny Way, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia. .,Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia.
| | - Claire Keen
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK ,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Georgina Sutherland
- Disability and Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Sohee Kwon
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, 410 Koorliny Way, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia ,Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Mater Hospital, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia ,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD 4122 Australia ,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
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24
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Buyle-Bodin S, Aly P, Fovet T. [Prison health care for juveniles who are incarcerated in France]. SOINS; LA REVUE DE REFERENCE INFIRMIERE 2022; 67:45-47. [PMID: 36681506 DOI: 10.1016/j.soin.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In France, on the 1st march 2022, 656 underage persons are in prison. They have more psychiatric and substance use disorders compared to the juveniles in the general population. In prison, health care is organized according to three levels. A global and partnership approach is promoted. The main objectives are prevention, risk reduction and continuity of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Buyle-Bodin
- Unité sanitaire en milieu pénitentiaire, Centre pénitentiaire de Longuenesse, Établissement public de santé mentale Val-de-Lys-Artois, route des Bruyères, 62219 Longuenesse, France
| | - Pierrine Aly
- Direction de la protection judiciaire de la jeunesse, Ministère de la Justice, Pôle santé, 13 place Vendôme, 75001 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Fovet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172, LilNcog, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, 59000 Lille, France.
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25
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Hachtel H, Jenkel N, Schmeck K, Graf M, Fegert JM, Schmid M, Boonmann C. Stability of self-reported psychopathic traits in at-risk adolescents in youth welfare and juvenile justice institutions. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:55. [PMID: 35765005 PMCID: PMC9241249 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the self-reported stability of psychopathic traits in adolescents in residential care (both child welfare and juvenile justice placed juveniles) and potential influencing factors. METHODS We applied the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) in a sample of 162 adolescents (M = 15.0 years, SD = 1.3) over a mean time interval of 11 months (min. 6, max. 21 months, SD = 3.14). RESULTS There was no significant difference in YPI total score nor in the three underlying dimensions Grandiose-Manipulative (GM), Callous-Unemotional (CU), and Impulsive-Irresponsible (II) between t1 and t2. Furthermore, approximately 70% of the adolescents showed no clinically significant reliable change on the YPI total score (as measured with the reliable change index), 15% improved, 15% deteriorated. The strongest predictor for psychopathic traits at t2 were psychopathic traits at t1. Additional predictors for higher levels of general psychopathic traits was male sex, for CU-traits male sex and lower levels of internalizing mental health problems, and for II-traits higher levels of externalizing mental health problems. Generally, the three reliable change groups (increase, no change, decrease) did not seemed to differ on relevant factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results add to the findings that psychopathic traits are relatively stable in this at-risk group over approximately a 1-year time interval. Research with a longer follow-up time and more time points is warranted to better interpret these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Hachtel
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - N. Jenkel
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Child and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K. Schmeck
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Child and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M. Graf
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. M. Fegert
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M. Schmid
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Child and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C. Boonmann
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ,grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Child and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Oostermeijer S, Dwyer M, Tongun P. Relational security: The impact of facility design on youth custodial staffs' practices and approaches. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2022; 32:227-237. [PMID: 35411650 PMCID: PMC9546465 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constructive relationships between staff and young people in custody are a vital component of a therapeutic youth justice approach, which extends to the maintenance of a safe and secure environment (i.e., relational security). Despite the growing recognition that the physical environment of a facility impacts the procedures within a youth justice environment, as well as the relationships between staff and young people, there is a dearth of research in this area. AIMS We investigated youth custodial staffs' views on, and approaches to, establishing relationships with young people while maintaining safety and security. The current study reports on the impacts and challenges highlighted by staff relating to the design of the facility. METHODS We interviewed a total of 26 custodial staff members working at a Youth Justice facility in Melbourne, Australia. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. NVivo 12 was used for thematic analysis. Two researchers (SO and PT) coded one transcript independently, iteratively creating a coding template using a thematic analysis approach. Once the final set of broad themes was constructed, the transcripts were re-examined, and narrower themes were identified. RESULTS Thematic analysis revealed that a total of 14 staff (53.8%) identified the design of the custodial facility as impacting upon their ability to practice relational security. Identified design aspects included: unit size, quiet and private spaces, communal areas, green and outside spaces, ambience and spatial characteristics, spatial differentiation, facility and unit lay-out. CONCLUSION Youth custodial staff identified design aspects of a youth custodial facility that either promoted or impeded the ability to practice relational security approaches. The current study highlights the importance of carefully considering facility design given its impact upon staff-young people relationships, procedures and ways of working within these custodial facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Oostermeijer
- The Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Poni Tongun
- The Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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27
