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Sapkota BD, Simkhada P, Newton D, Parker S. Domestic Violence Against Women in Nepal: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2703-2720. [PMID: 38288481 PMCID: PMC11370213 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231222230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted to examine the factors that put women at risk of domestic violence in Nepal. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), PubMed, Cochrane, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched supplemented by searching of the reference list manually. Of the 143 studies identified 24 were included in the final review. Search strategy was developed, and studies were included if they considered female participants (age 15-49 years) in heterosexual relationship, with exposure of different factors and whose outcomes were the magnitude of any form of violence (physical, sexual, and emotional/psychological). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the studies included. The findings are categorized based on the four levels of the ecological framework. At the individual level, the alcohol consumption level of husband, education level of both women and men, women's age at the time of marriage and childhood exposure to violence were found to be highly prevalent risk factors. At the relationship level, most prevalent risk factors were controlling husband and decision-making capacity of women. At the community level, belonging to underprivileged community or low caste system and living in Terai region were the risk factors. At the societal level, patriarchal belief and norms supporting violence were the risk factors. The complex nature of violence against women in Nepal requires culturally sensitive interventions along with organized efforts from the local and intra government to improve the status of Nepalese women at all levels of the ecological framework.
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Yang Z, Li A, Jiang Y, Maidaiti X, Wu Y, Jin Y. Global burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease attributable to high fasting plasma glucose in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22232. [PMID: 39333707 PMCID: PMC11437073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) brings heavy clinical and economic burdens to patients worldwide. High fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) was proven to be an important modifiable risk factor. However, the global burden distribution of HFPG-attributable MASLD has not been fully studied. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological distribution and trends of the burden of HFPG-attributable MASLD worldwide. The data source was the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study. Descriptive statistics were mainly conducted using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths of HFPG-attributable MASLD from 1990 to 2021, as well as their age-standardized rates (ASRs) and population-attributable fractions. Subgroup analyses were conducted by region, age group, and sex. We found that 213.48 thousand DALYs and 10.02 thousand deaths in MASLD were attributable to HFPG worldwide in 2021, with an increase of 2.96 and 3.32 times compared with 1990, respectively. Over the past 32 years, age-standardized DALY rates (ASDRs) have fluctuated upward, reaching 2.45 per 100,000 people in 2021, with an increase of 81.21%. The ASDRs continued to rise in low, low-middle, and high social demographic index (SDI) regions, fluctuated upward at high levels in middle SDI regions, and were relatively low in high-middle SDI regions. People aged 50-69 accounted for the largest proportion of DALYs, while people over 70 had the largest increase of 3.73 times. Men had higher ASDRs, and the sex difference has been gradually expanding over the past 32 years, peaking at the age of 45-49. In conclusion, the burden of HFPG-attributable MASLD has continued to increase globally, with differences in geographical area, age, and sex distribution. HFPG, as a modifiable risk factor, should be given more importance. The implementation of targeted health intervention strategies is recommended for each country based on trends in the burden of HFPG-attributable MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Aolin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuling Jiang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | - Yinge Wu
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yinzi Jin
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Sun P, Ming X, Song T, Chen Y, Yang X, Sun Z, Zheng X, Tong L, Ma Z, Wan Z. Global burden of chronic kidney disease in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1389342. [PMID: 39359410 PMCID: PMC11445070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1389342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The global status of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is underestimated, particularly the burden on adolescents and young adults (early-onset, aged 15-39). Objective We aim to investigate the pattern and trend of early-onset CKD from 1990 to 2019. Methods We analyzed age-specific rates of early-onset CKD incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) using Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 data. We examined the global, regional, national, gender-based, age group-based, and temporal changes of early-onset CKD burden from 1990 to 2019, as well as proportional DALY attributions of various risk factors. Results From 1990 to 2019, the global age-specific incidence rate (per 100,000 population) significantly increased from 25.04 (95% confidence interval 18.51, 31.65) to 32.21 (23.73, 40.81) for early-onset CKD. However, the global age-specific death rate significantly decreased from 2.96 (2.76, 3.15) to 2.86 (2.61, 3.11), and the age-specific DALY rate remained stable. Regarding sociodemographic indexes (SDI), countries with middle SDI had the highest incidence rates and the fastest increasing trends, while those with low and low-middle SDI experienced the highest death and DALY rates. Women had a generally higher age-specific incidence rate than men, whereas men showed higher age-specific death and DALY rates. In addition, the burdens of CKD increased with age among adolescents and young adults. Moreover, the main attributable risk factors for DALY of early-onset CKD were high systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and body mass index (BMI). Conclusion The age-specific incidence rate of early-onset CKD increased significantly from 1990 to 2019, and the age-specific DALY rate remained stable. High SBP, high FPG, and high BMI were the primary risk factors. Targeted prevention and healthcare measures should be developed considering age, gender, and region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Department of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xingyu Ming
- Department of Medical Records and Statistics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiange Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaochen Sun
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zheng
- Department of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Luyao Tong
- Department of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwei Ma
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengwei Wan
- Department of Health Management Center & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Kim S, Park J, Lee H, Lee H, Woo S, Kwon R, Kim S, Koyanagi A, Smith L, Rahmati M, Fond G, Boyer L, Kang J, Lee JH, Oh J, Yon DK. Global public concern of childhood and adolescence suicide: a new perspective and new strategies for suicide prevention in the post-pandemic era. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:872-900. [PMID: 39008157 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-024-00828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is the second leading cause of death in young people worldwide and is responsible for about 52,000 deaths annually in children and adolescents aged 5-19 years. Familial, social, psychological, and behavioral factors play important roles in suicide risk. As traumatic events such as the COVID-19 pandemic may contribute to suicidal behaviors in young people, there is a need to understand the current status of suicide in adolescents, including its epidemiology, associated factors, the influence of the pandemic, and management initiatives. DATA SOURCES We investigated global and regional suicide mortality rates among children and adolescents aged 5-19 years using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. The suicide mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were examined in 204 countries and territories across six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Additionally, we utilized electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus, and employed various combinations of terms such as "suicide", "adolescents", "youth", "children", "risk factors", "COVID-19 pandemic", "prevention", and "intervention" to provide a narrative review on suicide within the pediatric population in the post-pandemic era. RESULTS Despite the decreasing trend in the global suicide mortality rate from 1990 to 2019, it remains high. The mortality rates from suicide by firearms or any other specified means were both greater in males. Additionally, Southeast Asia had the highest suicide rate among the six WHO regions. The COVID-19 pandemic seems to contribute to suicide risk in young people; thus, there is still a strong need to revisit appropriate management for suicidal children and adolescents during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS The current narrative review integrates up-to-date knowledge on suicide epidemiology and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, risk factors, and intervention strategies. Although numerous studies have characterized trends in suicide among young people during the pre-pandemic era, further studies are required to investigate suicide during the pandemic and new strategies for suicide prevention in the post-pandemic era. It is necessary to identify effective prevention strategies targeting young people, particularly those at high risk, and successful treatment for individuals already manifesting suicidal behaviors. Care for suicidal children and adolescents should be improved with parental, school, community, and clinical involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeun Kim
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeyu Park
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeri Lee
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hayeon Lee
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Selin Woo
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rosie Kwon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Masoud Rahmati
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
- CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Fond
- CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jiseung Kang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Hyuk Lee
- Health and Human Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiyeon Oh
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea.
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Muttalib F, Memon ZA, Muhammad S, Soomro A, Khan S, Bano S, Jawwad M, Soofi S, Hansen B, Adhikari NKJ, Bhutta Z. The spectrum of acute illness and mortality of children and adolescents presenting to emergency services in Sanghar district hospital, Pakistan: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e082255. [PMID: 39179281 PMCID: PMC11344522 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe presenting diagnoses and rates and causes of death by age category and sex among children with acute illness brought to a district headquarter hospital in Pakistan. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Sanghar district headquarter hospital, Sindh, Pakistan between December 2019 and April 2020 and August 2020 and December 2020. PARTICIPANTS 3850 children 0-14 years presenting with acute illness to the emergency and outpatient departments and 1286 children admitted to the inpatient department. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was Global Burden of Disease diagnosis category. Secondary outcomes were 28-day mortality rate, cause of death and healthcare delays, defined as delay in care-seeking, delay in reaching the healthcare facility and delay in appropriate treatment. RESULTS Communicable diseases were the most common presenting diagnoses among outpatients and among inpatients aged 1 month to 9 years. Non-communicable diseases and nutritional disorders were more common with increasing age. Few children presented with injuries. Newborn period (age <28 days) was associated with increased odds of death (OR 4.34 [95% CI 2.38 to 8.18], p<0.001, reference age 28 days-14 years) and there was no significant difference in odds of death between female vs male children (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.6 to 2.04, p=0.72). 47 children died in the hospital (3.6%) and three (0.2%) died within 28 days of admission. Most children who died were <28 days old (n=32/50, 64%); leading diagnoses included neonatal sepsis/meningitis (n=13/50, 26%), neonatal encephalopathy (n=7/50, 14%) and lower respiratory tract infections (n=6/50, 12%). Delays in care-seeking (n=15) and in receiving appropriate treatment (n=12) were common. CONCLUSION This study adds to sparse literature surrounding the epidemiology of disease and hospital outcomes for children with acute illness seeking healthcare in rural Pakistan and, in particular, among children aged 5-14 years. Further studies should include public and private hospitals within a single region to comprehensively describe patterns of care-seeking and interfacility transfer in district health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Muttalib
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zahid Ali Memon
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shah Muhammad
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Asif Soomro
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Samia Khan
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Bano
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jawwad
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Soofi
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Neill KJ Adhikari
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Managament, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zulfiqar Bhutta
- Center of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bhugra D, Liebrenz M, Ventriglio A, Ng R, Javed A, Kar A, Chumakov E, Moura H, Tolentino E, Gupta S, Ruiz R, Okasha T, Chisolm MS, Castaldelli-Maia J, Torales J, Smith A. World Psychiatric Association-Asian Journal of Psychiatry Commission on Public Mental Health. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 98:104105. [PMID: 38861790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Although there is considerable evidence showing that the prevention of mental illnesses and adverse outcomes and mental health promotion can help people lead better and more functional lives, public mental health remains overlooked in the broader contexts of psychiatry and public health. Likewise, in undergraduate and postgraduate medical curricula, prevention and mental health promotion have often been ignored. However, there has been a recent increase in interest in public mental health, including an emphasis on the prevention of psychiatric disorders and improving individual and community wellbeing to support life trajectories, from childhood through to adulthood and into older age. These lifespan approaches have significant potential to reduce the onset of mental illnesses and the related burdens for the individual and communities, as well as mitigating social, economic, and political costs. Informed by principles of social justice and respect for human rights, this may be especially important for addressing salient problems in communities with distinct vulnerabilities, where prominent disadvantages and barriers for care delivery exist. Therefore, this Commission aims to address these topics, providing a narrative overview of relevant literature and suggesting ways forward. Additionally, proposals for improving mental health and preventing mental illnesses and adverse outcomes are presented, particularly amongst at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bhugra
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings College, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Liebrenz
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Ng
- World Psychiatric Association, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anindya Kar
- Advanced Neuropsychiatry Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Egor Chumakov
- Department of Psychiatry & Addiction, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Susham Gupta
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roxanna Ruiz
- University of Francisco Moaroquin, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Smith
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Luo J, Hou J, Yi J, Li L, Zhao X. Global burden of type 2 diabetes in adolescents from 1990 to 2019. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1405739. [PMID: 39055060 PMCID: PMC11269148 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1405739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) among adolescents (15-24 years old) from 1990 to 2019. Methods The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate of adolescents were analyzed according to age, sex, geographical location, and sociodemographic index (SDI). The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was estimated to quantify the trends. Results From 1990 to 2019, the ASIR (EAPC = 1.07) and age-standardized DALY rate (EAPC = 2.01) of T2D in adolescents showed an increasing trend. The ASIR was higher in males than in females. The burden was greater in the 20-24-year age group. Of the five SDI regions, the highest ASIR and age-standardized DALY rate were found in low-middle-SDI regions, while the greatest increase in these rates was observed in high-SDI regions (EAPC = 3.28 and 3.55, respectively). Of the 21 regions analyzed, the highest ASIR and age-standardized DALY rate were found in Oceania. Of the 204 countries analyzed, the Marshall Islands (651.16) and Kiribati (277.42) had the highest ASIR and DALYs, respectively. The regions with the greatest increase in the ASIR from 1990 to 2019 were Western Europe (EAPC = 4.15), high-income North America (EAPC = 4.72). Conclusions The global burden of T2D in adolescents showed an overall upward trend from 1990 to 2019. It is necessary to strengthen prevention measures related to risk factors for T2D among young people, especially in areas with a low-to-medium SDI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xinlan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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8
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Vervoort D, Wang R, Li G, Filbey L, Maduka O, Brewer LC, Mamas MA, Bahit MC, Ahmed SB, Van Spall HGC. Addressing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:2690-2707. [PMID: 38897679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for approximately 35% of all deaths in women. In 2019, the global age-standardized CVD prevalence and mortality of women were 6,403 per 100,000 and 204 per 100,000, respectively. Although the age- and population-adjusted prevalence has decreased globally, opposite trends are evident in regions of socioeconomic deprivation. Cardiovascular health and outcomes are influenced by regional socioeconomic, environmental, and community factors, in addition to health care system and individual factors. Cardiovascular care in women is commonly plagued by delayed diagnoses, undertreatment, and knowledge gaps, particularly in women-specific or women-predominant conditions. In this paper, we describe the global epidemiology of CVD and highlight multilevel determinants of cardiometabolic health. We review knowledge and health care gaps that serve as barriers to improving CVD outcomes in women. Finally, we present national, community, health care system, and research strategies to comprehensively address cardiometabolic risk and improve outcomes in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Vervoort
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruoting Wang
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM), Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guowei Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM), Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lynaea Filbey
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Omosivie Maduka
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - LaPrincess C Brewer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Minnesota Center for Health Equity and Community Engagement Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mamas A Mamas
- Keele Cardiac Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sofia B Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harriette G C Van Spall
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada; Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Sibale JL, Fischer TB. Does Matrilineality Reduce Gender Inequality in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Public Participation? Some Evidence from Malawi. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 73:1094-1105. [PMID: 38691163 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-024-01971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports on Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) public participation in Malawi with a focus on the role of women from matrilineal and patrilineal marriage systems. Six rural ESIA projects are explored of which three are in areas of patrilineal and three are in areas of matrilineal systems. Participation space was found to be consistently dominated by men, with no obvious differences between both systems. The key reasons are likely to be lower educational and social status of women in rural areas throughout the country. This is associated with a number of challenges, including chronic poverty and food insecurity. Affirmative action is needed to achieve a better representation of women in ESIA processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwo Lwesya Sibale
- Environmental Affairs Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Climate Change, Lilongwe, Malawi.