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Winkelman TNA, Dasrath KC, Young JT, Kinner SA. Universal health coverage and incarceration. THE LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 7:e569-e572. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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28
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Hedrick K, Borschmann R. Prevalence, methods and characteristics of self-harm among asylum seekers in Australia: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060234. [PMID: 35264371 PMCID: PMC8915378 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asylum seekers are at increased risk of self-harm compared with the general population, and the experience of detention may further exacerbate this risk. Despite this, evidence regarding the prevalence, methods and characteristics of self-harm among asylum seekers in Australia (including those detained in onshore and offshore immigration detention) has not been synthesised. Such information is necessary to inform evidence-based prevention initiatives, and effective clinical and governmental responses to self-harm. This review will synthesise findings from the literature regarding the prevalence, methods and characteristics of self-harm among asylum seekers in both detained and community-based settings in Australia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We searched key electronic health, psychology and medical databases (PsycINFO, Scopus, PubMed and MEDLINE) for studies published in English between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2021. Our primary outcome is self-harm among asylum seekers held in onshore and/or offshore immigration detention, community detention and/or in community-based arrangements in Australia. We will include all study designs (except single case studies) that examine the prevalence of self-harm in asylum seekers. Studies published between 1992-the commencement of Australia's policy of mandatory immigration detention-and 2021 will be included. We will not apply any age restrictions. The Methodological Standard for Epidemiological Research scale will be used to assess the quality of included studies. If there are sufficient studies, and homogeneity between them, we will conduct meta-analyses to calculate pooled estimates of self-harm rates and compare relevant subgroups. If studies report insufficient data, or there is substantial heterogeneity, findings will be provided in narrative form. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This review is exempt from ethics approval as it will synthesise findings from published studies with pre-existing ethics approval. Our findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal article and conference presentations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020203444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyli Hedrick
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
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D’Antoine M, Malvaso C, Delfabbro P, O’Connor J. Suicidal behaviour in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young men under custodial youth justice supervision: understanding the role of adverse childhood experiences. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2022; 29:953-975. [PMID: 36267605 PMCID: PMC9578472 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.2003263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicidal behaviour in a sample of 1726 young men in an Australian youth justice detention population. Nine ACEs, including child abuse and parental risk factors, were examined. Analyses focused on whether ACEs were associated with suicidal ideation and attempts after controlling for other known correlates including substance use, aggression and out-of-home care exposure. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young men were found to have a higher prevalence and a higher average score of ACEs, but differed very little in relation to reported suicidal behaviour. Higher ACEs scores and specific maltreatment types (i.e. physical and sexual abuse) were positively associated with suicidal behaviour. This relationship was attenuated after controlling for established correlates of suicidal behaviour. The findings underscored the importance of understanding ACEs as major risk factors for suicide in youth justice populations and the need for effective prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda D’Antoine
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catia Malvaso
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joanne O’Connor
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Human Services, Youth Justice Assessment and Intervention Services, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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30
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Carter A, Butler A, Willoughby M, Janca E, Kinner SA, Southalan L, Fazel S, Borschmann R. Interventions to reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviours among people in contact with the criminal justice system: A global systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 44:101266. [PMID: 35072018 PMCID: PMC8763634 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who experience incarceration die by suicide at a higher rate than those who have no prior criminal justice system contact, but little is known about the effectiveness of interventions in other criminal justice settings. We aimed to synthesise evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions to reduce suicide and suicide-related behaviours among people in contact with the criminal justice system. METHODS We searched Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and grey literature databases for articles published between 1 January 2000 and 1 June 2021. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020185989). FINDINGS Thirty-eight studies (36 primary research articles, two grey literature reports) met our inclusion criteria, 23 of which were conducted in adult custodial settings in high-income, Western countries. Four studies were randomised controlled trials. Two-thirds of studies (n=26, 68%) were assessed as medium quality, 11 (29%) were assessed as high quality, and one (3%) was assessed as low quality. Most had considerable methodological limitations and very few interventions had been rigorously evaluated; as such, drawing robust conclusions about the efficacy of interventions was difficult. INTERPRETATION More high-quality evidence from criminal justice settings other than adult prisons, particularly from low- and middle-income countries, should be considered a priority for future research. FUNDING This work was funded by the Australian government's National Suicide Prevention Taskforce. RB is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Emerging Leader Investigator Grant (EL2; GNT2008073). MW is supported by a NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (GNT1151103). SF was funded by the NIHR HTA Programme (HTA Project:16/159/09).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Carter
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Butler
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Southalan
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding Author: A/Prof. Rohan Borschmann, PhD DClinPsych BBSc PG-Dip (Psych) MAPS, Dame Kate Campbell Senior Research Fellow / Psychologist, Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie street, Carlton, 3010, VIC Australia. Tel: +61 3 8344 0093; Fax: +61 3 8341 6212.