- University of Liverpool, Environmental Assessment and Management Research Centre, School of Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Thomas Bernward Fischer
- University of Liverpool, Environmental Assessment and Management Research Centre, School of Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, UK
- North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Research Unit for Environmental Science and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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10
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Patwardhan V, Gil GF, Arrieta A, Cagney J, DeGraw E, Herbert ME, Khalil M, Mullany EC, O'Connell EM, Spencer CN, Stein C, Valikhanova A, Gakidou E, Flor LS. Differences across the lifespan between females and males in the top 20 causes of disease burden globally: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e282-e294. [PMID: 38702093 PMCID: PMC11080072 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex and gender shape health. There is a growing body of evidence focused on comprehensively and systematically examining the magnitude, persistence, and nature of differences in health between females and males. Here, we aimed to quantify differences in the leading causes of disease burden between females and males across ages and geographies. METHODS We used the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 to compare disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) rates for females and males for the 20 leading causes of disease burden for individuals older than 10 years at the global level and across seven world regions, between 1990 and 2021. We present absolute and relative differences in the cause-specific DALY rates between females and males. FINDINGS Globally, females had a higher burden of morbidity-driven conditions with the largest differences in DALYs for low back pain (with 478·5 [95% uncertainty interval 346·3-632·8] more DALYs per 100 000 individuals among females than males), depressive disorders (348·3 [241·3-471·0]), and headache disorders (332·9 [48·3-731·9]), whereas males had higher DALY rates for mortality-driven conditions with the largest differences in DALYs for COVID-19 (with 1767·8 [1581·1-1943·5] more DALYs per 100 000 among males than females), road injuries (1012·2 [934·1-1092·9]), and ischaemic heart disease (1611·8 [1405·0-1856·3]). The differences between sexes became larger over age and remained consistent over time for all conditions except HIV/AIDS. The largest difference in HIV/AIDS was observed among those aged 25-49 years in sub-Saharan Africa with 1724·8 (918·8-2613·7) more DALYs per 100 000 among females than males. INTERPRETATION The notable health differences between females and males point to an urgent need for policies to be based on sex-specific and age-specific data. It is also important to continue promoting gender-sensitive research, and ultimately, implement interventions that not only reduce the burden of disease but also achieve greater health equity. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedavati Patwardhan
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela F Gil
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alejandra Arrieta
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Cagney
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin DeGraw
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Molly E Herbert
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mariam Khalil
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin C Mullany
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin M O'Connell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cory N Spencer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caroline Stein
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aiganym Valikhanova
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emmanuela Gakidou
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luisa S Flor
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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11
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WANG J, HU L, ZHANG T, LIU J, YU C, ZHAO N, QI J, LIU L. Prevalence and predictors of prenatal depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multistage observational study in Beijing, China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298314. [PMID: 38662750 PMCID: PMC11045078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While growing psychological health issues among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic have been clearly validated, most research was conducted in countries with relatively lax quarantine measures. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of prenatal depression among pre-, peak-, and post-COVID-19 in Beijing, the region with a stringent response policy in China. We also explore predictors of prenatal depression throughout the outbreak. METHODS We investigated prenatal depression among 742 pregnant women who received antenatal checkups in Beijing from March 28, 2019 to May 07, 2021 using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and associative demographic, pregnancy-related, and psychosocial characteristics were measured. The phase was divided into pre-, peak-, and post-COVID-19 in light of the trajectory of COVID-19. Pearson's Chi-square test was used after the examination of confounders homogeneity. The bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was conducted to explore predictors. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of prenatal depression was 11.9% throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Rates at different phases were 10.6%, 15.2%, and 11.1% respectively and no significant difference was observed. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that history of mental illness, number of boy-preference from both pregnant women and husband's family, social support, occupation, and living space were independent predictors of prenatal depression in Beijing. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that the impact of this pandemic on prenatal depression in Beijing appears to be not significant, which will strengthen confidence in adhering to current policy for decision-makers and provide important guidance for the development of major outbreak control and management policies in the future. Our findings may also provide a more efficient measure to identify high-risk pregnant women for professionals and help raise gender equity awareness of pregnant women and their husbands' families. Future studies should focus on the value of targeted care and family relations on the mental health of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin WANG
- Institution of Hospital Management, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Aviation Psychology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Libin HU
- Institution of Hospital Management, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi ZHANG
- Institution of Hospital Management, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia LIU
- Department of Aviation Psychology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan YU
- Department of Aviation Psychology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningxin ZHAO
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianlin QI
- Department of Aviation Psychology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua LIU
- Institution of Hospital Management, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Ahsan MN, Thakur S. The great Indian demonetization and gender gap in health outcomes: Evidence from two Indian states. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 53:101369. [PMID: 38447319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
We utilize the timing of India's 2016 demonetization policy to examine whether a negative macroeconomic shock disproportionately affects women's health outcomes relative to men's. Our empirical framework considers women as the treated group and men as the comparison group. Using data from the National Family Health Survey-4 and a household fixed effects model, we find that the induced income shock leads to a 4% decline in hemoglobin for women as compared to the pre-demonetization level. This corresponds to a 21% increase in the gender gap in hemoglobin. The result is further validated with an event study and a variety of robustness checks. An examination of food consumption suggests that this pattern is possibly driven by a widening male-female gap in the consumption of iron-rich foods.
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13
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Cullen P, Peden AE, Francis KL, Cini KI, Azzopardi P, Möller H, Peden M, Sawyer SM, Nathan S, Joshi R, Patton GC, Ivers RQ. Interpersonal Violence and Gender Inequality in Adolescents: A Systematic Analysis of Global Burden of Disease Data From 1990 to 2019. J Adolesc Health 2024; 74:232-245. [PMID: 37988041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interpersonal violence is a leading cause of adolescent deaths and disability. This study investigates sex differences in burden of interpersonal violence for adolescents and explores associations with gender inequality. METHOD Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, we report numbers, proportions, rates of interpersonal violence deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for all ages, and rate of change (from 1990 to 2019) in adolescents aged 10-24 years disaggregated by sex and geography. We explored associations with gender inequality using gender inequality index. RESULTS One in four (24.8%) all-age interpersonal violence deaths are in adolescents. In 2019, the rate of deaths in adolescent males was almost six times higher than females (9.3 vs. 1.6 per 100,000); and since 1990, the rate of decline in DALYs for females was double than that for males (-28.9% vs. -12.7%). By contrast, the burden of sexual violence is disproportionately borne by adolescent females, with over double the rate than males (DALYs: 42.8 vs. 17.5 per 100,000). In countries with greater gender inequality, the male-to-female ratio (deaths and DALYs) was increased among older adolescents, pointing to benefits for males in more gender equal settings. DISCUSSION Social identities, relationships, and attitudes to violence are established in adolescence, which is an inflection point marking the emergence of disproportionate burdens of interpersonal violence. Our findings affirm that global agendas must be expanded to address interrelated factors driving multiple forms of interpersonal violence experienced by adolescents and reverberating to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cullen
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia; Ngarruwan Ngadju, First Peoples Health and Wellbeing Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Amy E Peden
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Francis
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karly I Cini
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Azzopardi
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Global Adolescent Health Group, Maternal Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holger Möller
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maragaret Peden
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health UK and School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally Nathan
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rohina Joshi
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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Burns L, Pitt H, Ngoc TL. Adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights for ethnic minority girls in Vietnam. Health Promot Int 2024; 39:daad182. [PMID: 38234276 PMCID: PMC10794874 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been significant progress in improved adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights (ASRHR) for girls across low- to- middle-income countries (LMICs). However, progress has been uneven, and disparities persistent across and within countries. For example, Vietnam is one of only nine countries to have achieved the 2015 maternal mortality rate (MMR) target of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as a nation, but for some sub-populations, progress has been much slower, and MMR is more than twice that the national average. Ensuring equity is a current focus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda that seeks to Leave No One Behind. This paper explores some of these inequities and potential drivers for ethnic minority adolescent girls in Vietnam, with a specific focus on the Tay community, the largest ethnic minority group in Vietnam. This paper highlights the challenges to progress, including areas where there is still limited evidence about the range of socio-cultural factors that may determine sexual and reproductive health outcomes for Tay adolescent girls. In the era of the SDGs, Vietnam's national policy platforms and current aid architecture provide a solid basis on which to build research, policy and practice investments that improve the health of adolescent ethnic minority girls in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Burns
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 301 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 301 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Thuy Luu Ngoc
- Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC), Arts, Design & Architecture, University of New South Wales, High Street, Kensington, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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15
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Phillips G, Kendino M, Brolan CE, Herron LM, Kὃrver S, Motofaga S, Cox M. Women on the frontline: exploring the gendered experience for Pacific healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2024; 42:100961. [PMID: 38022711 PMCID: PMC10658397 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Women comprise 90% of patient-facing global healthcare workers (HCWs), yet remain underpaid, undervalued, and under-represented in leadership and decision-making positions, particularly across the Pacific region. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these health workplace inequalities. We sought to understand Pacific women HCWs experience from the COVID-19 frontline to contribute to policies aimed at addressing gendered gaps in regional health systems. Methods Our interpretative phenomenological study used critical feminist and social theory, and a gendered health systems analytical framework. Data were collected using online focus groups and in-depth interviews with 36 Pacific regional participants between March 2020 and July 2021. Gender-specific content and women's voices were privileged for inductive analysis by Pacific and Australian women researchers with COVID-19 frontline lived experience. Findings Pacific women HCWs have authority and responsibility resulting from their familial, biological, and cultural status, but are often subordinate to men. They were emancipatory leaders during COVID-19, and as HCWs demonstrated compassion, situational awareness, and concern for staff welfare. Pacific women HCWs also faced ethical challenges to prioritise family or work responsibilities, safely negotiate childbearing, and maintain economic security. Interpretation Despite enhanced gendered power differentials during COVID-19, Pacific women HCWs used their symbolic capital to positively influence health system performance. Gender-transformative policies are urgently required to address disproportionate clinical and community care burdens and to protect and support the Pacific female health workforce. Funding Epidemic Ethics/World Health Organization (WHO), Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/Wellcome Grant 214711/Z/18/Z. Co-funding: Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation, International Development Fund Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Phillips
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Emergency Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Claire E. Brolan
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lisa-Maree Herron
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Kὃrver
- TB Elimination, and Implementation Science, Burnet Institute, Papua New Guinea and Australia
| | - Silina Motofaga
- Clinical Services Program, Public Health Division, Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji
| | - Megan Cox
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
- The Sutherland Hospital, NSW, Australia