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Cumming C, Armstrong G, Borschmann R, Foulds JA, Newton-Howes G, McKetin R, Vallesi S, Preen D, Young J. Amphetamine-type stimulant use and self-harm: protocol for a systematic review of observational studies. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057029. [PMID: 35074824 PMCID: PMC8788311 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amphetamine type stimulant (ATS) use and self-harm are both major public health concerns globally. Use of ATS is associated with a range of health and social problems, and has been increasing internationally in the last decade. Self-harm and ATS use share a number of underlying risk factors and occur at elevated rates in marginalised groups with high rates of exposure to trauma. The relationship between self-harm and ATS use is likely complex, and the causal pathway may run in either direction. A comprehensive review, synthesis and analysis of the evidence are warranted to investigate this relationship and inform policy and practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search the Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO and Scopus databases for relevant observational studies published in peer-reviewed journals. The initial search was conducted on 5 February 2021, with a final search expected on 1 February 2022. All studies will be independently screened by two reviewers, first on title and abstract, and then on full-text to determine inclusion in the review. We place no restriction on the population that studies investigate, our exposure of interest is both prescription and illicit ATS use, comparators will be those not currently using ATS, and our primary outcome of interest is the prevalence of self-harm. Data will be extracted using a predesigned template, and pooled prevalence and pooled measures of effect for the association between ATS use and self-harm. If sufficient data are available, we will perform multiple meta-analyses to produce pooled measures of effect for each measure of ATS exposure, as well as different population sub-groups. The Methodological Standard for Epidemiological Research scale will be used to assess study quality, and Egger's test and I2 values will be used to assess publication bias and heterogeneity, respectively. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No ethical approval is required for this review. We will only synthesise information from published studies that were conducted with ethical approval, so no individual participant data will be used. We will disseminate our findings via publication in a peer-reviewed journal, national and international conference presentations, and presentations to stakeholders in the community. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This study has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42021226562).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Cumming
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gregory Armstrong
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Foulds
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Giles Newton-Howes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shannen Vallesi
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jesse Young
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Willoughby M, Young JT, Hail-Jares K, Spittal MJ, Borschmann R, Patton G, Sawyer SM, Janca E, Teplin L, Heffernan E, Kinner SA. Circumstances and toxicology of violence-related deaths among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system: a data linkage study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2207. [PMID: 34861851 PMCID: PMC8642952 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young people who have had contact with the youth justice system have an increased risk of dying from violence. Examining the context of violence-related deaths is essential in informing prevention strategies. We examined the circumstances and toxicology of violence-related deaths among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system in Queensland, Australia. Methods This data linkage study linked youth justice records from Queensland, Australia (30 June 1993-1 July 2014) on 48,670 young people to national death and coroner records (1 July 2000-1 January 2017). Circumstances and toxicology of deaths were coded from coroner’s records. We calculated the incidence of violence-related deaths that were reported to a coroner. Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine crude differences in the circumstances and toxicology of violence-related death, according to sex and Indigenous status. Results There were 982 deaths reported to a coroner in the cohort. Of which, 36 (4%) were from violence-related causes (incidence: 6 per 100,000 person-years, 95% confidence interval: 4-8). People who died from violence were most frequently male (n = 28/36; 78%), and almost half were Indigenous (n = 16/36; 44%). The majority of violence-related deaths involved a weapon (n = 24/36; 67%), most commonly a knife (n = 17/36; 47%). Compared to men where the violent incident was most frequently preceded by an altercation (n = 12/28; 43%), for women it was frequently preceded by a relationship breakdown or argument (n < 5; p = 0.004). Substances most commonly present in toxicology reports were cannabis (n = 16/23; 70%) and alcohol (n = 15/23; 65%). Conclusions Therapeutic alcohol and other drug programs, both in the community and detention, are likely important for reducing violence-related deaths among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system. The majority of violence-related deaths among women were in the context of intimate partner violence, indicating the urgent need for interventions that prevent intimate partner violence in this population. Diversion programs and increased investment in health and social services may reduce the overrepresentation of Indigenous people in the youth justice system and in violence-related deaths. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12244-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia. .,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katie Hail-Jares
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Linda Teplin
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Ed Heffernan
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Favril L. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviour in Prisons: A Literature Review. Psychol Belg 2021; 61:341-355. [PMID: 34900324 PMCID: PMC8622377 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide is a global public health concern that affects all echelons of society, albeit not equally so. Compared with adults in the general population, incarcerated offenders are at increased risk to consider, attempt, and die by suicide, which represents a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality in prisons worldwide. This review synthesises recent literature pertaining to the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of suicidal thoughts and behaviour among prisoners, and outlines a framework which emphasises the interplay between individuals (importation) and their surroundings (deprivation). The available evidence suggests that prison-specific stressors may exacerbate risk of suicide in an already vulnerable population characterised by complex health and social care needs. Emerging data point to differential mechanisms through which prisoners come to think about suicide and subsequently progress to suicidal behaviour. As risk of suicide is determined by a complex web of synergistically interacting factors, its management and prevention demands a cross-sectoral policy and service response that includes targeted interventions aimed at high-risk prisoners in combination with population strategies that promote the health and wellbeing of all people in prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Favril
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, BE
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Willoughby M, Young JT, Spittal MJ, Borschmann R, Janca E, Kinner PSA. Violence-related deaths among people released from incarceration: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 41:101162. [PMID: 34746721 PMCID: PMC8551597 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People released from incarceration have an increased risk of violence-related death. As deaths from violence are a rare event, meta-analysis is needed to calculate reliable estimates of this risk. We examined the crude mortality rates (CMRs), standardised mortality ratios (SMRs), and predictive factors for violence-related deaths among people released from incarceration. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, CINCH, and Criminal Justice Abstracts from inception to 14 September 2020 for cohort studies published in English that examined violence-related deaths occurring in the community following release from adult or youth incarceration. We used the Methodological Standard for Epidemiological Research (MASTER) scale to assess the quality of included studies. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate pooled estimates of the CMRs and SMRs. Heterogeneity was assessed using univariable meta-regression. This review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42020209422). FINDINGS Our search identified 2,489 records, from which 11 studies met the eligibility criteria. The pooled CMR for violence-related deaths after release from incarceration was 78·7 per 100,000 person-years (95%CI 58·0-99·5). The pooled SMR was 7·6 (95%CI 2·4-12·8). The estimate of heterogeneity was high (I2≥99%) and the Cochran's Q test was significant (p<0·001) for the pooled CMR and SMR. Study design (prospective vs. retrospective; p=0·001) and type of incarceration facility (youth detention vs. prison; p=0·006) were identified as possible sources of heterogeneity for CMRs. Risk factors for violence-related death after release were reported in only five studies. These included being male (n=3), Black or Hispanic in the United States (n=3), and younger age at release from incarceration (n=2). INTERPRETATION People released from incarceration are almost eight times more likely to die from violence than the general population. Violence-related deaths are preventable, and the high rate at which they occur after release from incarceration represents an important public health issue requiring targeted, evidence-based response. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Corresponding author: Melissa Willoughby, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3053, Australia. ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4360-2605
| | - Jesse T. Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, 7 Parker Place, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Prof Stuart A. Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Mater Hospital, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, 4122, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
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Dirkzwager AJE, Verheij R, Nieuwbeerta P, Groenewegen P. Mental and physical health problems before and after detention: A matched cohort study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE 2021; 8:100154. [PMID: 34557852 PMCID: PMC8454843 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Individuals with poor health are largely overrepresented in prison populations. However, it remains unclear whether their poor health status already exists prior to their detention or reflects an effect of detention. We examined the health of detainees in the year before and after their detention and compared this with the health of matched non-detainees. Methods In this matched cohort study, we linked national data on all persons detained in the Netherlands in 2014/2015 to electronic health records (EHR's) of a representative sample of general practitioners in the Netherlands. Participants include 952 detained persons and 4760 matched non-detained persons (matched on age, sex and general practice). Prevalence rates of health problems in the year before and after detention and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Rates for a variety of physical and mental health problems are presented. Findings Detainees and matched controls differed statistically significant in their pre-detention health status. Compared with controls, male detainees were more likely to report psychological (odds ratio [OR] 3·64 [95% CI 3·11–4·26]), social (1·96 [1·46–2·64]), neurological (1·34 [1·02–1·76]), digestive (1·23 [1·02–1·49]), genital system-related (1·36 [1·07–1·72]), and unspecified health problems (1·32 [1·10–1·59]) in the year before their detention. For example, 43·7% of detainees and 17·6% of controls reported psychological problems in this pre-detention year. To some extent these pre-detention health differences were related to socioeconomic differences. Nevertheless, after taking these characteristics into account, a number of pre-detention health differences between detainees and controls remained statistically significant. No statistically significant changes in prevalence rates from pre- to post-detention and no differences in the levels of change across detainees and controls were observed. For female detainees a similar pattern was found. Interpretation People who experience detention have high and complex health needs both pre- and post-detention. While this study did not show a health deteriorating effect of detention, it also did not show a health improving effect. This latter finding may indicate a missed opportunity for health care services to address detainees’ health, especially since persons entering detention have elevated health problems. Knowledge on detainees’ specific health problems may help health care providers in prisons and in the community to adequately address the health care needs of this vulnerable group. Funding None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja J E Dirkzwager