- NSW Ambulance, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Patel R, Bansod DW. Correlates of poor self-rated health among school-going adolescent girls in urban Varanasi, India. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1921. [PMID: 37794345 PMCID: PMC10552224 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of self-rated health (SRH) has widely been studied among the adults and older population in developed as well as developing countries, including India. Also, studies are available in abundance examining the various concepts of SRH among adolescents. However, in India, studies on the SRH of adolescents remain scarce, especially those aiming to understand the correlates of SRH among school-going adolescent girls in an urban setting. Therefore, this study aims to determine the correlates of poor SRH among school-going adolescent girls in the urban setting of Varanasi, India. METHODS This study is based on the primary data collected in the Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India, from October 2019 to February 2020. Nearly 350 adolescent girls and their mothers were personally interviewed. Self-rated health was the primary outcome variable of this study. The exact wording of the question asked from the adolescent girls was, "In general, how would you say your health is?". RESULTS Almost one-fifth (19.4%) of the adolescent girls reported poor SRH. Adolescent girls from Other Backward Class (OBC) [OR: 0.39; 95% CI: .18-.85] and Others caste [OR: 0.58; 95% CI: .23-0.87] were less likely to report poor SRH than their Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (SC/ST) counterparts. Girls residing in households where number of daughters were more than sons were more likely to report poor SRH [OR: 7.8; 95% CI: 1.5-39.5] than girls who belonged to the daughters only households. CONCLUSION Composition of children was one of the important factors as outlined in this study. The role of mothers in improving the overall SRH of the girls is critical as they are involved in caring process of their daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Patel
- Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
| | - Dhananjay W Bansod
- Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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17
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Gulema H, Demissie M, Worku A, Assebe Yadeta T, Berhane Y. Influence of engaging female caregivers in households with adolescent girls on adopting equitable family eating practices: a quasi-experimental study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16099. [PMID: 37750079 PMCID: PMC10518164 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In patriarchal societies, female caregivers decide on food allocation within a family based on prevailing gender and age norms, which may lead to inequality that does not favor young adolescent girls. This study evaluated the effect of a community-based social norm intervention involving female caregivers in West Hararghe, Ethiopia. The intervention was engaging female caregivers along with other adult influential community members to deliberate and act on food allocation social norms in a process referred to as Social Analysis and Action (SAA). Method We used data from a large quasi-experimental study to compare family eating practices between those who participated in the Social Analyses and Action intervention and those who did not. The respondents were female caregivers in households with young adolescent girls (ages 13 and 14 years). The study's outcome was the practice of family eating together from the same dish. The difference in difference (DID) analysis with the mixed effect logistic regression model was used to examine the effect of the intervention. Result The results showed improved family eating practices in both groups, but the improvement was greater in the intervention group. The DID analysis showed an 11.99 percentage points greater improvement in the intervention arm than in the control arm. The mixed-effect regression produced an adjusted odds ratio of 2.08 (95% CI [1.06-4.09]) after controlling selected covariates, p-value 0.033. Conclusions The involvement of influential adult community members significantly improves the family practice of eating together in households where adolescent girls are present in our study. The intervention has great potential to minimize household food allocation inequalities and thus improve the nutritional status of young adolescents. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention in different social norm contexts to formulate policy and guidelines for scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Gulema
- Department of Global Health and Health Policy, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meaza Demissie
- Department of Global Health and Health Policy, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Worku
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yemane Berhane
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Kansal R, Singla A, Bawa A, Malhotra K, Lalchandan J, Grewal J, Mehta M, Kaur N, Jain S, Mondal H. A nationwide survey on the preference of Indian undergraduate medical students to go abroad for higher studies and residency. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1997-2002. [PMID: 38024947 PMCID: PMC10657054 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.318_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Getting residency training abroad is a critical motivator in the emigration of Indian medical students. Brain drain is an emerging issue, especially for developing countries as it causes a shortage of trained staff in the donor country. Aim We aimed to survey Indian medical students to know about their intentions to get trained abroad and to understand the factors influencing their decision. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional observational study, we surveyed Indian undergraduate medical students of all professional years, including internship. A validated questionnaire collected data on students' demographics and educational characteristics, intention to study overseas or stay back in India, and factors influencing their decision. Results Out of a total of 1199 responses (51.1% males, 48.9% females), 45.0% partakers had planned to pursue their residency abroad, while 33.8% wanted to stay in India and 21.2% were undecided. Better lifestyle and higher pay grades overseas were viewed as the most significant barriers to staying back in India and a key influencer in decision-making among the maximum number of students (412; 76.3%). On the other hand, a whopping 58.2% of participants opined that they wanted to stay back in India for taking care of their parents. Conclusions Source countries with better healthcare facilities and better incomes tend to attract medical students. Awareness among medical educators regarding constantly changing curricula, a shift to a competency-based education system, better pay grades, limited working hours, and interventions to mitigate workplace violence could help prevent brain drain among Indian medical students and graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohin Kansal
- Department of Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ankur Singla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ashvind Bawa
- Department of Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Kashish Malhotra
- Department of Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Janvi Lalchandan
- Department of Paediatrics, KB Bhabha Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jasneet Grewal
- Department of Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Madhav Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Navreet Kaur
- Department of Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Samarvir Jain
- Medical Student, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Himel Mondal
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India
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Mathias K, Jain S, Fraser R, Davis M, Kimijima–Dennemeyer R, Pillai P, Deshpande SN, Wolters M. Improving mental ill-health with psycho-social group interventions in South Asia-A scoping review using a realist lens. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001736. [PMID: 37639400 PMCID: PMC10461838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to synthesise current evidence related to psycho-social groups as part of community-based mental health interventions in South Asia. We used a realist lens to pay attention to the contexts and mechanisms supporting positive outcomes. We included studies published from January 2007 to February 2022 that: were based in communities in South Asia, included a group component, reported on interventions with a clear psychosocial component, targeted adults and were implemented by lay community health workers. Two reviewers extracted data on intervention components, groups and facilitators, participant demographics and enabling contexts, mechanisms and outcomes. Expert reference panels including people with lived experience of psycho-social disability, mental health professionals and policy makers confirmed the validity and relevance of initial review findings. The review examined 15 interventions represented by 42 papers. Only four interventions were solely psycho-social and nearly all included psychoeducation and economic support. Only 8 of the 46 quantitative outcome measures used were developed in South Asia. In a context of social exclusion and limited autonomy for people with psychosocial disability, psychosocial support groups triggered five key mechanisms. Trusted relationships undergirded all mechanisms, and provided a sense of inclusion, social support and of being able to manage mental distress due to improved skills and knowledge. Over time group members felt a sense of belonging and collective strength meaning they were better able to advocate for their own well-being and address upstream social health determinants. This led to outcomes of improved mental health and social participation across the realms of intrapersonal, interpersonal and community. Psychosocial groups merit greater attention as an active ingredient in community interventions and also as an effective, relevant, acceptable and scalable platform that can promote and increase mental health in communities, through facilitation by lay community health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaaren Mathias
- Herbertpur Christian Hospital, Emmanuel Hospital Association, Uttarakhand, India
- Faculty of Health, Te Kaupeka Oranga, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sumeet Jain
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Meghan Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pooja Pillai
- Herbertpur Christian Hospital, Emmanuel Hospital Association, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Smita N. Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, St John’s National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Maria Wolters
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Calais-Ferreira L, Young JT, Francis K, Willoughby M, Pearce L, Clough A, Spittal MJ, Brown A, Borschmann R, Sawyer SM, Patton GC, Kinner SA. Non-communicable disease mortality in young people with a history of contact with the youth justice system in Queensland, Australia: a retrospective, population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8:e600-e609. [PMID: 37516476 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people who have had contact with the criminal justice system are at increased risk of early death, especially from injuries. However, deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in this population remain poorly described. We aimed to estimate mortality due to NCDs in people with a history of involvement with the youth justice system, compare NCD mortality rates in this population with those in the general population, and characterise demographic and justice-related factors associated with deaths caused by NCDs in people with a history of contact with the youth justice system. METHODS In this retrospective, population-based cohort study (the Youth Justice Mortality [YJ-Mort] study), we included all people aged 10-18 years (at baseline) charged with a criminal offence in Queensland, Australia, between June 30, 1993, and July 1, 2014. We probabilistically linked youth justice records with adult correctional records and national death records up to Jan 31, 2017. Indigenous status was ascertained from youth justice and adult correctional records, with individuals identified as Indigenous in either source classified as Indigenous in the final dataset. We estimated crude mortality rates and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for comparisons with data from the Australian general population. We identified risk factors for NCD deaths using competing-risks regression. FINDINGS Of 48 670 individuals aged 10-18 years (at baseline) charged with a criminal offence in Queensland, Australia, between June 30, 1993, and July 1, 2014, 11 897 (24·4%) individuals were female, 36 773 (75·6%) were male, and 13 250 (27·2%) were identified as identified as Indigenous. The median age at first contact with the youth justice system was 15 years (IQR 14-16), the median follow-up time was 13·4 years (8·4-18·4), and the median age at the end of the study was 28·6 years (23·6-33·6). Of 1431 deaths, 932 (65·1%) had a known and attributed cause, and 121 (13·0%) of these were caused by an NCD. The crude mortality rate from NCDs was 18·5 (95% CI 15·5-22·1) per 100 000 person-years among individuals with a history of involvement with the youth justice system, which was higher than among the age-matched and sex-matched Australian general population (SMR 1·67 [1·39-1·99]). Two or more admissions to adult custody (compared with none; adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio 2·09 [1·36-3·22]), and up to 52 weeks in adult custody (compared with none; 1·98 [1·18-3·32]) was associated with NCD death. INTERPRETATION Young people with a history of contact with the justice system are at increased risk of death from NCDs compared with age-matched and sex-matched peers in the general Australian population. Reducing youth incarceration and providing young people's rights to access clinical, preventive, and restorative services should be a priority. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Calais-Ferreira
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jesse T Young
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kate Francis
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lindsay Pearce
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alan Clough
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Brown
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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21
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The unfinished agenda of communicable diseases among children and adolescents before the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2023; 402:313-335. [PMID: 37393924 PMCID: PMC10375221 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communicable disease control has long been a focus of global health policy. There have been substantial reductions in the burden and mortality of communicable diseases among children younger than 5 years, but we know less about this burden in older children and adolescents, and it is unclear whether current programmes and policies remain aligned with targets for intervention. This knowledge is especially important for policy and programmes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to use the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 to systematically characterise the burden of communicable diseases across childhood and adolescence. METHODS In this systematic analysis of the GBD study from 1990 to 2019, all communicable diseases and their manifestations as modelled within GBD 2019 were included, categorised as 16 subgroups of common diseases or presentations. Data were reported for absolute count, prevalence, and incidence across measures of cause-specific mortality (deaths and years of life lost), disability (years lived with disability [YLDs]), and disease burden (disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs]) for children and adolescents aged 0-24 years. Data were reported across the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and across time (1990-2019), and for 204 countries and territories. For HIV, we reported the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) as a measure of health system performance. FINDINGS In 2019, there were 3·0 million deaths and 30·0 million years of healthy life lost to disability (as measured by YLDs), corresponding to 288·4 million DALYs from communicable diseases among children and adolescents globally (57·3% of total communicable disease burden across all ages). Over time, there has been a shift in communicable disease burden from young children to older children and adolescents (largely driven by the considerable reductions in children younger than 5 years and slower progress elsewhere), although children younger than 5 years still accounted for most of the communicable disease burden in 2019. Disease burden and mortality were predominantly in low-SDI settings, with high and high-middle SDI settings also having an appreciable burden of communicable disease morbidity (4·0 million YLDs in 2019 alone). Three cause groups (enteric infections, lower-respiratory-tract infections, and malaria) accounted for 59·8% of the global communicable disease burden in children and adolescents, with tuberculosis and HIV both emerging as important causes during adolescence. HIV was the only cause for which disease burden increased over time, particularly in children and adolescents older than 5 years, and especially in females. Excess MIRs for HIV were observed for males aged 15-19 years in low-SDI settings. INTERPRETATION Our analysis supports continued policy focus on enteric infections and lower-respiratory-tract infections, with orientation to children younger than 5 years in settings of low socioeconomic development. However, efforts should also be targeted to other conditions, particularly HIV, given its increased burden in older children and adolescents. Older children and adolescents also experience a large burden of communicable disease, further highlighting the need for efforts to extend beyond the first 5 years of life. Our analysis also identified substantial morbidity caused by communicable diseases affecting child and adolescent health across the world. FUNDING The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence for Driving Investment in Global Adolescent Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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22
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Hooli S, King C, McCollum ED, Colbourn T, Lufesi N, Mwansambo C, Gregory CJ, Thamthitiwat S, Cutland C, Madhi SA, Nunes MC, Gessner BD, Hazir T, Mathew JL, Addo-Yobo E, Chisaka N, Hassan M, Hibberd PL, Jeena P, Lozano JM, MacLeod WB, Patel A, Thea DM, Nguyen NTV, Zaman SM, Ruvinsky RO, Lucero M, Kartasasmita CB, Turner C, Asghar R, Banajeh S, Iqbal I, Maulen-Radovan I, Mino-Leon G, Saha SK, Santosham M, Singhi S, Awasthi S, Bavdekar A, Chou M, Nymadawa P, Pape JW, Paranhos-Baccala G, Picot VS, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo M, Rouzier V, Russomando G, Sylla M, Vanhems P, Wang J, Basnet S, Strand TA, Neuman MI, Arroyo LM, Echavarria M, Bhatnagar S, Wadhwa N, Lodha R, Aneja S, Gentile A, Chadha M, Hirve S, O'Grady KAF, Clara AW, Rees CA, Campbell H, Nair H, Falconer J, Williams LJ, Horne M, Qazi SA, Nisar YB. In-hospital mortality risk stratification in children aged under 5 years with pneumonia with or without pulse oximetry: A secondary analysis of the Pneumonia REsearch Partnership to Assess WHO REcommendations (PREPARE) dataset. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:240-250. [PMID: 36805325 PMCID: PMC10017350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We determined the pulse oximetry benefit in pediatric pneumonia mortality risk stratification and chest-indrawing pneumonia in-hospital mortality risk factors. METHODS We report the characteristics and in-hospital pneumonia-related mortality of children aged 2-59 months who were included in the Pneumonia Research Partnership to Assess WHO Recommendations dataset. We developed multivariable logistic regression models of chest-indrawing pneumonia to identify mortality risk factors. RESULTS Among 285,839 children, 164,244 (57.5%) from hospital-based studies were included. Pneumonia case fatality risk (CFR) without pulse oximetry measurement was higher than with measurement (5.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.6-5.9% vs 2.1%, 95% CI 1.9-2.4%). One in five children with chest-indrawing pneumonia was hypoxemic (19.7%, 95% CI 19.0-20.4%), and the hypoxemic CFR was 10.3% (95% CI 9.1-11.5%). Other mortality risk factors were younger age (either 2-5 months [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 9.94, 95% CI 6.67-14.84] or 6-11 months [aOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.71-4.16]), moderate malnutrition (aOR 2.41, 95% CI 1.87-3.09), and female sex (aOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.43-2.32). CONCLUSION Children with a pulse oximetry measurement had a lower CFR. Many children hospitalized with chest-indrawing pneumonia were hypoxemic and one in 10 died. Young age and moderate malnutrition were risk factors for in-hospital chest-indrawing pneumonia-related mortality. Pulse oximetry should be integrated in pneumonia hospital care for children under 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada Hooli
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States of America
| | - Carina King
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Global Program in Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Tim Colbourn
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Christopher J Gregory
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Somsak Thamthitiwat
- Division of Global Health Protection, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Clare Cutland
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (Alive), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir Ahmed Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marta C Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Tabish Hazir
- The Children's Hospital, (Retired), Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan (deceased)
| | - Joseph L Mathew
- Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Emmanuel Addo-Yobo
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Noel Chisaka
- World Bank, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Mumtaz Hassan
- The Children's Hospital, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan (deceased)
| | - Patricia L Hibberd
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | | | - Juan M Lozano
- Florida International University, Miami, United States of America
| | - William B MacLeod
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - Archana Patel
- Lata Medical Research Foundation, Nagpur and Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
| | - Donald M Thea
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | | | - Syed Ma Zaman
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Raul O Ruvinsky
- Dirección de Control de Enfermedades Inmunoprevenibles, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marilla Lucero
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Cissy B Kartasasmita
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Rai Asghar
- Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Imran Iqbal
- Combined Military Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Irene Maulen-Radovan
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria Division de Investigacion Insurgentes, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Greta Mino-Leon
- Children's Hospital Dr Francisco de Ycaza Bustamante, Head of Department, Infectious diseases, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation and Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mathuram Santosham
- International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States of America
| | | | - Shally Awasthi
- King George's Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Monidarin Chou
- University of Health Sciences, Rodolph Mérieux Laboratory & Ministry of Environment, Phom Phen, Cambodia
| | - Pagbajabyn Nymadawa
- Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Graciela Russomando
- Universidad Nacional de Asuncion, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Mariam Sylla
- Gabriel Touré Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Bamako, Mali
| | - Philippe Vanhems
- Unité d'Hygiène, Epidémiologie, Infectiovigilance et Prévention, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union, Medical College Institute of Pathogen Biology, MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Sudha Basnet
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, University of Bergen, Norway and Department of Pediatrics, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Nepal
| | - Tor A Strand
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Mark I Neuman
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | | | - Marcela Echavarria
- Clinical Virology Unit, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Satinder Aneja
- School of Medical Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Angela Gentile
- Department of Epidemiology, "R. Gutiérrez" Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mandeep Chadha
- Former Scientist G, ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Kerry-Ann F O'Grady
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Alexey W Clara
- Centers for Disease Control, Central American Region, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Chris A Rees
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jennifer Falconer
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Linda J Williams
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Margaret Horne
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Shamim A Qazi
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health (Retired), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasir Bin Nisar
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Downham Moore AM. Race, class, caste, disability, sterilisation and hysterectomy. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2023; 49:27-37. [PMID: 35948394 PMCID: PMC9985708 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2022-012381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This interdisciplinary historical paper focuses on the past and current state of diverse forms of surgical hysterectomy as a global phenomenon relating to population control and sterilisation. It is a paper grounded in historical inquiry but is unconventional relative to the norms of historical scholarship both in its wide geographical scope informed by the methodologies of global and intercultural history, in its critique of current clinical practices informed by recent feminist, race, biopolitical and disability studies, and by its engagement with scholarship in health sociology and medical anthropology which has focused on questions of gender and healthcare inequalities. The first part of the paper surveys existing medical, social-scientific and humanistic research on the racial, class, disability and caste inequalities which have emerged in the recent global proliferation of hysterectomy; the second part of the paper is about the diverse global rationales underlying radical gynaecological surgeries as a form of sterilisation throughout the long twentieth century. Radical gynaecological surgeries have been promoted for several different purposes throughout their history and, of course, are sometimes therapeutically necessary. However, they have often disproportionately impacted the most disadvantaged groups in several different global societies and have frequently been concentrated in populations that are already maligned on the basis of race, ethnicity, age, criminality, disability, gender deviation, lower class, caste or poverty. This heritage continues to inform current practices and contributes to ongoing global inequalities of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Downham Moore
- School of Humanities and Communication Arts, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, New South Wales, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Verma
- International Center for Research on Women, (ICRW) Asia Regional Office, Delhi, India
| | - Nalini V Khurana
- International Center for Research on Women, (ICRW) Asia Regional Office, Delhi, India
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Bhatia KP, Ganguly S, Sasi A, Kumar V, Deo S, Agarwala S, Radhakrishnan V, Swaminathan R, Kapoor G, Manoharan N, Malhotra S, Pushpam D, Bakhshi S. Sex disparity in childhood cancer in India: a multi-centre, individual patient data analysis. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:54-63. [PMID: 36455568 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex disparity and its determinants in childhood cancer in India remain unexplored, with scarce information available through summary statistics of cancer registries. This study analysed the degree of sex bias in childhood cancer in India and its clinical and demographical associations. METHODS In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we collected individual data of children (aged 0-19 years) with cancer extracted from the hospital-based records of three cancer centres in India between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2019, and two population-based cancer registries (PBCRs; Delhi [between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2014] and Madras Metropolitan Tumour Registry [between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2017]). We extracted data on age, sex, and confirmed diagnosis of malignancy (according to the International Classification of Diseases-10 coding),and excluded participants if they were without a recorded diagnosis, had a benign diagnosis, had missing sex information, resided outside of India, or were a donor for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The primary outcome was the male-to-female incidence rate ratio (MF-IRR) in the two PBCRs and the male-to-female ratios (MFR) from the hospital-based and the HSCT data. For PBCR data, MF-IRR was estimated by dividing the MFR by the total population at risk. MFR was analysed for patients seeking treatment at the cancer centres and for those undergoing HSCT. Logistic regression analyses were done to explore the association of clinical and demographical variables with sex of the patients seeking treatment and those undergoing HSCT in hospital-based data and multivariable analyses were done to determine independent sociodemographic predictors of sex bias. Annual time trends of MFR and MF-IRR during the 15-year study period were ascertained by time series regression analyses. FINDINGS We included 11 375 children from PBCRs in the study. 26 891 children from hospital-based records were screened, and data from 22 893 (85·1%) were included (including 514 who underwent HSCT). Residence details were missing for 257 (1·1%) of 22 893 patients from hospital-based records. The crude MFR of children at diagnosis was in favour of boys: 2·00 (95% CI 1·92-2·09) in the Delhi PBCR and 1·44 (1·32-1·57) in Madras Metropolitan Tumour Registry. The MF-IRRs for cancer diagnosis were also skewed in favour of boys in both PBCRs (Delhi 1·69 [95% CI 1·61-1·76]; Madras Metropolitan Tumour Registry 1·37 [1·26-1·49]). The MFR for children seeking treatment from hospital-based records was 2·06 (95% CI 2·00-2·12) in favour of boys. In subgroup analyses, the proportion of boys seeking treatment was higher in northern India than southern India (p<0·0001); in private centres than in centres providing subsidised treatment (p<0·0001); in patients with haematological malignancies than those with solid malignancies (p<0·0001); in those residing 100 km or further from the hospital than those within 100 km of a hospital (p<0·0001); and those living in rural areas than those living in urban areas (p=0·0006). The MFR of 514 children who underwent HSCT was 2·81 (95% CI 2·32-3·43) in favour of boys. Time trend analysis showed that MFR did not show any significant annual change in either the overall cohort or in any of the individual centres for hospital-based data; however, the analysis did show a declining MF-IRR in the Delhi PBCR from 2005 to 2014 (p=0·031). INTERPRETATION The sex ratio for childhood cancer in India has a bias towards boys at the level of diagnosis, which is more pronounced in northern India and in situations demanding greater financial commitment. Addressing societal sex bias and enhancing affordable health care for girls should be pursued simultaneously in India. FUNDING None. TRANSLATION For the Hindi translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanu Priya Bhatia
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shuvadeep Ganguly
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Sasi
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suryanarayana Deo
- Delhi Cancer Registry, Dr BRA Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Agarwala
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Gauri Kapoor
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, RGCI, New Delhi, India
| | - Nalliah Manoharan
- Delhi Cancer Registry, Dr BRA Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Malhotra
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepam Pushpam
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Dong K, Gagliardi AR. Person-centered care for diverse women: Narrative review of foundational research. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 19:17455057231192317. [PMID: 37596928 PMCID: PMC10440084 DOI: 10.1177/17455057231192317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite advocacy and recommendations to improve health care and health for persons who identify as women, women continue to face inequities in access to and quality of care. Person-centered care for women is one approach that could reduce gendered inequities. We conducted a series of studies to understand what constitutes person-centered care for women and how to achieve it. The overall aim of this article is to highlight the key findings of those studies that can inform policy, practice, and ongoing research. We conducted a narrative review of all studies related to person-centered care for women conducted in our group starting in 2018 over a 5-year period, which was general at the outset, and increasingly focused on racialized immigrant women who constitute a large proportion of the Canadian population. We organized study summaries by research phase: synthesis of person-centered care for women research, exploration of existing person-centered care for women guidance, consultation with key informants, consensus survey of key informants to prioritize strategies to achieve person-centered care for women, and consensus meeting with key informants to prioritize future research. We conducted the reported research in collaboration with an advisory group of diverse women and managers of community agencies. Our research revealed that little prior research had fully established what constitutes person-centered care for women, and in particular, how to achieve it. We also found little acknowledgment of person-centered care for women or strategies to support it in medical curriculum, clinical guidelines, or healthcare policies. We subsequently consulted women who differed by age, ethno-cultural group, health issue, education and geography, and clinicians of different specialties, who offered considerable insight on strategies to support person-centered care for women. Other diverse women, clinicians, healthcare managers, and researchers prioritized issues that warrant future research. We hope that by compiling a summary of our completed research, we draw attention to the need for person-centered care for women and motivate others to pursue it through policy, practice, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Dong