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Verheij
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, the Netherlands & Tilburg School of Social and Behavorial Sciences, Tilburg University, Netherlands
| | - Paul Nieuwbeerta
- Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter Groenewegen
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL) & Department of Sociology, Department of Human Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Boch S, Sezgin E, Ruch D, Kelleher K, Chisolm D, Lin S. Unjust: the health records of youth with personal/family justice involvement in a large pediatric health system. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2021; 9:20. [PMID: 34337696 PMCID: PMC8327457 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-021-00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass incarceration has had an undeniable toll on childhood poverty and inequality, however, little is known about the consequences on pediatric health. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the health of pediatric patients with probable personal or family history involvement with the correctional system. METHODS A descriptive study was conducted using electronic health record data of 2.3 million youth (ages 0-21 years) who received care in a large Midwestern hospital-based institution from February 2006-2020. We employed a correctional-related keyword search (e.g. jail, prison, probation, parole) to locate youth with probable personal or family history involvement. Health characteristics were measured as clinician diagnostic codes. RESULTS Two percent of the total pediatric population had a correctional keyword in the medical chart (N = 51,855). This 2% made up 66% of all patients with cannabis-related diagnoses, 52% of all patients with trauma-related diagnoses, 48% of all stress-related diagnoses, 38% of all patients with psychotic disorder diagnoses, and 33% of all suicidal-related disorders within this institution's electronic health record database - among other highly concerning findings. CONCLUSIONS We captured an alarming health profile that warrants further investigation and validation methods to better address the gaps in our clinical understanding of youth with personal or family history involvement with the correctional system. We can do better in identifying, and supporting families affected by the correctional system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Boch
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- James M. Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Emre Sezgin
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Donna Ruch
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelly Kelleher
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Deena Chisolm
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Simon Lin
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Skinner GCM, Farrington DP. Self-reported and general practitioner recorded indicators of lifetime health up to age 48 according to offender type in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2021; 31:211-219. [PMID: 33951229 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has suggested that people with a history of offending have worse health compared to non-offenders, but it is less clear whether all types of offenders are at similar health risks. In a New Zealand birth cohort study, Moffitt evidenced three main offending trajectories-life-course-persistent (LCP), adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset (LO) offending, subsequently confirmed in other substantial longitudinal studies. AIMS Our aim was to explore the relationship between these offending trajectories and both self-reported (SR) and general practitioner (GP) (primary care) recorded health indicators. METHODS Self-reported medical data at age 48 were obtained for 394 men followed since age 8 years in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. In addition, medical records were obtained from GPs for 264 of them. Health indicators from both sources were compared between each of the three established trajectories of offenders across the life course-LCP, AL, LO and the non-offenders. RESULTS LCP offenders were found to have over twice the likelihood of disabling medical conditions according to both self-report and GP records. They were also more likely to have GP records indicating mental health problems and treatment for them. According to GP records alone, the LO offenders were also more likely to have mental health problems. The health of AL offenders appeared to be no different from that of the crime-free controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings add weight to the growing evidence that LCP offending and offending that only occurs relatively late in life are likely to be the indicators of generally unhealthy and disrupted lives. This suggests that if lifestyle is to change for the better, interventions are likely to be needed for health as well as antisocial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C M Skinner
- Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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Bui L, Mori T, Furukawa A, Tasaka A. Maladaptive coping, victimization, and recidivism among Japanese adolescents and emerging adults. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 115:104980. [PMID: 33601115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use and victimization are known to be related to juvenile recidivism. Self-harm, a factor that commonly accompanies substance use and victimization, is not known to be related to said recidivism but may be so in a welfare-oriented juvenile justice system as found in Japan. OBJECTIVE We examine the extent to which maladaptive coping, comprising substance use and self-harm, increases the rate of persistence in correctional institutions in light of other well-replicated factors of youth recidivism. The study, too, investigates the role of maladaptive coping in explaining the impact of victimization on correctional recidivism. METHODS We draw from a sample of 348 adolescents and emerging adults, between ages 12-19 years, who were initially detained at a Juvenile Classification Home and followed-up for an average of 3.35 years. RESULTS Findings indicate that maladaptive coping is significantly related to persistence in the system, although history of probationary supervision and gang membership also were significant explanatory factors. In addition, the direct effect of victimization was larger than the indirect effect of victimization through maladaptive coping. CONCLUSIONS Unlike previous studies, self-harm is significantly related to recidivism. This suggests that recidivism reflects a need for help more so than for punishment. The wider implications are that juvenile justice systems characterized as punitive seem outdated in managing detained young people as they lack adequate prevention supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bui
- Department of Criminology, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Takemi Mori
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Konan Women's University, Japan
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Kippin NR, Leitao S, Finlay-Jones A, Baker J, Watkins R. The oral and written narrative language skills of adolescent students in youth detention and the impact of language disorder. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2021; 90:106088. [PMID: 33631552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unmet language and literacy needs are common among young people who are involved with youth justice systems. However, there is limited research regarding the functional text-level language skills of this population with regard to narrative macrostructure (story grammar) and microstructure (semantics and syntax) elements. METHODS In this study, we examined macrostructure and microstructure elements in the oral and written narrative texts of 24 adolescent students of a youth detention centre. The students, who were aged 14- to 17- years, were all speakers of Standard Australian English, and 11 (46%) students met criteria for language disorder (LD). FINDINGS When we compared the narratives according to modality of language, the students demonstrated stronger narrative language skills in the written modality compared to the oral. However, when we compared the narratives according to language ability, we found that the impact of LD on inclusion of macrostructure elements was greater in the oral modality, and for microstructure elements, was greater in the written modality. Errors in written conventions were common among both students with and without LD. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that both the modality of language as well as the presence of LD should be considered when young people are required to participate in forensic contexts including programs that address educational and rehabilitation needs. Our results indicate a need for consistent text-level language assessment to better identify and respond to functional difficulties within language and literacy. There is potential for speech-language pathology services to enhance comprehensive assessment as well as inform educational and rehabilitation programs for young people who are involved with youth justice systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Kippin
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Western Australia, Australia; School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Suze Leitao
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Western Australia, Australia; School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay-Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Baker
- Fremantle Speech Pathology Services, 1/14 Cockburn Road, Hamilton Hill, 6163, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rochelle Watkins
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Western Australia, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Willoughby M, Young JT, Spittal MJ, Borschmann R, Janca EK, Kinner SA. Violence-related deaths among people released from incarceration: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045601. [PMID: 33472793 PMCID: PMC7818808 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young people and adults released from incarceration have a risk of dying from violence that far exceeds that in the general population. Despite this, evidence regarding the incidence, elevated risk and predictive factors for violence-related deaths after release have not yet been synthesised. This information is important to inform the development of evidence-based approaches to effectively prevent deaths from violence in this population. This systematic review will synthesise the literature examining the crude mortality rates (CMRs), standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and predictive factors for violence-related deaths among people released from incarceration. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We searched key electronic health, social science and criminology databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, CINCH, Criminal Justice Abstracts) for peer-reviewed cohort studies published in English on 14th September 2020. Our primary outcome of interest is violence-related deaths occurring in the community following release from incarceration. We will not restrict study eligibility by year of publication or age of participants. The Methodological Standard for Epidemiological Research (MASTER) scale will be used to assess the quality of included studies. If there are sufficient studies and homogeneity between studies, we will conduct meta-analyses to calculate pooled estimates of CMRs, SMRs or predictive factors for violence-related deaths. If there is a sufficient number of included studies, meta-regression will be conducted to examine the influence of subgroups and methodological factors on the CMRs, SMRs or predictive factors. If the studies do not report sufficient data, or if there is substantial heterogeneity, findings will be presented in a narrative form. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This review is exempt from ethics approval as it will synthesise findings from published studies that have already obtained ethics approval. Our findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal article, and national and international conference and seminar presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020209422).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia K Janca
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Pat P, Richter-Sundberg L, Jegannathan B, Edin K, San Sebastian M. Mental health problems and suicidal expressions among young male prisoners in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study. Glob Health Action 2021; 14:1985229. [PMID: 34643166 PMCID: PMC8519542 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2021.1985229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background incarceration and mental health problems are known to have a strong empirical association. Many studies have confirmed the high prevalence of mental health problems among young prisoners in particular, yet none has been conducted in Cambodia. Objectives this study aimed to assess the level of mental health problems and suicidal expressions, and determine the associated risk factors among young prisoners in Cambodia. Method this was a cross-sectional study among 572 young prisoners between the ages of 15 and 24 from three prisons. Sociodemographic data and detailed information on participants’ profiles were gathered, and mental health problems and suicidal expressions were assessed using the Youth Self-Report (YSR) and the Attitude Towards Suicide (ATTS) questionnaires, respectively. Results Mental health problems as revealed by the mean YSR scores were: 25.97 for internalizing and 18.12 for externalizing problems; 11.88 for anxiety/depression, 9.97 for aggressive behaviours and 7.53 for somatic complaints. Social problems, attention problems and rule breaking behaviour were in the range of 8.10 to 8.49. Withdrawal depression and thought problems mean scores were 6.55 and 6.66, respectively. Mental health problems were associated with younger age, lower educational background, and shorter duration of incarceration. Around 16% had thought about their own death, and 12% expressed wish to die. Suicide ideation, planning, and attempts were reported by almost 7%, 2%, and 3% of participants respectively. Prior drugs users thought about death significantly more than their counterparts while suicide ideation was significantly lower among prisoners with higher education. Conclusion Mental health problems and suicidal expressions among young prisoners warrant well-planned mental health services that are integrated into the current prison health system. A contextualised intervention that takes into account age, education, duration of incarceration and previous drug use may contribute to improve the mental well-being of young prisoners in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthy Pat
- Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health (Caritas-CCAMH), Cambodia.,Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kerstin Edin
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Heller P, Morosan L, Badoud D, Laubscher M, Jimenez Olariaga L, Debbané M, Wolff H, Baggio S. Prevalence Rates and Evolution of Psychiatric Disorders Among Incarcerated Youths in Comparison With Non-incarcerated Youths. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:784954. [PMID: 35069287 PMCID: PMC8782264 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.784954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our main objective was to provide estimates of the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and comorbidities among youths in a juvenile detention center in Geneva, Switzerland. We also aimed to investigate potential positive effects of intensive psychotherapeutic and educational services this center provides. Finally, we examined psychiatric care prior to and after custody as well as the evolution of the youths' mental health during detention. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study including a group of incarcerated (n = 86) and a group of non-incarcerated (n = 169) youths (12-18 years old). Measures included diagnoses of psychiatric disorders, cognitive functions, trauma, psychopathic traits and the Youth Self-Report (aggressive behavior, attentional disorders, criminal behavior, social withdrawal, anxiety, depression and somatic complaints) collected at baseline and at discharge for the incarcerated group. Data were analyzed using mixed-effect models. Results: Psychiatric disorders were prevalent in the incarcerated group (82.6, 95% CI: 71.6-90.7%), but young people also often suffered from several disorders simultaneously. Two-thirds of the incarcerated participants had a diagnosis of two or more psychiatric disorders. Regarding health care, most incarcerated participants (79.1%) had psychiatric care prior to detention. The planned care after detention was associated with psychiatric comorbidities, care being more likely planned for those with comorbidities (p = 0.030). Compared to the non-incarcerated group, the incarcerated group had lower scores on cognitive functioning (p < 0.001) and higher scores on trauma (p < 0.021) and psychopathic traits (p < 0.034). The youths' stay in the detention center was associated with a positive change of mental health, with externalized problems being significantly reduced at the end of their stay (p = 0.017). Conclusion: Our findings showed that youths in conflict with the law are characterized by (1) their internal vulnerabilities: a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric comorbidities, lower cognitive functions, externalized problems and psychopathic traits; (2) environmental factors: victims of violence and sexual abuse; and (3) their psychiatric history. Besides, the evolution of the most prevalent issues was favorable over time, which puts into question the usual perspective about the deleterious effect of detention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Heller
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Larisa Morosan
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Badoud
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manon Laubscher
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Jimenez Olariaga