- Division of General Surgery and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anna R Gagliardi
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Akhtar SN, Saikia N, Muhammad T. Self-rated health among older adults in India: Gender specific findings from National Sample Survey. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284321. [PMID: 37068072 PMCID: PMC10109469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The self-rated health (SRH) is a widely adopted indicator of overall health. The sponge hypothesis suggests that predictive power of SRH is stronger among women compared to men. To gain a better understanding of how gender influences SRH, this study examined whether and what determinants of gender disparity exist current self-rated health (SRHcurrent) and change in SRH (SRHchange) among older adults in Indian setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used cross-sectional data from the 75th National Sample Survey Organizations (NSSO), collected from July 2017 to June 2018. The analytical sample constitutes 42,759 older individuals aged 60 years or older with 21,902 older men and 20,857 older women (eliminating two non-binary individuals). Outcome measures include two variables of poor/worse SRH status (SRHcurrent and SRHchange). We have calculated absolute gaps in the prevalence of poor SRHcurrent and worse SRHchange by background characteristics. We carried out binary logistic regression models to examine the predictors of poor SRHcurrent and worse SRHchange among older adults. RESULTS The overall absolute gender gap in poor SRHcurrent was 3.27% and it was 0.58% in worse SRHchange. Older women had significantly higher odds of poor SRHcurrent [AOR = 1.09; CI = 0.99, 1.19] and worse SRHchange [AOR = 1.09; CI = 1.02, 1.16] compared to older men. Older adults belonging to middle-aged, oldest-old, economically dependent, not working, physically immobile, suffering from chronic diseases, belonging to Muslim religion, and Eastern region have found to have higher odds of poor SRHcurrent and worse SRHchange. Educational attainments showed lower odds of have poor SRHcurrent and worse SRHchange compared to those with no education. Respondents belonging to richest income quintile and those who were not covered by any health insurance, belonging to Schedule caste, OBC, Western and Southern regions are found to have lower odds of poor SRHcurrent and worse SRHchange. Compared to those in the urban residence, respondents from rural residence [AOR = 1.09; CI = 1.02, 1.16] had higher odds of worse SRHchange. CONCLUSIONS Supporting the sponge hypothesis, a clear gender gap was observed in poor current SRH and worse change in SRH among older adults in India with a female disadvantage. We further found lower socioeconomic and health conditions and lack of resources as determinants of poor current SRH and its worse change, which is crucial to address the challenge of the older people's health and their perception of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddaf Naaz Akhtar
- Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Nandita Saikia
- Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - T Muhammad
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Gender, Stress, and Well-Being in Adulthood. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010110. [PMID: 36614911 PMCID: PMC9821082 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressors may be one of the most critical components of health and well-being. Although research on stress and health abounds, most studies have focused on establishing that stress is harmful to physical and mental health whereas less attention has been paid to analysing the effects of stress on well-being. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relevance of gender in the association of stress with well-being in adulthood. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1578 women and 1507 men from the Spanish general population aged between 30 and 59. All participants were assessed by eight self-reports measuring chronic stress, life events, daily hassles, eudaimonic well-being, life satisfaction, masculine/instrumental and feminine/expressive traits, coping styles, and social support. Although stress does not affect women's eudaimonic well-being, a greater number of life events and more daily hassles rendered lower life satisfaction in women. Men's greater chronic stress was associated with lower eudaimonic well-being and life satisfaction; moreover, a greater number of life events was associated with men's lower life satisfaction. We conclude that gender is relevant in the stress and well-being of adults as well as in the association between stress and well-being.
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Xie J, Wang M, Long Z, Ning H, Li J, Cao Y, Liao Y, Liu G, Wang F, Pan A. Global burden of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2019: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMJ 2022; 379:e072385. [PMID: 36740855 PMCID: PMC9727920 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the global burden of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) from 1990 to 2019. DESIGN Systematic analysis. DATA SOURCE Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Participants aged 15-39 years from 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Age standardised incidence rate, age standardised disability adjusted life years (DALY) rate, and age standardised mortality rate for type 2 diabetes in people aged 15-39 years from 1990 to 2019, and proportional DALY attributable to different risk factors. RESULTS From 1990 to 2019, significant increases in age standardised incidence rate and age standardised DALY rate were found for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults globally (P<0.001). Age standardised incidence rate (per 100 000 population) increased from 117.22 (95% confidence interval 117.07 to 117.36) in 1990 to 183.36 (183.21 to 183.51) in 2019, and age standardised DALY rate (per 100 000 population) increased from 106.34 (106.20 to 106.48) in 1990 to 149.61 (149.47 to 149.75) in 2019. The age standardised mortality rate (per 100 000 population) was modestly increased from 0.74 (0.72 to 0.75) in 1990 to 0.77 (0.76 to 0.78) in 2019. When grouped by countries with different sociodemographic indexes, countries with a low-middle and middle sociodemographic index had the highest age standardised incidence rate and age standardised DALY rate in 2019, whereas countries with a low sociodemographic index had the lowest age standardised incidence rate but the highest age standardised mortality rate. Women generally had higher mortality and DALY rates than men at ages <30 years, but differences between the sexes were reversed in those aged >30 years except in countries with a low sociodemographic index. The main attributable risk factor for DALY for early onset type 2 diabetes was high body mass index in all regions by sociodemographic index. The proportional contribution of other risk factors varied across regions, however, with higher proportions of ambient particulate air pollution and smoking in countries with a high sociodemographic index and higher proportions of household air pollution from solid fuels and diet low in fruit in countries with a low sociodemographic index. CONCLUSIONS Early onset type 2 diabetes is a growing global health problem in adolescents and young adults, especially in countries with a low-middle and middle sociodemographic index. A greater disease burden in women aged <30 years was found. Specific measures are needed in countries with different levels of socioeconomic development because of the variable attributable risk factors for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchi Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Maoqing Wang
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhiping Long
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hua Ning
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jingkuo Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yukun Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yunfei Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Masoom MR. What potential traits do adolescents and early adults look for in mate preferences? Heliyon 2022; 8:e12169. [PMID: 36561697 PMCID: PMC9764192 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are universal sex differences in mate preferences. Mostly, women will prioritize greater financial prospects, but men will emphasize physical attractiveness. However, we know little about whether these preferences remain stable in adolescence and early adulthood. The study examines whether these universal differences between men and women in mate preferences can be found in Bangladesh and whether these differences are constant among adolescents and early adults. An online survey was conducted by using a structured close-ended questionnaire to collect data from males and females who were aged no more than 30, yet to be married, had at least a secondary education, and belonged to any religious faith. A total of 2017 people, 1059 males and 958 females, participated in the survey. Independent Samples t-tests were estimated to compare the mean scores of the traits of interest, while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions to outline the possible factors that affect mate preferences. The results show that women of Bangladesh prioritize greater financial prospects, whereas men emphasize traits related to fertility and reproduction. However, unlike the universal trend, having a similar religious background is among the top-two priorities of both males and females. Factor-wise differentiation indicates that, compared with males, females emphasize attachment and sociability. In addition, adolescent females put greater emphasis on refinement and neatness, mutual attraction-love, and desire for home and children than early adult females. Compared with adolescent males, early adult males were found emphasizing more on having kind and understanding mates. Therefore, results support universal sex differences, but religion, culturally-defined gender roles, and social environment also affect mate preferences; sometimes people require making some trade-offs between preferences depending on the sociocultural context.
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Campeau A, Tanaka M, McTavish JR, MacMillan H, McKee C, Hovdestad WE, Gonzalez A, Afifi TO, Stewart-Tufescu A, Tonmyr L. Asking youth and adults about child maltreatment: a review of government surveys. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063905. [PMID: 36410827 PMCID: PMC9680163 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review we: (1) identify and describe nationally representative surveys with child maltreatment (CM) questions conducted by governments in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries and (2) describe procedures implemented to address respondents' safety and minimise potential distress. DESIGN We conducted a systematic search across eight databases from 1 January 2000 to 5 July 2021 to identify original studies with information about relevant surveys. Additional information about surveys was obtained through survey methods studies, survey reports, survey websites or by identifying full questionnaires (when available). RESULTS Forty-six studies representing 139 surveys (98 youth and 41 adult) conducted by governments from 105 countries were identified. Surveys implemented a variety of procedures to maximise the safety and/or reduce distress for respondents including providing the option to withdraw from the survey and/or securing confidentiality and privacy for the respondent. In many surveys, further steps were taken such as providing information for support services, providing sensitivity training to survey administrators when interviews were conducted, among others. A minority of surveys took additional steps to empirically assess potential distress experienced by respondents. CONCLUSIONS Assessing risk and protective factors and developing effective interventions and policies are essential to reduce the burden of violence against children. While asking about experiences of CM requires careful consideration, procedures to maximise the safety and minimise potential distress to respondents have been successfully implemented globally, although practices differ across surveys. Further analysis is required to assist governments to implement the best possible safety protocols to protect respondents in future surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Campeau
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill R McTavish
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harriet MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McKee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy E Hovdestad
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Lil Tonmyr
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Cosma A, Bjereld Y, Elgar FJ, Richardson C, Bilz L, Craig W, Augustine L, Molcho M, Malinowska-Cieślik M, Walsh SD. Gender Differences in Bullying Reflect Societal Gender Inequality: A Multilevel Study With Adolescents in 46 Countries. J Adolesc Health 2022; 71:601-608. [PMID: 35817675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social patterns in bullying show consistent gender differences in adolescent perpetration and victimization with large cross-national variations. Previous research shows associations between societal gender inequality and gender differences in some violent behaviors in adolescents. Therefore, there is a need to go beyond individual associations and use a more social ecological perspective when examining gender differences in bullying behaviors. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to explore cross-national gender differences in bullying behaviors and (2) to examine whether national-level gender inequality relates to gender differences in adolescent bullying behaviors. METHODS Traditional bullying and cyberbullying were measured in 11-year-olds to 15-year-olds in the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (n = 200,423). We linked individual data to national gender inequality (Gender Inequality Index, 2018) in 46 countries and tested their association using mixed-effects (multilevel) logistic regression models. RESULTS Large cross-national variations were observed in gender differences in bullying. Boys had higher odds of perpetrating both traditional and cyberbullying and victimization by traditional bullying than girls. Greater gender inequality at country level was associated with heightened gender differences in traditional bullying. In contrast, lower gender inequality was associated with larger gender differences for cyber victimization. DISCUSSION Societal gender inequality relates to adolescents' involvement in bullying and gendered patterns in bullying. Public health policy should target societal factors that have an impact on young people's behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Cosma
- Sts Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology, Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ylva Bjereld
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Frank J Elgar
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clive Richardson
- Department of Economic and Regional Development, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Ludwig Bilz
- Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Wendy Craig
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lilly Augustine
- CHILD, School of Learning and Communication, Jönköping University Sweden, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Michal Molcho
- Discipline of Children's Studies, School of Education, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marta Malinowska-Cieślik
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sophie D Walsh
- Department of Criminology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Gender inequality in source country modifies sex differences in stroke incidence in Canadian immigrants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17965. [PMID: 36289316 PMCID: PMC9605977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that gender inequality, measured using the gender inequality index (GII), influences stroke mortality in women compared to men. We examine how source country GII modifies the rate of ischemic stroke in women compared to men after immigration to Canada, a country with low gender inequality. We used linked health data and immigration records of 452,089, stroke-free immigrants aged 40-69 year who migrated from 123 countries. Over 15 years of follow-up, 5991 (1.3%) had an incident ischemic stroke. We demonstrate (a) a lower adjusted rate of stroke in women compared to men (hazard ratio 0.64; 95% CI 0.61-0.67); (b) that sex differences in stroke incidence were modified by source country GII, as the hazard of stroke in women vs. men attenuated by a factor of 1.06 for every 0.1 increase in the GII of the source country (Psex*GII = 0.002); and (c) migration to a country with low GII attenuates the adverse effect of source country GII on sex differences in stroke incidence. Evaluating pathways through which source country gender inequality differentially influences stroke risk in immigrant women compared to men could help develop strategies to mitigate the effects of early-life gender inequality on stroke risk.