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Atilola O, Abiri G, Ola B. Psychiatric morbidity among adolescents and youth involved with the juvenile justice system in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic scoping review of current studies and research gaps. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 73:101633. [PMID: 33188993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current body of knowledge on the prevalence rate of psychiatric morbidity among adolescents and youth within the juvenile justice system in sub-Saharan Africa is yet to be systematically synthesized.. Consequently, African literature in the field has remained obscure, out of consideration in global discourses around the subject.; and incoherent to policy-makers. The situation has also hampered the identification of and filling of regional research-gaps in the field. The aim of this study, therefore, was to conduct a systematic scoping review of available data on psychiatric morbidity among adolescents and youth within the juvenile justice system in sub-Saharan Africa. The search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, EMBASE, CINAHL and Psych Info. Additional searches were done in Google Scholar and African Journal Online (AJOL) databases. Twenty-six studies from 21 different research projects were identified. More than two-thirds were conducted in Nigeria and published within the last decade. Similar to what has been established around the world, the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorder was often very high, with a range of 59.7% - 63.0% among respondents. Key strengths of identified studies included use of standardized clinician-administered instruments for assessment and exploration of a wide range of psychiatric disorders. The main weaknesses in the studies included male gender-bias, lack of normative comparison groups, emphasis on custodial settings with little data on non-custodial systems, and considerable length of time-lag between the points of incarceration and psychiatric evaluation among the samples studied.. The study concluded that a modest number of studies have been conducted on psychiatric morbidity among justice-involved adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, but there are still significant research gaps which could be bridged in order to aid context-appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Atilola
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Lagos State University Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | | | - Bolanle Ola
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Lagos State University Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria
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Vinson SY, Waldman RJ. The pandemic paused the US school-to-prison pipeline: potential lessons learned. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:799-800. [PMID: 32950069 PMCID: PMC7498415 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Vinson
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Lorio Forensics, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.
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Anoshiravani A. Addressing the unmet health needs of justice system-involved youth. THE LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 5:e83. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Ensuring the rights of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities within child justice systems. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:163-166. [PMID: 31956014 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent UN general comment on criminal justice systems includes guidance to state parties regarding the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child for children with developmental delays or neurodevelopmental disorders or disabilities. This guidance asserts that these children "should not be in the child justice system at all", but when present "should be individually assessed" to enable appropriate safeguards and accommodations to ensure the protection of their rights without discrimination. In this Viewpoint, we examine the significant barriers faced by children who are affected by neurodevelopmental disabilities to the realisation of their rights under international law and standards. These barriers include systemic and cultural barriers created by a lack of awareness among justice professionals about how to identify and work with children who have neurodevelopmental disabilities, as well as procedural barriers, which arise from the complexity and rigidity of many criminal justice processes. The effect of these barriers is that the child is denied their rights on an equal basis with other children without such disabilities.
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Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Allen SA, Rich JD. Incarceration and the health of detained children. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 5:e76-e77. [PMID: 31954436 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Department of Social Medicine, Center for Health Equity Research, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott A Allen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 0290, USA
| | - Josiah D Rich
- The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 0290, USA; Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Hughes N, Ungar M, Fagan A, Murray J, Atilola O, Nichols K, Garcia J, Kinner S. Health determinants of adolescent criminalisation. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:151-162. [PMID: 31956016 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several conditions related to health and development in adolescence can increase the risk that a young person will be exposed to the criminal justice system. Such determinants include neurodevelopmental disability, poor mental health, trauma, and experiences of maltreatment. Furthermore, the risk of exposure to the criminal justice system seems to be amplified by social marginalisation and inequality, such that young people are made susceptible to criminal behaviour and criminalisation by a combination of health difficulties and social disadvantages. This Review presents evidence on the health determinants of criminalisation among adolescents, providing a persuasive case for policy and practice reform, including for investment in approaches to prevent criminalisation on the basis of health and developmental difficulties, and to better address related needs once within a criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hughes
- Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael Ungar
- School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Abigail Fagan
- Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Olayinka Atilola
- College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kitty Nichols
- Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joana Garcia
- School of Social Work, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stuart Kinner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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