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Díaz-Méndez C, Otero-Estévez S, Sánchez-Sánchez S. Are Spanish Surveys Ready to Detect the Social Factors of Obesity? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191811156. [PMID: 36141430 PMCID: PMC9517615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The social origins of obesity are now recognised: a problem that is initially biological is today a public health problem with a social origin. This paper raises the question of whether the official statistical sources used to understand changes in diet are able to detect this shift in analysis. After reviewing the social factors that explain obesity, we examine the official Spanish statistics that can inform about dietary changes: the ENS National Health Survey, the EPF Family Budget Survey, and the EET Time Use Survey, all carried out by the Spanish Statistical Office. All of them include socio-demographic variables and some locational variables. However, the lack of health variables in the economic survey and the lack of social variables in the health survey prevent the gathering of reliable scientific evidence to offer solid support in stopping the obesity epidemic. Food has become particularly important as one of the main areas where unhealthy decisions and choices involve high risk; the situation also demonstrates the relationship between social inequality and obesity. Obesity is now understood in a radically different way and the origin of the problem lies in social and cultural factors. The current surveys do not provide the resources to capture the social causality of obesity, but slight modifications would help expand their capabilities and offer reliable scientific evidence to stop the obesity epidemic.
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Berti C, Elahi S, Catalano P, Bhutta ZA, Krawinkel MB, Parisi F, Agostoni C, Cetin I, Hanson M. Obesity, Pregnancy and the Social Contract with Today's Adolescents. Nutrients 2022; 14:3550. [PMID: 36079808 PMCID: PMC9459961 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent health and well-being are of great concern worldwide, and adolescents encounter particular challenges, vulnerabilities and constraints. The dual challenges of adolescent parenthood and obesity are of public health relevance because of the life-altering health and socioeconomic effects on both the parents and the offspring. Prevention and treatment strategies at the individual and population levels have not been successful in the long term, suggesting that adolescent pregnancy and obesity cannot be managed by more of the same. Here, we view adolescent obese pregnancy through the lens of the social contract with youth. The disruption of this contract is faced by today's adolescents, with work, social and economic dilemmas which perpetuate socioeconomic and health inequities across generations. The lack of employment, education and social opportunities, together with obesogenic settings, increase vulnerability and exposure to lifelong health risks, affecting their offspring's life chances too. To break such vicious circles of disadvantage and achieve sustainable solutions in real-world settings, strong efforts on the part of policymakers, healthcare providers and the community must be oriented towards guaranteeing equity and healthy nutrition and environments for today's adolescents. The involvement of adolescents themselves in developing such programs is paramount, not only so that they feel a sense of agency but also to better meet their real life needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Berti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Patrick Catalano
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston 02111, MA, USA
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Michael B. Krawinkel
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences—International Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate, “V. Buzzi” Children Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate, “V. Buzzi” Children Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20154 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Mark Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Mc Laughlin L, Neukirchinger B, Noyes J. Interventions for and experiences of shared decision-making underpinning reproductive health, family planning options and pregnancy for women with or at high risk of kidney disease: a systematic review and qualitative framework synthesis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062392. [PMID: 35940837 PMCID: PMC9364395 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine intervention effects and synthesise qualitative research that explored women with or at high risk of kidney disease experiences of shared decision-making in relation to their reproductive health, family planning options and pregnancy. DESIGN A systematic review of interventions and a qualitative evidence synthesis. DATA SOURCES We searched Cochrane, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, ProQuest, Elsevier, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Shared decision-making interventions and qualitative studies related to reproductive health involving women with or at high risk of kidney disease published from 1980 until January 2021 in English (clinical settings, global perspective). DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Titles were screened against the inclusion criteria and full-text articles were reviewed by the whole team. Framework synthesis was undertaken. RESULTS We screened 1898 studies. No evidence-based interventions were identified. 18 qualitative studies were included, 11 kidney disease-specific studies and 7 where kidney disease was a common comorbidity. Women frequently felt unprepared and uninformed about their reproductive options. Conversations with healthcare professionals were commonly described as frustrating and unhelpful, often due to a perceived loss of autonomy and a mismatch in preferences and life goals. Examples of shared decision-making were rare. Kidney disease exacerbated societal expectations of traditional gender roles (eg, wife, mother, carer) including capability to have children and associated factors, for example, parenting, (sexual) relationships, body image and independent living (including financial barriers to starting a family). Local interventions were limited to types of counselling. A new health system model was developed to support new interventions. CONCLUSION There is a clear need to establish new interventions, test those already in development and develop new clinical guidance for the management of women with or at high risk of kidney disease in relation to their reproductive health, including options to preserve fertility earlier. Other health conditions with established personalised reproductive care packages, for example, cancer, could be used to benchmark kidney practice alongside the new model developed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Mc Laughlin
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Jane Noyes
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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Gupta R, Abdalla S, Meausoone V, Vicas N, Mejía-Guevara I, Weber AM, Cislaghi B, Darmstadt GL. Effect of imbalanced sampling and missing data on associations between gender norms and risk of adolescent HIV. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 50:101513. [PMID: 35784444 PMCID: PMC9241092 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite strides towards gender equality, inequalities persist or remain unstudied, due potentially to data gaps. Although mapped, the effects of key data gaps remain unknown. This study provides a framework to measure effects of gender- and age-imbalanced and missing covariate data on gender-health research. The framework is demonstrated using a previously studied pathway for effects of pre-marital sex norms among adults on adolescent HIV risk. METHODS After identifying gender-age-imbalanced Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) datasets, we resampled responses and restricted covariate data from a relatively complete, balanced dataset derived from the 2007 Zambian DHS to replicate imbalanced gender-age sampling and covariate missingness. Differences in model outcomes due to sampling were measured using tests for interaction. Missing covariate effects were measured by comparing fully-adjusted and reduced model fitness. FINDINGS We simulated data from 25 DHS surveys across 20 countries from 2005-2014 on four sex-stratified models for pathways of adult attitude-behaviour discordance regarding pre-marital sex and adolescent risk of HIV. On average, across gender-age-imbalanced surveys, males comprised 29.6% of responses compared to 45.3% in the gender-balanced dataset. Gender-age-imbalanced sampling significantly affected regression coefficients in 40% of model-scenarios (N = 40 of 100) and biased relative-risk estimates away from gender-age-balanced sampling outcomes in 46% (N = 46) of model-scenarios. Model fitness was robust to covariate removal with minor effects on male HIV models. No consistent trends were observed between sampling distribution and risk of biased outcomes. INTERPRETATION Gender-health model outcomes may be affected by sampling gender-age-imbalanced data and less-so by missing covariates. Although occasionally attenuated, the effect magnitude of gender-age-imbalanced sampling is variable and may mask true associations, thus misinforming policy dialogue. We recommend future surveys improve balanced gender-age sampling to promote research reliability. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1140262 to Stanford University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribhav Gupta
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Safa Abdalla
- Global Center for Gender Equality, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Meausoone
- Provider Network Data Science, Health Care Service Corporation (HCSC), Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Nikitha Vicas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas – Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Iván Mejía-Guevara
- Department of Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford Aging and Ethnogeriatrics (SAGE) Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ann M. Weber
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Beniamino Cislaghi
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gary L. Darmstadt
- Global Center for Gender Equality, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Correspondig author at: Global Center for Gender Equality, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
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Ahinkorah BO, Perry L, Brooks F, Kang M. Barriers and facilitators regarding the implementation of policies and programmes aimed at reducing adolescent pregnancy in Ghana: an exploratory qualitative study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060576. [PMID: 35882458 PMCID: PMC9330328 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored the perceived barriers and facilitators regarding the implementation of policies and programmes aimed at reducing adolescent pregnancy among health and education professionals ('professionals'), grassroots workers and adolescent girls in Ghana. DESIGN AND SETTING We employed an exploratory qualitative study design involving interviews with professionals, grassroots workers and adolescent girls in the Central Region of Ghana. PARTICIPANTS This study involved 15 professionals employed in government or non-governmental organisations, 15 grassroots workers and 51 pregnant/parenting and non-pregnant adolescent girls. DATA ANALYSIS Thematic analysis was conducted deductively using the ecological framework for understanding effective implementation. RESULTS Eighteen themes mapped to the five domains of the ecological framework emerged. Perceived barriers included gender inequality, family poverty, stigma, community support for early childbearing and cohabitation, inadequate data systems, lack of collaboration between stakeholders and lack of political will. Effective implementation of community by-laws, youth involvement, use of available data, and collaboration and effective coordination between stakeholders were the perceived facilitators. CONCLUSION Political leaders and community members should be actively engaged in the implementation of adolescent sexual and reproductive health policies and programmes. Gender empowerment programmes such as education and training of adolescent girls should be implemented and strengthened at both the community and national levels. Community members should be sensitised on the negative effects of norms that support child marriage, gender-based violence and early childbearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lin Perry
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Brooks
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melissa Kang
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hagaman A, Lopez Mercado D, Poudyal A, Bemme D, Boone C, van Heerden A, Byanjankar P, Man Maharjan S, Thapa A, Kohrt BA. "Now, I have my baby so I don't go anywhere": A mixed method approach to the 'everyday' and young motherhood integrating qualitative interviews and passive digital data from mobile devices. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269443. [PMID: 35802694 PMCID: PMC9269952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of early pregnancy and young motherhood on everyday life, including interpersonal and individual behavior, are not well-known. Passive digital sensing on mobile technology including smartphones and passive Bluetooth beacons can yield information such as geographic movement, physical activity, and mother-infant proximity to illuminate behavioral patterns of a mother's everyday in Nepal. We contribute to mixed-methods research by triangulating passive sensing data (GPS, accelerometry, Bluetooth proximity) with multiple forms of qualitative data to characterize behavioral patterns and experiences of young motherhood in the first year postpartum. We triangulated this digital information in a constant comparative analysis with in-depth interviews, daily diaries, and fieldnotes. We reveal typical behavioral patterns of rural young mothers and highlight opportunities for integrating this information to improve health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hagaman
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Damaris Lopez Mercado
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anubhuti Poudyal
- Division of Global Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Dörte Bemme
- Department for Global Health and Social Medicine, Centre for Society & Mental Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Boone
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alastair van Heerden
- Human and Social Development, Human Sciences Research Council, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prabin Byanjankar
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (TPO) Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Ada Thapa
- Division of Global Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Brandon A. Kohrt
- Division of Global Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Armocida B, Monasta L, Sawyer S, Bustreo F, Segafredo G, Castelpietra G, Ronfani L, Pasovic M, Hay S, Perel P, Beran D, Monasta L, Sawyer SM, Bustreo F, Segafredo G, Castelpietra G, Ronfani L, Pasovic M, Hay SI, Abila DB, Abolhassani H, Accrombessi MMK, Adekanmbi V, Ahmadi K, Al Hamad H, Aldeyab MA, Al-Jumaily A, Ancuceanu R, Andrei CL, Andrei T, Arumugam A, Attia S, Aujayeb A, Ausloos M, Baker JL, Barone-Adesi F, Barra F, Barteit S, Basu S, Baune BT, Béjot Y, Belo L, Bennett DA, Bikbov B, Bikov A, Blyuss O, Breitner S, Brenner H, Carreras G, Carvalho M, Catapano AL, Chandan JS, Charalampous P, Chen S, Conde J, Cruz-Martins N, Damiani G, Dastiridou A, de la Torre-Luque A, Dianatinasab M, Dias da Silva D, Douiri A, Dragioti E, Engelbert Bain L, Fagbamigbe AF, Fereshtehnejad SM, Ferrara P, Ferreira de Oliveira JMP, Ferrero S, Ferro Desideri L, Fischer F, Fonseca DA, Gaewkhiew P, Gaihre S, Gallus S, Gaspar Fonseca M, Gill PS, Glasbey JC, Gorini G, Gupta VK, Gurara MK, Haro JM, Hasan MT, Havmoeller RJ, Heibati B, Hellemons ME, Herteliu C, Hussain S, Isola G, Johnson O, Jonas JB, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir Z, Karch A, Kauppila JH, Kayode GA, Khan MAB, Khatab K, Kivimäki M, Klugar M, Klugarová J, Koly KN, Koyanagi A, Kurmi OP, Kusuma D, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Lallukka T, Lamnisos D, Langguth B, Larsson AO, Lauriola P, Lee PH, Leonardi M, Li A, Linehan C, López-Bueno R, Lorkowski S, Loureiro JA, Lunevicius R, Magee LA, Magnani FG, Majeed A, Makris KC, Mathioudakis AG, Mathur MR, McGrath JJ, Menezes RG, Mentis AFA, Meretoja A, Mestrovic T, Miao Jonasson J, Miazgowski T, Mirica A, Moccia M, Mohammed S, Molokhia M, Mondello S, Mueller UO, Mulita F, Munblit D, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Nena E, Noor NM, Nowak C, Ntaios G, Nwatah VE, Oancea B, Oguntade AS, Ortiz A, Otoiu A, Padron-Monedero A, Palladino R, Pana A, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pardhan S, Patel J, Pedersini P, Peñalvo JL, Pensato U, Pereira RB, Perico N, Petcu IR, Polinder S, Postma MJ, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Raggi A, Rahimzadeh S, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rehman FU, Remuzzi G, Riad A, Rodriguez A, Sacco S, Saeb MR, Safdarian M, Sathian B, Sattin D, Saxena S, Scarmeas N, Schlee W, Schwendicke F, Shamsizadeh M, Sharew NT, Shiri R, Shivalli S, Shivarov V, Silva JP, Simpson CR, Skou ST, Socea B, Soyiri IN, Steiropoulos P, Straif K, Sun X, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Thiyagarajan A, Topouzis F, Tovani-Palone MR, Truelsen TC, Unim B, Van den Eynde J, Vasankari TJ, Veroux M, Villafaina S, Vinko M, Violante FS, Volovici V, Wang Y, Westerman R, Yadegarfar ME, Yaya S, Zadnik V, Zumla A, Perel P, Beran D. Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents aged 10-24 years in the EU, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2022; 6:367-383. [PMID: 35339209 PMCID: PMC9090900 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disability and mortality burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have risen worldwide; however, the NCD burden among adolescents remains poorly described in the EU. METHODS Estimates were retrieved from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Causes of NCDs were analysed at three different levels of the GBD 2019 hierarchy, for which mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were extracted. Estimates, with the 95% uncertainty intervals (UI), were retrieved for EU Member States from 1990 to 2019, three age subgroups (10-14 years, 15-19 years, and 20-24 years), and by sex. Spearman's correlation was conducted between DALY rates for NCDs and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) of each EU Member State. FINDINGS In 2019, NCDs accounted for 86·4% (95% uncertainty interval 83·5-88·8) of all YLDs and 38·8% (37·4-39·8) of total deaths in adolescents aged 10-24 years. For NCDs in this age group, neoplasms were the leading causes of both mortality (4·01 [95% uncertainty interval 3·62-4·25] per 100 000 population) and YLLs (281·78 [254·25-298·92] per 100 000 population), whereas mental disorders were the leading cause for YLDs (2039·36 [1432·56-2773·47] per 100 000 population) and DALYs (2040·59 [1433·96-2774·62] per 100 000 population) in all EU Member States, and in all studied age groups. In 2019, among adolescents aged 10-24 years, males had a higher mortality rate per 100 000 population due to NCDs than females (11·66 [11·04-12·28] vs 7·89 [7·53-8·23]), whereas females presented a higher DALY rate per 100 000 population due to NCDs (8003·25 [5812·78-10 701·59] vs 6083·91 [4576·63-7857·92]). From 1990 to 2019, mortality rate due to NCDs in adolescents aged 10-24 years substantially decreased (-40·41% [-43·00 to -37·61), and also the YLL rate considerably decreased (-40·56% [-43·16 to -37·74]), except for mental disorders (which increased by 32·18% [1·67 to 66·49]), whereas the YLD rate increased slightly (1·44% [0·09 to 2·79]). Positive correlations were observed between DALY rates and SDIs for substance use disorders (rs=0·58, p=0·0012) and skin and subcutaneous diseases (rs=0·45, p=0·017), whereas negative correlations were found between DALY rates and SDIs for cardiovascular diseases (rs=-0·46, p=0·015), neoplasms (rs=-0·57, p=0·0015), and sense organ diseases (rs=-0·61, p=0·0005). INTERPRETATION NCD-related mortality has substantially declined among adolescents in the EU between 1990 and 2019, but the rising trend of YLL attributed to mental disorders and their YLD burden are concerning. Differences by sex, age group, and across EU Member States highlight the importance of preventive interventions and scaling up adolescent-responsive health-care systems, which should prioritise specific needs by sex, age, and location. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Armocida
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Susan Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Giulio Castelpietra
- Outpatient and Inpatient Care Service, Central Health Directorate, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maja Pasovic
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Pablo Perel
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David Beran
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
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Zhang J, Wang X, Yan M, Shan A, Wang C, Yang X, Tang N. Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Long-Term PM 2.5 Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Front Public Health 2022; 10:802167. [PMID: 35186842 PMCID: PMC8847390 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.802167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Established evidence suggests risks of developing cardiovascular disease are different by sex. However, it remains unclear whether associations of PM2.5 with cardiovascular risk are comparable between women and men. The meta-analysis aimed to examine sex differences in associations of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke with long-term PM2.5 exposure. Methods PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were searched until May 2, 2021. We included cohort studies reporting sex-specific associations of long-term PM2.5 exposure (e.g., ≥1 year) with IHD and stroke. The primary analysis was to estimate relative risk (RR) of PM2.5-outcome in women and men separately, and the additional women-to-men ratio of RR (RRR) was explored to compare sex differences, using random-effect models. Results We identified 25 eligible studies with 3.6 million IHD and 1.3 million stroke cases among 63.7 million participants. A higher level of PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of IHD in both women (RR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.15–1.27) and men (RR = 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07–1.17). The women-to-men RRR of IHD was 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02–1.08) per 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 exposure, indicating significant excess risk of IHD in women. The significant risks of stroke associated with PM2.5 were obtained in both women (RR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.08–1.13) and men (RR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07–1.14), but no significant women-to-men RRR was observed in stroke (RRR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.96–1.04). Conclusions The study identified excess risk of IHD associated with long-term PM2.5 exposure in women. The findings would not only have repercussions on efforts to precisely evaluate the burden of IHD attributable to PM2.5, but would also provide novel clues for cardiovascular risk prevention accounting for sex-based differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengfan Yan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Anqi Shan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Naijun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
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Wendt A, Santos TM, Cata-Preta BO, Costa JC, Mengistu T, Hogan DR, Victora CG, Barros AJD. Children of more empowered women are less likely to be left without vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: A global analysis of 50 DHS surveys. J Glob Health 2022; 12:04022. [PMID: 35356658 PMCID: PMC8943525 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To help provide a global understanding of the role of gender-related barriers to vaccination, we have used a broad measure of women’s empowerment and explored its association with the prevalence of zero-dose children aged 12-23 months across many low- and middle-income countries, using data from standardized national household surveys. Methods We used data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 50 countries with information on both women’s empowerment and child immunisation. Zero-dose was operationally defined as the proportion of children who failed to receive any doses of the diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus containing vaccines (DPT). We measured women’s empowerment using the SWPER Global, an individual-level indicator estimated for women aged 15-49 years who are married or in union and with three domains: social independence, decision-making and attitude towards violence. We estimated two summary measures of inequality, the slope index of inequality (SII) and the concentration index (CIX). Results were presented for individual and pooled countries. Results In the country-level (ecological) analyses we found that the higher the proportion of women with high empowerment, the lower the zero-dose prevalence. In the individual level analyses, overall, children with highly-empowered mothers presented lower prevalence of zero-dose than those with less-empowered mothers. The social independence domain presented more consistent associations with zero-dose. In 42 countries, the lowest zero-dose prevalence was found in the high empowerment groups, with the slope index of inequality showing significant results in 28 countries. When we pooled all countries using a multilevel Poisson model, children from mothers in the low and medium levels of the social independence domain had respectively 3.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.3, 4.7) and 1.8 (95% CI = 1.5, 2.1) times higher prevalence of zero-dose compared to those in the high level. Conclusions Our country-level and individual-level analyses support the importance of women’s empowerment for child vaccination, especially in countries with weaker routine immunisation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wendt
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Santos
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Bianca O Cata-Preta
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Janaína C Costa
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cesar G Victora
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Aluísio J D Barros
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Global Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990-2019. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050950. [PMID: 35267925 PMCID: PMC8912822 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the important public health issues worldwide. However, a detailed understanding of the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to VAD in recent years is lacking. We aimed to estimate the incidence and DALYs of VAD at global, regional, and national levels in terms of sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was measured to assess trends in the age-standardized incidence and DALY rates from 1990 to 2019. The global age-standardized incidence and DALY rates of VAD decreased with an EAPC of −3.11% (95% confidence interval (CI): −3.24% to −2.94%) and −2.18% (95% CI: −2.38% to −1.93%), respectively. The age-standardized incidence and DALY rates decreased least in low-SDI regions, which had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates of all SDI regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, especially central sub-Saharan Africa, had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates in 2019. At the national level, Somalia and Niger had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates. The age-standardized incidence and DALY rates were higher in males than in females. Younger children, especially those aged < 5 years in low-SDI regions, had a higher VAD burden than other age groups. Although the global burden of VAD has decreased, future work should aim to improve the prevention and treatment strategies for VAD, particularly in children aged < 5 years in countries and territories with low SDI values, such as sub-Saharan Africa.
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Hendricks G, Savona N, Aguiar A, Alaba O, Booley S, Malczyk S, Nwosu E, Knai C, Rutter H, Klepp KI, Harbron J. Adolescents' Perspectives on the Drivers of Obesity Using a Group Model Building Approach: A South African Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042160. [PMID: 35206348 PMCID: PMC8871984 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity increase the risk of a range of poor physiological and psychosocial health outcomes. Previous work with well-defined cohorts has explored the determinants of obesity and employed various methods and measures; however, less is known on the broader societal drivers, beyond individual-level influences, using a systems framework with adolescents. The aim of this study was to explore the drivers of obesity from adolescents' perspectives using a systems approach through group model building in four South African schools. Group model building was used to generate 4 causal loop diagrams with 62 adolescents aged 16-18 years. These maps were merged into one final map, and the main themes were identified: (i) physical activity and social media use; (ii) physical activity, health-related morbidity, and socio-economic status; (iii) accessibility of unhealthy food and energy intake/body weight; (iv) psychological distress, body weight, and weight-related bullying; and (v) parental involvement and unhealthy food intake. Our study identified meaningful policy-relevant insights into the drivers of adolescent obesity, as described by the young people themselves in a South African context. This approach, both the process of construction and the final visualization, provides a basis for taking a novel approach to prevention and intervention recommendations for adolescent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaironeesa Hendricks
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle & Sport, Division of Physio-Logical Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (S.B.); (S.M.); (E.N.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalie Savona
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (N.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Anaely Aguiar
- System Dynamics Group, Department of Geography, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Olufunke Alaba
- Health Economics Division, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Sharmilah Booley
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle & Sport, Division of Physio-Logical Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (S.B.); (S.M.); (E.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Sonia Malczyk
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle & Sport, Division of Physio-Logical Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (S.B.); (S.M.); (E.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Emmanuel Nwosu
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle & Sport, Division of Physio-Logical Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (S.B.); (S.M.); (E.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Cecile Knai
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (N.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7PJ, UK;
| | - Knut-Inge Klepp
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Janetta Harbron
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle & Sport, Division of Physio-Logical Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (S.B.); (S.M.); (E.N.); (J.H.)
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Samad N, Das P, Dilshad S, Al Banna H, Rabbani G, Sodunke TE, Hardcastle TC, Haq A, Afroz KA, Ahmad R, Haque M. Women's empowerment and fertility preferences of married women: analysis of demographic and health survey'2016 in Timor-Leste. AIMS Public Health 2022; 9:237-261. [PMID: 35634022 PMCID: PMC9114782 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2022017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently independent state, Timor-Leste, is progressing towards socioeconomic development, prioritizing women empowerment while its increased fertility rate (4.1) could hinder the growth due to an uncontrolled population. Currently, limited evidence shows that indicators of women's empowerment are associated with fertility preferences and rates. The objective of this study was to assess the association between women empowerment and fertility preferences of married women aged 15 to 49 years in Timor-Leste using nationally representative survey data. The study was conducted using the data of the latest Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey 2016. The study included 4040 rural residents and 1810 urban residents of Timor-Leste. Multinomial logistic regression has been performed to assess the strength of association between the exposures indicating women's empowerment and outcome (fertility preference). After adjusting the selected covariates, the findings showed that exposures that indicate women empowerment in DHS, namely, the employment status of women, house and land ownership, ownership of the mobile phone, and independent bank account status, contraceptive use, and the attitude of women towards negotiating sexual relations are significantly associated with fertility preferences. The study shows higher the level of education, the less likely were the women to want more children, and unemployed women were with a higher number of children. Our study also found that the attitude of violence of spouses significantly influenced women's reproductive choice. However, employment had no significant correlation with decision-making opportunities and contraceptive selection due to a lack of substantial data. Also, no meaningful data was available regarding decision-making and fertility preferences. Our findings suggest that women's empowerment governs decision-making in fertility preferences, causing a decline in the fertility rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandeeta Samad
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pranta Das
- Department of Statistics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Segufta Dilshad
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Al Banna
- Institute of Social Welfare and Research, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Rabbani
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Ahsanul Haq
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
| | - Khandaker Anika Afroz
- Deputy Manager (Former), Monitoring, Learning, and Evaluation, CEP, BRAC, Bangladesh
| | - Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sugai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Salas-Rodríguez J, Gómez-Jacinto L, Hombrados-Mendieta I, del Pino-Brunet N. Applying an Evolutionary Approach of Risk-Taking Behaviors in Adolescents. Front Psychol 2022; 12:694134. [PMID: 35082709 PMCID: PMC8784596 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-taking behaviors in adolescents have traditionally been analyzed from a psychopathological approach, with an excessive emphasis on their potential costs. From evolutionary theory we propose that risk-taking behaviors can be means through which adolescents obtain potential benefits for survival and reproduction. The present study analyses sex differences in three contexts of risk (i.e., risk propensity, expected benefits and risk perception) in the evolutionary specific domains and the predictive value of these domains over risk-taking behaviors, separately in female and male adolescents. 749 adolescents (females = 370) valued their risk perception, expected benefits and risk propensity through the Evolutionary Domain-Specific Risk Scale, as well as their engagement in risk-taking behaviors through the Risky Behavior Questionnaire. Male adolescents showed lower risk perception in two evolutionary domains, expected higher benefits in two other domains and showed higher risk propensity in six domains. Female adolescents showed lower risk perception in two domains. Additionally, risk perception, expected benefits and risk propensity in the evolutionary domains predicted the engagement in risk-taking behaviors in male adolescents, whereas in female adolescents only expected benefits and risk propensity showed a predictive effect over risk-taking behaviors. These results suggest the potential role of evolutionary mechanisms on risk-taking behaviors in adolescents. Results have practical implications for interventions programs aimed at reducing risk-taking behaviors. In addition to considering sex differences, intervention programs should consider alternative behaviors through which adolescents can reach their evolutionary goals, and handle the risks related to those behaviors that cannot be replaced but have potential benefits for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Salas-Rodríguez
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Social Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Khalid S, Dixon S, Vijayasingham L. The gender responsiveness of social entrepreneurship in health - A review of initiatives by Ashoka fellows. Soc Sci Med 2021; 293:114665. [PMID: 34954676 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are vocal calls to act on the gender-related barriers and inequities in global health. Still, there are gaps in implementing programmes that address and counter the relevant dynamics. As an approach that focuses on social problems and public service delivery gaps, social entrepreneurship has the potential to be a closer health sector partner to tackle and transform the influence of gender in health to achieve health systems goals better. Nevertheless, social entrepreneurs' engagement and impact on gender and health remain understudied. Using the Ashoka Fellows database as a sampling frame in November 2020 (n = 3352, health n = 129), we identified and reviewed the work of 21 organizations that implemented gender-responsive health-related programmes between 2000 and 2020. We applied the UNU-IIGH 6-I Analytic Framework to review the gender issues, interventions, included populations, investments, implementation, and impact in each organization. We found that a low proportion of fellows engage in gender-responsive health programming (<1%). Many organizations operate in low-and middle-income countries (16/21). The gender-responsive programmes include established health sector practices, to address gendered-cultural dynamics and deliver people-centred resources and services. Interestingly, most organizations self-identify as NGOs and rely on traditional grant funding. Fewer organizations (6/21) adopt market-based and income-generating solutions - a missed opportunity to actualise the potential of social entrepreneurship as an innovative health financing approach. There were few publicly available impact evaluations-a gap in practice established in social entrepreneurship. All organizations implemented programmes at community levels, with some cross-sectoral, structural, and policy-level initiatives. Most focused on sexual and reproductive health and gender-based violence for predominantly populations of women and girls. Closer partnerships between social entrepreneurs and gender experts in the health sector can provide reciprocally beneficial solutions for cross-sectorally and community designed innovations, health financing, evidence generation and impact tracking that improve the gender-responsiveness of health programmes, policies, and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazmin Khalid
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Business, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Shrijna Dixon
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, University at Albany- State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Lavanya Vijayasingham
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Barriers to Access of Healthcare Services for Rural Women-Applying Gender Lens on TB in a Rural District of Sindh, Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910102. [PMID: 34639403 PMCID: PMC8508279 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Women in the rural districts of Pakistan face numerous barriers to healthcare, rendering gender-responsive health programming important, including for the disease of tuberculosis (TB). This study was conducted to assess the general understanding of TB and for women’s access to healthcare, as a first step towards implementation of a gender responsive TB program in Tando Allahyar, a rural district of Pakistan. Methods: A total of 36 participants were interviewed for the study. The focus group discussion guide comprised of questions on: (1) family/household dynamics, (2) community norms, (3) healthcare systems, (4) women’s access to healthcare, (5) TB Awareness, and (6) women’s access to TB Care. Results: Limited autonomy in household financial decision-making, disapproval of unassisted travel, long travel time, lack of prioritization of spending on women’s health and inadequate presence of female health providers, were identified as barriers to access healthcare for women, which is even higher in younger women. Facilitators to access of TB care included a reported lack of TB-related stigma, moderate knowledge about TB disease, and broad understanding of tuberculosis as a curable disease. Other suggested facilitators include health facilities closer to the villages and the availability of higher quality services. Conclusion: Significant barriers are faced by women in accessing TB care in rural districts of Pakistan. Program implementers in high burden countries should shift towards improved gender-responsive TB programming.
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Azzopardi PS, Hennegan J, Prabhu SM, Dagva B, Balibago MM, Htin PPW, Swe ZY, Kennedy EC. Key recommendations to strengthen public-private partnership for adolescent health in resource constrained settings: Formative qualitative inquiry in Mongolia, Myanmar and the Philippines. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 15:100242. [PMID: 34528016 PMCID: PMC8357832 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Public health services can be inaccessible for adolescents. The private sector provides many services, but often in parallel to the public sector. This study aimed to understand current private sector engagement in adolescent health service delivery and develop recommendations to strengthen partnerships. Methods The study focussed on Mongolia, Myanmar and the Philippines. An initial participatory workshop in each country was followed by semi-structured key-informant interviews (32 in total) with public and private sector actors and adolescents to explore: perceptions of the public and private sectors, strengths and challenges, existing models of partnership, and insights for successful public-private partnership (PPP). Interview transcripts were analysed thematically, with findings and recommendations verified through a second workshop in Mongolia and the Philippines. Findings The private sector already plays a significant role in adolescent health care, and stakeholders reported a genuine willingness for partnership. Strengthened PPP was identified as necessary to improve service accessibility and quality for adolescents, unburden the public sector and introduce new technologies, with advantages for the private sector including improved access to training and resources, and an enhanced public image. Recommendations for strengthened PPP included the need to establish the foundations for partnership, clearly define roles and co-ordinate stakeholders, ensure capacity and sustainability, and monitor and evaluate efforts. Interpretation This is the first comprehensive study of public-private partnership for adolescent health in the Asia Pacific region. It identifies stakeholders are willing for stronger partnerships and the benefits this partnership will bring. We define eight key recommendations to enable this partnership across sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Azzopardi
- Global Adolescent Health Group, Maternal Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Adolescent health and wellbeing program, Aboriginal Health Equity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia
| | - Julie Hennegan
- Global Adolescent Health Group, Maternal Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne
| | - Shirley Mark Prabhu
- Adolescent Health, Mental Health and HIV Specialist, UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office, Amman, Jordan (formerly UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office)
| | | | - Mx Mar Balibago
- Adolescent health and HIV/AIDS Specialist, UNICEF Philippines
| | | | - Zay Yar Swe
- Myanmar country program, International Development Discipline, Burnet Institute, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Elissa C Kennedy
- Global Adolescent Health Group, Maternal Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Estecha Querol S, Iqbal R, Kudrna L, Al-Khudairy L, Gill P. The Double Burden of Malnutrition and Associated Factors among South Asian Adolescents: Findings from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey. Nutrients 2021; 13:2867. [PMID: 34445025 PMCID: PMC8399808 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The health and nutrition of the global adolescent population have been under-researched, in spite of its significant size (1.2 billion). This study investigates the prevalence and associated factors of malnutrition (stunting, thinness and overweight) among adolescents living in South Asia. The sample analysed was 24,053 South Asian schooled adolescents aged 12-15 years that participated in the cross-sectional Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) between 2009 and 2016. The prevalence of stunting, thinness and overweight was calculated using the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Reference 2007. Associations between the three forms of malnutrition and their possible associated factors were assessed with binary logistic regression analysis using bootstrapping as a resampling method. The overall prevalence of stunting in South Asia was 13%, thinness was 10.8% and overweight was 10.8%. In the logistic regression model of the overall pooled sample, the factors associated with adolescent malnutrition were: age, hygiene behaviours, social support, sedentary behaviour, and tobacco use. A substantial proportion of stunting, thinness and overweight was found among school-going South Asian adolescents, indicating that the double burden of malnutrition is present in this population. Future research should seek to further understand the relationship between all forms of malnutrition and its associated factors in the adolescent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Estecha Querol
- Warwick Centre for Global Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Laura Kudrna
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Lena Al-Khudairy
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Paramijit Gill
- Warwick Centre for Global Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
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